Introduction

What is Network
What is Networking
Networking models
Different Network Types
Network services
Differences between LANs, WANs, MANs
 Definition

1.1 Network Definition

1. A network can be defined as two or more
computers connected in such a way that they
can share resources.
2. Also defined as group of computers or other
devices are connected through cable or
other media.
 The purpose of a network is to share
resources.
Network Definition
Network Definition
Network Definition
Network Definition
 Network Components

1. Server: A powerful machine /computer that

provides services to other computers and
networks.
2. Client: The computer that uses services,
that a server provides.
3. Peer: The computer that act as both client
and server.
4. Media: Physical connection between devices
on a network.
 Network Components (CONTD.)

5. Resources: Anything available to a client on

a network is considered a resource .
e.g. Printer, Fax, other network devices,
information etc. etc.
6. User: Any person that uses client to access
resources on the network.
7. Protocol: Protocols are written rules used
for communication.
Why Networking?
• Sharing information — i.e. data communication

• Do you prefer these?

• Or this?
A resource may be:

A resource may be:

 A file
 A folder
 A printer
 A disk drive
 Or just about anything else that exists on
a computer network available to user
(Client).
The Uses of a Network

 Shared peripheral device

 Printers and faxes are common shares
 Reduces the cost per user

 Devices can be connected to the network

 Concept of Print Server

 Print servers control network printing
 Manage the print queue
Sharing Data (Concept of File Server)

File server contains

documents used by
other computers.

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The Uses of a Network

 Personal communication
 Email
 Instantaneous communication
 Conferencing
 Tele conferencing
 Videoconferencing

 Audio-conferencing

 Data-conferencing

 Voice over IP
 Phone communication over network wires
Voice Over IP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that

allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet

connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.

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The Uses of a Network

 Easier data backup

 Backup copies data to removable media
 Server data backed up in one step

 Network backup
 is the process of copying and backing up all
end devices and network nodes in a
computer network.
Backup Use Case, Uses of a Network

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 Backup Use Case, Uses of a Network

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

Storage Area Networks (SANs)

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Backup Use Case, Uses of a Network

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A Storage Area Network (SAN)

 Storage Area Network (SAN)

 is a specialized, high-speed network that
provides block-level network access to
storage. SANs are typically composed of
hosts, switches, storage elements, and
storage devices that are interconnected
using a variety of technologies,
topologies, and protocols.
SAN –Example Scenario
What is RAID
What is RAID?
RAID (redundant array of independent
disks) is a way of storing the same data
in different places on multiple hard
disks or solid-state drives (SSDs) to
protect data in the case of a drive
failure.
There are different RAID levels,
however, and not all have the goal of
providing redundancy.
Assignment Question:

 Write down the basic levels of RAID in

respect of:
 Method:
 Benefits:

 Drawbacks:
Networking Models

 Network Models describe how

information is processed by the
computers on the network.
 Data can be Processed by (clients, server, or
both)
 There are three basic models of networks:
1. Centralized
2. Distributed
3. Collaborated
Centralized Computing

1. Centralized computing is where the terminals

are attached to a central computer that controls
all the peripherals.
2. Mostly a centralized network has a Star
Topography, with the server in the center and
cables radiating out to the computers.
Topography: is the way the cables are laid out
10 baseT/100 base T twisted pair Ethernet uses
Star Topography
A hub/switch /router from the center and cables
branch out from these

Contd.
3. In many centralized networks, the computers
connected to the server are dumb terminals.
4. Dumb Terminals mean, actually they don’t have
computing capabilities
They are simply monitors that displays programs and
data running on the server.
Dumb Terminals Scenario
(Example)
A

B Server
C

D
 Advantages

1- This type of computing keeps all the data in one

location, assuring that everyone is working with the
same information.
2- It is also easy to backup data, since it is all stored on
the servers.
3- Because everything done on server, terminals donot
require a disk drive.
4- Chances of the network being infected by virus are low.
5- This network cost low overall.
Distributed Computing

Distributed computing is a method of computer

processing in which different parts of a program
run simultaneously on two or more computers that
are communicating with each other over a
network. Distributed computing is a type of
parallel processing.
Advantages:
1-Each computer can store and process data.
2-The computers used in distributed networking
are capable of working as standalone
systems.
Distributed Computing
Distributed Computing

Disadvantages:
1-Distributed network is more susceptible
to viruses.
2-Effective backup plan is more difficult in
distributed computing.
3-File synchronization
Collaborative Computing
 It's a computing technology that permits
geographically dispersed teams to develop, edit, and
use common databases, or "repositories" of
information.
 Also called cooperative computing
 Enable computers in distributed computing to share
processing power in addition to data, resources and
services.
Repositories: Collection of resources that can be
accessed to retrieve information.
OR
A place where things may be kept for
safe keeping.
Collaborative Computing
Collaborative Computing
Collaborative Computing
e.g. Exchange Server , SQL Server
Advantages:
 Extremely fast
 Multiple uses
Disadvantages:
 Susceptible (easily influence or effected) to viruses
 Difficult to backup
 Difficult file synchronization
Network Types

1. Peer-to-Peer Networking
2. Server based Networks
Peer-to-Peer Networking

 Simplest form of Networking

 Each workstation work as both client and
server
 No central repository for information
 Data and resources are distributed
throughout the network.
 User is responsible for sharing data and
resources.
Peer –to-Peer Network Model
Example
Uses of P2P

 File Sharing
 Collaboration
 Chatting
 Distributed Processing
Peer-to-Peer Networking
Advantages:
 Inexpensive
 East setup
 Easy maintenance

Disadvantages:
 No central administration
 Scattered data
 Evasive resources
 Weak security
 Dependent on user training
Server Based Network
Server computer is usually larger than the client
computers which is dedicated to handling out files
or information to clients.

 Faster computer with better processor

 More storage space to contain all the data that
needs to share among clients.
 Cannot be used as workstation.
 Purpose to provide services to other computers
 Servers are optimized to hand out information as
fast as possible.
More Storage Space

RAID- Redundant Array of Independent Disk

Definition: Is a storage technology that provides
increased reliability and functions through
redundancy.
Redundancy: is the duplication of critical components
More storage space is achieved by combination multiple
disk drive components into a logical unit, where data is
distributed across the drives in one of several ways called
“ RAID Levels’
Server Based Network
Server Based Networks

Multiple Servers:
As network grows, we may need more than just a
single server to handle all the requests from client.
Two main types of dedicated servers
 File and print server

 Application server.

And also used

 Specialized servers
File and print server

 File Server:
 Mainly used to store Data and Applications.
 Provide access of files
 Allow to perform different operations on file
 Centralized storage
Example:
 Server with the installation code for all the applications the user
need.
 User can access the installation files stored on the file server.
 But running of these files and installation of the applications occurs
on the user computers.
 This way, an administrator only needs to update the files on the
server to upgrade an application.
Graphical Representation of File Server
Print Server

 Print Server

That is used to store jobs

(Printing Jobs) and make
arrangement to print these DPR-1260 Range Booster G Multifunction Print Server

jobs in same order.

HP Jetdirect 510x Print Server for Fast Ethernet

Graphical Representation of Wired Print Server
 Graphical Representation of Wired Print Server
Application Servers

 Opposite to file and print servers

 Applications are stored on clients;
requests are then sent to server.
 Little information is processed by client,
and everything is done by the server.
 Good example is a database application
with the Front End on the client
 Front end mainly act as interface to the
database stored on the server.
Application Servers
Application Servers
Specialized Servers
Mail Servers:
 Use to handle client’s e-mail needs. The computers
which handle incoming and outgoing email.
 A mail server is an application that receives email
from email clients or other mail servers.
 A mail server usually consists of a storage area, a
set of user definable rules, a list of users.
 The storage area is where mail is stored for local users,
and where messages that are in transit to another
destination are temporarily stored.
Mail Server Working
  MTA: Mail Transfer Agents  MDA: mail delivery agent
 MTA is the program running on  is a computer software component that is
a mail server that receives responsible for the delivery of e-mail messages
messages from mail user to a local recipient's mailbox.
agents (MUA’s) or other MTAs  also called a local delivery agent (LDA).

2B-61
 Mercury/32 is a powerful mail server with a rich
feature set, solid performance and effective
filtering.
Examples of mail servers include Postfix, Apache
James, Sendmail, and Postmark. Etc.
Communication Servers:
 Use to handle remote users dialing into your
network.
 A computer with a pool of modems that provides
outside-line connection from a computer to remote
terminals or from a LAN to remote users.
 OR
A specialized network server that
provides access to resources on the
network for users not directly attached to
the network or that permits network
users to access external resources not
directly attached to the network.
Example: Communication Server. 2100
Microsoft Office Communication Server
Server Based Networks
Advantages:
 Centralized security
 Dedicated servers
 Easy accessibility
 Easy backup
 Synchronized files

Disadvantages:
 Dependent on an administrator
 Expensive server
What Is a Directory Service?
A service that helps track and locate objects
on a network

Active Directory Management

Workstations Services Files Users

What is Active Directory Domain Services?

AD DS helps admins manage network elements -- both

computing devices and users -- and reorder them into

a custom hierarchical structure. AD DS also integrates

security by authenticating logons and controlling

access to directory resources.

Difference between LANs, MANs,
WANs

LAN (Local area networks):

LAN are normally contained in a building or
small group of buildings.
Characteristics:
 Small areas, usually in one office or
building
 High Speed
 Most inexpensive equipment
 Low error rates
Fundamental Network Classifications (cont)

The Local Area Network (LAN)

Client Client

Client Client

Client Client
LAN Example
Difference between LANs, MANs,
WANs

MAN (Metropolitan Area network):

MAN is a group of LANs located in a city.
Characteristics:
 Larger area than a LAN usually a large
campus or organization spread over a
city size area.
 Slower than a LAN, but faster than a WAN
 Expensive equipment
 Moderate error rates
Fundamental Network Classifications (cont)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Difference between LANs, MANs,
WANs

WAN (Wide Area Network):

WAN is largest size network and can
interconnect any number of LANs and
MANs.
Characteristics:
Can be large as worldwide
Usually much slower than LAN speed
Highest possible error rate of all these types
Expensive equipment.
Fundamental Network Classifications (cont)

 Wide Area Network

LAN Applications:
Some common applications of LANs: Office Networks, Industry Networks and
backbone networks.

1. Office Networks: LANs are used in the office today

for:
I. Sharing
II. Interoffice Communication
III. External Communication
Sharing: Company Resources: Such as Software, Hardware and
data.
Interoffice Communication: Employees of the company can
communicate with each other by
using network
They can send one to one, one to many and one to all messages
External Communication: LAN is also used in office environment for

external communication.

In offices each employee use LAN to

connect to the internet for external

communication.
Industry Networks:

 LAN architecture is suitable for Automated

manufacturing and production.
Example: LAN can be used in automobile industry to coordinate
different activities such as:
 CONTROLLING ROBOTS
 MATERIAL HANDLING
 WAREHOUSE INVENTORY
Network topology

 A topology is a way of “laying out” the

network. Topologies can be either
physical or logical.
1. Physical topologies describe how the
cables are run.
 Physical Layout of a network
 The physical topology of a network is the way in
which the cables and computers are connected to
each other.
2. Logical topologies describe how the
network messages travel.
http://www.datacottage.com/nch/troperation.htm
Physical Topology Common Cable Common Protocol

Token Ring
Twisted Pair
Bus Coaxial Ethernet
Fiber

Twisted Pair
Star Ethernet
Fiber

Twisted Pair
Tree Coaxial Ethernet
Fiber
Network topology (cont.)

 Bus
 Star
 Ring
 Mesh
 Tree Topology
 Hybrid Topology
Network topology (cont.)

Bus
 A bus is the simplest physical topology.
 A long cable acts as a backbone to links all
devices
 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by Drop
lines and Taps
Drop Line: A DROP LINE is connection running
between device and main cable.
TAP Functioning
TAP:

A TAP is a connector that either Splice into the

main cable or punctures the sheathing of a cable to
create a contact with metallic core

 A signal travels along the backbone, some of its

energy is transformed in to heat. Therefore it becomes
weaker and weaker that further it has to travel

 Because of the above problem, there is a limit on the

number of TAPS a bus can support
TAP Connector
 This topology uses the least amount of cabling
 Also covers the shortest amount of distance.
 Each computer shares the same data and address
path.
 With a logical bus topology, messages pass through
the trunk (Transmission Channel b/w two points)
 Each workstation checks to see if the message is
addressed to itself. If the address of the message
matches the workstation’s address, the network
adapter copies the message to the card’s on-board
memory.
 Trunk:
A trunk is a single Transmission channel b/w two
points.
 Transmission Channel:
Transmission Channel is simply defined as a
path between two nodes in a network.
Network topology (cont.)

 it is difficult to add a workstation

 have to completely reroute the cable and
possibly run two additional lengths of it.
 if any one of the cables breaks, the
entire network is disrupted. Therefore, it
is very expensive to maintain.
Network topology (cont.)

 Bus topology
 Bus topology
Thick net and Thin net Cable Concepts with
respect to bus topology

 10 base 2
 10 base 5

10BASE2 uses RG-58A/U cable or similar for a maximum

segment length of 185 m.

As opposed to the thicker RG-8-like cable used in

10BASE5 networks with a maximum length of 500 m.
Network topology (cont.)
Star Topology
 In this type of topology all the computers are
connected to a single hub through a cable.
This hub is the central node, and all other
nodes are connected to the central node.
 Also, if any workstation goes down it does not
affect the entire network. (But, as you might
expect, if the central device goes down, the
entire network goes down.)
 Some types of Ethernet and ARCNet use a
physical star topology.
Assignment Question

 Write about Logical topologies:

1. 1. Bus Topology
2. 2. Ring Topology
3. 3. Ethernet
4. 4. ARCnet
Concept of Logical Topologies
Bus topology
 All nodes are connected to a single backbone or transmission
line.
 Data packets are broadcast to all nodes, but only the intended
recipient processes the information.
 Commonly used in small networks such as small offices or home
networks.
 Ring topology
 Each node is connected to two other nodes, forming a closed
loop.
 Data packets travel in a unidirectional manner from one node to
the next.
 Often used in local area networks (LANs).
 Provides high reliability and fault tolerance.
Network topology (cont.)

 Star topologies are easy to install.

 A cable is run from each workstation to
the hub. The hub is placed in a central
location in the office.
 Star topologies are more expensive to
install than bus networks, because there
are several more cables that need to be
installed, plus the cost of the hubs that
are needed.
Network topology (cont.)

 Star Topology
Network topology (cont.)
Ring
 Each device has dedicated point-to-point line
configuration only with two devices on either side of it.

 A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device

to device until it reaches its destination.

 Each device in the ring incorporate a repeater

 A ring is relatively easy to install and reconfigure
 Each device is connected to its immediate neighbor
 Generally, in a ring, a signal circulates all times
 If one device does not receive a signal within a
specific period, it can issue an alarm

 The alarm alerts the network operator to the

problem and its location

 Each entity participating in the ring reads a

message, then regenerates it and hands it to it
neighbor on a different network cable.
Network topology (cont.)

 The ring makes it difficult to add new

computers.
 Unlike a star topology network, the ring
topology network will go down if one
entity is removed from the ring.
 Physical ring topology systems don’t
exist much anymore, mainly because the
hardware involved was fairly expensive
and the fault tolerance was very low.
Network topology (cont.)

 Ring Topology
Network topology (cont.)

Mesh
 The mesh topology is the simplest physical topology in
terms of data flow, but it is the most complex in terms
of physical design.
 In this physical topology, each device is connected to
every other device
 Every device has a dedicated point to point link to
every other device
 Mesh topology is Robust, means if one link becomes
unusable it does not injure the entire system
Network topology (cont.)
 Because of its design, the physical mesh topology is
very expensive to install and maintain.

 Cables must be run from each device to every other

device. The advantage you gain from it is its high
fault tolerance.
Network topology (cont.)

 Mesh Topology
Tree Topology

 Among all the Network Topologies we can derive that

the Tree Topology is a combination of the bus and
the Star Topology.

 Active Hub: An active hub contains repeater, which is

a hardware device that regenerates the received bits
patterns before sending them out

 Passive Hub: Provides simple physical connection

between the attached devices

Good example of tree topology is Cable Television.