Technology today has developed numbers of software to investigate the condition of the seabed

geometry and geotechnics. One of the infamous software used by the oil and gas company is SIMLA.
SIMLA is a software used for pipeline laying and in-place analysis program. [20] Figure 8: SIMLA with
SimVis: Planning of pipe routes, trenching and rock dumping [20] Alam M.R. and Mei C. C. [21] estimate
the impact of long-period internal waves on gas pipelines. They study on the evolution of internal
solitary waves and the effect of harmonic-generation in time-periodic waves travelling over random
topography. Figure 9: Underwater pipeline [21] 12 The irregular seabed profile is seen on the
continental slope; a steep slope where the mild slope continental shelf reaches ultra deep waters as
seen in figure 10. Figure 11 shows visualizations of a rough seabed topography and subsea pipeline of
the Onnen Lange field (Norway) passing a rough seabed [14]. Figure 10: Continental shelf and
continental slope [14] Figure 11: Subsea pipelines on rough seabed, Ormen Lange field, Norway [14] 13
2.5 Pressure Design of Pipeline [22] 2.5.1 Thin Wall Approximation Consider a straight section of pipe
filled with a pressurized liquid or gas. The internal pressure generates three principal stresses in the pipe
wall: as illustrated in Figure 14: a hoop stress lfr. When the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall
thickness D/t is greater than 20 the pipe may be considered to thin wall. In this case, the hoop stress is
nearly constant through the wall thickness and equal to P = Design pressure, Psi D = Outside pipe
diameter, in t = Pipe wall thickness, in The longitudinal stress is also constant through the wall and equal
to half the hoop stress lfi = PD 4t The radial stress varies through the wall, from P at the inner surface of
the pipe to zero on the outer surface. Figure 12: Hoop (h), Longitudinal (I) and Radial (r) Stre99 DiNctions
14 2.5.2 Pipeline design equation For oil and gas pipelines, the thickness of the pipe wall is obtained by
writing that the hoop stress, which is the largest stress in the pipe, must be limited to a certain allowable
stress S. Using the thin wall approximation, this condition corresponds to PD < S 21 P = Internal design
pressure, psi D =Pipe outer diamenter, in t = Pipe wall thickness, in S = Allowable stress, psi For
hazardous liquid pipelines (hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, etc.) the allowable stress is set at [ASME
B31.4]: S=0.72 SrE 0.72 =Design factor E =Longitudinal weld joint factor, Table 1 Sy =Specified minimum
yield strength,psi, Table 2 For gas pipelines, the allowable stress is [ASME B31.8]: S= SrFET P = Design
pressure, psi D =Nominal outside diameter, in Sy =Specified minimum yield stress,psi, Table 2
(commonly referred to as SMYS in the pipeline industry) F =Design factor, Table 3 15 E = Weld joint
factor, Table I T =Temperature derating factor, Table 4 Table I: Examples of Longitudinal Weld Joint
Factors E [ASME B31.8] Material Pipe Class E ASTM A 53,Al 06 Seamless 1.0 ASTMA53 ERW 1.0 ASTMA53
Furnace Butt Welded 0.6 ASTMA 134 Electric Fusion Arc Welded 0.8 ASTMA 135 Electric Resistance
Welded (ERW) 1.0 API 51 Seamless 1.0 API 51 Submerged Arc Welded or ERW 1.0 API 51 Furnace Butt
Welded 0.6 Table 2: Examples of Yield and illtimate Stress [ASME II Part D] Temperature A106Gr.B
Al06Gr.B A312 T.304 A312 T.304 ("F) Sy (ksi) s. (ksi) Sy (ksi) Sy (ksi) 100 35.0 60 30.0 75.0 200 31.9 60
25.0 71.0 300 31.0 60 22.5 66.0 400 30.0 60 20.7 64.4 500 28.3 60 19.4 63.5 16 Table 3: Location Design
Factor F [ASME B31.8] Location F Class 1 Div.l: Deserts, farm land, sparsely populated, etc 0.8 Class 1
Div.2: Class 1, with line tested to 110% design 0.72 Class 2: Industrial areas, town fringes, ranch, etc. 0.6
Class 3: Suburban housing, shipping centers, etc. 0.5 Class 4: Multistory buildings, heavy traffic, etc. 0.4
Note : Lowe location design factors apply at crossing, compressor station, etc. The pipeline designer
must refer to codes and regulations for the applicable location design factor. Table 4: Temperature
Derating Factor [B31.8] Temperature ("F) T 250 or less 1.0 300 0.967 350 0.933 400 0.9 450 0.867 17
2.5.3 Lame's formula Without the thin wall approximation, the more general form of the three principal
stresses in a closed cylinder subject to internal pressure P is given by Lame's formula. u,=P 2 2 rT ( 1- 2
r~) r 0-ri r cr1 = Tangential (hoop) stress, psi cr, = Radial stress, psi cr1 = Longitudinal (axial) stress, psi ri =
Inner pipe radius, in ro = Outer pipe radius, in r = Radial distance of a point in the pipe wall, in 2.5.4
Allowable stress The allowable stress for pipelines is 72% Sy and does not depend on the material's
ultimate strength. The allowable stress for power and process plant piping systems is S(T) =min. { Sy (T)
ISFy; Su (T) ISFu} S(T) = Allowable stress at design temperature T, psi SFy = Safety factor applied to yield
stress SFu =Safety factor applied to ultimate strength 18 Sy (T ) =Minimum specified yield stress at
design temperature T,psi Su(T) =Minimum specified ultimate strength at design temperature T, psi For
carbon steel pipe in ASME 831.3 applications; S(T) = min.{2 Sy (T) /3;Su (T) /3} Where the values of yield
stress Sy or ultimate strength Su at design temperature are larger than at room temperature, the room
temperature values are used. Some values of allowable stress are listed in Table 5. Table 5: ASME 831.3
Allowable Stress Material lOO"F 200"F 300"F 400"F SOO"F A 106Gr.8 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 18.9 API 5LX52
22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 - A 312 Type 304 20.0 20.0 20.0 18.7 17.5 8 2416061 T6 12.7 12.7 10.6 5.6 - 19
CHAPTER3:METHODOLOGY 3.1 Project Flow Process The author had read some journals and articles to
enhance the understanding on irregular seabed topography and also stress analysis imposed on
pipelines. In order to complete the project according to the given time frame, the author had planned
on the project flow process as follows: