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GCSE
CHEMISTRY
Higher Tier Paper 2
H
Tuesday 11 June 2024 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
• a scientific calculator Question Mark
• the periodic table (enclosed). 1
2
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Pencil should only be used for drawing. 4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
5
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside
the box around each page or on blank pages. 6
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 7
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 8
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked. 9

TOTAL
Information
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.

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0 1 A student investigated an aqueous solution of a salt. box

The student identified that the salt solution contained only sodium ions and chloride
ions.

0 1 . 1 Describe a test to identify sodium ions.

Give the result of the test.

[2 marks]

Test for sodium ions

Result

0 1 . 2 Describe a test to identify chloride ions.

Give the result of the test.

[2 marks]

Test for chloride ions

Result

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The student determined the concentration of sodium chloride in the salt solution. box

This is the method used.

1. Weigh an empty evaporating dish.

2. Add 25.0 cm3 of the salt solution into the evaporating dish.
3. Heat the evaporating dish and contents.
4. Weigh the evaporating dish and contents.
5. Repeat steps 3 to 4 until there is no further change in mass.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 three more times.

0 1 . 3 Why did the student heat the evaporating dish and contents until the mass did not
change?
[1 mark]

0 1 . 4 How did the student calculate the mass of solid sodium chloride remaining after steps
1 to 5?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Mass of 25 cm3 of salt solution + mass of empty evaporating dish

Mass of 25 cm3 of salt solution − mass of empty evaporating dish

Mass of evaporating dish and dry contents + mass of empty

evaporating dish

Mass of evaporating dish and dry contents − mass of empty

evaporating dish

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 5 The student calculated the concentration of sodium chloride in the salt solution. box

Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1

Concentration of sodium chloride in g/dm3

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

35.2 34.6 36.4 33.8

The percentage by mass of sodium ions in sodium chloride is 39.3%.

Calculate the mean concentration of sodium ions in the salt solution.

[4 marks]

Mean concentration = g/dm3 10

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0 2 This question is about ammonia and nitric acid. box

In the Haber process ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Figure 1 represents the Haber process.

Figure 1

0 2 . 1 Pipe P links the condenser to the reactor.

Why is the condenser linked to the reactor?

Use Figure 1.
[1 mark]

0 2 . 2 Which metal is used as a catalyst in this reaction?

[1 mark]

Turn over ►

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Nitric acid is produced by reacting ammonia with oxygen. box

The word equation for the production of nitric acid is:

ammonia + oxygen → water + nitric acid

Platinum is a catalyst in this reaction.

0 2 . 3 Describe the test for oxygen gas.

Give the result if oxygen gas is present.

[2 marks]

Test

Result

Figure 2 represents the reaction profile of the catalysed reaction between ammonia
and oxygen.

Figure 2

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0 2 . 4 Complete the reaction profile for the catalysed reaction in Figure 2. box

You should:

• label the activation energy

• label the reactants and products, using the names of the reactants and products.
[2 marks]

0 2 . 5 How would Figure 2 be different if no catalyst was used?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

The final energy level would be higher.

The final energy level would be lower.

The line would reach a higher peak.

The line would reach a lower peak.

0 2 . 6 Ammonia and nitric acid react to produce the salt, ammonium nitrate.

Ammonium ions and nitrate ions both contain nitrogen.

Suggest one use of ammonium nitrate.

[1 mark]

Turn over for the next question

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0 3 This question is about water. box

0 3 . 1 Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce water.

Water is decomposed into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas using electricity.

Which two words describe the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas?
[2 marks]
Tick () two boxes.

Alloying

Combustion

Corrosion

Endothermic

Reversible

0 3 . 2 Water molecules break down into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

The equation for the reaction is:

H2O ⇌ H+ + OH–

Which sentence describes this reaction at equilibrium?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Water molecules break down at a higher rate than they reform.

Water molecules break down and reform at the same rate.

Water molecules break down at a lower rate than they reform.

Question 3 continues on the next page

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0 3 . 3 Water collected from rivers is used in the home for drinking and flushing toilets. box

Water used in the home must be potable.

Potable water is safe to drink.

Waste water produced after use in the home is called sewage.

Figure 3 shows how water is collected from rivers and returned to rivers after use.

Figure 3

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Explain what happens to water in Process A and in Process B in Figure 3. box

Do not refer to use of water in the home.

[6 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 4 A student investigated an orange dye (A) using paper chromatography. box

Figure 4 shows the results of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 using orange dye A.

Figure 4

0 4 . 1 Explain why the yellow dye and red dye travel different distances in Experiment 1.

Refer to forces of attraction between the dyes and the chromatography paper in your
answer.
[2 marks]

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0 4 . 2 The student used the same type of chromatography paper in Experiment 1 and in box

Experiment 2.

Explain why the yellow dye is in different positions in Experiment 1 and in

Experiment 2.

Use Figure 4.
[3 marks]

Question 4 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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Figure 4 is repeated below. box

Figure 4 shows the results of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 using orange dye A.

Figure 4

The student investigated a different orange dye (B).

Figure 5 shows the results of Experiment 3 using orange dye B.

Figure 5

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0 4 . 3 Compare the purity of the orange dyes A and B. box

Give reasons for your answer.

Use Figure 4 and Figure 5.

[2 marks]

0 4 . 4 The student calculated that the Rf value of the orange dye in the experiment shown in
Figure 5 was 0.48

Calculate the distance moved by the solvent front when the orange dye had moved
5.4 cm.
[3 marks]

Distance moved by solvent front = cm

0 4 . 5 Why is the Rf value of a dye not affected by how far the solvent front is allowed to
travel?
[1 mark]

Turn over ►

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0 4 . 6 Another type of chromatography is called gas chromatography. box

Gas chromatography is an instrumental method of chemical analysis.

Scientists tested the orange dyes using gas chromatography.

Suggest two advantages of using the instrumental method of gas chromatography

rather than paper chromatography.
[2 marks]

2
13

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0 5 This question is about burning fuels in central heating boilers. box

In the future, gas central heating boilers may burn hydrogen rather than natural gas.

Table 2 shows information about these fuels when 1 dm3 of the fuel is burned in a
central heating boiler.

Table 2

Fuel

Hydrogen Natural gas

Energy released in kJ 11.9 37.1

Mass of carbon dioxide

0.00 1.83
produced in grams
Mass of water vapour
0.75 1.50
produced in grams
Mass of oxides of nitrogen
6.6 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–4
produced in grams

0 5 . 1 Explain how oxides of nitrogen are produced when burning fuels.

[2 marks]

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0 5 . 2 Explain one positive impact on the environment of burning hydrogen rather than box

natural gas as a fuel.

Use Table 2.
[2 marks]

0 5 . 3 Explain one negative impact on the environment of burning hydrogen rather than
natural gas as a fuel.

Use Table 2.
[2 marks]

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0 5 . 4 Air is 20% oxygen. box

Calculate the volume of air needed to provide enough oxygen to react with 3.50 dm3
of hydrogen gas.

The equation for the reaction is

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
[3 marks]

Volume of air = dm3

0 5 . 5 Central heating boilers can also burn kerosene.

Kerosene is produced from crude oil in a fractionating column using fractional

distillation.

In the first step, crude oil is heated and hydrocarbon vapours are formed.

Explain how kerosene is produced from these hydrocarbon vapours.

[3 marks]

12

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0 6 This question is about materials used to make bicycles. box

Figure 6 shows a bicycle.

Figure 6

Table 3 shows information about two materials used to make bicycle frames.

Table 3

Material

Aluminium alloy Bamboo

Raw material aluminium ore bamboo plant

Cost of frame in £ 250 1500

Strength in arbitrary units 290 193

Mass in kilograms 1.6 2.4

Lifespan in years 6–10 10–15

One method of disposal recycled to make new burned to produce heat
at end of life products energy

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0 6 . 1 Evaluate the use of aluminium alloy and of bamboo for making bicycle frames. box

Use Table 3.
[6 marks]

0 6 . 2 Explain why aluminium alloy bicycle frames do not need protection from corrosion.
[2 marks]

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0 6 . 3 Bicycle chains are made from an alloy of iron. box

Bicycle chains rust without protection.

Paint is not used to protect bicycle chains from rusting.

Suggest how bicycle chains can be protected from rusting.

[1 mark]

0 6 . 4 Bicycle frames can also be made from a composite of carbon fibres embedded in a
polymer resin.

What description is given in this composite to:

• the carbon fibre component

• the polymer resin component?
[2 marks]

Carbon fibre

Polymer resin 11

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0 7 This question is about sulfuric acid. box

0 7 . 1 Sulfuric acid contains sulfate ions.

Describe the test for the presence of sulfate ions in sulfuric acid.

Give the result of the test.

[2 marks]

Test

Result

One stage in the industrial production of sulfuric acid is the reaction of sulfur dioxide
with oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide.

This reversible reaction reaches dynamic equilibrium.

Figure 7 shows the percentage yield of sulfur trioxide in this reaction at different
temperatures.

Figure 7

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0 7 . 2 Which statement about the forward reaction is correct? box

Use Figure 7.
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

The yield is greater at higher temperatures because the reaction is

exothermic.

The yield is greater at higher temperatures because the reaction is

endothermic.

The yield is smaller at higher temperatures because the reaction is

exothermic.

The yield is smaller at higher temperatures because the reaction is

endothermic.

The equation for the reaction is:

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)

0 7 . 3 Explain why the percentage yield of sulfur trioxide in this reaction is greater if the
pressure is higher.
[2 marks]

0 7 . 4 In industry, the reaction is done at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure.

Under these conditions the yield of sulfur trioxide is 86%.

Suggest two reasons why a higher pressure is not used.

[2 marks]

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0 7 . 5 This reaction uses a catalyst to increase the rate of the reaction. box

The catalyst is a metal oxide.

Which is the most likely metal in the metal oxide catalyst?

Use the periodic table.

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Aluminium (Al)

Barium (Ba)

Potassium (K)

Vanadium (V) 8

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0 8 This question is about monomers and polymers. box

Compound A has an alkene functional group and an ester functional group.

Figure 8 represents a molecule of compound A.

Figure 8

0 8 . 1 Draw a circle around the alkene functional group on Figure 8.

[1 mark]

0 8 . 2 Describe what will be seen when compound A is shaken with bromine water.
[2 marks]

Question 8 continues on the next page

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0 8 . 3 Figure 9 is a repeat of Figure 8. box

Figure 9

Draw a circle around the ester functional group on Figure 9.

[1 mark]

0 8 . 4 Compound A has the formula C4H6O2

Compound A is flammable.

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of compound A.

[3 marks]

+ → +

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0 8 . 5 Many molecules of compound A join together to form polymer B. box

Complete the displayed formula equation which represents this reaction.

[2 marks]

0 8 . 6 What type of polymer is polymer B?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Addition polymer

Condensation polymer

DNA

Protein

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Polymer B is a polymer which melts when heated. box

0 8 . 7 What word is used to describe polymers which melt when heated?

[1 mark]

0 8 . 8 Explain why some polymers do not melt when heated.

[2 marks]

13

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0 9 A student investigated the rate of the reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid. box

The equation for the reaction is

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Figure 10 shows the apparatus.

Figure 10

This is the method used.

1. Pour 50 cm3 of sulfuric acid into the conical flask.

2. Add excess zinc to the conical flask.
3. Insert the stopper and start a timer.
4. Measure the volume of hydrogen collected in the 50 cm3 measuring cylinder
every 20 seconds for 180 seconds.

0 9 . 1 Explain why the volume of hydrogen collected in the 50 cm3 measuring cylinder is
less than the volume of hydrogen produced.
[2 marks]

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Figure 11 shows the volumes of hydrogen collected in the 50 cm measuring cylinder
3 box

after 40 seconds and after 100 seconds.

Figure 11

0 9 . 2 Determine the number of moles of hydrogen collected between 40 seconds and

100 seconds.

The volume of one mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3.
[4 marks]

Moles of hydrogen =

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A different student investigated how the concentration of sulfuric acid affected the rate box

of the reaction.

0 9 . 3 The student did a different experiment using sulfuric acid of

concentration 0.40 mol/dm3.

The student calculated the number of moles of hydrogen collected after every
20 seconds.

Figure 12 shows the results.

Figure 12

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Determine the rate of reaction at 45 seconds. box

You should draw a tangent on Figure 12.

Give your answer in standard form.

[5 marks]

Rate of reaction (in standard form) = mol/s

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0 9 . 4 Figure 13 shows the results for 0.40 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid. box

Figure 13

The student repeated the experiment using 0.20 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid instead of
0.40 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid.

Excess zinc was used in each experiment.

Sketch a line on Figure 13 to show the results you would expect.

[2 marks]

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0 9 . 5 Explain how increasing the temperature would affect the rate of reaction between zinc box

and sulfuric acid.

[3 marks]

16

END OF QUESTIONS

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