Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Volume 35,
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Annual Review of
Gerontology and Geriatrics
Subjective Aging:
New Developments and Future Directions
VO LU ME 35, 2015
Volume Editors
MANFRED DIEHL, PhD
HANS-WERNER WAHL, PhD
Series Editor
TONI C. ANTONUCCI, PhD
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Contents
About the Volume Editors vii
Manfred Diehl
Hans-Werner Wahl
Contributors ix
Previous Volumes in the Series xi
Forthcoming Volume in the Series xiii
Preface xv
PART 1: Conceptual Approaches and Perspectives
1 Subjective Aging and Awareness of Aging: Toward a 1
New Understanding of the Aging Self
Manfred Diehl, Hans-Werner Wahl, Allyson Brothers, and
Martina Miche
2 Subjective Aging and New Complexities of the Life Course 29
Richard A. Settersten, Jr. and Gunhild O. Hagestad
3 “It’s About Time”: Applying Life Span and Life Course 55
Perspectives to the Study of Subjective Age
Anne E. Barrett and Joann M. Montepare
PART 2: Research Topics and Empirical Findings
4 Experimental Research on Age Stereotypes: Insights for 79
Subjective Aging
Mary Lee Hummert
vi Contents
5 Age Stereotypes and Age Stigma: Connections to Research on 99
Subjective Aging
Alison L. Chasteen and Lindsey A. Cary
6 Views on Aging: Domain-Specific Approaches and 121
Implications for Developmental Regulation
Anna E. Kornadt and Klaus Rothermund
7 Longitudinal Research on Subjective Aging, Health, and Longevity: 145
Current Evidence and New Directions for Research
Gerben J. Westerhof and Susanne Wurm
PART 3: Opportunities for the Individual and Society
8 Changing Negative Views of Aging: Implications for 167
Intervention and Translational Research
Dana Kotter-Grühn
9 Images of Aging: Outside and Inside Perspectives 187
Ursula M. Staudinger
10 The Role of Subjective Aging Within the Changing 211
Ecologies of Aging: Perspectives for Research and Practice
Martina Miche, Allyson Brothers, Manfred Diehl, and
Hans-Werner Wahl
Index 247
About the Volume Editors
Manfred Diehl, PhD, received his doctorate in Human Development and
Family Studies, with a specialization in adult development and aging, from
The Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Diehl is currently professor of Human
Development and Family Studies at Colorado State University. His research pro-
gram has two substantive foci: (a) adults’ self-perceptions of aging and their
associations with developmental outcomes and (b) social–emotional and self-
concept development in adulthood. Dr. Diehl’s research has been funded by
the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and
the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (in collaboration with Hans-Werner
Wahl), Bonn, Germany. Dr. Diehl has served as a member of a number of sci-
entific review panels for NIH, including the special emphasis panel for the
Roybal Centers for Translational Research on Aging, and he serves on several
editorial boards. He also served a 3-year term on the Committee on Aging of
the American Psychological Association (APA) and is currently a member of
the Executive Committee of the Behavioral and Social Sciences Section of the
Gerontological Society of America (GSA). Dr. Diehl is a fellow of Division 20:
Adult Development and Aging of the APA and a fellow of the Behavioral and
Social Sciences Section of the GSA. In 2011, he received the Scholarly Excellence
Award of the College of Health and Human Sciences at Colorado State University
and in 2012, the mentorship award of APA Division 20. Dr. Diehl is also the
recipient of the Margret M. Baltes Early Career Award in Behavioral and Social
Gerontology from the GSA.
Hans-Werner Wahl, PhD, is professor of Psychological Aging Research at
the Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany. He received his
PhD in psychology from the Free University of Berlin in 1989. His research
activities include the understanding of the role of physical–technological envi-
ronments for aging well, adaptational processes in the context of age-related
chronic functional loss, processes of awareness of aging in a life span perspec-
tive, and intervention research. He is the author or editor of more than 20
books and more than 200 scholarly journal articles and chapters related to the
viii About the Volume Editors
study of adult development and aging. He is co–editor-in-chief of the European
Journal of Ageing and a member of the editorial board of The Gerontologist. Dr.
Wahl is also a fellow of the GSA and has received the 2008 Social Gerontology
Award (together with Manfred Diehl) and the 2009 M. Powell Lawton Award
of the GSA. He has also been a fellow of the Marsilius-Kolleg of Heidelberg
University.
Contributors
Anne E. Barrett, PhD, Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology,
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
Allyson Brothers, MA, Doctoral Student, Department of Human Development
and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
Lindsey A. Cary, MA, Doctoral Student, Department of Psychology, University
of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Alison L. Chasteen, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology,
University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Manfred Diehl, PhD, Professor of Human Development and Family Studies,
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO
Gunhild O. Hagestad, PhD, Professor of Sociology, College of Applied Sciences,
Norwegian Social Research, Oslo and Akershus University, Oslo, Norway
Mary Lee Hummert, PhD, Professor of Communication Studies, Vice Provost
for Faculty Development, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
Anna E. Kornadt, PhD, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Faculty of Psychology
and Sports Science/Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
Dana Kotter-Grühn, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology &
Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC
Martina Miche, MSc, Doctoral Student, Department of Psychological Aging
Research, Institute of Psychology, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg,
Germany
Joann M. Montepare, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Director, Fuss Center for
Research on Aging and Intergenerational Studies, Lasell College, Newton, MA
Klaus Rothermund, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Institute of Psychology,
Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Germany
x Contributors
Richard A. Settersten, Jr., PhD, Professor of Social and Behavioral Health
Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR
Ursula M. Staudinger, PhD, Robert N. Butler Professor of Sociomedical Sciences
and Professor of Psychology, Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University,
New York, NY
Hans-Werner Wahl, PhD, Professor of Psychological Aging Research,
Department of Psychological Aging Research, Institute of Psychology, Ruprecht-
Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany
Gerben J. Westerhof, PhD, Adjunct Professor of Psychology, Director, Dutch
Life Story Lab, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Susanne Wurm, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, Institute of
Psychogerontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,
Nuremberg, Germany
Previous Volumes in the Series
Vol. 34, 2014: Genetics
Editor: Richard L. Sprott, PhD
Vol. 33, 2013: Healthy Longevity: A Global Approach
Editors: Jean-Marie Robine, DEA, DED, Carol Jagger, PhD, and Eileen M.
Crimmins, PhD
Vol. 32, 2012: Emerging Perspectives on Resilience in Adulthood and Later Life
Editors: Bert Hayslip, Jr., PhD, and Gregory C. Smith, PhD
Vol. 31, 2011: Pathways Through the Transitions of Care for Older Adults
Editors: Peggye Dilworth-Anderson, PhD, and Mary H. Palmer, PhD
Vol. 30, 2010: Biobehavioral Perspectives on Health in Later Life
Editor: Keith E. Whitfield, PhD
Vol. 29: Life-Course Perspectives on Late Life Health Inequalities
Editors: Toni C. Antonucci, PhD, and James S. Jackson, PhD
Vol. 28: Gerontological and Geriatric Education
Editors: Harvey L. Sterns, PhD, and Marie A. Bernard, MD
Vol. 27: Biopsychosocial Approaches to Longevity
Editors: Leonard W. Poon, PhD, DPhil, and Thomas T. Perls, MD, MPH
Vol. 26: The Crown of Life Dynamics of the Early Postretirement Period
Editors: Jacquelyn Boone James, PhD, and Paul Wink, PhD
Vol. 25: Aging Health Care Workforce Issues
Editors: Toni Miles, MD, PhD, and Antonio Furino, PhD, JD
Vol. 24: Focus on Intergenerational Relations Across Time and Place
Editors: Merril Silverstein, PhD, and K. Warner Schaie, PhD
Vol. 23: Focus on Aging in Context: Socio-Physical Environments
Editors: Hans Werner Wahl, PhD, Rick J. Scheidt, PhD, and Paul G. Windley, PhD
Vol. 22: Focus on Economic Outcomes in Later Life
Editors: Stephen Crystal, PhD, and Dennis Shea, PhD
Forthcoming Volume in the Series
Volume 36, 2016
Optimizing Physical Activity and Function Across Settings
Table of Contents (tentative)
Part 1: Policy and Practice Related to Exercise and Function
Chapter 1. The Impact of Policy on Exercise Activity and Where We
Need to Go
Chapter 2. Physical Activity Versus Exercise: Is Screening Necessary?
Chapter 3. Consensus of Evidence-Based Risk Assessment
Chapter 4. Behavior Change
Part 2: Aerobic Exercise
Chapter 5. Recommendations for Older Adults: What, Where, When,
and How
Chapter 6. Benefits of Aerobic Exercise for Older Adults
Chapter 7. Innovative Approaches to Exercise Among Older Adults
Part 3: Resistance Exercise
Chapter 8. Resistance Exercise to Prevent and Manage Sarcopenia
Chapter 9. Resistance Exercise: Slow Movement Versus Ballistic
Training
Chapter 10. Resistance Exercise: Recommendations for Age-Relevant
Benefits
xiv Forthcoming Volume in the Series
Part 4: Balance Exercise
Chapter 11. Balance Exercise as Part of Daily Life: Prescriptions for
Healthy Aging
Chapter 12. Benefits of Balance Exercise on Falls: Does Dose Matter?
Chapter 13. Innovative Approaches to Balance Training
Part 5: Stretching Exercise
Chapter 14. Benefits Versus Harm to Stretching Pre- or Postexercise
Chapter 15. Dynamic Versus Static Stretching and Training to Task
Part 6: Incorporating Function and Physical Activity Across All
Settings
Chapter 16. Incorporating Function and Physical Activity Across
All Settings
Preface
This volume of the Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics represents the
outcome of several years of collaboration and community building. The initial
conversations about how adults may become aware of their own age and how
they may perceive their own aging started between the two editors around 2005.
Although at that time research on ageism and age stereotypes received a good
deal of attention in the gerontological literature, the connection to the broader
literature on phenomena of subjective aging was rather tentative. Thus, we per-
ceived a need from a theoretical perspective to forge these connections and to
develop a framework that would be capable of serving an integrating purpose.
With this goal in mind, we started to work on a theoretical paper that proposed
the concept of “awareness of age-related change” as an overarching construct.
The resulting paper received the award for New Theoretical Developments in
Social Gerontology from the Gerontological Society of America in 2008 and was
subsequently published in The Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences in 2010.
Interestingly, while we were getting our paper ready for publication, several
empirical articles were published reporting findings from longitudinal studies,
such as the Berlin Aging Study, which showed that simple measures of subjective
age predicted important developmental outcomes, such as functional health or
mortality. We knew at that point that our interests were shared by other investi-
gators and that our efforts were part of a larger community of aging researchers.
Because we wanted to formalize our collaboration and also address the topic
of awareness of aging from a cross-cultural perspective, we applied for a grant
through the TransCoop Program of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,
Bonn, Germany. We were fortunate enough to receive the grant (funding period
July 2010–June 2013), which not only allowed us to develop a multidimensional
self-report questionnaire for our research but also provided us with the finan-
cial support to engage in systematic networking and community building. This
networking and community building took place in the context of three work-
shops and a closing conference that included scholars from several countries.
The primary objective of the workshops and the closing conference was to bring
investigators who share an interest in subjective aging research or related topics
together for an exchange of ideas and lively discussions. A secondary objective
xvi Preface
was to provide a forum for emerging scholars and investigators to take part in an
ongoing discussion and to become part of a network of like-minded researchers.
The closing conference was held in June 2013 at Heidelberg University, Germany,
and provided a forum for lively interdisciplinary and cross-cultural exchange.
This volume builds on a selection of the presentations at the closing con-
ference and expands on the lively discussions that occurred during this two-day
event. Yet, it is important to note that all of the chapters move considerably
beyond the conference presentations and incorporate additional theoretical
propositions as well as findings from brand new studies—indeed, some of these
studies were still in the process of being conducted at the time of the conference.
In addition, all chapters were reviewed by two independent reviewers and went
through a careful and rigorous “quality control.” Thus, we hope that the result-
ing volume succeeds in presenting an up-to-date portrait of the overall field of
subjective aging research, and we hope that the chapters will not only serve as a
valuable source of information but that they will also inspire many new empiri-
cal studies. Overall, we believe that the research on subjective aging has entered
a new and more advanced stage of development, and we hope that the current
volume can serve as a building block for future theoretical and empirical work.
Because a project like this one always requires the support and involve-
ment of many individuals, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all
those individuals who have supported and encouraged our work in this area.
In particular, Manfred Diehl would like to thank his department head, Dr. Lise
Youngblade, and the vice provost for International Affairs at Colorado State
University, Dr. Jim Cooney, for their unwavering support and encouragement.
Hans-Werner Wahl would like to thank the former vice rector for Research and
Structural Planning of Heidelberg University, Prof. Dr. Thomas Rausch, and the
Heidelberg Center for American Studies for their generous support before and
during the closing conference.
We both would like to thank Ms. Ursula König for her valuable help with
formatting and finalizing the entire manuscript. We both would also like to thank
the series editor, Dr. Toni C. Antonucci, and Ms. Sheri W. Sussman of Springer
Publishing for being so receptive and supportive when we approached them
about editing a volume of the Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. We are
grateful for their encouragement and gentle guidance along the way. Finally, we
would like to extend our gratitude to all of the contributors to this volume. We
greatly appreciate your involvement and enthusiasm for this project.
Manfred Diehl and Hans-Werner Wahl
May 2014
ANNUAL REVIEW OF GERONTOLOGY
AND GERIATRICS
VOLUME 35, 2015
