CELESTIAL NAVIGATION ( SOLUTIONS J FOR DECK OFFICERS BY: CAPTAIN C.L.DUBEY, B.Sc., EXTRA MASTER, PRINCIPAL AND OWNER, MUMBAI MARITIME TRAINING INSTITUTE, MUMBAI-400053. & EX-NAUTICAL OFFICER , LBS COLLEGE OF ADVANCED MARITIME STUDIES AND RESEARCH, MUMBAI-400033. PUBLISHED BY: MARINE AID PUBLICATION, A/202, SHANTIVAN-2, RAHEJA TOWNSHIP, MALAD-E, MUMBAI-400097, PH.:28773349 ‘Mob: 9821087488© Copyright 2003 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise without the written consent of the publishers . First Edition January 2003 Second Edition October 2005 Third Edition: April 2008 Allrights reserved Price : Rs.250/- Published by : . Marine Aid Publication™ A/202, Shantivan -2, Raheja Township, Malad. (E), Mumbai - 400097. Ph: 2877 2256CELESTIAL NAVIGATION FOR DECK OFFICERS Contents R. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 41 Altitude 1 2 Celestial Observations 10 3 Gyro Error — Star 14 4 Amplitude — Sun 15 5 Meridian Altitude - Star 16 6 Meridian Altitude - Planet 19 7 Ex-Meridian - Planet. 22 8 Ex-Meridian - Star 25 9 Ex-Meridian - Sun 32 10 Ex-Meridian - Moon 39 11 Pole Star Observation 40 42 | Intercept - Sun 45 13 Intercept - Star 53 14 Intercept - Planet 55 15 Long By Chron - Sun 58 16 Long by Chron - Moon 64 17 Long by Chron — Star 71 48 | Long by Chron — Planet 73 19 Error in Position Lines 75 20 Plotting of Position Lines 91 21 Cocked Hat Analysis — Simultaneous Observations 96 22 Cocked Hat Analysis — Staggered Observations 108 23 Simple Staggered Observations 116 24 High Altitude observation 122 25 More Simultaneous Observations 127 26 SMT Meridian Passage - Sun 131 27 Stars Suitable For Observation 132 28 Star Identification 136 29 Great Circle Sailing / Composite Sailing 140 30 P.O. N. Problems 159 31 Questions for exercise 192 32. _| Answers “201CORRECTION OF ALTITUDES True Altitude: The true altitude of a celestial body is an arc of a vertical circle contained between the body and the celestial horizon. A true altitude is found by applying certain altitude corrections to a measured altitude: obtained by means of a sextant. The sextant is the nautical astronomer’s instrument for measuring arcs or angles. In Nautical Astronomy the principal arcs measured by means of a sextant are arcs of vertical circles. Sex alt LE. =H ZVH' = ‘Obs Alt HVH' = Dip (subtract) ZVH = App. Alt VZH' = Parallax (+) (Angle made at the body between the line of sight and center of the earth to the body is Parallax. It is because of observing the body from the surface of the earth and not from the centre of the earth). <. App. Alt + Parallax = true altitude ie. ZZVH + ZVZH'= ZVYC = ZH'CH = True Altitude Dipis always negative. True altitude is the angle made above the horizon and joining the center of earth and the heavenly body.efraction is the optical phenomena by which the body seems to be higher than shat actually it Cis always negative (~ i casé of Moon & Sun its not possible to pinpoint the center. The sun's center ISI Paral calf the diameter below or above the horizon. Therefore the Semi-diameter correction is applied HP (r in case of Lower limb itis positive (+) and Upper limb negative (-) ' Since stars are very far off from us, parallax is negligible for stars, only dip, & fig the refraction is applied al correction for stars is only refraction For ir & 45¢ efi For Mars & Venus only parailax correction is applied because of the nearness to J the Earth. No Semi-diameter correction for planets is applied, . 1P For Sun and Moon all corrections are applied (S.D, Paraliax, refraction) th BACKANGLE OBSERVATION: Seokangle Observation is taken whenever the actual side of the horizon is not Gear, 0 the body has to be brought on the other side of the horizon 180° away. Sextant altitude has to be between the range of 90° - 120°, How to correct the backangle observations : | STARS | PLANETS [SUNT MOON) Sex. Alt vt v f v v LE. (Asusual) | 77 [ YL v I i ¥ [ T ¥ i ¥ aa [ v q v a —~ 7 v CTI 7 v wt v i | vf v [ | LL-y] SD from almanac + | | augmentation = augmented .p" | i I _—|_Lsame otter LE UL] | Parallax @) 7 NIL | Parallax (1) | Parallax in moon's altitude | | | | = H.P(reduced) x Cos app Alt | | As w | | i draw | ! | Jupiterno | | | obse L ee correction. | i | body | Tme Altitude, | 7 | yok vy | v ! : a aaa | 2.He quigher than center is. nly dip, & zarness to. snot away. For individual correction of backangle observations see the Norle's table, Pg: 453 & 454, Parallax in altitude of the moon is obtained by the following formulae: = horizontal parallax (H.P) (reduced) x Cos App. Alt HP (reduced) = H.P. (Nautical Almanac) of the moon - reduction (Pg. 453) App. Altitude is the most corrected App. Altitude after applying the S.D. correction to the moon. (Definition): 4. Parallex in Altitude: Parallex in altitude is caused by observing,a body from the surface instead of the center of earth 2 St | Tr Altitude rm Rational Horizon Ar ‘As we can see from the figure above, it is the angle at the body between line drawn to observer and another to the center of the earth. In figure above, O is the observer, S is the body, C is the center of earth. Angle OSC is the parallex of the body. 2. Horizontal Parallex of the Moon: It is the Parallex when the altitude is 0°. This quality varies from 64' to 61.5’ and given on the daily pages of the Almanac.3, Parallex in altitude of Moon: As can be seen from the figure above angle EMZ is the horizontal Parallex of the moon. When the moon is at X at some altitude, Parallex in altitudé that ti os Itcan be proved that Patallex in altitude, of Moon = Horizontal Parallex X Cos. App. Altitude (XZM) 4. Semi diameter of Moon / Sun: Semidiameter or half -a-diameter is the i angular diameter of a body as viewed from the earth. Since we can not pinpoint the exact center of a body when on the horizon, we coincide cither the lower limb or upper limb, with the visible horizon and either add semi diameter |. ! or subtract it to get the true altitude. The semi diameter is given in the Nautical e | Almanc as well as in Norie's Table, page 453. i 5, Augmentation in Moon's Semi-diameter: It is due to the close proximity of the moon to the earth. When the moon rises. in altitude, its distance from the “observer reduces and diameter / semi-diameter is visibly increased.In figure above, A is the observer on the surface of the earth, X 's the Centre of the Moon, C is the Centre of Earth. Angle XCB is the serni-diarr in the Nautical Almanc. Angle XAB is the sem observer who is on the surface of the earth, The ai the angle at the center of Earth. Therefore Angle A - Angle C is of the semi-diameter received from the Nautical Alm & 0.3, when the altitude is 90° & ameter 17 joger than gmentation itis 0° when altitude is 0 6. Refaction: When a ray of light passes from a tess deng dange medium, it gets deflected towards the normal as follows: edium to a low LESS DENSE MEDIUM NORMAL ————— SEPARATION PLANE MORE DENSE MEDIUMYr As shown in the figure abo. Ang , this phenomenon makes th bo XOY is the amount of ret 6. X took higher at Y, on which must be subtracted to get the correct Q.1. Given the Sex. Alt of the Sun’s LL, by back angle as 119° 11 6', .E. 2.8 on the arc, height of eye = 12m as on 30" November. 1992. Find the true altitude, S.D. of moon / sign: Refraction = Dip = Since the body in this case is past the meridian & sextant is graduated upto 120° Sext. Ait. tige 11.6 - 2.8 Obs. Alt. 119° 8.8" App.Alt. 119° 2 ~180° App.Alt. 60° Refraction App.Alt 60° SDL. b 60° Parallax + TAM 60° Answer Q. 2.The backangle of the Sun's lower limb was 178°20'.0 by a sextant with no index error. Height of eye = 60 fest, sun's $.D = 15.8° Find the Sun's true altitude. Solution: Sextant Backangle = 148° 20'.9 Index Error = __ oo Obs. Backangle = 118°20"0 Dip = 2 76 App. Back Angle = 118° 12.4 180°,App. Alt. of LiL. 61° 47.6 wow igher at Refraction - 0.5 he co er art Semi-diameter = - 1518 (the upper limb actually becomes Lower 61°31'.3 limb while taking back angle) 2.8 onthe < Parallax + 0 tude! True altitude = 61314 | Answer: True altitude = 61° 34.4 ARTIFICIAL HORIZON Artificial horizon is used where the horizon is not clear e.g. the Polar Regions © (North Pole, South Pole, Greenland.) 1 Since the mercury is on same height so dip is nil and also the App. Alt is half the Obs. Alt. of the body. Apply total correction to get the true ail | «8Sext. Alt LE. + Obs Alt. = 2 BOB! Dip = NIL Since the body is brought to the same level as the observer. App. Alt Obs, Alt/2 = 2 BOO’ T.Cor. = T. Alt = (For altitudes by artificial horizon) App. Alt = 1/2 Obs Alt. Q.3. Using an artificial horizon to observe Canopus the measured angle 48'.5, LE height of eye = 30m. Find the true altitude. Sext. Alt. ie Obs. Alt. = (No Dip) App. Alt. = T.C. T. Alt. BACK ANGLE OBSERVATION — MOON Q.4, On 14" October, 1992 (1300 GMT) sextant altitude of Moon's UL by back ale was 118° 30.2'. HE 11m IE 1.2' on the arc. Find the true altitude. Latitude 40°N Solution: ‘ Sext Alt 118° 30.2" IE (ON) - 4 Obs, Alt 148" 29.0 Dip(11.0m) - 5.8 App. Alt 118° 23,2" 180 App. All 6 Refraction - 0.5" 61° 36.5"s.D. 15.4" Aug S.D + 02 .Augmental. + 15.6" Parallex in Alt = H.P(reduced) x Cos App. Alt SD 2 61°51: Parallex in Alt = 66.4. x cos 61° 51.9' Parallax 0° 26.65" T. Alt 62° 18.55" Answer le was 82° L by back le altitude.i, CELESTIAL OBSERVATION Drawing Of Figures On The Plain Of Rational Horizon Reasonably To Scale lat = 30° N ‘ Decl = 30°S Azimuth = 120° As shown in the fig: Semeur As per scale, 30° = 1.5 cm, which is to be ‘cut below N (or above $) to get the ‘pole if latitude is North, itis to be out above S if the latitude in south. Join WQE. Itis the equinoctial. WZE = prime vertical, Azimuth js is either 90° or 270° when the body is on the prime. | vertical: Decl. 30°S : Souith of equinoctial - cut 1.5: cm bled Q and south of E and south of W.- W'ME' = parallel of decl, This is the path of the heavenly body. The body rises i the East at E' and when: at M, the body is on meridian. Take meridian altitud when the body is at M.’ When body goes further to W’, the body sels below tHe horizon, next day rises again but slightly on different declination, So, E'& W! are’ position: of ‘isiig and setting of the heavenly be amplitude is taken’on these positions. Between A and B (except) N meridian observation is taken, It is also called near the meridian. or clos meridian. Between E' and A, W' and B Intercept or Long bys Chron observation are taken. Azimuth is measured from the, elevated polecale at the pole 1 the prime t ody rises in jan altitude 5 below the ly and the M) the ex- or close to bservations LHA* = 360°- zP west of meridian PX= (Depending on ZX = Zenith distance ie. distance of the rational hori: if diff, (90 + decl) s extended further cutting ude Hay P= All the figures on the righ LHA* = P (when th { meridian) Difference between '.b the Obs. Longitude LONGITUDE E LONGITUDE W Also, Hav ZX - Hav HavZX = Hay P. Cos L. The above formula is on t CZD ~ TZD = Intercept fav P. Cos L.Cos D iL~D) cept observation, irom Nautical Almanac. Apply LIT GMT MiP = Zone tim SMT (MP) =2Q = ZM -QM QM is the decl. So ZQ = obs. Lat = MZD - Decl. as in the figure above if clouds come between the observer & the heavenly body at the time of meridian passage, no observation can be taken. We have to take ex-meridian observation then : = 'f ZA is the zenith distance, when the body is at A, Z as center and ZM as radius draw an arc, cutting ZA at C, so ZM = ZA-CA in which ZM = MZD (meridian zenith distance) CA = reduction & ZA = zenith distance. * Apply declination to MZD to get tite Obs. Lat PIL passes through Obs. Lat & D/R Long Since Sin AMP = Sin decl . sec lat , The amplitude can be calculated by the above formula. When the body is at E' & W' the compass/Gyro azimuth is taken. The difference in true & Gyro azimuth given Gyro error. Note: Cos formula: x CosP= Sin T:Act = Sin Lat. Sian Dec! i Cos Lat . Cos Decl Itis derived from Haversion formula as follows: HavP = Hav zx -Hav(L~D) Cos L. Cos D [ 1-Cos 2) 4 lees L } 2 2 1-Cos P = 2 CosL . Cos D F -Cos 2x) 7+ Cos (L~ D) i or 1-CosP = Zi ue CosL. Cos D Cos L. Cos D-CosP CosL .CosD = Cos (L~ D) - Coszxf meridian oservation s radius CosP ris atE'& ‘o azimuth Or CosL cxf -CosPCosLCosD = CosL Cosb+ SinL SinD — Sin T. Alt , CosP CosL CosD: = Sin T.Alt - SinL SinD Sin T.Alt. - Sin L Sin D Cost . CosDGYRO ERROR - STAR Q.5.On 1" Sept. 1992, in D.R. position 18° 30 ‘N 088° 15° E the observed azimuth of star ANTARES at 03h 00m 00s chronometer time, was 228° (Gyro). Find the gyro error. Solution: M.P. Oth 18.2m on 1/9/92 SHA Antares in time -7h__3im ~.MIP of Antares 17h _47.2m Since the Azimuth of the Antares is 228°G, the body is west of the meridian. ‘Therefore LMT has to be more than 17" 47.2", d h m s “d h m s GMT 01 03 00 00 01 15 00 00 LIT(E) + 05 53 00 05 53 00 LMT 01 08 53 00 01 20 53 00 “GMT : old 15h 00m 00s Antares, GHA y: 206° 015° LONG (E): _088°15" LHAY: 294° 16.5" SHA*: 112° 45.3" LHA*: 047°01.8" Dec: $26° 25° 5) Lat 18° 30'N y A: 0.311687803 S B : 06789116725 C : 0990599475 $ AZ: $46.8°W 226,8° (T) GYRO: 228°(G) +. GYRO ERROR = 1.2°HAMPLITUDE - SUN Q.6 On" March 1992, ih DR 32°12' N 178°16' E, the rising sun bore 100° (c). if variation was 3° E, find the deviation of the compass. Draw a sketch on the plane of the rational horizon of the observer. From Almanac: LMT sunrise = 05% 06" 227 -* LIT(E)(-) ___11" 53" 04° GMT sunrise = 04°18" 28" 56° Dec (for 18hrs) d(1.0)(-) Dec Now Sin Amplitude = sin dec x sec lat Or sin amplitude = sin dec cos lat meridian. 2. sin Amp = 0.126091686 -. Amplitude = 7.24° <. True Amplitude = E 7.24°s (E because sun is rising, s because dec is south & latitude is north) So true brg = 097°.2° (T) Compass brg 100.0° _(c) Error = 28° W Variation 3.0° E :. Deviation 5.8°_W Answer: - Deviation of the compass = 5.8° WestMERIDIAN ALTITUDE - STAR (BACK ANGLE OBS.) Q.7. On 1* May, 1992 in DR longitude 134° 59.5' W, a back angle obervation of "star Regulus gave a sextant altitude of 108° 15° bearing 180° (T). IE 2.5' off the arc, HE 15 mtrs. Find the latitude and GMT of meridian passage. Depict the above on the plane of rational horizon. Solution: 1° May, 1992 DR Long 134° 59.5' W ; “Solu Back angle obs, of star Regulus - cael Sextalt = 108° 15' 40 1E (Off) + 2.5) DRI Obs alt 408° 17.5" DRL Dip (15m) > 6.8 App. Alt 108° 10.7' Obs. 71° 49.3' (Subtract from 180°) Dip. Corr" - 0.3" App. T.alt 71° 49.0' Corr TZzD =. 18°11.0' Taalt MZC On 1* May, dec of * = 12° 00.2'N SHA* = 208° 00.2' 2X = Zenith Dist. = 18° 11" QX = dec = 12°00.2'N GHA +. Lat = 2X + QX = 18° 14'+ 12°00.2'= 30° 11.2'N s On 1 “In AtM.P., LHA * = 360° GN “s LHA* = LHAY? + SHA - LONG (W) LIT ( GHA "7" = LHA*- (SHA *- LONG) LMT = 360° - (208°00.2'- 134? 59.5') Side aC s. GHA? = 286° 59.3" UT ( On 1) GHA @04" = ~—-279°20.3"<. Increment = 7°39.0'= 30" 31° =. GMT MP = 01° 04" 30" 31° Hence, Lat = 30° 11.2'N GMT MP_=01° 04" 30". 31° Q.8. On Dec 1, 1992 on a ship in DR 47° 18° S, 075° 00’ E, observed meridian altitude of Star Procyon to north of observer was 37° 36.8". If IE was 2.5' off the arc & HE was 24m, find the observer's latitude, state the direction of PL and position through which to draw it. Find the GMT & LMT of meridian altitude observation to exact second. Solution: 1° Dec, 1992 (Body -Star Procyon) DR Lat : 47°18.0'S DR Long : 075° 00.0°E Obs. Alt 37° 36.8 Dip. (24m) - 8.6 SHA* = 245° 15.5° App.alt == 37° 28.2' dec = 5°44.6'N Cor = 1.3" T.alt 37° 26.9 N MzD = 62°33.1'S +s AMP, LHA* = 360° +» GHA* = LHA* - Long (E) ¢. GHA* = 360° - 075° 00" 2. GHA * = 285° 00.0' ‘s GHA" = GHAy+ SHA™ GHA = GHA *- SHA* 285° 00' - 245° 15.5" GHAy = 39° 44.5" On 1" Dec, GHAy = 25°57.9'at 21” Increment = 13° 46.6" = 54” 575 :.GMT MP 01° 21 54” 578 LIT (E) +5" 00" 00° LMT MP 02% 02" 54" 57 Sidereal day = 23" 56" 04° .. Correct LMT MP = 01° 02" 58" 53° LIT (E) = 5"_007 00°«. Correct GMT MP = 30° 21" 58” 53° vMZD = 52°33,1'S dec = 5° 14.6'N “ObsLat = 47° 18.5'S Direction of P.L. = E-W Position through which P.L, passes = 47° 18.5’ S, 075° 00.0" E LMT MP = 019 02" 58” 53° GMT MP = 30° 21° 58” 53° Q.9. On 12" Sept 1992 in DR Long 072° 20'E, the sextant meridian altitude of thd star ALDEBRAN was 31° 10.2' North of the observer. If IE 3.2" off the arc arf H.E was 18m. Find the latitude and the PL and state the GMT of meridian passage. SOLUTION: LMT 12D 05H 10M 28S LIT [E] 04H 49M 20S GMT 12D. OOH 21M 08S SEXT ALT 31° 10.2” LE. [OFF] + 32° OBS ALT: 31° 13.4" DIP CORR - 15° APPARENT ALT: 31° 05.9" T. CORRN:. - 161’ TRUE ALTITUDE 31° 04.3? N MZD: 58° 55.77 S CORR DECL: 16° 29.8°N OBSERVED LAT al MZD & DECL DIFF NAMES (-) 42° 25.9°S ANS POSITION LINE E-W GHAy + SHA* + LONG E = 360° GHAy + 291° 07.17 + 72° 20° = 360° GHAy = 356° 32.9" GMT 12D 00H GHAy351°15.0° INC 21M 08S 05° 17.9" CORRECT GMT 12D 00H 21M 08S ANSaltitude of thei. off the arc ang@& of meridian ANS Solution: sh May, 1992 MERIDIAN ALTITUDE - PLANET 40.0n 5” May 1992, in DR 50° 10'S, 64° 15'W, the observed meridian altitude of SATURN was 56° 00.3’. If HE was 10m, find the latitude and the direction of the PL. Also find, to the nearest second, the GMT of meridian passage. Saturn DR Lat : 5010'S DR Long : 64° 15° Obs. Mer. Alt = 56°00.3" Dip (10m) = - 5.6" App. Alt = 55547 Corr = - 0.7" T.alt = 58°54.0'N MZD = 34°06.0'S ss AtMP, LHA SATURN = 360° GHA SATURN = 360° + 64° 15° = 64° 15° On 5", @ 1000 hrs, GHA SATURN 2° 46.9" Increment 1°28.1" ‘v' (2.4) - 1.8 45" 45° < Increment = 11°26.3' «GMT MP = 5% 40°45" 45° decSATURN = 16° 10.6'S (0.0) - 0.0" decSATURN. = 16° 10.6'S MzD 34°06.0'S Obs Lat = 50° 16.6'S <. Obs Lat 50° 16.6'S direction of P.L. = E-W GMT MP = 057 10" 45" 45°Q.11, On 4" May, 1992, a vessel in DR position 35° 12' N 150° 00' E observes sextant altitude of Jupiter on the meridian to be 65° 40’. If IE is 1.0' off the arc, HE 20m, find the observer's latitude. Also find the GMT of meridian passage to exact second. State the direction of PL and the position through which to draw it. Solution: 4" May, 1992 (Body ~Jupiter) DR Lat : 35°42" N DR Long : 150° 00' E SéxAlt = 65° 40.0" IE (OFF) + 10° Obs. Alt 65° 41.0" Dip. (20m) - 79 App. alt 65° 33,1! Corr - 04° Talt 65° 32.7'S MZzD = 24° 27.3" +: AtMP, LHA of Jupiter = 360° <. GHA Jupiter = LHA Jupiter - Long (E) = 360° - 150° <. GHA Jupiter = 210° 00.0" At 09h on 4" May GHA ‘J'= 200° 31.0" = 929.0" ‘v'Cor.(24) = = 1.8! Increment = 9°27.5' = 37™50° -.GMT MP of Jupiter = 04° 09" 37”. 50° LIT(E) 10" LMT MIP 04% 19° 37" 50° (As per Nautical Almanac M/P Jupiter = 19" 36") dec ‘J’ = 10°59.7'N (0.0) - 0.0" Dec'J’ = 10°59.7"N MZD 24°27.3'N -.Obs Lat = — 38°27.0'N 20GMT MP of Jupiter = 04° 09" 37™ 50° a Direction of P.L. = E-W Position through which P.L.will pass = Obs Lat 35° 27.0'N DR Long 150° 00.0'E 4 DR Long 150° 00E PL=EB-W Obs lat 35°27.0'N ae FF DR Lat < rn ATTKD_35°.12.N 36")EX-MERIDIAN - PLANET Q. 12. On 3° May, 1992, in DR 52°13 S 100°15' W_ the observed altitude o Saturn near the meridian was 54° 13.2’, chronometer showed 01h 051 10s (error Om 15s fast). IE 0.2' off the arc and HE was 20m. Find th direction of PL and the Lat. where it cuts the DR Long. Solution: Date: 3 May, 1992 (Body - Saturn) DR Lat : 52°13'S DR Long: 100° 15° W d h mis d h mis Chron : 03 01 05 10 03 13 #05 10 Error oo. 15 - 00.15 GMT : 03 01 04 55 03° 13° 04 «55 uir(W) ;= 06 41 00 = = __06_41_ 00 LMT : 02 18 #23 55 03 06 «#23 «55 Since the meridian passage of Saturn on 3° May as per almanac is =.Correct GMT = 03° 43" 04" 55° GHA Saturn : 96°00.4' Obs Alt: 64° 13,2' Incr 1 +1913.8" Dip (20 m) ‘y' (42.4) + 0.2" App. Alt GHA Saturn: 97° 14.4 Corr" Long(W) — : 100° 15.0" TAM 7 i LHA Saturn: 356°59.4" TZD : 36°55.4'S Dec : 16°11.7'S D(-0.0) 2 0.0° Dec : 16°11.7'S P = 360° - LHA, if LHA > 180° =P = 360° - 356°59,4' = 03°0.6" + Cos MZD = Cos TZD + { (1-Cos P).Cos DR lat.Cos dec} = Cos 35° 55.4" + [(1-Cos 03° 0.6"). Cos 52°13". Cos 16°11.7"] 2. Cos MZD = 0.8106 :.MZD = 35°50.6'S dec .. Obs «Dire Lat wtdec = 16°11.7'S Obs lat = 52° 02.3'S altitude = Tanlat = Tan52°13 = = -24.832110N d Oth 05: Tan P Tan 3° 0.6" 1. Find thi B= Tandec = Tanie°117 = 5.530968 Sin P Sin 3°0.6 C= 19.00115 N Tan AZ = 4 = 4 = 0.085899 C.Cos lat 19.0015 x Cos 52° 13" 2 AZ= N 49E PAL. = 094.9° - 274.9° (T) «Direction of PL = 094.9° - 274.9° Lat where PL cuts DR long = 52° 02.3' S. DR Long PLL. = 094.99 - 274.9° Obs lat a DR Lat —_———_______| TY AZ=175.1° BQ. 13. DR 45° 00'S 036°.42.5" E, Sext. alt. of Jupiter near the meridian was 36° 59" when LHA of Jupiter was 008° 20', Declination 07°23' N, LE. 1.0° off the arc. H.E. 16m. Solution: DR=45°S 36°42.5'E S. Alt = 36° 59° LHA Jup. = 008° 20' Decl" Jup. = 07° 23' N IE = 1.0'off = HE=16m S. Alt 36° 59" IE (+) ; Obs. Alt. 37°. 00" Dip (-ve) 7 App. Alt. 36" 53" T. corm (-) 13° T.Alt 36" 51.7°N TZD 053° 08.3'S ForAz AatanlatN —,_ tandecN tanP sinP 1 tanAz=—____§ ane= Social +. Az =349.65°(T) cos MZD = cos TZD + [(1-cosP). cos lat . cos dec] <. MZD = 52° 36.4'S Dec_= _7°23.0'N Obs. lat = 45°13.4°S + pos" to draw 45°13.4'S 36942.5'E PL = 259.65° <> 079.65° 036° 42.5'E AZ= 349.65" a7 43° 13.4'S 259.65° (I) 4 “ cos MZD = cos (053° 08.3') + [ 1 - cos 8°20) . cos 45°, cos (7°23) P.L. = 079.65° (T) s36° ae EX - MERIDIAN - STAR o Q. 14 The observed altitude of the star Capella near the meridian on 21° Sept. 1992 ( AM at ship) in DR 20° 50' S, 62° 30' E, was 23° 07.1', at chronometer time 01h 15m 10s (error nil) HE 10 mtrs. Find the direction of PL and the latitude where it cuts the DR Longitude. ZX —hav(PX~PZ) cosL.cosD . Hav (PX - PZ) = Hay ZX ~ Hav P.cos L cosD cos MZD = cos ZX + (1-cosP).cosL.cosD By calculation MZD = 66° 58.6' —~ (1) Capella ExMer, 21° Sept '92 (AM) DR 20°50" (S) 62°30" (E) Alt = 23°07.1" d hom s h m s CHRON TIME o1 15 10 Or 13 15 10 ERROR : - GMT 3 15 10 LIT (E) 0410 00 LMT 17, 25 10 Correct GMT = 21° of" 15" 10° GHAy 21d> Oth 15° 09.7" Obs Alt 23° 07.1" Incr 15m 10s + 3°48. Dip (10) Corr GHA y 18°57. App. Alt SHA * + 280° 57.3' Tc GHA* 290°55.1" TAlt Long E + 62°30.0'E = T2X LHA* 362° 25.1" MZx 5Dec 45° 59.4" (N) 1s 8 002° 25.7" Obs Lat 20°50 (sy ] Dec 45°50.4°(N)] [DR Log 62°30" () | Az N 1.8°w= 358.2" mW] » {PL 088.2°(T) ~ 268.2° ¢T) | NB: AB A B EX-MERIDIAN STAR - BELOW THE POLE io SAIERIDIAN STAR - BELOW THE POLE 0.15 From the following information regarding a star near the meridian and below PAL the pole, find the direction of the PL and the latitude in which it crosees tho ; D.R. longitude: Ans GHA y= 22° 19.7, SHA *=173° 55.3, decl, 62° 52.5'S, D.R. 44? 60'S, 10° 47’ W., Sext. Alt. of Acrux 17°51. LE. 1.8' off the arc, H.E. 10m, The following is to be noted for ex-meridian below the pole: Qt 1. The ‘A’ is obtained from the Norties Tables (Table !) pages, 2. The reduction is obtained the same way but for (LHA* - 180°). 3. Reduction is to be added to TZD to get MZD, from the relevant Sol 6GHAy 22° 19.7" Dec. 62°525'S SHA* 173°55.3'_ 90° GHA’ 19615. Polar Dist. Long. W. 40° 47.0' LHA * (East) 185° 28.0" Ex-Meridian tables Lower meridian 180 Table I, Lat. 44° 50' S., Dec. 62° 52.5' S. LHA (Table II) a J = 0.7" Table ll, HA. 5° 28, A=0.7' Reduction = 55.8 = 5.6 10 Sext. Alt, 17° 51.0' LE. (4) 1.8 Obs. Alt 17° 52.8 Dip ¢) __ 5.6" TP 472 Cor, (+) 3.0" True alt. TT 44.2 Reduction (-) 5.6: Mer. Alt 1738.6" 5 . NB: The azimuth has been enlarged for the sake of clarity ABC Tables Lat. (SP) = True alt. (SM) + Polar Dist. (MP) A 10.48. Mer. Alt, 17° 38.6" B 20.38. Polar Dist. 27° 07.5' Cc 307 'S. Lat. 44° 46.1'S. Az 8. 27° E = 177° T PIL 087°- 267° T. Answer: P/L runs 087° - 267°T. through 44° 46.1" S., 10° 47.0°W. Q.16. On 2" May,1992 PM at Ship in DR is 44° 11 $102° 40' E observation of the sextant alt. of star Pollux near the meridian was 17° 14’ at chron time 10h 53 m 20s. Chron. Error 1m slow, |.E. 4.2 off the arc, Height of eye 12m. calculate the lat and direction of P/L. Solution: 0Chron 10h 53m 20s Error slow 01m 00s ApproxGMT 02d 10h 54m 20s LIT (E) 06h 49m _ 20s LMT 02d “17h 43m 40s 22h 22h O6h 05h 53m 01m 54m 49m 43m Since it was PM at ship, correct LMT will be 17h 43m 40s. - Correct GMT: 02d 10h 54m 20s Sext. Alt. 17° 14", IE Obs. Ait Dip 12m App. Alt. Tot.cor”. (-) 3, T.alt 17° 09.0" N TzD 7251.0 S Reduction (-) 39.1" MzD 2g S Dec 28° 02.7" N Obs. Lat 44° 09.2'S GHAy 010° 34.2" Incr 13° 37.2) GHAy 024° 17.4" Long E 102° 40.0' LHAy 126° 51.4" SHA* 243° 47.1" LHA® 370° 38.5" LHA* 010° 38,5' Dec 28° 02.7'N AZ=N 9.7 W = 350.3? Obs lat 44° 09.2" DR long 102° 40' E PiLthrough= 260.3" - 080.3° Answer 28 20s 00s 20s 20s 40sF 0.17. On the morning of October 13" 1992, Ship in OR 30° 15' N, 140° 20°, the E sextant altitude of star Sirius near the meridian was 43° 00.2" when chronometer (error 01m 10s fast) showed 07h 39m 50s. H.E. 9m, LE. 1.2 on the arc. Find the P/L and the position through which it passes. If Gyro bearing was 175° find the Gyro error. Solution : 13" October 1992 DIR Lat 30° 15'N (Body - star Sirius) * Long 140° 20° € d ho ms do hom os Chron 13 07 39 50 13 19 39 50 Eror - . 01 10 . oO 4 GMT 13 07 38 40 12 19 38 40 LIT(E) + 09 21 20 + 09 21 20 LMT 13 17 00 00 13 05 00 00 «Correct GMT = 12° 19" 38" 40° GHAy = 306° 36.0" Sext. Alt Incr 9 41.6 IE (On) GHAy = 316° 17.6 Obs. Alt SHA* 258° 47.2° Dip (9 m) GHA* 575° 04.8" App. Alt Long (E) 140° 20.0" Corr" LHA* 718° 24.8" Taalt 355° 24.8 12D = 47°07.3'N 2. P= 4? 35,2’ [--P = 360° - LHA] dec* = 16°42.2'S “Cos MZD = Cos TZD + [(1 - Cos P) Cos DR Lat.Cos dec] =sCos MZD = Cos 47° 07.3 +[ (4 - Cos 4° 35.2') Cos 30° 15. Cos 16° 42.2'] :. Cos MZD = 0.68309 . MZD = 46° 54.9" N dec = 16° 42.2'S Obs lat = 30° 12.7'N A= Tanlat = Tan 30°75! = 7.269448 Tan P Tan 4° 35.2' 29B= Tandec = Tan 16°4: 2.2) = 3.752528 Sin P Sin 4° 35.2" = 11.02196 S Tan AZ= 4 = = 0.10603 —1 = fe C.Coslat —11.02196.Cos 30° 15’ 1 AZ=S6.0°R s. PLL. = 84,0° - 264.0° = 174.0° (T), Gyro bearing 175° (G), Gyro error 1° H Position through which P/L passes - Obs Lat : 30° 12.7°N DR Long : 140° 20.0" E” PL. : 84.0°-264.0° DR Long DRLat Sa “— | ak (T) - 264° (T) Obs. Lat48, On 20" Jan 1992, during moming twilight in DR 44°07'N 064°47'E, the sextant altitude of the star ARCTURUS near the meridian was 64°58.8' at 02" 04" 54° by chron (error 10" 58° slow). IE 3.1" off the arc; HE 18m. Find the direction of PL and a position through which to draw it. 180° To resolve the ambiguity of chron time: - dh ms of dh m s GHY hy Chron 02 04 54 14 04 54 A Error (S)_+ 10_58_ 10 68 : GMT 02 15 52 1415 52 fm LIT(E) +4 19 08 4 19 08 a LMT 636 7835 00 Correct GMT 20% 02" 15" 52° GHAY 148° 43.2 SAlt 64° 58.8" Incre 3°58.7" IE (+) ___ 3." GHA 152" 41.9" Obs. Alt 657 01.9" SHA* + 146° 10.3" Dip (18m) -75' GHA" 2987 52.2 App. Alt 64°54.4" LHAY 3° 39.2" “TC __ 7 0st LONG (E) 64° 47" T.Alt 64° 53.9" Dec* 19°13.1'N (True ZX) 25° 06.1" (ARCTURUS) Now, Cos MZX = cos TZX + [(1-cosP) x cos Lat x cos dec] s.MZX = 24° 54.9' In this case Lat = MZX + Dec ~. Lat = 44°08.0'N wh Azimuth S 8.15° W <. Azimuth = 188.15° (T) [ by ABC tables or calculator formulae] w <. PL = 098.15° - 278,15° Posn. through which to draw - lat 44 08.0'N long 064° 47.0 £EX- MERIDIAN -SUN Q. 19. On 15" June 1992 a sunsight gave an observed longitude of 30° E, when using DR Latitude as 30° N. When same sight was worked by DR Latitude 30° 10’ it gave an observed Longitude of 30° 20' E. Vessel then sailed on a course of 125°T for 50’ when an ex-meridian observation of Sun's LL gave sextant altitude as 83°23.4', when chronometer showed 10h 15m. (C.E. = 2m 10s slow), IE=2' off the arc, HE = 10m. The Ex-meridian sight was worked using a run-up from 30° N- and 30° E. Find the position of the vessel at the 2" observation. Solution: 15" June’ 1992 Obs. Long 30° E DR lat 30°N When applied DR lat 30° 10' N Obs long 30° 20'E. Since the P/L is the same and passess through 30° N, 30° E & 30° 10'N , 30° 20' E, it can be worked out by joining the above two points. After calculating the course from 30° N, 30° E to 30° 10° N, 30° 20' E is 060° (T). Therefore P/L is 060° -240° (T) Tan Az = dilat dep dep = dilat x Cot Az From 30° N, 30° E, applying a course of 125°(T) x 50' Arrival lat = 029° 31.33'N Long = 030°47.2' E Chron 10" 15" 00° 22" 15" 08 Error (Slow) 9 - + 2" 408 2" 108 GMT 15° 10" 17" 408 22 17" 108 LIT (E) 02" 03" o9* 02" 03" -o9* LMT 15°. 12" 20" 19° 24" 20" 198 oo” 20" 198 32Mer Pas. 12" 00" GMT: 15" June 10" 17" 10° Plotting: ona 29°31,33'N Dens eo } Dasepsn 28° 14.0" N\ . 1 Sext. Alt 83°23.4" A 1.919 14.8" 59.0" LE. (off) + 2.0 corn 12.7 97" 32.8 Obs. Alt 83° 25.4" 2 corn —- 0.0'+ 6.9" Dip(10m)- 5.6" Red 42.7'-390.1 App. Alt 83° 19.8" Dec 23%9.7'N T.corm +, 15.8" GHA 329° 52.9'N T. alt 83° 35.6'S Incr. 4° 17.5" - 90 89° 60.0 GHA * 334°10.4° TZD 06°24.4'N Long {E) 030° 47.2" Red - 90.1" LHA 457.6 MZD 4° 54.3) A= 6.34 Dec 23° 19.7'N Be 4.95 N Lat 28° 14.0° ce 1.398 True Azimuth = PIL = 060° (T) - 240°%(T) A3= $39.2W PIL = _129.2°(T)9309.2°(T) By formula : Hav MZD = Hav TZD ~ Hav P Cos L CosD = Hav 6°24.4' — Hav 4°57.6' cos 29° 31.3' cos 23°19.7" = (1-0,99376) — (1.99627) x 0.87018 x 0.91824 2 2 = 0.00312 - 0.00 149 .00163 “. MZD ° 37.5) Position of the vessel at the time of 2nd observation : Lat 29° 06'N 3Long 030° 24.5'E Answer Q. 20.0n 6th March 1992 in E.P. 52° 12'N, 170° 40'E, the sextant altitude of the Sun’s UL near the meridian was 31° 59.8' when the chronometer (error 01m 50s fast) showed 01h 29m 20s. If I.E. was 2.3' on the arc and H.E. was 40m, find the direction of the PL and the latitude where it crosses the DR longitude. Solution: Date : 6th March 1992 EP - 52° 12'N, 170° 40°E Sun's UL Sex alt - 31° 59.8" CT - 01h 29m 20s CE - 01m 50s fast 1E — 2.3" on the arc HE - 40m H MoS H. M Ss cT 01 29° «20 13° 29 20. on 6th March cE - 01 50 ~ O11 50 GNT 01 27° 30 13° 27 > = 30 ~~ on 6th March Lit + 4122 ~~ 40 11, 22 40 LMT 12 50 10 6th March 00 50° 70 on 7th March Since on 6th March mer pas LMT = 12h 11m 0 GMT = 0th 27m 30s Sexalt - 31°59.8" GHA - 192° 10.1" IE(ON) - - 23° INR - 6° 52 Obs alt 31° 57.5 GHA - ~ 199°02.6" Dip ett Longe- 170° 40.0" Apalt. = 31°46.4 LHA - Ser 42". TC(UL) - _- 176 sLHA - — 09°42.6'=P Talt. 31° 28.8 dec - —$ 5° 38.0" TzD 58° 31.2" Doon (10) - 0.5" Dec - “S5°37.5" MZD = COS MZD = COS TZD + ([1 - COSP] COS DR lat COS dec) COS MZD = COS 58° 31.2' +[(1- COS 9° 42.6’). COS 52° 12'N . COS 5° 37.5] COS MZD = 0.5309MZD = 57° 55.9° In the fig. QZ = fat. QX = dec ZX = MZD “QZ = ZX-QX QZ = 57° 55.9 - 5° 37.5' “QZ = 52? 18.4'N A = tanlat = tan 52°18.4' = 7.563S tan P tan 9° 42.6" B = tan dec = tan 5° 37.5" SinP Sin 9° 42.6" 0.583 A C = 8147S Tan AZ = 1 = 1 Ccostat 8.147 X cos 52° 13.4’ = S44°21W = 8 11.35°W 91.35° (T) = Through DR long & Obs lat. = 10135 <——> 281.35 BERS 281.35° OB lat = 52° 18.4'N 101.35° 191.35°(T) DR lat 52° 12.0'N DR longQ.21: On 1% of Dec 1992 in DR 46° 12'S 090° 20'E, sextant altitude of Moon's Upper Limb, near the meridian was 49° 46.8' when the chorometer showed 11hrs 03 mins 58 secs. Chron error 05m 09sec fast, IE 0.6' on the arc, HL of eye 10.0m, find the direction of PL and the postion through whi: t 09 249°52.8' 14° 02.1" 263° 54.9" 155° 264°40.4 645.4 § 10°.9° 6345S 264° 10.4 090°20.0' 354° 30.4" passes. . Solution: hom s h Chron : 11 03 58 23 Error ; 05 09 GMT : 405849 22 LIT (E) : 06 01 2000 06 01 LMT : 17-0009 05 00 Since the meridian passage of Moon 1s 17° 33 Correct LMT = 17" 00" 09° :.Correct GMT = 10° 58” 49° on 1" Dec’ 92 Sex. Alt 49° 46.8" GHA IE (-) 0.8" Incr (+) Obs Alt 49° 46.2' GHA ~ Dip (-) 5.6 V(15.9) (+) App. Alt 49° 40.6" GHA — T. Con” 47.2! Decl : 2.2! d(-11.2) ; 50° 30.0" Decl (UPPL)(-): GHA ~ TA 50° 00'N Long ~90° ~90° LHA > TzD 40° 00" Redu(-) MzD Table | A=245 Table I 1" Corr. = 17.315 Table Ill 2" Corr. = 0.0 :. Reduction 17.315" MZD 39° 42.70" S 36Decl. 6°34.50'S Obs Lat 46° 17.20'S A= 10.876 N B= 1.204 S C= 9.672N 2.N8.50° E = Azimuth ie Az 008.50° (T) =PL 098.5° (T) 49 278.5°(T) Q.22 LHA Moon 356° 41.9 ; DR latitude 38° 08' S; Declination 01°43.4' S; observed altitude of Moon's UL near the meridian 54°54.5'. HE14m. HP 55.3. Find the direction of PL and the observed latitude. Solution: Obs alt. 54? 54.5" Lat = 3608'S Dip(i4) = 6.8 LHA 366" 41.9" Appalt 5447.9" Dec = 01°13.4'S Main Cor’ + 43,2" A 28 HP.Cor® + 28) table = 8.1 56" 33. iIitable = o ULCor = 30.0' Reduction = 8.1' Talt 58° 03.9 N 720 34° 56.1'S Reduction - 81'S MzD 34° 48.0'S Dec 01° 13.4'S Obs. tat. 36°01.4'S. Astanlat = tan36°01.4 = 42,60495343.N tanP tan 003° 18.1" B=landec = 0,370781424S sin P 3tC= 12,23417201 N C.Cos lat AZ = N 08° 46.3' E 095° 46.3' - 275° 46.3" Answer ay z u aEX - MERIDIAN - MOON Q. 23 On 29" Nov. 1992, in DR 36° 08'S 096° 40’ E, the sextant altitude of the Moon's upper limb near the meridian was 68° 53.7' at OSh 18m 24s chron Time (error 05m O1s,slow). If I.E. was 0.2' off the arc and H.E. was 14m, find the direction of the PL and the latitude where it cuts the DR longitude. Solution: Date: 29" Nov, 1992 DR Lat : 36°08'(S) DR Long: 096° 40.0 (E) Chron 5 os" 18" 24° Error (Slow): 05" ot GMT : 29° “08 23" 25°28 LIT (E) : +6 26 40 6 26 40 LMT : 29° “45 50" 05° 29 Approx. LMT MP 16" 08" LIT: (E):_6__26 40 Approx. GMT MP 09" 41™ 20s GMT MP: 29° 09" 23" 25° GHA : 256°09.9" Sext. Alt Incr > 8°33,2" W437): + 5.4 GHA : 261 50.5" Long : 096° 40.0' (E) LHA +358" 30.5" Main Cor. : 31.2' HP (54.7) Dec : 18° 12.8'(S) App. Alt D(9.2) - 3.6 UL Corr Dec 15° 09.2"(S) T.alt Lat 136? 08.0'(S) TZ COS MZD = COS T*D +(4-COS P) Cos DIR Lat X Cos Decl. .MZD = 21. 5.7' Decl = 15° 09.2'S. Obs Lat = 36° 14, A= 28.156N B= 10.403S. C=17.752N Azimuth = 356° (T) PIL = 086 266° (T) 39POLE STAR OBSERVATION , LATITUDE BY ALTITUDE OF THE POLE STAR: SRE AL UITUDE OF THE POLE STAR: The altitude of the celestial pole is equal to the Latitude of the observer, and if “Polaris” were exactly at the pole of the heavens its true altitude would be the Latitude, It is situated, however, about 57° away from the pole and slowly approaching it, but the star describes such a small daily circle in the sky that Latitude can be computed from an altitude of the Pole star at any time. Polaris changes its azimuth from about 002° to 358° during its daily circuit round the pole’ of the heavens, and bear due North only on two océasions each day when jt crosses the meridian above and below the pole. The small circle represents (not to scale), the daily path of the Pole star , traveling clockwise round the Pole (P). When the star is on the meridian at upper transit its local hour angle is 0°; when at right angles to the meridian due West of the pole the L.H.A; when at right angles to the meridian due West of the pole the LH.A." is 90°; then 180° when at its lower transit and 270° when at right angles to the meridian East of the pole. AX represent the true altitude of the star and ZX the zenith distance. With centre Z and radius ZX describe the arc XM cutting the meridian at M, thus making NM 40equal to the altitude of the star, then the arc MP would be the correction to apply to NM to get NP the latitude required. The correction would be added to the true altitude if the star's L.H.A. was between 0° to 90° or 270° to 360°. Pole Star Tables for determining the Latitude are given on three pages of the Nautical Almanac. The calculation is simple. The star's jtude is corrected for index error (if any), dip and refraction, and to the true altitude thus obtained 1° is subtracted, The three correction called a, a; and az are then added. This coverts'the True altitude of the pole star into the Latitude required. Find the first correction ap. This is given for every degree of local hour angle Aries. Take out the correction by looking down the appropriate ten degree, column until abreast of the degree line. If your L.H.A. Aries is not an exact’ degree it is necessary to interpolate mentally between the degrees. Find the second correction ay. This is given under the nearest ten degrees of L.H.A. Aries and abreast of the approximate Latitude. The altitude of the star gives the approximate latitude, and no interpolation is necessary. Find the Third Correction az. This is given under the nearest ten degrees of L.H.A. Aries and abreast of the Month. No interpolation is necessary. The pole star tables are based on the formula: Lat-Corr.Sext.Alt. = -p cos h+% P* sin-p sin’ h tan (latitude). Where p = the polar distance of Polaris h = the L.H.A. Polaris = L.H.A. Aries + S.H.A. ao is computed using mean values for Latitude and’star's S.H.A. and Declination then 58.8' is added. ay is the adjustment for observer's latitude then 0.6’ added. ay is the adjustment for changes in declination and S.H.A. then 0.6’ added. The sum of the constants added is 1° so that in all cases: Latitude = True altitude - 1° + a +a tay The latitude obtained using the pole star tables is strictly the latitude on the D.R. longitude through which the position line should be drawn at right angles to the azimuth of Polaris. The azimuth of Polaris, which varies irom about 002°T to 358°T can be obtained from the fourth part of the polar Star Tables by entering with LH.A. Aries and Latitude. The position line is often drawn 090°T to 270°T as a parallel of latitude without appreciable, Providing the altitude is not too high, the Pole Star can be used to obtain a compass error, 41Q.24,0n 13" Dec, 1992, LHA 7 323° 00.4’ sextant altitude of the Pole Star was 41° 26, IE 2'on the arc, HE 10m. Find the direction of P/L and latitude where the DIR Longitude cuts the P/L. Solution: LHAy = 323° 00,4" Sext. Alt = 41° 26.0 IE = 02.0 Obs. Alt §—-41724°.0 Dip > 5.6 App. Alt 4118.4 TC 214 TAI a0 47.3" 8p + 457" ai + 05 a + 1.0 42045 7 Lat = 40 045'N AZ=0°T P/L = 091° - 271° Answer: Latitude 41° 04.5' N, P/L 091° - 271° (T)Q.25: Find the position line and position through which it passes, in the following cases: DR 26° 25'N 027° 25'W. Sext. alt of Polaris 27° 45', I.E. 1.0° off the arc. H.E. 16m, Month - march GHA Y 276° 14.4", Solution: GHA y = 2764.4 long W = 2725.0" LHAY = 248° 49.4" Sext. Alt = 27° 45° . IE + 16 Obs. Alt = 27°46" Dip (ve) = u App. Alt 23 TC (ve) = 1.8 (refraction) TAlt = 2372 a = 1997.6" a = 06 a = O04 AZ=0.45°T Lat = T.Alt-1° +a, +a; + a = 27°37.2' - 19 +1° 37.6 +0.6'+ 0.4" = 28°15.8' N PL = 90.45" « 270°.45 027° 25° W AZ=0.45° (T) 090.45" <> 270°.45 (T)Q.26, On the morning of 1 Dec, 1992 in Long 065°34' E, the sextant altitude of the polestar was 23° 01', at 01h 00m 24s chronometer time (Error 1m 10s slow). If IE was 1.2' off the arc and HE 17m, find the direction of the PL and the position through which it passes. Solution ; To remove the ambiguity of chron time :- d hom os Or d homios Chron time 01 00 24 13 00 24 . Chron Error _+ 1 10 + 410 GMT. idec 01 01 34 1dec 13 01 34 LIT (E) + 4 22 16_ + 4 22 16 LMT idec 05 23 50 idec_ 17.23 50 So GMT of observation = 1 dec 01" 01" 34° Sext. Alt’ + 23°01.0" GHA yfor 1" 85°08.6' IE pa 1.2" Iner 7 Obs Alt: 23702.2" GHA 85° 32.2" Dip () ; 7.3'__ Long (E) + 65° 34.0" App.Alt 22°64." LHAy 2 1517 06.2" TotalCor, :- 2.3" True alt —:_22°52.6" @q 2+ 118.5" ay + 04 a + 02! 27 he> - 4° OBS Obs lat 230117 N True Az = 359,39 (T ° PL= 89.3° - 269.3°(T) Answer : Direction of PL = 89.3° - 269.3°(T) Posn. through which it passes :Lat 23° 11.7'N Long 065° 34’ E 4INTERCEPT - SUN- Q.27. On October 10", 1992, AM at ship, in DR Position 15°46" N, 070°02' E, sun's lower limb gave a sextant altitude of §7°20'. 1E 2.5' off the arc, HE 15 mtrs, when the chronometer (error 01 m 30 s slow) showed Sh 30m 15s. Find the intercept and direction of PL. Solution: Oct 10°92, AM DR 18° 46'N 070°02'E, sun LL, SA 57°20, IE 2.5 off HE 45m - d hom os hom os CHRON TIME 05 30 15 Or 17 30 15 ERROR + 01 300 + 01 30 (SLOW) _ . GMT 70 05 31 45 Or i? 31 48 LAT (E) + 04 40 08 + 04 40 08 LMT 40 10 11 53 Or 22 11 53 <. Correct GMT = 10° 05° 31" 45° GHA 10d 05h 258° 15.1" SA 57° 20.0° Incre 31m 45s _7°56.3" IEof + 2.5" GHA 266" 11.4 Obs. Alt. 577 22.5" Long E _+70°_02" Dip (15) - 6.8" LHA 36" 13.4" _ App. Alt 87° 15.7" (237468 ] TC + 15.6" TAI 57°31. Dec 6° 44.1" (S) T2X 32° 28.7" (0.9) + 05 CZX 32°34,5' Correct decin... 6" 44.6" (S) Int 5.8" (T) Lat 15° 46' (N) HavZX-Hav(L#D) “Hav2X = Hav P.cos L.cosD + Hav (L + D) HavP =. cos ZX = (cos P ~1).cosL.cosD + cos (L + D) cosL.cosD22D = 32° 34.5 L+D 22° 30.6" a i AZ S$ 48.1°E = 131.9°(T) PL 041.9°(T) - 221.99 (T) DR Lat 15° 46" (N) DR Long 070° 02' (E) Int 5.8 (T) PL 041.9°(T) = 221.99 (T) * Q. 28 On 19" Jan 1992, PM at ship in DR 40° 36’ S, 175° 51" E, the sextant altitude of the Sun's LL was 41° 40" when the chron (error 04m 20s slow) showed 03h 50m 12s, if HE = 18m and IE = 1.5! on the arc, find the intercept and the direction of the PL. : Solution: 19" January, 1992 (Body Sun's LL) DR Lat 40°36'S DR Long 175° 51 d hom os d hom s Chron : 19 03 50 12 19 15 50 12 Error tt + 04 20 + 04 20 GMT : 49 0354 32 19 15 54 32 LIT (E) Dott 4324 + 41 43 24 LMT : 49 15 37 «66 20 03 37 56 «Correct GMT = 19% 03" 54" 32° GHASun —: 222°23.2' Sex. Alt : 41°40.0' Incr : 13°38.0° IE (ON) te 15 GHASun —: 236°01.2' Obs Alt 1 4385" Long(E) : 175°51.0° Dip(10m) os = 7.5" 46LHA Sun. 411952.2" App. Alt + 41°31.0" : 61°52." T. Cort” DF 15.2! Dec Sun > 20°30.4'(S) T.Alt : 41° 46.2" d(-0.5') : 0.5" TZD : 48°13.8" DecSun : 20" 29.9'(S) + P= LHA, if LHA < 180° oP = 51°52.2' + Cos CZD = Cos P. Cos Lat .Cos dec + Sin lat.Sin dec =Cos CZD = (Cos 51°52.2'.Cos 40°36’.Cos 20°29.9')+ (Sin 40° 36'.Sin 20° 29.9") = Cos CZD = 0.86701 < CZD = 48° 09.8" . «+ TZD = 48° 13.8" «. Intercept = 4.0" away [‘- TZD > CZD] = Tanlat = Tan 40°36" = 0.672788 TanP Tan 51° 52.2 B= Tandec = Tan20°289 = 0.475278 SinP Sin 51°52.2" DR Long J C= 0.1975 N wTanAZ= 1 = 1 = | 2 1075 x Gos 40°36" C.Costat 0.1975 x Cos 40°36 2 Az= N 81.5°W Az = 278.5" (T) <. P.L. = 188.5? - 008.5° (T) DR Lat «. Intercept = 4.0 m away Direction of P.L. = 188.5° - 008.5° (T) 4Q.29.At about 1450 hrs SMT on 9" October 1992 a ship in DR position 35° 10" N 161°15'W obtained observed altitude of Sun's LL to be 30° 04° at chronometer time 01h 34m 50s. (chronometer error 1m 20s slow). Calculate the intercept and the direction of PL. Depict the same on Rational Horizon diagram. HE = 15m, ‘ Solution: 9", 1992 (Body Sun's LL) DR Lat 35° 10'N DR Long 161° 15'w doh mis doh mis Chron : 09 01 34 50 09 13 34 . 50 Error tt 01 20 + 01 20 GMT : 10 01 36 10 09 13° 36. 10 LIT (BE) ts 1045 00 : 10 45 00 LMT 109 14 51 40 09 02° 51 40 +-Correct GMT = 10° 01" 36" 40° GHASun —: 198°44.4" Obs Alt : 30°04.0° Incr 9°02.5' Dip (15 m) - 68 GHA Sun 207° 16.9° App. Alt 29°57.2" Long (W) 161° 15.0" T. Corr” 1+ 14.6" LHAS > 046°01.9° TAlt 2 3011.8" 1zD : 59° 48,2" DecSun : 6°40,3'(s) D(+0.9') 2+ 05" DecSun —: ~6°40.8°(S) P= LHA, if LHA< 180° wu «P= 46°01.9' . *s Cos CZD = Cos P. Cos Lat .Cos dec - Sin lat.Sin dec lat and dec are of contrary names] :.Cos CZD = (Cos 46°01.9'.Cos 35°10'.Cos 6°40.8') - (Sin 35° 10,Sin 6° 40.8') = Cos CZD = 0.49669 + CZD = 60° 13.1" 1. TZD = 59° 48,2" +. Intercept = 24.9'T [> CZD > TZD] 48:A= Tanlat = Tan 35°10" = 0.67963S Tan P Tan 46° 01.9" B= Tandec = Tand?at = 0.16273S Sin P Sin 46 C= 0.84236 S TanAZ= 4 = 1 = 1.452199 Clos lat 0.84236 x Cos 35° 10° Az= S 55.4°W 2-Az = 235.49 (T) o PLL. = 145.4° - 325.49 (T) DR Long <. Intercept = 24.9' Towards Direction of P.L. = 145.4° - 325.4 PLL. = 145.4° -325.4° 49Figure on the plain of rational horizon : Scale 4.5cm = 90° Q.30. On 21* Sept 1992 in DR Posn 48° 10°N 085° 20° E the sextant altitude of the Sun’s ULL. was 20° 20.1’ when the GMT was 10h 10m 12s. If LE was 2.2’ on the are and HE 22m, Find the direction of the PL and the posn. through which it-posses with the use of. intercept method. SOLUTION: CALCULATE CORR. LMT21D ISH SIM 328 CALCULATE CORR. GMT21D 10H 10M 12S CALCULATE COR. T. ALT19° 51.2” TZD 70° 08.8” CALCULATE CORR. DECL00° 31.6°N DRLAT 48° 10°N LHA 059° 38.5" COS CZD = COS P*COS LAT*COS DECL + SINLAT#SIN DECL LAT &DECL SAME (+) CALCZD 69° 53.1" TZD 70° 08.8" INTERCEPT 15.77 AWAY ANS 50A=0.65N B=0.01S C=.648 AZIMUTH $66.7°W 246.7°T PL IS 90 + AZ, 336. 156.7° T ANS Q.31.0n 22™ Sept., 1992 AM at ship, in DR 26° N 060° E, sextant altitude of Sun's UL was 35° 42.1 when chronometer showed 4h 31m 17s (error 1m 30s slow). IE 1.8" off the arc, HE 15m. Find the intercept and the direction of position tine. Solution: . hom 6 hom os Chron, 04 34 «17 16 310417 Eror + Ot 30 + _01 30. GMT 22° 04-3247 16 32 «47 ut + 04 E + 04 E a 4 LMT 22° 08 32 47 20 32. «47 <=. GMT : 224 04" 32” 475° DR LAT: 26° (N) DR LONG: 60° (E) SA 35° 42.1" GHA 241° 49.4" LE + (01.8 INC + O18 OA 3643.9" GHA 250° 01.2" HE - 68 LONG (E) +60° 00.0" AA 36°37." LHA 310" 01.2" TO + 17.1" P=360 - LHA=49"58.8" TA 357 20.0° DEC N 00° 14.3" TzD “54°40 D(1.0) 0.5" DEC N 60°13.6" COS CZD = COS P . COS LAT .COS DEC + SIN LAT . SIN DEC COS CZD = COS(49° 58.8) . COS(26)’. COS(00° 13.8") + SIN(26)°. SIN (00° 13.8)" = 0.577969322 + 0.001759729841 = 0.579729051 :. CZD = COS" 0.579729051 = 54°34.1" TZD: 54° 40.0" A § 0.4100CZD: 54° 34.1" BN 0.0046 INTERCEPT AWAY5.9} Cc § 0.4054 AZ SO070°%E = 110°(T) POSN LINE: 20°(T) ~ 200°(T) AnswerINTERCEPT- STAR Q.32.0n 5" March 1892 during ev: the sextant altitude. of Ig chronometer (error 6s slow) showed 00h 2: and HE 12m, find the interept and PL. DR 66" 42" N 86° 53° W, was 30° 35.2" when the 1 208. If IE was 0.4' off the arc Solut 5", 1992 (Body Sun's LL) During evening twilight on ship DR 66° 42''N/ 86°53 W . Star Betelguese = 30° 35.2" IE = 0.4' off the arc, HE = 12m mos bom os Chron 22 20 Or 12 22 20 Error (Slow) 00 06. 00_ 00 06 GMT 22 «26 12 22 26 LIT (W) 47_32 084732. LMT 34 54 06 34 54 «Correct GMT = 06° 00" 22" 26° GHA : 163°68.7° Sexi. Alt Incr 2 8937.2) IE (OFF) GHAY 2 169°35.9 Obs Alt SHA* 2 271° 18.4) Dip (12 m) GHA* : 4407 54.3" App. Ait GHA* > 080° 54.3" Refraction : - 1.6 Dec : 7°24,3' (N) T.Alt 1 30279 SHA* 1 271°18.4' TZD 2 69°32.1" GHAY 2” 88754.3" Long. > 66°53 W LHA* 02°1.3° Pp c + Sin lal.Sin dec ‘08 7° 24.3") + (Sin 66° 42'.Sin 7° 24.3') + Cos CZD = Cos P..Cos Lat Cos Cos CZD = (Cos 02° 1.3'.Cos 68°42 = Cos CZD = 0.51037——————— CZD = 69° 18.7" TZD = 59°32 <. Intercept = 00° 13.4' Away A= Tanlat = Tango? 42’ = 65.7798 Tan P Tan 02°1.3' B= Tandec = Tan7°24.3' = 3.684N Sin P Sin 02° 1.3" C= 62,095 S ‘ Tan AZ= 4 = 4 = 0.0407 C.Cos lat 62.095 x Cos 66° 42' oAz= § 2.3°W T.Az = 182.3°(T) ws PLL, = 272.3° - 92.3° (T) E <. Intercept = 13.4’ Away : Az= 182.3° MQ PL. = 272.3°- 092.3 2=182.3° (T) INT=134'A DR LatINTERCEPT; PLANET Q.33. On 30" Nov, 92 PM at ship in DR position 35° 20° S, 120° 15° W. Observed Alt. of Venus was 28° 39.6’. Chronometer (Error 01m 15s slow) showed 3h 35m 01s HE. 15M, find direction of PL and intercept. Solution: hom os hom ss CHRON 3 35) (Ot 15 35) (Ot ERROR + O01 15 + O15 GMT 01/4 03 36) «16, 15 3616 LIT(W) = 08h Otm 00 08h 01m 00s LMT 30 19h 35m 16s O7h 35m 16s «GMT : Old 03h 36m 16s (PMon30"Nov) © GHA: 182° 06.7" Observed Ait 28° 39.6" INCR : 09° 04.0" Dip(ism): = 68" v(-0.7) : - 0.4 App Alt: 28° 32.8" GHA: 191°10.3 Tot.Cor.: = 18 Long (W): 120°15'w Add.Corr: + O.1" LHA: 070° 55.3" T. Alt: 28° 31.1" dec: 24°06 3'S TZD: 61° 28.9" d04); = 0.2 dec : 24° 06.1 S lat: 36° 20'S Cos CZD = Cos P. Cos lat. Cos dec + Sin Lat. Sin dec. s CZD = 61° 20.5' TZD = 61° 28.9' INTERCEPT = 8.4" AWAY A=0,245183041N; B= 0.4733567928; C= 0.228173751. S 9.5° (7) 69.5° (T}<- > 349.8 (T)Q.34.0n 31% August 1992 AM a ship in DR 60° N 66° W observers the sextant altitude of Mars to be 41° 30' at chronometer time 08h 14m 00s. Chronometer error 1m 02s slow; IE 03' off the arc; HE 10m. Calculate the intercept and the direction of position line. Solution: 31* August, 1992 (Body Mars) DR Lat 60°N DR Long 66° W d h mis d h m s Chron : 31 08 #14 00 31° 20 «14 =«(00 Error 8 + 01 «02 + O1 02 GMT : 31 08 1502 31-200 «15 02 UT(W) os = 04 24 00 : 04 24 ~=~00 LMT : 31 03 51 02 31.4615 «451 (02 --Correct GMT = 31° 08" 15" 025 GHA Mars: 17°22.6° Sext. Alt : 41°30.0' Incr > 3945.5" IE (Off) 1+ 3.0" ‘v’ (40.8) + 02 Obs Alt 2 41733.07 GHA Mars 21° 08.3" Dip(10m) os = 5.6 Long (W) 66° 00.0" App. Alt : a ora LHA Mars 318°08.3" Con" beat Add.Cor” =: + 0.1 Dec 22° 56.9' (N) TAI : a 0.1) + 0.0" TZD : 48° 33.6 Dec : 2266.9" (N) “P= 360° -LHA, if LHA> 180° wu cP = 360° - 315° 08.3'= 44951.7" .: Cos CZD = Cos P. Cos Lat .Cos dec + Sin lat.Sin dec = Cos CZD = (Cos 44° 51.7", Cos 60°.Cos 22° 56.9') + (Sin 60° .Sin 22° 56,9") = Cos CZD = 0,664.2 +. CZD = 48° 23.6" : TZD = 48° 33.6" «. Intercept = 10.0' away [-- TZD > CZD]A= Tanlat = Tan 60°00 = 1.740438 TanP Tan 44° 51.7" B= Tandec = Tan22°569 = 0.60024N Sin P Sin 44°51.7 C= 1.140198 Tan AZ= 1 = = 1.75410 . 4 C.Coslat 1.14019 x Cos 60" « Az= § 60.3°E 19.7°(T) P.L. = 029.7° - 209.7° (T) «. Intercept = 10.0 m away Direction of P.L. = 029.79 - 209.7° INT = 10.0 AZ=119.7' (1) PLL, = 029.7? - 209,7° DR Lat 7LONG BY CHRON - SUN Q.35. On 5" March 1992’on a ship in DR 38° 16'S 151° 14'E, the sextant altitude of Sun's lower limb East of the meridian was 36° 01.2’ when chronometer showed 10h 56m 44s. The chronometer was 01m 04s fast. If |.E. was 0.8' on the are and HE 30mts, find the direction of PL and a position through which to draw it. Solution: 5" March ‘ GMT 10h 56m 44s 22h 56m 44s : Oim 04s Oim 04s GMT 70h 55m 40s 04” 22h 55m 40s LIT(E) 10 04 56 10 04 56 20h 59m 96s 32h 59m 96s LMT 21h 00m 36s 05" 09h 00m 368 +: Date given (LMT) is 5” and the date being calculated is a day ahead we go backwards and take GMT on 4". \ +: Sun's lower limb east of Mer, :. GMT is 04" March 22h 55m 40s Hav LHA= sec L. sec D [ Hav. Z.D - Hav (L~ D)] time AM @ ship Sextalt = 36°01.2' GHA - 147° 06.3' LE. : 0.8" INCR - 13° 55.0" Obs alt 3670.4" 160" 61 Dip - 9.6" GHA 161° 01.3" App. Alt 35° 50.8" Tot corm 14.7" 35° 65.5" T. alt 36° 05.5" Dec 6° 04.1'S 90°-T alt= TZD : 0.9" = 63°54.5' 6032S Lat = 38° 16.0'S Hav ZD = .20546 06° 03.2'S Hav L~D = 07696 L~D 32°12. 12850 38Lat = 38° 16'S dec = 06° 03.2'S LogsecL = 0.10506 Log sec D 0.00243 Log Hav diff= __,10889 21638 | HavLHA = 21638 “LHA = 312°07.9' slong = GHA~LHA = 312°07.9' . = - 161° 01.3" Obslong = 151° 06.6" E Dec = 06° 03.2'S A- 711 N B- 141 S .57 N PL = 155.88? «> 335.88° (T) Q.36. On 17" January 1992, AM, in D.R. 36° 10' S, 152° 10" E, the sextant altitude of Sun's LL East of the meridian was 52° 27’. I.E. 0.2' off the arc, H.E. 11m, chronometer showed 11h 24m 00s (error 18s slow). Find the P/L and observed Longitude where it cuts the D.R, Latitude. Solution: Date: 17" Jan, 1992 (Body - Sun's LL) DR Lat : 36° 10'S DR Long: 152° 10'E hom os d hom os Chron 117 11 24 00 17 23 24 «00 Error (Slow): _+ 18 + 48 GMT 7 1 24 18 76 23 24 18 LIT(E) 0840 + 10 08 40__ 59LMT : 17 21 32°58 17 09 «32 «58 :-GMT = 16423" 24" 18 GHASun : 162°93.8 Sext.Alt 52270! Incr : 604.5" IE (Off) 1 + 0,2! GHA Sun: _168° 38.3' Obs Alt 82° 27.2" Dip (11 m) Dec : 20°56.1'(S) App. Ait d-0.5) 0: = 02 T.Cor” Dec : 20755.9'(S) TAI (12D ° +» Cos P = Sin Talt - Sin lat. Sin dec Cos lat . Cos dec [ Lat and dec are of same name] <. Cos P = Sin52° 36.9'_- Sin 36° 10". Sin 209 55.9° Cos 36° 10'. Cos 20° 55.9! = Cos P = 0.774169 + P= 39° 16.2" 2. Cal. LHA = 320° 43.8" r GHA = 168° 38.3' +. Obs Long = 152°5.5'E A= Tanlat = Tan 36° 10° = 0.89405 N Tan P Tan 39°16.2' B= Tandec = Tan20°559' = 0.604283 Sin P Sin 39° 16.2" s+ C= 0.28977 N sTanAZ= 4 = 1 = 427478 C.Coslat 0.28977 x Cos 36° 10" © AZ= N 76.8°E = 76.8° (T) + P.L, = 166,8° - 346,8° . Obs longitude = 152° 05.5'E 60P.L. = 166.8° - 346.8° \. 166.8° - 345.8 v LONG BY CHRON — SUN BACK ANGLE OBSERVATION Obs. Long’ Q.37 On 30" Nov’ 1992 DR Lat 15° S 090°45' E the back angle Observation of Sun's LL east of meridian gave Sextant altitude of 117° 11.6", .E 2.8! on the are, HE 12m, when chron showed 3h54m32s (error = 01m31s fast). Find the PL and position through which it passes. The VIL then sailed on a course of 125° (T) till merpass that day (run 30’), Compute the altitude to be set on the same Sextant for a meridian altitude observation. Solution: Time hom os hom os S.A 117° 11.6 CHRON 03 54 «32 15 54 32 LE. : 2.8) ERROR - o1 31 - O13 Obs Alt. 117° 08.8" GMT 03 53~—«OOt 15 63 04 Dip (12m) _- 6.1" LIT(E) +06 03 00 + 06 03 00 App Alt 117° 02.7" LMT 09 56 «(01 21 56 04Refraction ; 062756.9' SD(LL)- 16.2" Parallax 0. True all 062° 40.8" TZD 027° 19.2' Hay LHA = Sec L. Sec D [Hav ZD ~ Hav(L ~ D)] Nat Hav 027° 19.2" Nat Hav 06° 40.5" Nat Hav diff Log Hav diff Log Sec 15° 00° Log Sec 21° 40.5' Log Ha LHA o LHA GHA . Obs Long AZ= 108.3° (T) PL= 18.3 <> 198.3°(T) Co= 125°(T) = S55°E, dist = 30" d'lat = 17.2'S dep= LatA = 15° 00's dlat = 47.2's LatB = 18°17.25 Cos mean Lat = Since body is East of Meridian, LMT is less than 12hrs | +. GMT = 30d 03h 53m 01s. Lat 15° 00'S Dec! 21° 40.1'S (0.4) + 04 Correct decl. 27°40.5°S _ L~D 06" 40.5" GHA 227° 49.9' Inc! 13° 15, GHA 241° 05: = 0.05577 = 0.00339 =°0.05238 = 2.71914 = 0.01506 = 0.03185 = 2.76605 332° 02.5" = 241° 05,2' = 090°57.3'E 24.6'E M' Lat = 15° 08.6" 02<. d'long = Sec 15° 08.6" x 24.6' Log Sec 15°08.6' = 0.01535 Log 24.6° = 439094 Log d'long = 1.406295 2 d'long = 255 Long A = 090° S7.3'E d'long S 25.5E Long B = oof 228 hom s LMT Mer Pass 449 00 LTE) - 06 05 31 GMT Mer pass 0543 29 Decl = 21° 40.9'S (0.4) + 0.3" Correct decl, = 21°41.2'S Lat = 18°17.2'S MZzD = 06° 24'N T. Alt 083° 36'S T.ComLL =- 16.1" App. Alt = 083" 19.9" Dip(12m) =+ 6.1" Obs Alt = 083° 26.0" LE. =+ 28 S.A = 083" 28.8" Answer 8LONG BY CHRON - MOON Q.38.In DR Lat 27° 40’ N, 140° 23'W on 30" November 1992, PM, at ship, the sextant altitude of Moon's upper limb was found to be 30° 51' at 11h 11m 14s chronometer time (error 1mO2s slow). If H.E. was 12 metres, le. NiL, find the position line and a position through which it passes. Solution: 30" November, 1992 Moon's UL . OR Lat = 27°40'N DR Long = 140° 23' W hom s d hom s Chron Wot 44 30 23 14 «14 Error o1 02 + 04 02 GMT 7 12 ~«13 30 23°~«12~«13 LT (Ww) 09 21 32 - 09 21 32 LMT o1 50 44 30.1350 44 «GMT = 30% 23" 12" 13° GHAMoon : 89°30.5" Sext. Alt : 30°51" Incr : + 2°54.9' IE (NIL) a 56) : + 3.3! Obs Alt : BO 510 > 92287 Dip(12m) : - 6.1 App. Alt : 3044.9" Dec Moon : 8°47.1'(S) Cor” : + 58, d-10.9) 9: - 23 HP (54.3) 0: + 4.7" Dec Moon : 8744.8"(S) TAlt 1 3144.2 Ul Corr” : > 30.0" Talt : 31° 14.2" 7zD : $89 45.8" +: Cos P = Sin T.alt + Sin lat. Sin dec Cos lat . Cos deg Lat and dec are of contrary names] 642. Cos P = Sin 31°14.2" + Sin 27° 40". Sin 8° 44.8 Cos 27° 40’. Cos 8° 44.8" 2 Cos P = 0.67307 2 PS 47417" 2 LHA = 31218,3' GHA = 92° 28.7" ~. Obs Long = 140° 10.4° W . A= Tanlat = Tan27°40' = 0.477132 $ Tan P Tan 47° 41,7" ‘ Tandec = Tan8° 44.8’ = 0.208032 S Sin P Sin 47° 41.7" C= 0.685164 S wTanAZ= 1 = 1 = 1.64792 C.Coslat 0. 685164 x Cos 27° 40° Ty ‘ o PAL. = 31.39 211.39 (T) o. PL = 31,39- 211.3° Posn. through which PL passes DR Lat: 27° 40'N, Obs Long: 140° 10.4' W,| x DR Lon; y PB =o31" - 211°Q.39. In DR position 30°06’ S, 38° 45' W, on 21% July, 1992; Sextant altitude of Moon's Upper Limb was found to be 39° 30’ when GMT was 09h 20m 49s. | IE 3.5' on the arc, HE 15m. Using “longitude by chronometer" method, find the direction of position line and the position through which it passes. Solution: 21% July, 1992 Body -Moon's UL DR Lat = 30° 06'S DR Long = 38° 45' W GMT = 21° 09" 20" 49° GHAMoon : 66°14.4' Sext. Alt Incr + 4958.0" 1E (ON) y' (H15.0) 2 + 5.1 Obs Alt GHAMoon : 71° 17.5" Dip (15 m) App. Alt DecMoon : 09°5.7'(N) Cor" d+115) oo: + 3.9" H.P (55.0) DecMoon : . 09°09.6(N) TAlt UI Cort” Talt TzD + Cos P = Sin T.alt + Sin lat. Sin dec Cos lat . Cos dec Lat and dec are of contrary names] :. Cos P = Sin 39° 46.0" + Sin 30° 06" . Sin 09° 09.6' Cos 30° 06’. Cos 09° 09.6" 2 Cos P = 0.84239 = P= 32°36.4' «Cal. LH GHA +. Obs Long = 38° 41.1 W 66 : 39°30.0' 1-35! 1 3026.5" - 6.8" 39° 19.7" + 54, + 2.2! 40° 16.0" - 30.0" 39° 46.0" : 60° 14.0'wA= Taniat = Tan30°06' = = ~—««0.906187N Tan P Tan 32° 36.4" B= Tandec = Tano9°09.6' = 0.299235N Sin P Sin 32° 36.4 C= 1.205422N sTanAZ= 4 = 4 = 0.95889 C.Coslat 1.205422 x Cos 30° 08" 2 AZ= N 43.8°W Az =316.2°(T) 2. PLL. = 46,2° - 226,2° (T) Direction of PL = 46.2° - 226.2° (T) Position through which PL passes DR Lat = 30° 06'S Obs Long = 38? 41.1’ W Q.40. On 6" March, at ship in DR 00° 00, 060° 40’ W the observed altitude of Moon's UL was 44° 28.9' at GMT 06" March 14h 33m 32s. If HE was 18m, find the position through which to pass the PL using "Long by Chorn" and the direction of the PL. Draw the rational horizon diagram appropriate to the observation. Solution: 06" March 1992 Body-Moon’s UL DR Lat = 00°00" DR Long = 060° 40'W GMT 06° 14" 33" 32° GHA Moon : 7959.8 Obs Alt Iner : + 8700.1" Dip (18 m). Jot (#14.3') s+ 7 App. Alt GHA Moon : 16° 07.9" Cor” HP (85.5) Dec Moon : 8° 18.8'(N) T.Alt D(+12.3') Bo J UI Corr™ DecMoon : 8°25,7°(N) Taalt TZD +: Cos P = Sin T.alt - Sin lat. Sin dec 1 Cos lat . Cos dec