International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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Comparison of Bond Behaviour between Recycled Aggregate Concrete

and Steel Bars
Elba S. Able1, Prof. Hanna Poulose2
1M.Tech Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kerala, India
2Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kerala, India
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Abstract - This paper studies the bond stress-slip curve of worldwide to investigate the RAC. Previous studies were
recycled concretes and the influence of recycled aggregate, mainly engaged in the processing of demolished concrete,
which leads to the determination of bond behaviour. In order mix-proportion design, mechanical properties, durability
to perform this analysis, a study of the compressive strength of aspects and improvements. Recently, structural
the recycled aggregate concretes is required, due to the performances and economic aspects of using recycled
relationship between the bond strength and the mean aggregate concrete are also analyzed. It was revealed that
compressive strength. Pull-out tests were carried out in order RAC can be used in reinforced concrete without much
to investigate the bond behaviour between recycled aggregate inconvenience, but that fine recycled aggregate should be
concrete (RAC) and steel rebars. Four recycled coarse avoided.
aggregate (RCA) replacement percentages (i.e., 0%, 15%, 30%
and 45%) and two types of steel rebar (i. E., mild steel, Fe415, For the development of the RAC, it should be reinforced
Fe500) were considered in this paper. Based on the test results, with steel bars. One of the most important requirements of
the influences of both RCA replacement percentages and the reinforced concrete constructions is the bond between
rebar surface on the bond strength between the RAC and steel concrete and reinforcement. It is well-known that studies
rebars were investigated. The results show that replacement on the bond-slip behaviour between natural aggregate
ratio significantly influences concrete properties related to the concrete (NAC) and steel bars has arisen wide attention in
compressive strength. Change in grade of steel has not yielded the engineering world for a long time. It was made clear
any recommended result. For the recycled aggregate concrete, that the following aspects contribute to the bond
the bond strength between deformed steel rebars and concrete behaviour: concrete type, steel bar geometry, loading
is higher than one between plain steel rebars and concrete. conditions, construction details etc. However, only a few
investigations have been carried out in the field of the
Key Words: Recycled Aggregate, Partial Replacement, bond-slip behaviour between RAC and steel bars.
MS, Fe415, Fe500, Compressive Strength, Bond Strength,
Pull-out, Slip. In this paper, the results of pull-out tests will be presented
with the aim of contributing to the experimental database
1. INTRODUCTION and to a better understanding of the bond behaviour
between recycled concrete and rebars. Bond behaviour is
Conservation of natural resources and preservation of analyzed for different types of rebars, with the aim of
environment is the essence of any modern development. The showing the influence of the rebar surface and concrete
use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is one such an strength.
attempt and is one way to solve some of the problems in
construction engineering. The concept of using RAC is now Pull out test provides a standardized procedure for
gaining popularity and research in this field has gained some comparison of bond characteristics between concrete and
momentum. Over last decade a significant volume of different types of steel reinforcing bars. Such determinations
research in the area of RAC and its possible application in the may be made for any purpose, from routine acceptance tests
construction industry was performed. Here, RAC is to research testing, in so far as applicable to a particular
understood as a concrete in which a part or a total amount of project. The method is offered as one workable procedure, to
natural aggregate (NA) is replaced by recycled aggregate be employed either in its entirety or with modifications to
concrete. meet specific conditions. The method may also be used with
some suitable modifications, if necessary) for comparing
The recycling of concrete coming from demolishing existing different concrete mixes for their bond characteristics with
structures or from the discards of the precast industry is steel reinforcing bars.
gaining day by day the attention of the construction industry
as it can reduce the costs for supplying the coarse aggregates The bond strength, or the measure of the effectiveness of the
and of rubble disposal. At the same time, the environmental grip between concrete and steel, has no standard
benefits of using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) are well quantitative definition. In pull-out tests on plain bars, the
accepted. From the beginning it has been considered in maximum load generally represents the bond strength that
main two environmental aspects: solving the increasing can be developed between the concrete and steel. With plain
waste storage problem and protection of limited natural bars the maximum load is not very different from the load at
sources of aggregate. Existing literature indicate that a large the first visible slip, but in the case of the deformed bar, the
amount of experimental works have been carried out maximum load may correspond to a large slip which may not

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

in fact be obtained in practice before other types of failure Two types of coarse aggregates, natural and recycled were
occur. It is preferable, therefore, when comparing plain and used. The maximum size of coarse aggregate used in the
deformed bars to determine not only the maximum load but concrete mixture is 20mm. Manufactured sand confirming to
also the load at arbitrary amounts of slip and also plot the zone II is used as natural fine aggregate. Tests were
complete load-slip. conducted according to 2386-1963. Table-2 shows the
physical properties of aggregate.
1.1 Need for Study
Table -2: Physical Properties of Aggregates
 To demonstrate that the development of concrete
compressive strength is indeed different in recycled SPECIFIC WATER
MATERIALS
and conventional concretes. GRAVITY ABSORPTION
Fine Aggregate 2.69 1.2%
 To know not only the maximum bond stress but Natural Coarse
2.58 0.73%
also the bond stress–slip curve, this will lead to a Aggregate
suitable bond design of concrete under service Recycled Coarse
loads. 2.702 0.3%
Aggregate

 To know how the percentage of recycled aggregate Plain bar used is mild steel of 12mm diameter and deformed
used to replace conventional aggregate influences in bar used are Fe415 and Fe500 bars of 12mm diameter.
this curve. Fe415 is parallel ribbed where as Fe500 is diamond ribbed.
Table-3 shows the physical properties of rebar.
2. METHODOLOGY
Table -3: Properties of Rebars
To determine the bond behaviour of recycled concrete to
various bars, the bond stress–slip curve is calculated (using
PROPERTIES
concrete compressive strength, age of the concrete, and
replacement percentages of recycled coarse aggregate). TYPE Yield Strength Ultimate Strength
First, maximum bond strength of various bars to concrete is (MPa) (MPa)
obtained at different ages using the experimental Mild Steel 466.72 583.40
compressive strength of concrete. A further analysis is
Fe500 498.36 622.96
required to obtain predictions of time-dependent
compressive strength with the same degree of Fe415 547.77 684.72
approximation in recycled concrete than in conventional
concrete. Accordingly, the experimental: predicted 4. CONCRETE MIXTURES
compressive strength ratios are compared to determine if it
is necessary to use a modified expression to obtain the time- The water-cement (W/C) ratio was kept constantly to 0.43
dependent compressive strength of recycled concrete. As a when making RAC under different RCA replacement
result, maximum bond strength of various bars to concrete percentage (RCARP). For this study, four series of concretes
can be calculated at different ages, and therefore the bond with different replacement ratios 15%, 30%, 45% and
stress–slip curve. Similarly to the time-dependent conventional or control concrete (replacement ratio is
compressive strength, the ratios of bond stress at different considered as 0%), which are referred to here after as R0,
slips are analyzed to determine, again, if a modified R15, R30, R45.
expression is required to calculate the bond stress– slip
curve. 5. TEST SPECIMENS AND PROCEDURES

3. MATERIALS The experimental program was designed to study the

influence of strength of RAC, The type of steel bars (plain or
Ordinary Portland Cement (53 grade) confirming to IS: deformed) and the RCARP on bond strength and bond-slip
12269-1987 was used for all the concrete mixtures. The tests curves. A total of 60 compressive strength specimens and
were conducted according to IS 4031-1988. Table-1 shows 108 pull-out specimens were prepared. To know the bond
the physical properties of cement. strength pull-out test is conducted and it was carried out as
per IS: 2770 (Part 1) -1967. Pull-out specimens were cast in
Table-1: Physical Properties of Cement 10 10cm2 cubical moulds with reinforcing steel positioned
PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS at the centre and ensured that the rebars was in a straight
vertical position. The steel bars were rust free. For each
Specific gravity 3.126
concrete batch, the cube compressive strength was
Standard Consistency (%) 33
determined on 15 15 15cm3 cubes at 3, 7, 28, 56 days. And
Initial setting time (minutes) 85
Final setting time (minutes) 275 pull-out tests were performed at 7, 28 and 56 days. Model of
pull out test specimen is shown in Fig. 1

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

R0
40 R15

Variation in Cube Compressive Strength (%)

R30
35 R45

30

25

20

Fig- 1: Model of Pull-out Test Specimen 15

10

6. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 5

Compressive and bond behaviour determined on recycled 0

3day 7day 28day 56day
concretes can be compared with the conventional one made Curing Period (Days)
with the same mix proportions.
Chart-2: Variation in Cube Compressive Strength Vs
6.1 Compressive Strength Curing Period
Cube compressive strength versus mix designation graph 6.3 Bond Strength
was plotted as shown in Chart-1.
Under the conditions of these pull-out tests, the bond stress
The compressive strength of recycled concretes with a along the whole anchorage length of the steel bar can be
replacement ratio of 15%, 30% and 45% showed a decrease considered to be uniformly distributed. The bond strength
compared to conventional concrete. can be expressed by Eq. (1).

3days
45 7days u= (1)
28days
40 56days
Cube Compressive Strength (MPa)

Where, u is the peak bond stress in MPa between concrete

35

30
and steel bar which is also termed as the bond strength. F is
25
the peak load in N, d is the diameter of the diameter of steel
20
bar in mm and la is the embedded length of the steel bar in
15 mm.
10

5
6.4 Bond Strength Verses Slip Curves
0
R0 R15 R30 R45 The measured bond stress versus slip curves for the six
Mix Designation series of specimens (M. S. at 7, 28 and 56 days, Fe415 at 7, 28
and 56 days and Fe500 at 7, 28 and 56 days) are drawn in
Chart- 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12 respectively.
Chart-1: Evaluation of Compressive Strength for Different
Mixes
R0
5 R15
6.2 Time Dependent Compressive Strength R30
R45
In order to determine the influence of recycled aggregate 4

on this property, the relative strengths were calculated using

Bond Strength (MPa)

the compressive strength at different ages compared with 3

that obtained at 28 days as shown in Chart-2.
2

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Slip (mm)

Chart-3: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of M.S. on 7 Days of

Curing

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Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

R0 R0
R15 R15
R30 12 R30
5
R45 R45

10
4
Bond Strength (MPa)

Bond Strength (MPa)

8
3

2
4

1
2

0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Slip (mm) Slip(mm)

Chart-4: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of M.S. on 28 Days of Chart-7: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of Fe415 on 28 Days
Curing of Curing

R0 R0
R15
R15 12
5 R30
R30
R45
R45
10
Bond Strength (MPa)

4
Bond Strength (MPa)

3
6

2 4

2
1

0
0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Slip (mm)
Slip (mm)
Chart-8: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of Fe415 on 56 Days
Chart-5: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of M.S. on 56 Days of Curing
of Curing
R0
R0 12 R15
R15 R30
R45
12 R30 10
R45
Bond Strength (MPa)

10 8
Bond Strength (MPa)

8 6

6 4

4 2

2 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0 Slip (mm)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Slip (mm)
Chart-9: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of Fe500 on 7 Days
Chart-6: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of Fe415 on 7 Days of Curing
of Curing
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At the descending stage, the load declines rapidly and the

12
R0 slip increases until the steel bar is completely pulled out. At
R15
R30 the residual stage, when the slip of the loading end reaches a
10
R45 certain value, the load becomes nearly constant.

7. CONCLUSIONS
Bond Strength (MPa)

6
The compressive strength and the bond stress-slip curve of
recycled concretes with different replacement percentages
4
of recycled coarse aggregate were determined at different
ages. On the basis of these results the following conclusions
2
can be drawn:

 A delay of time-dependent development of

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 compressive strengths of recycled concretes can be
Slip(mm) seen compared with conventional concretes,
especially at 3 and 7days. This effect is attributed to
Chart-10: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of Fe500 on 28 the use of recycled coarse aggregates under pre-
Days of Curing saturation conditions, which produces a curing
effect (internal curing) and reduces the compressive
strength of recycled concretes at early ages.
R0
R15
12 R30  The general shape of the bond stress versus slip
R45 curve between recycled aggregate concrete and
steel rebars is similar to the one for normal
10
Bond Strength (MPa)

8
concrete and steel rebars, which includes micro-
slip, internal cracking, pull-out, descending and
6 residual stages.
4  The bond strength between recycled aggregate
concrete and steel rebars is higher than one
2
between normal concrete and steel rebars in some
0 situations.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Mix Designation  For the recycled aggregate concrete, the bond
strength between deformed steel rebars and
Chart-11: Bond Strength Vs Slip Curve of Fe500 on 28 concrete is higher than one between plain steel
Days of Curing rebars and concrete.
Due to difficulties in the test procedure in some groups,  Change in grade of steel has not yielded any
some tests failed to show the descending branch of the bond recommended result.
stress versus slip curves. By analyzing the above-mentioned
curves it can be seen that the bond development and REFFERENCES
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becomes distinctly nonlinear. At the pullout stage, the load Structural Reliability of Bonding Between Steel
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

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