GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM

A PROJECT REPORT ON
“POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL”
SUBMITTED BY

SR.NO NAME OF CANDIDATE ROLLNO

1 RUTIK BHARAT RATHOD [G.L] 25

2 VAISHALI BABARAO AGHAV 43
3 KAUSHAL GAJANAN LOKHANDE 12
4 AISHWARYA NANDAKUMAR DIWAKAR 8
5 RIDDHI DILIP RATHOD 33

6. AZAD AAYUB MOHAMMAD 57

MR.P.M. LONARKAR MR.M.S.KHERDE

(GUIDED BY) (HOD)

DR. B. G. GAWALWAD.

(PRINCIPAL)
(GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2022-2023
 CERTIFICATE
This is certify to group of:

SR. NO NAME OF CANDIDATE ROLL NO ENROLLMENT NO

1 RUTIK BHARAT RATHOD [G.L] 25 2000310106

2 VAISHALI BABARAO AGHAV 43 2100310257
3 KAUSHAL GAJANAN LOKHANDE 12 2000310087
4 AISHWARYA NANDAKUMAR DIWAKAR 8 2000310076
5 RIDDHI DILIP RATHOD 33 2000310116
6 AZAD AAYUB MOHAMMAD 57 2100310263

From Government Polytechnic, Washim [Maharashtra State

Board of Technical Education , Mumbai] has completed EE-VI Capstone
Project Report having title “POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL”
in group consisting of Six students under the guidance of the Faculty Guide
(Mr. P. M. LONARKAR).

Date :- Signature and Name of the

Teacher \ Guide

Date:- Signature of Head of the

Department

Date:- Stamp & Signature of

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We feel our privilege in expressing our sincere thanks and words of
gratitude to our project guide Mr. P.M. LONARKAR Lecturer, Department of
Electrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic Washim.
We are very much thankful to Mr. M. S. KHERDE, HOD Department of
Electrical Engineering, Mr. S. P. NAGARE lab assistant computer lab and

MR. G. B.SAWAKE electrician for their continuous support and guidance and
co-operation which enable us to complete our work in schedule time.

They motivated us to think beyond boundaries and experiment with

the things and more of possible.

In the last, we want like to thanks our friends, parents and those who
were directly or indirectly related to our project works .

SUBMITED BY

MR. RUTIK B. RATHOD

MISS. VAISHALI B. AGHAV

MR. KAUSHALG. LOKHANDE

MISS.AISHWARYA N. DIWAKAR

MISS. RIDDHI D. RATHOD

MR. AZAD A. MOHAMMAD

[FINAL YEAR STUDENTS OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING]

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, WASHIM

2022-2023
ABSTRACT

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are small solid state devices that generate electricity
directly from heat. They have the potential to be applied in waste heat recovery systems and be used as
a primary heat engine as a generator. In this study, a direct heat to electricity (DHE) technology using
the thermoelectric effect, without the need to change through mechanical energy, was applied to harvest
low- enthalpy thermal work. The power generator assembled with TEG modules had an installed power
of 1 KW at a temperature difference of around 120 °C. The power generated by the thermoelectric
system is almost directly proportional to the temperature difference between the hot and the cold sides.

A Cost Analysis of the technology, however suggests that, the material costs are too high for
typical thermoelectric power generation applications at mean temperatures below 135ºC. Above 275°C,
many bulk thermoelectric materials can achieve costs below Rs.72/W. The major barrier to economical
thermoelectric power generation at these higher temperatures results from system costs for heat
exchangers and ceramic plates. For cooling applications, we find that several thermoelectric materials
can be cost competitive and commercially promising.

In the current year, shortages of the energy sources, changing the global climate, and world
energy conflicts lead to negative effects on all levels of the society and threatened world stability was
increasing These challenges can be decreasing the fossil fuel reserves to the growth of the world
population, Global climate change, and increased in wastes levels (solid/liquid) and can be resulted to
the electricity crisis. In several developing countries, the electricity crisis obstructs both socio-economic
and technological sustainable evolution. Also, it leads to reducing job availability due to shutting down
several industries or relocating to neighbouring countries to such an issue. The purpose of making this
project is to generate electrical energy from waste materials like plastic, rubber, garbage, waste
material, etc. and store that electrical energy in the battery through the circuit and use that electrical
energy to operate the whole system. So, in this Project, we show successfully How to generate
electricity by Waste Materials and Store electricity in Battery successfully.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Name of work Page no.

1 CHAPTER- 1
 Introduction
 Background 1 -5
 Need
 Working principle
 Block diagram
2 CHAPTER- 2
 Literature Review 6-9
 Overview of project

3 CHAPTER- 3
 Scope of the Project 10-16
 Resources [Material used]

4 CHAPTER- 4
 Methodology 17-18

5 CHAPTER- 5
 Connection diagram (Circuit Diagram)
 Details of design 19-31
 Working
 Advantages and disadvantages

6 CHAPTER- 6
 Result 32-36
 Application
 Health and Safety
7 CHAPTER- 7
 Conclusion 37-39
 Future scope

8 CHAPTER- 8
 Biography 40-42
 References

9 CHAPTER- 9 43-44
 Photo gallery
 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 01

 INTRODUCTION
 BACKGROUND
 NEED
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 1

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is one of the most essential elements of our daily life. It is used everywhere in our life.
Electricity is a scarce resource and the demand for electricity is always increasing. Conventional energy
generation plants use non-renewable sources of energy like gas and coal. With increased interest and
existing limitations, a requirement arises for alternative sources of energy in the present world and a
wide research effort is being performed to realize the ways to increase the efficiency of the existing
methods. In Bangladesh load shedding is a very common problem. There nearly 64 % people are living
in the rural areas of our country.

Due to lack of electrical energy load shedding is occurring on a regular basis and it is the most in
the rural areas. During the hot season the load shedding is the most in areas. In some remote rural areas
in our country electricity is not still available. More than a quarter of the rural population still lacks
access to electricity and relies on fuel wood and kerosene for energy .

People need to suffer a lot due to lack of electricity in the rural areas. The power distribution
system is lagging behind the ever-growing customer base, resulting in daily load shedding across the
country. It is also common in city areas. Official data show the distribution system has not grown in
synchronization with growth in demand

Nowadays the crisis of energy has become a most important challenge in our country. It is very
urgent to find alternative energy sources to solve the national big issues. In our country, solar based
alternative energy producing systems are being used nowadays but this requires the sunlight to produce
energy. Application of the solar system in the house of remote rural areas in Bangladesh is shown in
Figure 1(b). Solar system is sunlight dependent. Therefore more alternative energy harvesting
techniques are very important nowadays from nature to fulfill the demand of national electrical energy
demand for our country. Recently, research interest is growing in this area to find alternative energy
sources. Currently research is also carried out worldwide on renewable energy sources while trying to
make the current systems such as solar more efficient .

Design of solar-panel energy systems is presented in open literature. The Power Pot is a
thermoelectric generator that uses heat to generate electricity is presented in . This product has been
developed abroad and it is costly to bring in India. It will be hard for the poor people to afford it.

In this paper a portable thermoelectric generator system has been developed using Peltier plates and
waste heat. The system can produce electricity from the waste heat. Thermoelectric generators are
mostly used to convert the waste heat so it is considered as a green technology. The developed system is
cheap, portable, affordable and compact. It uses the seed Seebeck effect technique . The system is very
user friendly and which is less costly.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 2

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

In 1885, the U.S. Army built the nation’s first garbage incinerator on Governor’s Island in New
York City harbor. Also in 1885, Allegheny, Pennsylvania built the first municipal incinerator. As
their populations increased, many cities turned to incinerators as a convenient way to dispose of
wastes. These incineration facilities usually were located within city limits because transporting
garbage to distant locations was impractical. By the end of the 1930s, an estimated 700 incinerators
were in use across the nation. This number declined to about 265 by 1966, due to air emissions
problems and other limitations of the technology. In addition, the popularity of landfills increased In
the 1970s, the Arab oil embargo and increasing energy prices encouraged the development of waste
combustion. The U.S. Navy, for instance, built
waste-to-energy plants at two Virginia naval stations, one of which is still in use. Federal laws
and policies aided the development of the waste-to-energy industry. The heat generated by burning
waste can be used directly for heating; to produce steam; or to produce electricity.
For both financial and environmental concerns, excessive volatility in fuel prices in the recent
past, as well as the resultant turmoil in strength markets, has forced several countries to look for
alternative sources of strength. The Indian trash to energy sector is set to grow at a rapid pace in the
next years, thanks to rising public awareness about cleanliness and increasing pressure on the

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 3

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

government and local governments to manage waste more efficiently.

The simultaneous pressing needs for trash management and a reliable renewable energy source
are presenting appealing opportunities for waste to electricity merchants and project developers.
In India's urban areas, roughly 55 million tons of municipal stable waste (MSW) and 38 billion
gallons of sewage are generated each year. In addition, industries produce significant quantities of
solid and liquid waste.
In India, the garbage era is predicted to expand dramatically in the future. Consumption levels
are likely to climb as more people migrate to cities and as wages rise, as are waste technology
charges. It is expected that when we burn waste materials and fire box, heat is generated and the
heating panel begins to heat convert electricity, which we can see by the LED Bulb glowing, and that
electricity is then sent to the circuit and then to the battery, where it begins to store power. When the
electricity is stored in the battery, the heating sensor turns on the output power supply and the LED
Bulb begins to glow, and the pollution control filter begins to work. What is the issue?
The most pressing issue today is the amount of waste thrown by individuals. Because these
materials take more than 400 years to decompose, there is a pressing need to reduce waste materials.
Current generating power plants burn these materials, resulting in severe air pollution that is
hazardous to our health. Excessive amounts of hazardous gases can deplete oxygen levels, resulting
in lung problems.

The amount of waste generated in India will increase at a rate of between 1 to 1.33 percent per capita
yearly. This has a significant impact on the amount of land available. This is for disposal, monetary
costs of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental effects of increased MSW
technology levels, and it may be required.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

When we burn waste materials , then heating panels convert heat to electricity and Red LED
bulb glowing by Electricity for showing electricity power ,After that circuit take electricity and give
to battery for Battery Charging , And waste materials burning running in burning box , and there is
heating sensor and when heating Sensor is heated by heating ,Then Heating sensor turn On the LED
bulb, ( Because Heating sensor work as a On/off switch ). After that You can See Full successfully
Generating Electricity by Waste Material.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 4

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

When we burn waste materials, then heating panels convert heat to electricity and Red LED bulb
glowing by electricity for showing electricity power ,After that circuit take electricity and give to battery
for Battery Charging , And waste materials burning running in burning box , and there is heating sensor
and when heating sensor is heated by heating ,Then Heating sensor turn On the LED bulb, ( Because
Heating sensor work as a on/off switch ). After that we can See Full successfully Generating Electricity
by Waste Materials

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 5

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 02
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 6

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW

In today’s era, most of the electricity generation largely depends on fossil fuels. However, the
reserves of fossil fuels are currently depleting, since oil & gas are the least available sources. In recent
years, due to increase in cost of non- renewable resources like coal, oil and natural gas, the cost of
energy has also increase, be it energy in the form of household electricity or in the form of chemical
energy of burning fuels. Thus, alternative sources like solar, wind, hydro and geothermal sources are
now emerging as energy generation sources.

According to the World Energy Assessment (WEA, 2000), geothermal energy is one of the
largest sources of renewable energy. However, it has certain limitations which imposes limits on the
use of thermal energy for energy generation. Liu (2013) discussed likely factors leading to the low
growth rate of geothermal energy. The main factors include high initial investment, high exploration
risk, long payback and construction time, difficulty to assess resource, and difficulty to modularize.
Li (2013) also pointed out possible directions to accelerate the growth of geothermal power. One of
the solutions may be the large-scale utilization of TEG technology.

Since 1821, many researches have investigated the application of thermoelectric materials.
Thacher (2007) developed a thermoelectric power generator using car exhaust heat. The maximum
power output reached 255 W. Kajikawa and Onishi (2007) developed an advanced thermoelectric
conversion exhaust system in a light truck. Maneewan and Chindarksa (2009) investigated the
characteristic and performance of TEG modules for power generation at low temperatures. The unit
achieved a power output of 2.4 W with a temperature gradient of approximately 150°C. The
conversion efficiency was about 3.2%.

Niu et al. (2009) constructed an experimental thermoelectric generator unit; a comparison of

the experimental results with those from the previously published numerical model was analyzed.
Hsu (2011) developed a low-temperature waste heat system to utilize the car exhaust heat as well.
When the engine rate boosted to 3500 RPM, 12.4 W of maximum power output was obtained at an
average temperature difference of about 30°C.

Numerical modelling of TEG systems has also been investigated. Esartea et al. (2001)
analyzed the influence of fluid flow rate, heat exchanger geometry, fluid properties and inlet
temperatures on the power supplied. Chen et al (2005) assumed that heat-transfer obeys the linear
phenomenological heat-transfer law and studied the performance of multi-element thermoelectric-
generators. Yamashita (2008) developed new thermal rate equations by taking the temperature
dependences of the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric (TE) materials
into the thermal rate equations on the assumption that they vary linearly with temperature. Freunek et
al. (2009) described an analytical model for thermoelectric generators and found that the influence of
the Peltier heat on the output power was about 40%. Eisenhut and Bitschi (2006) derived an analytic
model based on convective heat sources. Liu (2012) presented the designs of electricity generators

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 7

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

based on thermoelectric effects using heat resources of small temperature differences. Karabetoglu et
al. (2012) reported the approach to characterizing a thermoelectric generator at low temperatures.
Xiao et al. (2012) designed a solar thermoelectric generator using multi-stage thermoelectric module;
the total conversion efficiency was 10.52%. Suter et al. (2012) established a numerical model for a
1kWe thermoelectric stack for power generation, which may help define the configuration and
operating parameter range that are optimal from a commercial standpoint. Wang et al. (2013)
presented a mathematical model of TEG and preliminary analysis of factors. Kim (2012)derived a
model describing the interior temperature difference as a function of the load current of a
thermoelectric generator (TEG) and the results showed approximately 25% of the maximum output
power is lost because of the parasitic thermal resistance of the TE module used in the experiment.

Thermoelectric generation technology (2006), as one entirely solid-state energy conversion

method, can directly transform thermal energy into electricity by using thermoelectric transformation
materials. A thermoelectric power converter has no moving parts, and is compact, quiet, highly
reliable and environmentally friendly. Therefore, the whole system can be simplified and operated
over an extended period of time with minimal maintenance. In addition, it has a wider choice of
thermal sources. It can utilize both the high- and low-quality heat to generate electricity. The low-
quality heat may not be utilized effectively. Thermoelectric power generators offer several distinct
advantages over other technologies:

• They are extremely reliable (typically exceed 100,000 hours of steady-state operation) and silent in
operation since they have no mechanical moving parts and require considerably less maintenance;
• They are simple, compact and safe;
• They have very small size and virtually weightless;
• They are capable of operating at elevated temperatures;
• They are suited for small-scale and remote applications typical of rural power supply, where there is
limited or no electricity;
• They are environmentally friendly;
• They are not position-dependent; and
• They are flexible power sources.

The major drawback of thermoelectric power generator is their relatively low conversion
efficiency (typically ~5%). This has been a major cause in restricting their use in electrical power
generation to specialized fields with extensive applications where reliability is a major concern.
Applications over the past decade included industrial instruments, military, medical and aerospace [1,
5], and applications for portable or remote power generation. However, in recent years, an increasing
concern of environmental issues of emissions, in particular global warming has resulted in extensive
research into nonconventional technologies of generating electrical power and thermoelectric power
generation has emerged as a promising alternative green technology. Vast quantities of waste heat are
discharged into the earth’s environment much of it at temperatures which are too low to recover using
conventional electrical power generators. Thermoelectric power generation (also known as
thermoelectricity) offers a promising technology in the direct conversion of low-grade thermal energy,
such as waste-heat energy, into electrical power.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 8

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

Probably the earliest application is the utilization of waste heat from a kerosene lamp to provide
thermoelectric power to power a wireless set. Thermoelectric generators have also been used to provide
small amounts electrical power to remote regions for example Northern Sweden, as an alternative to
costly gasoline powered motor generators. In this waste heat powered thermoelectric technology, it is
unnecessary to consider the cost of the thermal energy input, and consequently thermoelectric power
generators’ low conversion efficiency is not a critical drawback. In fact, more recently, they can be used
in many cases, such as those used in cogeneration systems, to improve overall efficiencies of energy
conversion systems by converting waste-heat energy into electrical power.

There are many kinds of materials that have been used in TEG such as lead telluride (PbTe) and
bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3). Otherwise, many synthetic routes of thermoelectric materials have been well
developed and can improve the performance of the TEG, like mechanical alloying, hydrothermal, melt
and growth and microwave synthesis.
Furthermore, it has been found that the nanostructure effectively reduces the thermal conductivity and
leads to obtain a better figure-of-merit of TEG.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 9

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 3

 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 RESOURCES [MATERIAL USED]

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 10

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 03
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

There is a growing demand for alternative sources of energy in the current world and extensive
research work is being done to find out ways to do so as well as increase the efficiency of the existing
methods.

Thermoelectric power generation has emerged as a promising green technology due to its many
advantages. Thermoelectric generators use thermoelectric modules, a solid state device, which can
convert thermal energy to electrical energy from a temperature gradient and works by using the Seebeck
effect.

These can be utilized to harness waste heat that is abundant in homes and industries. In rural or
remote areas, where electricity from the national grid is not available, thermoelectric generators can be
used to power electronic devices.

paper demonstrates the potential of thermoelectric power generation using Peltier plates and
how it can be used to harness waste heat using a portable thermoelectric generator. The proposed system
has been developed and tested. It can generate power which is useful for low voltage electric devices.
The device is portable, cheap and user-friendly.

Electricity is one of the most essential elements of our daily life. It is used everywhere in our life.
Electricity is a scarce resource and the demand for electricity is always increasing. Conventional energy
generation plants use non-renewable sources of energy like gas and coal. With increased interest and
existing limitations, a requirement arises for alternative sources of energy in the present world and a
wide research effort is being performed to realize the ways to increase the efficiency of the existing
methods. In Bangladesh load shedding is a very common problem. There nearly 64 % people are living
in the rural areas of our country.

Due to lack of electrical energy load shedding is occurring on a regular basis and it is the most in
the rural areas. During the hot season the load shedding is the most in areas. In some remote rural areas
in our country electricity is not still available. More than a quarter of the rural population still lacks
access to electricity and relies on fuel wood and kerosene for energy [2].

People need to suffer a lot due to lack of electricity in the rural areas. The power distribution
system is lagging behind the ever-growing customer base, resulting in daily load shedding across the
country. It is also common in city areas. Official data show the distribution system has not grown in
synchronization with growth in demand

Nowadays the crisis of energy has become a most important challenge in our country. It is very
urgent to find alternative energy sources to solve the national big issues. In our country, solar based
alternative energy producing systems are being used nowadays but this requires the sunlight to produce
energy. Application of the solar system in the house of remote rural areas in Bangladesh is shown in

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 11

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

Figure 1(b). Solar system is sunlight dependent. Therefore more alternative energy harvesting
techniques are very important nowadays from nature to fulfill the demand of national electrical energy
demand for our country. Recently, research interest is growing in this area to find alternative energy
sources. Currently research is also carried out worldwide on renewable energy sources while trying to
make the current systems such as solar more efficient .

Design of solar-panel energy systems is presented in open literature [5]. The Power Pot is a
thermoelectric generator that uses heat to generate electricity is presented in [6]. This product has
afford it.
In this paper a portable thermoelectric generator system has been developed using Peltier plates
and waste heat. The system can produce electricity from the waste heat. Thermoelectric generators are
mostly used to convert the waste heat so it is considered as a green technology. The developed system is
cheap, portable, affordable and compact. It uses the seed Seebeck effect technique [6]. The system is
very user friendly and which is less costly.

RESOURCES [MATERIAL USED]

HEATING PANELS (PHOTOVOLTAICS CELLS)

A heating panel works by generating electricity when particles of light heat, or photons, knock
electrons free from atoms, setting them in motion. This flow of electrons is electricity, and heat
panels are designed to capture this flow, turning it into a usable electric current.
Simply put, a Heating panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light or heat, to knock
electrons free from atoms, generating a flow of electricity. Heating panels comprise many, smaller
units called photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic simply means they convert heating or light into
electricity. This heating panels will collect the heat energy and will convert the heat energy into the
electrical energy.

Nowadays the price of those heating panel in the market is about 99Rs per panel, basically for our
project we need only four heating panel which attached to the side of the burning box, so overall 400 Rs
is spend on the heating panel.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 12

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

HEATING SENSOR

The tip of the sensor has a spring that is attached to a rod, leading up to the gauge needle. The
spring sits inside the stems sensing end. When heat is applied to the sensing coil, movement in the coil
is created which causes the needle in the gauge to move – thus displaying the temperature. This sensor
will sense the heat energy generation.

The price of the Heating sensor/ Tube light starter in the market is near about 150 Rs. And get available
by different manufacturing companies.

CAPACITORS

The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of
an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a
small rechargeable battery. In this process the capacitor work to collect the electrical energy and store
and will send the electrical energy to battery by connection of and series and parallel to increase the
voltage double.

The price of electrolytic capacitors is near about 19 Rs per peace, for making that project we need bunch
of that capacitors in order to make high booster charging circuits.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 13

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat.

The price of the resistors required for our project is near about 8 Rs per piece, and the bunch is
required for making different circuits.

BATTERY

A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy by a chemical reaction. The
chemicals are kept inside the battery. It is used in a circuit to power other components. A battery
produces direct current (DC) electricity. The battery used store the energy generated.

The price of the 4V rechargeable battery in market is near about 140 Rs, in order to store the
more power we need to connect that batteries in parallel so we need 4-5 batteries to store the
generated by waste resources
.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 14

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

LED BULBS

The LED Stands for Light emitting diode and LED BULBS are used glow the bulbs in the project to
see the energy generation. 10 watts bulbs are used see the energy generation

The price of LED bulbs is about 150 Rs per, we need some lights to glow in order to indicate the
generated energy by project.

THERMOELECTRIC MODULE

Before understanding the working of a thermoelectric module, let us understand what a

thermoelectric module means. As explained in previous chapter, thermoelectric module is a circuit
containing thermoelectric materials which generates electricity from heat directly. . However, the
Seeback generated voltage is quite low which cannot simply be overcome by connecting conductors in
series, as in that case, the connecting wires would develop an opposite potential and hinder the flow of
electrons. To overcome this problem, we use a conductor which conducts by positive electrons i.e. a p-
type semiconductor, along with an n- type semiconductor as shown. Here, no voltage is generated in
connecting wires as they are not under any thermal gradient, as before. Thus, we get a larger voltage.

A thermoelectric module consists of two dissimilar thermoelectric materials joined at their ends:
an n-type (with negative charge carriers), and a p-type (with positive charge carriers) semiconductor.
The reason for using semiconductors and not metals (whose electrical conductivity are much higher) is
their high thermal conductivity which prohibits the temperature difference that has to be maintained A
direct electric current will flow in the circuit when there is a temperature difference between the ends of
the materials, as shown in Fig. 4.3

Peltier module

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 15

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

In application, thermoelectric modules in power generation work in very tough mechanical and
thermal conditions. Because they operate in a very high temperature gradient, the modules are subject to
large thermally induced stresses and strains for long periods of time. They also are subject to mechanical
fatigue caused by large number of thermal cycles.
Thus, the junctions and materials must be selected so that they survive these tough mechanical and
thermal conditions. Also, the module must be designed such that the two thermoelectric materials are
thermally in parallel, but electrically in series. The efficiency of a thermoelectric module is greatly
affected by the geometry of its design. Using thermoelectric modules, a thermoelectric system generates
power by taking in heat from a source such as a hot exhaust flue. In order to do that, the system needs a
large temperature gradient, which is not easy in real-world applications. The cold side must be cooled by
air or water. Heat exchangers are used on both sides of the modules to supply this heating and cooling.

There are many challenges in designing a reliable TEG system that operates at high
temperatures. Achieving high efficiency in the system requires extensive engineering design in order to
balance between the heat flow through the modules and maximizing the temperature gradient across
them. To do this, designing heat exchanger technologies in the system is one of the most important
aspects of TEG engineering. In addition, the system requires to minimize the thermal losses due to the
interfaces between materials at several places. Another challenging constraint is avoiding large pressure
drops between the heating and cooling sources.

If AC Power is required (such as for powering equipment designed to run from AC mains
power), the DC Power from the TE modules must be passed through an inverter, which lowers
efficiency and adds to the cost and complexity of the system.

WORKING OF PELTIER MODULE

When waste heat from a given source is applied one side of a TEG Module a temperature
gradient develops across the ends of the Module. According to Seeback Effect, this developed
temperature difference will generate a voltage difference across junctions, as charge carriers get excited
and flow from high temperature to low temperature. This voltage generated causes the electrons
(majority charge carriers) from n-type semiconductor and holes (majority charge carriers) from the p-
type semiconductor to flow in the direction of potential gradient. Thus, overall the electrons flow from
low potential to high potential and thus, a net current is obtained in the opposite direction of flow of
electrons in the circuit.

The power output for most of the commercially-available thermoelectric power generators
ranges from microwatts to multi-kilowatts. For example, a standard thermoelectric device consists of 71
thermocouples with the size of 75 mm2 can deliver electrical power of approximately 19 W. The
maximum output power from a thermoelectric power generator typically varies depending on
temperature difference between hot and cold plates and module specifications, such as module geometry
(i.e. cross-sectional area and thermo element length), thermoelectric materials and contact properties.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 16

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 4

 METHODOLOGY

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 17

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 04
METHODOLOGY
The methodology for this setup is simple and compact which includes very lesser number of
devices to run the system accordingly, For making of small demo power plant to generate electricity
we required devices which are Boosting Coil/Tesla Coil, Conveyor Belt, DC Motor, Heating Panel,
Mode Switch, Step Switch, Heating Sensor are the some of devices which needed to setup this
system.
In This Project We will show ,How to develop Heating Power Plat without increasing Heating
Power Plat size or voltage ,We show this project In very small Heating Power Plat 2v ,when heating
came to solar ,solar upper side is glass ,so heating comes by focus on Heating Power Plat , Heating
Power Plat convert the heating to electricity and electricity go to Tesla coil and Tesla coil boost and
save the electricity and give the power to 40 to 50 LED Bulb and LED Bulb is Glow. Some of the
devices which has been used in this project has working specification as following

Heating Panel - This is special type of device that allows input as a heat and converts it into
Electricity, The shape of this heating panels vary differently in rectangular shape and a combination
of rectangular shape and is been used. Heating Sensor - Heating Sensor is basically used to detect the
heat present in the system. It senses the system and found if temp. increases above the set value it
indicated with the help of LEDs which is been setup with this panel this LEDs glows up. This panel
is generally used to protect all those expensive devices which is been connected with system from
damaging when overheats.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 18

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 05

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (CIRCUIT DIAGRAM)

 DETAILS OF DESIGN
 WORKING
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 19

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 05
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 20

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

Block diagram of the whole system of the thermoelectric generator using Peltier plates and waste
heat.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 21

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

DETAILS OF DESIGNS

CONSTRUCTION

Figure shows the block diagram of the thermoelectric generator using Peltier plates and waste
heat. This system is designed through the use of hardware components. The main required hardware
components are DC-DC Boost Converter XL 6009, Navo 5 volts Voltage Regulator, Thermoelectric
Module-TEC 12706 Peltier module, Volts Rechargeable Lead-Acid Battery, connecting wires,
Aluminum Water Reservoir, Steel Plates, Thermal Paste.

A thermoelectric power generator is a solid state device which can directly convert heat to
electricity using the Seebeck effect. The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature
difference between two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage difference
between the two substances. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) produce a current flow in an external
circuit by the imposition of a temperature difference ΔT across the TEG.

The magnitude of this ΔT determines the magnitude of the voltage difference ΔV and the
direction of heat flow determines the voltage polarity. The magnitude of the open-circuit TEG voltage is
determined by the Seebeck coefficient and the magnitude of the absolute temperature [6]. In this system
Thermoelectric -TEC 12706 Peltier module has been used.

Its work is characterized by side refrigeration and side fever. This TEG module is of great
usefulness and it is heated one side on the other hand the other side is cooled using a coolant to create a
temperature difference and thus a potential difference across the plates. One side of the TEG is
connected to the steel plate and the other side is connected to the cool side using thermal paste. The
resultant voltage is attached to a DC-DC boost converter to improve the voltage to 6V and start the
charging method of the battery.

DC-DC Boost Converter XL 6009 that is used in this system. The XL6009 module is a DC to
DC BUCK-BOOST converter module that operates at a switching frequency of 400kHz rechargeable
lead-acid 6 V battery has been used to harvest the energy from the system.
The energy produced from the system can be stored in this battery.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 22

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

MATERIALS USED FOR THERMOELECTRICGENERATORS

Among the vast number of materials known to date, only a relatively few are identified as
thermoelectric materials. As reported by Rowe, thermoelectric materials can be categorized into
established (conventional) and new (novel) materials, which will be discussed in the next sections.
Today's most thermoelectric materials, such as Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3)-based alloys and PbTe-
based alloys, have a ZT value of around unity (at room temperature for Bi2Te3 and 500-700K for
PbTe). However, at a ZT of 2-3 range, thermoelectric power generators would become competitive with
other power generation systems. The figure-of merit Z of a number of thermoelectric materials together
with potential power generating applications relevant to waste heat energy is shown in Fig. (6). Effective
thermoelectric materials should have a low thermal conductivity but a high electrical conductivity. A
large amount of research in thermoelectric materials has focused on increasing the Seebeck coefficient
and reducing the thermal conductivity, especially by manipulating the nanostructure of the
thermoelectric materials. Because the thermal and electrical conductivity correlate with the charge
carriers, new means must be introduced in order to conciliate the contradiction between high electrical
conductivity and low thermal conductivity as indicated by Weiling and Shantung.

Fig. 4.5 Figure-of-merit of a number of thermoelectric materials and their potential applications

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 23

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONVENTIONAL THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS

Rowe reported that established thermoelectric materials (those which are employed in
commercial applications) can be conveniently divided into three groupings based on the temperature
range of operation, as shown in Fig.(6). Alloys based on Bismuth (Bi) in combinations with Antimony
(An), Tellurium (Te) or Selenium (Se) are referred to as low temperature materials and can be used at
temperatures up to around 450K. The intermediate temperature range - up to around 850K is the regime
of materials based on alloys of Lead (Pb) while thermo elements employed at the highest temperatures
are fabricated from SiGe alloys and operate up to 1300K. Although the above mentioned materials still
remain the cornerstone for commercial and Fig. (4.4). Conversion efficiency as a function of
temperature and module material figure-of-merit. Fig. (4.5). Figure-of-merit of a number of
thermoelectric materials and their potential applications practical applications in thermoelectric power
generation, significant advances have been made in synthesising new materials and fabricating material
structures with improved thermoelectric performance.

Efforts have focused primarily on improving the material’s figure-of-merit, and hence the conversion
efficiency, by reducing the lattice thermal conductivity

NOVEL THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS

It was recently reported in that a material which is a promising candidate to fill the temperature
range in the ZT spectrum between those based on Bi2Te3 and PbTe is the Semiconductor compound ß-
Zn4Sb3. This material possesses an exceptionally low thermal conductivity and exhibits a maximum ZT
of 1.3 at a temperature of 670K. This material is also relatively inexpensive and stable up to this
temperature in a vacuum.

Attempts are also being made to improve the competitiveness of thermoelectric in directions
other than by improving the figure-of-merit. In particular, efforts have focused on increasing the
electrical power factor, decreasing cost and developing environmentally friendly materials. In addition,
when the fuel cost is low or essentially free, as in waste heat recovery, then the cost per watt is mainly
determined by the power per unit area and the operating period [5]. For example, considering the
electrical power factor as the dominant parameter, it has initiated a search for materials with high power
factors rather than conversion efficiency. Considerable success has been enjoyed in synthesising
materials, particularly attractive for waste heat recovery. For example, it is reported in [16] that the rare
earth compounds YbAl3, although possessing a relatively low figure-of-merit, has a power factor at least
double that of any other reported in the literature, which operates over the temperature range of a waste
heat source. When compared to YbAl3, MgSn has almost the same performance but costs less than 25%.

Another recent direction to improve the competitiveness of thermoelectric materials, other than
by improving the figure-of-merit, is by developing novel thermoelectric module shapes. As discussed
previously, thermoelectric modules have typically plate-like shapes Fig. and fabricated from bulk
semiconductors such as Bi2Te3 and PbTe, making them rigid and unsuitable for covering relatively

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 24

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

large surfaces that are curved or non-flat (e.g. circular tubes) used in waste heat recovery applications.
Also, this conventional configuration is suitable for applications where the flow of heat is
perpendicular to the ceramic plates. However, when heat flows in radial directions, the attachment of
plate-shape modules around a cylindrical heat source is often complicated. It becomes increasingly
difficult, if not impossible, when the diameter of the cylindrical heat source decreases to less than 1 cm.
In addition, in order to improve thermal contact to heat sources of arbitrary geometry, it is desirable to
fabricate thermoelectric modules which can conform easily to a surface
Min and Rowe have also recently developed a novel tube-shape thermoelectric module for
power generation. It is fabricated from four ring-shaped thermoelements and its performance in
electrical power generation is evaluated by measuring the power output as a function of temperature
gradient across the device. Fig. (7) Shows a schematic of the novel thermoelectric module. It consists of
two coaxial tubes: the inner tube is a thermoelectric assembly with heat source flowing in the centre and
the outer tube is an ordinary tube to hold the cooling fluid flowing between the inner and outer tubes. It
was concluded, that a tube- shape thermoelectric module could achieve similar performance to that of a
conventional plate-like module, and has an advantage in waste heat recovery applications where heat
flows in a radial direction.

Fig. (4.6). Schematic diagram of thermoelectric modules. (a) Conventional thermoelectric

modulewith a plate-like configuration. (b) A novel thermoelectric module consisting of two coaxial
tubes.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 25

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

WORKING

The basic theory and operation of thermoelectric based systems have been developed for many
years. Thermoelectric power generation is based on a phenomenon called “Seebeck effect” discovered
by Thomas Seebeck in 1821 [1]. When a temperature difference is established between the hot and cold
junctions of two dissimilar materials (metals or semiconductors) a voltage is generated, i.e., Seebeck
voltage. In fact, this phenomenon is applied to thermocouples that are extensively used for temperature
measurements.

Based on this Seebeck effect, thermoelectric devices can act as electrical power generators. A
schematic diagram of a simple thermoelectric power generator operating based on Seebeck effect is
shown in Fig. (1). as shown in Fig. (1), heat is transferred at a rate of QH from a high-temperature heat
source maintained at TH to the hot junction, and it is rejected at a rate of QL to a low-temperature sink
maintained at TL from the cold junction. Based on Seebeck effect, the heat supplied at the hot junction
causes an electric current to flow in the circuit and electrical power is produced. Using the first-law of
thermodynamics (energy conservation principle) the difference between QH and QL is the electrical
power output We. It should be noted that this power cycle intimately resembles the power cycle of a
heat engine (Carnot engine), thus in this respect a thermoelectric power generator can be considered as a
unique heat engine.

Fig. 4.1 Schematic diagram showing the basic concept of a simple thermoelectric power generator
operating based on Seebeck effect

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 26

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

Fig. 4.2 Schematic diagram showing components and arrangement of a typical single-stage
thermoelectric power generator.

Figure 4.2 shows a schematic diagram illustrating components and arrangement of a

conventional single-stage. Thermoelectric power generator. As shown in Fig. (2), it is composed of two
ceramic plates (substrates) that serve as a foundation, providing mechanical integrity, and electrical
insulation for n-type (heavily doped to create excess. electrons) and p-type (heavily doped to create
excess holes) semiconductor thermo elements.

In thermoelectric materials, electrons and holes operate as both charge carriers and energy carriers.
There are very few modules without ceramic plates, which could eliminate the thermal resistance
associated with the ceramic plates, but might lead to mechanical fragility of the module.

The ceramic plates are commonly made from alumina (Al2O3), but when large lateral heat
transfer is required, materials with higher thermal conductivity (e.g. beryllium and aluminium nitride)
are desired. The semiconductor thermo elements (e.g. silicon-germanium SiGe, lead-telluride PbTe
based alloys) that are sandwiched between the ceramic plates are connected thermally in parallel and
electrically in series to form a thermoelectric device (module). More than one pair of semiconductors are
normally assembled together to form a thermoelectric module and within the module a pair of thermo

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 27

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

elements is called a thermocouple [1]. The junctions connecting the thermo elements between the hot
and cold plates are interconnected using highly conducting metal (e.g. copper) strips as shown in Fig.
(2).

The performance of thermoelectric materials can be expressed as Z=α2/kR (1) Where

Z is the thermoelectric material figure-of-merit, α is the Seebeck coefficient, R is the electric resistivity
(inverse of electric conductivity) and k is the total thermal conductivity. This figure-of-merit may be
made dimensionless by multiplying by T (average absolute temperature of hot and cold plates of the
thermoelectric module, K), i.e.
ZTavg = α2Tavg / kR…….. (2) and Tavg= (TH+TL)/2;

The term α2/R is referred to as the electrical power factor. In general, a thermoelectric power
generator exhibits low efficiency due to the relatively small dimensionless figure-of-merit (ZTavg< 1) of
currently available thermoelectric materials. The conversion efficiency of a thermoelectric power
generator defined as the ratio of power delivered to the heat input at the hot junction of the
thermoelectric device, is given by:

ղ=We /QH

Limited by the second-law of thermodynamics, the ideal (absolute maximum) efficiency of a

thermoelectric power generator operating as a reversible heat engine is Carnot efficiency, given by:
ՂCarnot=1-(TL/TH)

The value of the figure-of-merit is usually proportional to the conversion efficiency. The
dimensionless term ZT is therefore a very convenient figure for comparing the potential conversion
efficiency of modules using different thermoelectric materials. The conversion efficiency as a function
of operating temperature difference and for a range of values of the thermoelectric material’s figure-of-
merit is shown in Fig. (5).

Fig.4.4 Conversion efficiency as a function of temperature and module material figure-of-merit.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 28

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

It is evident that an increase in temperature difference provides a corresponding increase in available

heat for conversion as dictated by the Carnot efficiency, so large temperature differences are
advantageous. For example, a thermoelectric material with an average figure- of-merit of 3x10-3 K-1
would have a conversion efficiency of approximately 23% when operated over a temperature difference
of 600K.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS

Advantages of the thermoelectric generator

● As all the components used in this TEG device are solid-state, they have enhanced reliability
● The extreme range of fuel sources
● TEG devices are constructed to deliver power ranging not minimal to that of mW and greater
than KW which means they have huge scalability
● These are direct energy transformation devices
● Silently operated
● Minimal size
● These can function even at extreme and zero range of gravitational forces

Disadvantages of thermoelectric generator

● These are a bit expensive when compared to other kinds of generators
● These have minimal efficiency
● Minimal thermal properties
● These devices need more output resistance

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 29

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

ADVANTAGES

 Generating energy from waste material solves the problem of waste disposal.
 Generating energy from waste material makes cities self-reliant in their demand for power.
 Generating energy from waste material makes cities self-reliant in their demand for power.
 Reduction of waste going to landfill: By converting waste to energy, it considerably reduces
the amount of waste entering landfills, which can control greenhouse gases and saving valuable
land.
 Avoid methane emissions from landfills: After the waste has been delivered to a waste to
energy facility, the methane that would have been generated if it were sent to a dump is avoided
 Recycles Excess Waste: The technology used to transform waste into energy also converts any
metal that remains after combustion to further shrink the amount of unusable waste.
 Domestic production of energy: Since there are tons of waste generated locally, there is no
need for transporting materials or this process from far out.
 The benefit to the local community and economy: Because of establishing waste energy
plants, it generates not only electricity but also jobs, where the local community benefits.
 Stability of energy and its price: The availability of waste to energy helps reduce fluctuations
of price.
 Saves Natural Resources: EFW stays clear of the consumption of natural deposits like oil, gas,
as well as coal which are or else used to create energy. For example, a solitary EFW center saves
over 200,000 barrels of oil annually.
 Production of Heat and Power.
 Incinerators Have Filters for Trapping Pollutants.
 Better Control Over Door and Noise.
 High Reliability: Solid-state design ensures trouble free Operation and the most reliable power
supply system available
 Low Maintenance: 1 to 2 hours per year is a pro-active maintenance schedule.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 30

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

DISADVANTAGES

 Environmental Racism
 It results in the elevated CO2 emissions: One of the most prominent greenhouse gases,
carbon dioxide is released when waste is burned for WTE, making up nearly all of the
carbon content in the waste. Having said that, if the waste fuel is biomass, or of natural
origin, such as food waste, paper and paperboard, wood, or natural fabrics like cotton, then
the CO2 it contains is first taken from the atmosphere.

 There is a possibility of destroying salvageable materials: Waste to energy offers the chance to recover
some resources, such as metals, but it typically destroys a lot more. The process has the potential to
deplete resources like minerals, timber, polymers, and other materials that could have been recovered.
This is especially true if municipal solid waste is not strictly separated before being burned.

 High Operating Costs: The installation of a waste incineration plant is an expensive process, mostly due
to the expensive infrastructure and equipment needed to build an incineration plant.

 Significant levels of pollution: While waste incinerators produce significantly fewer pollutants
compared to landfills, they still contribute a considerable level of pollution especially to the area
immediately around them. The smoke produced during the burning process may include acid
gases including but not limited to the carcinogen dioxin, particulates, heavy metals, and nitrogen
oxide. These gases are poisonous to the environment.

 Health and Environment Risk: According to CAP (2013), the communities where waste
incineration plants are built are at a higher risk for long-term negative health effects such as
cancer, birth defects, reproductive dysfunction, neurological problems, and other health effects
that are known to occur at very low exposures to many of the metals, and pollutants released by
incineration facilities.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 31

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 06

 RESULT
 APPLICATIONS
 HEALTH AND SAFETY

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 32

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 06
RESULT

In this prototype when we are start heating waste material inside zaar box the heat generated will
be collected by heating panels. The heating panels will collect the convert the heat energy into the
electrical energy and that will be transferred to circuit board. Which is constructed with IN4007 diode
and capacitor connected in series and parallel because in to increase the generated energy and push to
store in the battery. Then the heating sensor is will be sensing the heat and connect circuit to output of
LED bulbs and the bulbs will glow until the energy getting stored and until the heating sensor sensing
the energy generation. the bulb will glow uninterruptedly while the energy generation and battery
storage. This stored energy can be used for anything.In the present situation waste material at any place,
we can see with some procedure collect everything and we can use the prototype to generate the more
energy for utilization. With this we came know that the energy generation by this method is very easy
with some precaution. This prototype helps us to know about waste utilization. With this project we can
increase our own energy at industrial purpose and use them for some needs.

To Generate Electricity From Waste Heat Using Peltier Module

In the year 1821, a famous scientist named Johann Seebeck revived the concept thermal gradient
which is developed in between two various conductors and this can generate electricity. In relation to the
thermoelectric effect, there is a concept called as temperature gradient in the conducting substance
which produces heat and this outcome in charge carrier’s diffusion. This heat flow in between the hot
and cool substances developed voltage difference. So, this scenario has discovered the device
thermoelectric generator, and today, our article is on its working, advantages, limitations, and related
concepts.

What is Thermoelectric Generator?

Thermoelectric is the name which is the combination of words electric and thermo. So the name
signifies that thermal corresponds to heat energy and electricity corresponds to electrical energy. And
thermoelectric generators are the devices that are implemented in the conversion of the temperature
difference that is generated between the two sections into the electrical form of energy. This is the basic
thermoelectric generator definition.
These devices are dependent on the thermoelectric effects which involve interface that happens between
heat flow and the electricity through solid components.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 33

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

APPLICATION

POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS

Currently, thermoelectric generators are being studied upon and various experiments are under
progress. The following section represents some of the data that is obtained after using thermoelectric
generators in certain cases:

Domestic Waste Heat Applications

Rowe reported that a waste heat-based thermoelectric power generator is used in a domestic
central heating system with the modules located between the heat source and the water jacket. In this
application, the heat output provided by the gas/oil burner passes through the generator before reaching
the central heating hot-water exchanger. The generator converts about 5% of the input heat to electrical
power, the remainder of 95% transfers to the hot water heat exchanger for its intended use in heating the
radiator system. It was concluded that two modules based on PbTe technology when operated at hot and
cold side temperatures of 550oC and 50oC, respectively, would generate the 50W required to power the
circulating pump.

Waste Heat from Exhaust Gases Generated From Automobiles Applications

The utilization of waste heat energy from exhaust gases in reciprocating internal combustion
engines (e.g.Automobiles) is another novel application of electricity generation using thermoelectric
power generators.
Although a reciprocating piston engine converts the chemical energy available in fossil fuels
efficiently into mechanical work a substantial amount of thermal energy is dissipated to the environment
through exhaust gas, radiation, cooling water and lubricating oils.
For example, in a gasoline powered engine, approximately 30% of the primary gasoline fuel
energy is dissipated as waste heat energy in the exhaust gases; waste heat energy discharged in the
exhaust gases from a typical passenger car travelling at a regular speed is 20-30 kW A comprehensive
theoretical study concluded that a thermoelectric generator powered by exhaust heat could meet the
electrical requirements of a medium sized automobile.
It was reported in that among the established thermoelectric materials, those modules based on
PbTe technology were the most suitable for converting waste heat energy from automobiles into
electrical power. Wide scale applications of thermoelectrics in the automobile industry would lead to
some reductions in fuel consumption, and thus environmental global warming, but this technology is not
yet proven.

Industrial Waste Heat Applications

Most of the recent research activities on applications of thermoelectric power generation have
been directed towards utilisation of industrial waste heat. Vast amounts of heat are rejected from
industry, manufacturing plants and power utilities as gases or liquids at temperature which are too low to
be used in conventional generating units (<450 K). In this large-scale application, thermoelectric power
generators offer a potential alternative of electricity generation powered by waste heat energy that would
contribute to solving the worldwide energy crisis, and the same time help reduce environmental global

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 34

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

warming. In particular, the replacement of by-heat boiler and gas turbine by thermoelectric power
generators makes it capable of largely reducing capital cost, increasing stability, saving energy source,
and protecting environment.. In this application, the thermoelectric device used the temperature
difference between hot and cold legs of a glycol natural gas dehydrator cycle.
Waste Heat from Incineration of Solid Waste Applications

Fig.Photograph of a thermoelectric power generator produced by the Japanese Energy Conservation

Centre, which used waste heat as energy source to generate an electric power density of 100
kW/m3.Recently, the possibility of utilizing the heat from incinerated municipal solid waste has also
been considered.For example, in Japan the solid waste per capita is around 1 kg per day and the amount
of energy in equivalent oil is estimated at 18 million kJ by the end of the 21st century. It was reported by
[7] that an on-site experiment using a 60W thermoelectric module installed near the boiler section of an
incinerator plant, achieved an estimated conversion efficiency of approximately 4.4%.
The incinerator waste gas temperature varied between 823K and 973K and with forced air-
cooling on the cold side an estimated conversion efficiency of approximately 4.5% was achieved. An
analysis of a conceptual large scale system burning 100 ton of solid waste during a 16 hour day
indicated that around 426 Kw could be delivered. In the waste heat from incineration applications, the
thermoelectric modules are typically placed on walls of the furnace’s funnels. This construction can
eliminate the by-heat furnace, gas turbine and other appending parts of steam recycle.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 35

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Incineration is a method of waste treatment involving the burning of organic materials found in
waste. Incineration and other high-temperature waste management processes are called thermal
treatments. Waste Incineration involves converting waste materials into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash
mostly consists of inorganic components of waste and can be in the shape of solid lumps or particulates
carried by the flue gas. The flue gases are excess gas byproducts of the incineration and are supposed to
be cleaned of particulate and gaseous contaminants before it is released into the air. The heat generated
by incineration is sometimes used in useful ways, such as producing electricity.
It refers to any policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages (whether
intended or unintended) individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color. Less well-off areas
especially those with poor representation are where these so-called waste-to-energy plants are
commonly built. This situation is very common among minority groups and is highly detrimental to the
local community.
While waste incinerators produce significantly fewer pollutants compared to landfills, they still
contribute a considerable level of pollution especially to the area immediately around them.
The smoke produced during the burning process may include acid gases including but not limited to the
carcinogen dioxin, particulates, heavy metals, and nitrogen oxide. These gases are poisonous to the
environment.
The use of Process Industry safety techniques has identified a number of key issues relating to
gasification plant design. it is important that the necessary features have been
Incorporated into the design at an early stage to ensure that the plant is safe, and meets the standards
which are applicable to the hazards present. This will ensure that the
Facility meets the requirements of ALARP (As Low as Reasonably Practicable) and is able to handle a
variable Feed stock.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 36

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 07

 CONCLUSION
 FUTURE SCOPE

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 37

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 07
CONCLUSION

India produces large amount of biodegradable waste, which can be used to produce huge
Amount of electricity. The high of the waste is organic in nature. Waste generally goes For a less
number of recycling and produces no toxic gases ,this waste obtained in our Country is sufficient to
generate electricity for much needed works in a lesser Amount. Also as known in this course of study
that in some areas the price for setting up plant is high but this price can be outweigh in long term which
is eventually Beneficial for government as well as public also

Incineration technology is complete combustion of Waste (Municipal Solid Waste or Refuse

derived fuel) with the recovery of heat to produce energy that in Turn produces power through heating
panels. Now From this we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life we are made
aware of how the generate electricity waste is done. For technical Service provider plant Objectives &
Maintenance Activities are very important as its service mostly depends on the availability of its
equipment. From this we see that how electricity generated successfully. From this we can see how to
store the energy in Batteries.

In This Project we show How to Generate Electricity by waste materials is successfully, when
we making complete our project then we check it’s full Working, that time he’s working is very good
without any problem So our Project is best for working and Showing, how to Generate Electricity by
Waste materials.
If a country generate electricity by using these technologies then it’s one of the best economical
problem solution. Seen after all the problems around the world, work will start on this. The technology
of generating electricity is well to show the environment clean.
When we burn waste materials, then heating panels convert heat to electricity and Red LED bulb
glowing by electricity for showing electricity power, After that circuit take electricity and give to battery
for Battery Charging, And waste materials burning running in burning box, and there is heating sensor
and when heating sensor is heated by heating, Then Heating sensor turn On the LED bulb, (Because
Heating sensor work as an on/off switch). After that we can See Full successfully Generating Electricity
by Waste Materials

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 38

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

FUTURE SCOPE

Currently, thermoelectric generators are being studied upon and various experiments are under
progress. The following section represents some of the data that is obtained after using thermoelectric
generators in certain cases:

Most of the recent research activities on applications of thermoelectric power generation have been
directed towards utilization of industrial waste heat. Vast amounts of heat are rejected from industry,
manufacturing plants and power utilities as gases or liquids at temperature which are too low to be used
in conventional generating units (<450 K). In this large-scale application, thermoelectric power
generators offer a potential alternative of electricity generation powered by waste heat energy that would
contribute to solving the worldwide energy crisis, and the same time help reduce environmental global
warming. In particular, the replacement of by-heat boiler and gas turbine by thermoelectric power
generators makes it capable of largely reducing capital cost, increasing stability, saving energy source,
and protecting environment.. In this application, the thermoelectric device used the temperature
difference between hot and cold legs of a glycol natural gas dehydrator cycle.
● The aim of this project is to find a good solution to optimize pollution.
● The main challenges and barriers for reducing plastic waste in mixed waste and residual waste
streams, hereby stimulating prevention and recycling of plastic waste.
● Promoting recycling of plastic polymer as a substitute for virgin plastic
● The main application of these system is to generate electricity. This is the only major application
of this project. After the generation of electricity, we can use it for other application such as
agriculture, industrial, residential use, etc.
● In future we have collected the heat in a different way
● Heat collecting system
● Cooling system and thermoelectric protection system and used
● in advance application.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 39

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 08

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 REFERENCES

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 40

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CHAPTER 08
BIBLIOGRAPHY

What is Thermoelectric Generator?

Thermoelectric is the name which is the combination of words electric and thermo. So the
name signifies that thermal corresponds to heat energy and electricity corresponds to electrical energy.
And thermoelectric generators are the devices that are implemented in the conversion of the temperature
difference that is generated between the two sections into the electrical form of energy. This is the basic
thermoelectric generator definition.

These devices are dependent on the thermoelectric effects which involve interface that happens
between heat flow and the electricity through solid components.

In the year 1821, a famous scientist named Johann See beck revived the concept thermal
gradient which is developed in between two various conductors and this can generate electricity. In
relation to the thermoelectric effect, there is a concept called as temperature gradient in the conducting
substance which produces heat and this outcome in charge carrier’s diffusion. This heat flow in between
the hot and cool substances developed voltage difference. So, this scenario has discovered the device
thermoelectric generator, and today, our article is on its working, advantages, limitations, and related
concepts.

Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the

form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into a fuel
source. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes generate electricity and/or heat directly
through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or
synthetic fuels.

Thermoelectricity is a branch of science which introduces the experimental theme for the
conversion of heat into electricity with the advent of some special materials called thermoelectric
mate using thermoelectric modules; a thermoelectric system generates power by taking in heat from a
source such as a hot exhaust flue. The cold side must be cooled by air or water. Heat exchangers are
used on both sides of the modules to supply this heating and cooling

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 41

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

REFFERENCES

1. Thermoelectric Power Generation Using Waste-Heat Energy as an Alternative Green

Technology Basel I. Ismail*, Wael H. Ahmed** *Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Lakehead University, Canada, **Component Life Technology, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.,
Canada.

2. A 1 KW Thermoelectric Generator for Low-temperature Geothermal Resources

Changwei Liu, Pingyun Chen, Kewen Li* China University of Geosciences, Beijing 29
Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

3. SMART POWER GENERATION FROM WASTE HEAT BY THERMO ELECTRIC

GENERATOR 1PRASHANTHA.K, 2SONAM WANGO 1Industrial Automation Engineering
2Electrical engineering Department, BCET, INDIA Bangalore College of Engineering and
Technology
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator
5. Overview of WTE Technology by Prof. Nickolas Themelis, Director, Earth Engineering Center,
Columbia University, April 2003
6. https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/generating-energy-waste-how-it-works/
7. https://ijcrt.org/
8. https://www.kscst.org.in/spp/45_series/SPP45S/01_Seminar_Projects/039_45S_BE_1864.pdf
9. https://youtu.be/Ul5PuLzc7Ow

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 42

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 09
 PHOTO GALLARY

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 43

 POWER GENERATION BY WASTE MATERIAL 2022-2023

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM Page 44