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Economics 2019 (Hubbard/O'Brien)
Chapter 8 Firms, the Stock Market, and Corporate Governance

8.1 Types of Firms

1) Which of the following must a firm in a market economy do today to succeed?

A) Produce the goods and services that consumers want at a lower cost than consumers themselves can
produce.
B) Organize the factors of production into a functioning, efficient unit.
C) Have access to sufficient funds.
D) Market firms today must do all of these things.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

2) Organizing a successful firm in a market economy has become ________ over the last century.
A) legally impossible
B) politically impossible
C) less difficult
D) more difficult
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

3) Unlike firms that sell stock in financial markets, which are known as ________ firms, companies which
do not sell stock in financial markets are known as ________ firms.
A) public; private
B) open; closed
C) corporate; proprietary
D) stock market; bond market
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 252
Topic: Corporations
Learning Outcome: Micro-18: Describe the fundamentals of capital markets and factors influencing the investment
decision
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Special Feature: Chapter Opener: Is Snapchat the Next Facebook ... or the Next Twitter?

1
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) A sole proprietorship is
A) the easiest type of business to set up.
B) the most difficult type of business to set up.
C) the most expensive type of business to set up.
D) the least profitable type of business to set up.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

5) Which type of business is the most difficult to set up?

A) sole proprietorship
B) partnership
C) corporation
D) There is no difference in the difficulty of establishment.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

6) A corporation is the type of business that has ________ government rules and regulations affecting it.
A) no
B) the fewest
C) the most
D) only federal
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

7) Which type of business has the least government rules and regulations affecting it?
A) sole proprietorship
B) partnership
C) corporation
D) They all have the same set of rules and regulations affecting them.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

2
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
8) As a form of business, a partnership
A) has limited liability.
B) has only one owner.
C) cannot issue stock.
D) has the most government rules and regulations affecting it.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

9) How do a sole proprietorship and a corporation differ?

A) Proprietorships have unlimited liability while corporations have limited liability.
B) Corporations can issue stocks and bonds, while proprietorships cannot.
C) Corporations face more taxes than do proprietorships.
D) All of these are differences between the two types of businesses.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Types of Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

10) Assume that you set up a sole proprietorship and your lawyer tells you that as the owner, you could
stand to lose your personal wealth if the business goes bankrupt. This means that a sole proprietorship
A) faces limited liability.
B) faces unlimited liability.
C) has little chance of succeeding.
D) is not a good type of business to set up.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

11) Who controls a sole proprietorship?

A) stockholders
B) bondholders
C) the owner
D) all of these
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

3
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
12) A corporation is owned by its
A) board of directors.
B) stockholders.
C) employees.
D) CEO.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

13) How does the owner of a sole proprietorship relate to the business?
A) The owner and the business are separate legal entities.
B) The owner and the business are not separate legal entities.
C) The assets of the owner are considered separate from the assets of the business.
D) None of these describe the legal relationship of the owner to the business.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

14) In a typical year, ________ of new jobs are created by small firms.
A) less than 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) more than 40 percent
D) about 75 percent
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 256-257
Topic: Firms
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Special Feature: Apply the Concept: Why Are Fewer Young People Starting Businesses?

15) Over ninety-five percent of all new businesses that open each year in the United States employ
________ workers.
A) only one or two
B) fewer than 20
C) 50 or more
D) over 100
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 256-257
Topic: Firms
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Special Feature: Apply the Concept: Why Are Fewer Young People Starting Businesses?

4
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
16) The owners of a ________ have a separate legal distinction from the business.
A) corporation
B) partnership
C) sole proprietorship
D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

17) What does limited liability mean?

A) The owners of the business are personally responsible for paying expenses incurred by the business.
B) Only employees can have a claim on the assets of the business.
C) The personal assets of the owners cannot be used to pay the firm's debts if the business is bankrupt.
D) Anybody with a liability against a firm can claim only what their liability refers to.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Liabilities
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

18) Which of the following is an advantage of starting a new business as a sole proprietorship?
A) The owner has limited personal liability.
B) A sole proprietorship has few government rules and regulations to comply with.
C) Business profits are not taxed.
D) A sole proprietorship can easily attain additional funding.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

19) Jeremy is thinking of starting up a small business selling NASCAR memorabilia. He is considering
setting up his business as a sole proprietorship. What is one advantage to Jeremy of setting up his
business as a sole proprietorship?
A) As a sole proprietor, Jeremy would face limited liability.
B) As a sole proprietor, Jeremy would have the ability to share risk with shareholders.
C) As a sole proprietor, Jeremy would have both ownership and control over the business.
D) All of the above would be advantages of setting up his business as a sole proprietorship.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

5
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
20) Jeremy is thinking of starting up a small business selling NASCAR memorabilia. He is considering
setting up his business as a sole proprietorship. What is one disadvantage to Jeremy of setting up his
business as a sole proprietorship?
A) As a sole proprietor, Jeremy would be taxed twice.
B) As a sole proprietor, Jeremy would not have control of the business.
C) As a sole proprietor, Jeremy would face unlimited liability.
D) As a sole proprietor, Jeremy would be subject to significant rules and regulations.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

21) Which of the following is not an advantage of starting a new business as a corporation?
A) separation of ownership and business liability
B) enhanced ability to raise funds
C) ability to share risks
D) possibility of double taxation
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

22) How are corporate profits taxed in the United States?

A) Earnings are taxed first by state sales taxes and then as corporate profits at the Federal level.
B) Earnings are taxed first as personal income then as corporate profits at the Federal level.
C) Earnings are taxed first as corporate profits then as personal income after dividends are paid.
D) Corporate profits are not taxed at all.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-24: Explain the basic principles of tax policies and the tax system
AACSB: Analytical thinking

23) Sole proprietorships are ________ type of business.

A) the most profitable
B) the least common
C) the most common
D) the least risky
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

6
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
24) Which is the least common type of business?
A) corporation
B) partnership
C) sole proprietorship
D) impossible to determine without further information
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

25) As a business type, corporations ________ in the United States.

A) earn the majority of revenues
B) are the most common
C) are the least common
D) are subject to the fewest taxes
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

26) Which type of businesses earns the majority of profits in the United States?
A) corporations
B) partnerships
C) sole proprietorships
D) none of these
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

27) Who controls a partnership?

A) the owners
B) stockholders
C) bondholders
D) employees
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

7
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
28) A firm in a market economy must do all of the following to succeed except
A) produce the goods and services that consumers want at a lower cost than consumers themselves can
produce.
B) organize the factors of production into a functioning, efficient unit.
C) have access to sufficient funds.
D) be organized as a corporation.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

29) How has organizing a typical firm in a market economy changed over the last century?
A) It has become easier as more and more firms discover how to do it.
B) As government intervention has decreased, firms now have more freedom.
C) There has been no change one way or the other over the last century.
D) It has become more difficult to efficiently organize production.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

30) Before its IPO, Facebook was an example of a private firm. As a private firm, Facebook was
A) not subject to government regulations and taxation.
B) run by stockholders and a board of directors.
C) run by its founder, Mark Zuckerberg.
D) not legally allowed to raise funds through venture capital firms.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 252
Topic: Firms
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Special Feature: Chapter Opener: Is Snapchat the Next Facebook ... or the Next Twitter?

31) What type of business is the easiest to set up?

A) sole proprietorship
B) partnership
C) corporation
D) There is no difference in the ease of establishment.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

8
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
32) Anything of value owned by a person or a firm is
A) an asset.
B) a liability.
C) wealth.
D) owner's yield.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

33) A corporation is
A) the easiest type of business to set up.
B) the least expensive type of business to set up.
C) the most difficult type of business to set up.
D) the least profitable type of business to set up.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

34) Which type of business has the most government rules and regulations affecting it?
A) sole proprietorship
B) partnership
C) corporation
D) They all have the same set of rules and regulations affecting them.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

35) Of the different types of businesses, a corporation has the ________ government rules and the
________ government regulations affecting it.
A) least; least
B) least; most
C) most; least
D) most; most
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

9
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
36) What is the primary difference between a sole proprietorship and a partnership?
A) Proprietorships have unlimited liability while partnerships have limited liability.
B) Partnerships can issue stocks and bonds while proprietorships cannot.
C) Partnerships have more owners than do proprietorships.
D) There is no real difference between the two types of firms.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

37) Which of the following statements is false?

A) Corporations can issue stocks and bonds, while proprietorships cannot.
B) Corporations have one owner, while proprietorships have many owners.
C) Corporations face more taxes than do proprietorships.
D) Proprietorships have unlimited liability while corporations have limited liability.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Types of Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

38) Assume you set up a sole proprietorship and your lawyer tells you that as the owner you will face
unlimited liability. What does that mean?
A) You are liable for organizing the business.
B) You could stand to lose your personal wealth if the business goes bankrupt.
C) There is no legal responsibility of the business in case a customer sues, as the business is legally
untouchable.
D) None of these explain what unlimited liability means.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Liabilities
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

39) How do a partnership and a corporation differ?

A) Partnerships have unlimited liability while corporations have limited liability.
B) Corporations can issue stocks and bonds, while partnerships cannot.
C) Corporations face more taxes than do partnerships.
D) All of these are differences between the two types of businesses.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Types of Firms
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

10
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
40) Stockholders are the owners of which type of business?
A) sole proprietorships
B) partnerships
C) corporations
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

41) How do the owners of a partnership relate to the business?

A) The owners and the business are not separate legal entities.
B) The owners and the business are separate legal entities.
C) The assets of the owners are considered separate from the asset of the business.
D) None of these describe the legal relationship of the owners to the business.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

42) In a typical year, ________ new firms open in the United States.
A) more than 400,000
B) more than 1 million
C) less than 200,000
D) approximately 125,000
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 256-257
Topic: Firms
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Special Feature: Apply the Concept: Why Are Fewer Young People Starting Businesses?

43) In the late 1970s, ________ of all firms were less than a year old. In recent years, ________ were.
A) almost half; less than one-quarter
B) less than 5 percent; more than 40 percent
C) about 16 percent; only about 8 percent
D) about 40 percent; about 20 percent
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 256-257
Topic: Firms
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Special Feature: Apply the Concept: Why Are Fewer Young People Starting Businesses?

11
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
44) How does the owner of a corporation relate to the business?
A) The owners of the business have a separate legal distinction from the business.
B) The owners of the business have no separate legal distinction from the business.
C) The personal assets are part of the corporation's assets.
D) None of these describe the legal relationship of corporate owners to the business.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

45) If the personal assets of the owners cannot be claimed if the business is bankrupt, the owners are said
to have
A) unlimited liability.
B) a proprietorship type of business.
C) limited liability.
D) a partnership type of business.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Liabilities
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

46) Which of the following is not an advantage of starting a new business as a proprietorship?
A) The owner has complete control over the business.
B) A proprietorship has few government rules and regulations to comply with.
C) Business profits are only taxed once, not twice.
D) A proprietorship can easily attain additional funding.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254-255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

12
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
47) Jeremy is thinking of starting up a small business selling NASCAR memorabilia. He is considering
setting up his business as a corporation. What is one advantage to Jeremy of setting up his business as a
corporation?
A) By setting up the business as a corporation, Jeremy would not face double taxation.
B) By setting up the business as a corporation, Jeremy would have the ability to share risk with
shareholders.
C) By setting up the business as a corporation, Jeremy would have both ownership and control over the
business.
D) All of the above would be advantages of setting up his business as a corporation.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254-255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

48) Jeremy is thinking of starting up a small business selling NASCAR memorabilia. He asks his friend,
Carmen, if she'd like to join him in setting up a partnership to start the business. What is one
disadvantage in joining the partnership that Carmen should consider?
A) Carmen should realize that profits in the partnership will be reduced by dividend payments to
shareholders.
B) Carmen should realize that, as an owner of the business, she will be personally responsible for the
debts of the business.
C) Carmen should realize that the profits of the business will also be taxed as dividend income, so she
faces the potential for double taxation of that business income.
D) Carmen should realize that the Jeremy will have complete control over the business because it was his
idea.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254-255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

49) Which of the following is an advantage of starting a new business as a corporation?

A) double taxation
B) ease in setting up
C) low expenses of legally organizing
D) greater ability to raise funds
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254-255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

13
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
50) In the United States, corporate profits are taxed
A) only at the corporate level.
B) only when investors receive dividends.
C) at both the corporate level and when investors receive dividends.
D) neither at the corporate level nor when investors receive dividends.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 254-255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-24: Explain the basic principles of tax policies and the tax system
AACSB: Analytical thinking

51) What is the most common type of business?

A) corporation
B) partnership
C) sole proprietorship
D) They are equally represented because of federal laws.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

52) A partnership is ________ type of business.

A) the most common
B) the least common
C) the least risky
D) the most profitable
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

53) Which type of businesses earns the majority of revenues in the United States?
A) corporations
B) partnerships
C) sole proprietorships
D) none of these
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

14
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
54) As a business type, corporations ________ in the United States.
A) earn the majority of profits
B) are the most common
C) are the least common
D) are subject to the least amount of taxes
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255
Topic: Corporations
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

55) Who controls a sole proprietorship?

A) the owner
B) the stockholders
C) the bondholders
D) the employees
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254
Topic: Proprietorships and Partnerships
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

56) What is an inside director?

A) a movie director who also appears in the movie
B) a member of a corporate board of directors that is also a manager of the business
C) the CEO that is selected by the corporation's board of directors
D) a board of director chair who has been in the job for at least three years
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 257
Topic: Corporate Structure
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

57) Corporate governance involves the way in which

A) the government nationalizes corporations.
B) the government licenses corporations.
C) a corporation is subject to government regulations.
D) a corporation is structured.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 257
Topic: Corporate Structure
*: Recurring
Learning Outcome: Micro-9: Discuss the fundamental characteristics of firms
AACSB: Analytical thinking

15
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
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THE EGYPTIANS DROWNED IN THE RED SEA.
 THE RED SEA.
When the Israelites were gone, peace settled down upon Egypt and
all things prospered. This was because Pharaoh had given freedom
to the people of Israel, and so had caused the displeasure of God to
be removed from the land.
But Pharaoh did not think of it in that way. He began, rather, to think
that he had done a most foolish thing in allowing 600,000 faithful
workmen and slaves to go out from the land. The Egyptians needed
their help in brick making, and in the planting and reaping of the
heavy crops.
The more he thought of it, the stronger grew his determination to
bring the Israelites back. He had forgotten the suffering that had
come to his people; and perhaps he began to think this suffering
might more easily have been kept away.
So what do you suppose the foolish, hard-willed, stubborn-hearted
Pharaoh did? He gathered together a great army and started out in
pursuit of the Israelites.
"If only we can overtake them before they reach the Red Sea," he
thought, "we shall easily drive them back into Egypt."
Now, the Lord heard the wicked plotting of Pharaoh, and although
he allowed him to set forth, he allowed no harm to come to his
chosen people.
A great cloud he had placed behind them and all around them as
they traveled by day, so that by it they were shielded from the view
of any enemy that might be lurking in the neighborhood of their
march.
And by night this cloud became a pillar of fire, that by its light they
might be guided through the strange wilderness.
When Israel, of the Lord beloved,
Out from the land of bondage came,
Her fathers' God before her moved,
An awful guide in smoke and flame.
By day, along the astonished lands
The cloudy pillar glided slow;
By night Arabia's crimson sands
Returned the fiery column's glow.
There rose the choral hymn of praise,
And trump and timbrel answered keen;
And Zion's daughters poured their lays,
With priest's and warrior's voice between.
But when Pharaoh came upon the Israelites, with his great army of
horse and men and war chariots, they were resting beside the
waters of the Red Sea.
When the Israelites saw the army, they were stricken with fear. They
forgot that God had led them thus far, and that he had promised to
guide them and bring them at last, safe, into the promised land of
Canaan.
They rose in terror; and many of them began to cry out against
Moses, who had allowed this danger to come upon them.
"Be not afraid!" said Moses. And just then the pillar of cloud moved
around so that it blinded the Egyptians. They could not see the
Israelites. They could hardly see each other; for it was like a dense
fog fallen upon them.
"Stretch out thy rod across the sea," said the voice of God to Moses.
Moses obeyed. The waters parted, and the Israelites passed over to
the other side unharmed.
But when they were half across the cloud lifted, and the Egyptians
saw the Israelites.
Down into the water-parting they plunged,—men, horses, chariots,
all; and on they dashed in quick pursuit.
Foolish Pharaoh! Did he not know that the parting of the water was
not for him? Had not he yet learned that God was with the
Israelites?
The Israelites were now across the sea. They were climbing the
opposite bank. The last man had reached the top. Then Moses
raised his rod again, and the waters of the sea came together with a
great rushing sound. They foamed and seethed, and the great army
of the Egyptians sank beneath the great pillars of water that closed
over them on either side. All were drowned; and the Israelites were
at last freed from Pharaoh, king of Egypt.
"Fly, Misraim, fly!"—From Edom's coral strand
Again the prophet stretched his dreadful wand:—
With one wild crash the thundering waters sweep,
And all is waves—a dark and lonely deep;
And strange and sad the whispering breezes bore
The groans of Egypt to Arabia's shore.
Then the Israelites halted in their march and held a festival of
thanksgiving; for they were now free from their old enemy.
Then they went on into the wilderness. And Miriam, the prophetess,
the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women
event out after her with timbrels. And Miriam said, "Let us sing to
the Lord, for He hath triumphed gloriously."
They offered sacrifices, they prayed and sang, and danced.
 MIRIAM'S SONG.
Sound the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea!
Jehovah has triumphed—His people are free!
Sing!—for the pride of the tyrant is broken:
His chariots, his horsemen, all splendid and brave,—
How vain was their boasting!—the Lord hath but spoken,
And chariots and horsemen are sunk in the wave.
Sound the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea!
Jehovah has triumphed—His people are free!

Praise to the Conqueror, praise to the Lord!

His word was our arrow, His breath was our sword!
Who shall return to tell Egypt the story
Of those she sent forth in the hour of her pride?
For the Lord hath looked out from his pillar of glory,
And all her brave thousands are dashed in the tide.
Sound the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea:
Jehovah has triumphed—His people are free!

—Moore.
MOSES STRIKING THE ROCK IN HOREB.
 IN THE WILDERNESS.
So led He them, in desert marches grand,
By toils sublime, with test of long delay,
On, to the borders of that Promised Land,
Wherein their heritage of glory lay.
Wonderfully they were being led. Surely one would suppose they
could never doubt God again, nor Moses, the leader God had chosen
for them. But alas! there were many among them who seemed little
better than the Egyptians, their oppressors.
They had gone only a few miles when they came to the waters of
Marah, which were bitter. They were tired, and longed to encamp for
the night. Then they began to groan and to cry aloud, "O, why have
you brought us into a land where there is no water?"
But Moses, never failing in trust and patience, cast a tree, which the
Lord had shown him, into the waters, and lo! they became sweet.
The people drank and were satisfied; and there they encamped and
rested.
When God gave them the sweet water to drink, he said to Moses, "If
thou wilt obey me I will be with thee always. I will keep, and bless,
and strengthen thee, thee and all thy people. And there shall come
to thee neither disease nor plague."
When the people heard these words, they were comforted and
meant never to doubt again. But a few days after this, when they
had come into the heart of the wilderness, and there seemed no
way of finding food, again they complained to Moses that he had led
them into the wilderness to starve.
But God heard their murmurings and sent great flocks of quails on
which to feed them. Thousands and thousands were there of them,
and they covered the ground, the trees, and the tents, so great were
their numbers. The Israelites caught them and ate them, and their
hunger was appeased.
"But what shall we do in the morning?" the fretful, faithless ones
said.
And in the morning the ground was covered with tiny round loaves
of sweet bread, the manna that had been sent from heaven; for so
were the children of Israel fed in the wilderness. And when, by and
by, again there was no water to drink, Moses struck a great rock
with his rod, and the water poured forth.
The children of Israel had now come into the wilderness of Sinai,
and had pitched their tents at the foot of the mountain. Moses was
commanded by the Lord to go into the mountain, while the people
rested in the valley below. And when Moses had reached the top,
God spoke to him.
"Go and tell the Israelites how great a thing God has done for them,
in bringing them through the Red Sea and freeing them from the
cruel king, Pharaoh.
"Tell them to remember that they are my chosen people, and that I
will be their God always.
"Bid them prepare themselves for the third day; for on the third day
will I come down upon this mountain and speak with them. They
shall not come up into the mountain. Whosoever touches the
mountain top shall be put to death. But when the trumpet sounds,
then will I speak, and they shall all come up into the mountain."
Moses went down into the valley and gave these words to the
people. So they all made ready for the third day.
When the morning of the third day came, the Israelites looked up
towards the mountain top. Behold, a heavy black cloud hung over it,
and fire and smoke poured out from it, and the whole mountain
shook!
The people were frightened, and ran and hid themselves. But the
trumpet sounded, and God descended upon the mountain.
And a voice called to Moses: "Again say to the people that they shall
not come up into the mountain. But thou, and Aaron with thee,
come thou up into the mountain."
And Moses and Aaron obeyed. And there, upon the mountain top,
they beheld the glory of God, like a great cloud of glory.
Then Moses and Aaron went down into the valley to tell the people
what they had seen. And when they had told the people, Moses
went back into the mountain; for God had told him to come there
alone, that he might tell him how to guide the great multitude that
had been given to his charge.
 MOSES BREAKING THE TABLETS OF THE LAW.

It was from Mt. Sinai that God gave to Moses the tablets upon which
were written the Ten Commandments; for Moses was in the
mountain forty days and forty nights, listening to the words that God
spoke to him.
And when so many days had gone by and Moses did not return,
then the people began to be frightened.
"Moses has gone away and left us," they wailed, "and we have no
gods to guide us. Let us make a golden calf and set it up before us
that we may worship it." And so they built an altar, and placed the
golden calf upon it, and held a great feast.
They were in the midst of their feast when Moses came down from
the mountain, the tablets in his hands.
"What is this?" he thundered, as he drew near and heard the music
and saw the dancing and the feasting.
The people were frightened. Some of them ran to hide; and so
angry was Moses that he hurled the tablets of stone from him and
broke them in pieces.
"Why didst thou allow this thing to be done?" asked Moses of Aaron.
"The people gave me their gold to melt, and it came out from the
fire a golden calf," answered Aaron weakly.
Then Moses took the calf and ground it to powder; and the 3,000
idolatrous men among them he commanded to be slain.
Then Moses went again up into the mountain, and again wrote the
ten commandments upon tablets of stone, and again carried them to
the people.
And now that the children of Israel might have a place for worship,
the Lord commanded that the people should make a tabernacle, and
that in it should be kept the sacred tablets.
So the people went to work, and every man woman and child had a
part in the building of the tabernacle.
 THE TABERNACLE.
The tabernacle was made of boards, with bars put across; and these
bars and boards were made of shittim wood and covered with gold.
Within the tabernacle, under the upper end, were four more pillars;
a beautiful covering, called the vail, was hung over them; and this
hid the inside, which was the most holy place, "the Holy of Holies," it
was called. None could go in there but the High Priest; and he went
only once a year. In the Holy of Holies was placed the ark. The ark
was a chest, or box, made of shittim wood, covered with gold; and
there were rings in the sides for poles to be put in when the ark was
moved. The top of the ark was called the mercy-seat; two golden
angels, called cherubim, were placed one on each side of the mercy-
seat; they looked over it, and their wings covered the top. In the ark
were afterwards kept the tables of the commandments, Aaron's rod,
and afterwards a golden pot full of manna, which God commanded
to be put there. Outside the vail was the altar, on which the holy
bread, called shew-bread, was placed, and the great gold
candlestick. The tabernacle stood in a large open court; pillars of
brass surrounded it, and curtains were hung upon them. The brazen
altar for burnt offerings, and the great laver where the priests
washed, stood in this court. There were coverings and curtains to
the tabernacle and court.
Over the boards of the tabernacle was thrown a covering of fine
linen, beautifully worked in scarlet, and purple, and blue; over the
linen was a covering of goat's hair; over this, a covering of ram's
skins dyed red; and another covering of thick skins was over all. The
people were not allowed to go into the tabernacle; but the priests
went in every morning to offer incense, and every evening to light
the lamps; and on the Sabbath, to take away the old shew-bread
from the table, and to put on new. The sacrifices were offered in the
court, where the people stood.
Now, when the tabernacle was set up, Moses made Aaron the High
Priest and clothed him in the sacred garments of his office,—the
coat, the girdle, the robe, the ephod, the breastplate, and the mitre.
The coat was a long linen robe, with sleeves, and having a girdle
worked in blue and purple and scarlet. The robe was a long, blue
linen garment, without sleeves.
Around the skirts were golden bells, which sounded whenever the
High Priest went into the Holy Place.
The ephod was a short robe, worked also in blue, purple and scarlet;
and around the waist was worn a girdle of gold.
The breastplate was made of cloth, and was very thick. It had four
rings to join it to the ephod, and twelve beautiful stones were set in
it; and on these stones were cut the names of the twelve tribes of
Israel, that is, the twelve sons of Jacob.
The mitre was a linen turban; and on the front of it were the words,
Holy of Holies!
When all was ready, the children held a sacred feast, and Moses
anointed Aaron with oil.
The tabernacle established, the Israelites were now ready to move
on towards Canaan.
RETURN OF THE SPIES FROM THE LAND OF PROMISE.
 THE PROMISED LAND.
Twelve men were chosen, one from each tribe, and sent ahead to
see what manner of place Canaan was, if there was land enough,
and if the people dwelling there were friendly.
The twelve men set out, and after forty days came back again to the
camp, bringing rich fruits which they had gathered there. "The land
of Canaan is a beautiful country," they said, "and it is filled with
fruits and corn; but we fear the people there, for they are fierce and
warlike."
At this many of the Israelites were frightened. Again they forgot
God's promises and began to upbraid Moses for having taken them
from their comfortable home in the wilderness.
Then God was angry with them; and he spoke to them in tones of
thunder, telling them that for their wickedness they should never be
permitted to see the promised land of Canaan; that they should die
in the wilderness; and that only the children and the few faithful
elders should live to reach the Promised Land.
This was a most grievous punishment to the people; but in a few
days they had forgotten it, and again rebellion arose among them.
Three men, Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, grew jealous of the power
of Moses and Aaron, and asked why all glory should be theirs.
Moses, worn with the faithlessness of his people, fell upon his face
and wept when these jealous men spoke thus to him. His heart
ached with the injustice of it, and he despaired ever of teaching his
people.
The next day Korah and all his people came and stood before the
tabernacle, as Moses had bid them. Then the voice of the Lord
spoke, bidding the people move away from the tabernacle, leaving
the three doubting men and their families standing alone.
Then there came a burst of thunder; the earth rocked and groaned;
then a great gulf opened beneath the feet of Korah and Dathan and
Abiram, and they, with all their children, were swallowed up.
Then God commanded Moses to take twelve rods; and upon the
rods to write the names of the twelve tribes. On the rod of the tribe
of Levi he was to write the name of Aaron, because Aaron was of
that tribe.
"Place now the rods in the tabernacle; and the rod bearing the name
of him I appoint High Priest shall bud and blossom."
 DEATH OF KORAH, DATHAN, AND ABIRAM.

And when the morning came, behold the rod of Aaron had budded
and blossomed. Then the people were content; and the rod was
kept ever after in the tabernacle.
For a time peace was in the camp, and more than once the Israelites
came near unto the Promised Land. But it had been said they should
never reach it; and so many, many times they fell back and turned
away.
Over and over again they rebelled at Moses and Aaron, until the
patience of those two was exhausted. They forgot themselves to ask
for guidance, and once, unable to endure greater trial, they cried
out, "O ye rebels! ye rebels!" and there was anger in their hearts as
they spoke.
By and by the time came for Aaron to die. So Moses took the priestly
garments from him and gave them to Eleazer. Then Aaron died, and
the Israelites mourned for him thirty days.
Then the people wandered on and on. Once they were bitten by
serpents; and that they might be healed, Moses lifted a brazen
serpent in the wilderness and bade the suffering ones to look upon it
and live.
But now the forty years were nearly at an end; Canaan, too, was
very close; and, although the elders knew that it was not for them to
see the Promised Land, yet their children would; and so there was
joy in the camp.
But now the death of Moses was at hand. He was one hundred and
twenty years old, and had wandered forty years, leading the
rebellious Israelites in the wilderness. So God said to Moses, "Come
thou up into Mt. Pisgah. From there thou shalt see the fair land of
Canaan spread out before thee, although thou mayst never go
thither."
So Moses called his people together and told them that his end was
at hand. He told them of all God had done for his people, and how
wonderfully they had been led forth from bondage. He then bade
them take Joshua for their leader; for he it was who should lead
them into the Promised Land.
The people wept most bitterly, and many prostrated themselves
before the good man who had borne so much for them.
Then Moses turned and went up into Mt. Pisgah. There lay the fair
land of Canaan at his feet, with its fertile valleys and rich fruits and
abundant harvests of corn.
Upon this fair scene Moses gazed; then, raising his face towards
God, thanked Him that the wanderings of the children of Israel were
now at an end.
Then he laid himself down and died. The Lord buried him, but no
man knew how or where.
And when the children of Israel knew he would come no more to
them, they wept too for him thirty days upon the plains of Moab.

THE BURIAL OF MOSES.

By Nebo's lonely mountain, on this side Jordan's wave,
In a vale in the Land of Moab there lies a lonely grave.
And no man knows that sepulchre, and no man saw it e'er,
For the angels of God upturned the sod, and laid the dead
man there.

That was the grandest funeral that ever passed on earth;

But no man heard the trampling, or saw the train go forth—
Noiselessly as the daylight comes back when night is done,
And the crimson streak on ocean's cheek grows into the great
sun.
Noiselessly as the spring-time her crown of verdure weaves,
And all the trees on all the hills open their thousand leaves;
So without sound of music, or voice of them that wept,
Silently down from the mountain's crown the great procession
swept.

Perchance the bald old eagle, on gray Beth-Peor's height,

Out of his lonely eyrie looked on the wondrous sight;
Perchance the lion stalking, still shuns that hallowed spot,
For, beast and bird have seen and heard that which man
knoweth not.

But when the warrior dieth, his comrades in the war,

With arms reversed and muffled drum, follow his funeral car;
They show the banners taken, they tell his battles won,
And after him lead his masterless steed, while peals the
minute gun.

Amidst the noblest of the land we lay the sage to rest.

And give the bard an honored place, with costly marble drest,
In the great minster transept where lights like glories fall,
And the organ rings, and the sweet choir sings along the
emblazoned wall.

This was the truest warrior that ever buckled sword,

This the most gifted poet that ever breathed a word;
And never earth's philosopher traced, with his golden pen,
On the deathless page, truths half so sage as he wrote down
for men.

And hath he not high honor,—the hillside for a pall,

To lie in state while angels wait with stars for tapers tall,
And the dark rock-pines like tossing plumes, over his bier to
wave,
And God's own hand, in that lonely land, to lay him in the
grave?
—Alexander.
THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL CROSSING JORDAN.
 THE STORY OF JOSHUA.
Then Joshua led the Israelites forth; but when they came to the
River Jordan, again their courage failed them.
Although they had been led through the Red Sea in the times of
their fathers, and though all their lives they had been told of that
wonderful deliverance, still, when now they came to the River
Jordan, their hearts grew heavy, and fear took possession of them.
But there lay the country, fair and beautiful. They could see it; and,
with Joshua so brave and true to lead them on, they gathered up
their courage, and the great company marched down to the river
banks.
Again the miracle of the parting of the waters was repeated; for the
waters roared and rushed, and heaped themselves, like great walls,
on either side while the Israelites passed through.
Meantime Joshua had sent forward two men into the city of Jericho
to learn what manner of people were there; for Jericho was one of
the cities upon which the Israelites must make war. These people of
Canaan were not likely to give the country into the hands of a new
people without a struggle. That the Israelites well knew. Then, too,
these were in the days when all nations were at war with each other,
and the possession of a country was always a matter of force and
strength,—one people overcoming the other.
When the two Israelites came into Jericho, they sought the house of
a woman named Rahab; and from her learned all those things about
the city that they needed to know.
But the king of Jericho heard that two Israelites were in the city, and
at once he suspected them of being spies. Accordingly he sent
messengers to seize them and put them in prison. The messengers
came, bearing with them the authority of the king; but the two men
were hid away by Rahab, and the messenger went away.
"I know," Rahab said, "that this land belongs to you; that God hath
promised it to you; for I have heard of the wonderful things that
God hath done for you and your people. Because of this I have
hidden you beneath the flax on the housetop; and now, when your
people come to take the city, forget not me. Tell your people the
protection given you in this house; then shall your soldiers spare me
in the downfall of the city."
Then the Israelites promised that, in the ransacking of the city, this
woman Rahab should be spared.
"When we are gone," they said, "fasten a red cord upon the window
of the house. Then, when we enter the city, the house in whose
window the red cord is, shall be spared."
At night the woman let the Israelites down from the roof of the
house by a rope, and they hurried away to join the Israelites.
In a few days the army of the Israelites appeared before the walls of
Jericho. The gates were closed, and the king's armies within were
ready to resist the attack.
What were the Israelites to do? Should they attack the city with
battering rams and meet the people with spears and swords?
This was the way of besieging cities in those days; and it was for
this kind of an attack that the people within were prepared. But this
was not the way the Israelites were to do their work; for God had
told them, even while in the wilderness, that the walls of Jericho
were to be beaten down in a way most strange. They were to take
their Ark up to the walls of the city. They were to draw up their
soldiers in line. The priests were to bear the Ark, and together all
were to march around the city, the priests blowing their trumpets as
they passed before the Ark.
Not a spear was to be thrown; not a sword was to be drawn. For
seven days they were to do this; but on the seventh day they were
to march seven times around the city. Then, amid the shouting of
the people and the blowing of the trumpets, the walls would fall;
and so the city would lie open before them. All this the Israelites did;
and on the seventh day it came about even as Joshua said it should,
—the walls fell with a terrible crash. Then the Israelites marched in
and took the city. The house of Rahab they did not forget. They
brought her and all her family out from the burning city and placed
her in safety among their own women and children.

THE WALLS OF JERICHO FALLING DOWN.

Great loads of gold and silver and brass and iron they took from the
city. All of this they saved for the building of a temple; for they had
been warned to save no part of the city's wealth for their own use.
In all this the Israelites obeyed, save one man. He, Achan, thinking
no one saw him, took some of the riches and carried them away and
hid them. Now, Joshua knew nothing of all this; but the next day,
when the army went against the little city of Ai, behold the Israelites
were driven back defeated. Even Joshua's heart was heavy. He could
not see why it should have been; but when he knelt before God,
God said to him, "Never can I fight for my people while there is sin
among them. Go find Achan; he hath hidden gold in the tent. Accuse
him before the people and put him to death. Then again shall
success be with the Israelites."
Joshua went before his people and told them what God had said to
him. Then Achan was called before the Israelites and put to death.
"Now," said Joshua, "let us go against the city of Ai again." They
went; and this time the city was taken, and the people bowed before
the power of the Israelites, acknowledging them as their masters.
 THE GIBEONITES.
The sun stood still, the moon it stayed
Till Israel's vengeance was allayed
Upon his enemy,
Pausing all that awful day
And glowing brilliantly.
While these cities were being taken, the Gibeonites had heard of the
coming of the Israelites and of their great conquests. Now, these
Gibeonites were a strong people; and so, when they heard these
things, they made preparations for the attack which they feared.
First, they sent messengers to Joshua.
"We wish to make peace with you," the messenger said.
"If you are Canaanites," said Joshua, "we can make no peace with
you."
"But we are not Canaanites," the messengers said. "Behold we come
from a great distance. Do you not see how dry our bread is, and
how broken our bottles are? Our shoes, too, see how they are worn!
All these were new when we began our journey; but we have been
so long on the road, they are worn. We have heard of your coming,
as have all the kings round about our country. We know how great is
your power; and that is why we have come to beg you to be at
peace with our people."
Now, this story was in no wise true; but Joshua believed it, and the
Gibeonites went away pleased indeed that they had succeeded so
well.
But a few days after, Joshua learned that these Gibeonites had been
untrue to him, and that they dwelt in the very midst of the country
of Canaan.
"Why have you deceived us?" he asked of their leaders.
The leaders could make no reply. They could only say, "But you
promised not to slay us."
"That is true," Joshua replied. "And we will not break our promise.
We will not slay you; but we will take all prisoners, and you shall
serve us as slaves all the days of your life."
The Gibeonites were heavy hearted indeed. They had fallen into
their own pit; for they would rather have died than become slaves.
But now there was no hope for them, and they could only bow their
proud heads beneath the yoke.
Hardly had the Israelites and the Gibeonites made peace with each
other in this way, when down came the Amorites upon the
Gibeonites to fight them.
 JOSHUA COMMANDING THE SUN TO STAND STILL.

The Gibeonites, frightened at the appearance of the great army, fled

to Joshua for help.
"We shall protect you as our servants and slaves," was the answer.
And so, when the Amorites came, it was the Israelites that marched
out against them.
A terrible battle followed. For a time no one could have told which
army was to be victorious. Many were falling among the Amorites;
still their army was pressing forward.
If only the day would not come to an end! If only the darkness
would not fall! If only they might keep on with the battle till the
Amorites, exhausted, should fall back! To give up the battle and
begin again in the morning would be to give the Amorites
opportunity to regain strength and courage.
Then the thought came to Joshua, "Why should night come? Why
should not the sun and the moon stand still in the heavens until this
battle is finished and the Amorites are driven back?"

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMY OF THE AMORITES.

And as he thought, lo! the prayer was answered, and the sun and
the moon did stand still.
Hour after hour passed; the two armies fought on; the Amorites
grew weaker and weaker. Why did not the sun go down? Why did
the darkness not come to give them rest?
At last the Amorites could hold out no longer. The army turned and
fled. The Israelites pursued. The kings hid themselves in a great
cave. But Joshua pursued these still. He rolled great stones up
before the cave and held them there prisoners. Then, when the
Amorites had been scattered, Joshua came back to the cave,
brought out the offending kings and slew them all.
So the contention for the possession of the land of Canaan went on.
One by one the tribes were overcome; and at last Canaan was in the
control of the Israelites.
But now Joshua had grown to be an old man. He knew that the end
of his life was near at hand. So he called the people together and
told them, even as Moses had told them, of all the wonderful things
that had happened to God's chosen people in all the four hundred
years since they had come out of Egypt.
Then he appealed to them in the name of God, who had led them
safely into the land of Canaan; he begged them never to forget that
they were the Children of Israel, and that the religion of the people
into whose land they had come, an idolatrous religion, was not for
them. Then the people all promised to be true to the religion of their
fathers; and Joshua, taking the great book of the law, wrote their
promise in it. More than that, he rolled a great stone up beneath an
oak tree and said, "Look at the great stone. It has heard your
promise that you will serve always the one God. Guard that stone;
and let it be a remembrance to you of the promise you have made."
The people went away sad at heart; for they knew they should never
look again upon their patient leader and teacher, who had been so
faithful and true to them in all the years he had been with them.
DEBORAH
 EHUD AND DEBORAH.
For a few years the Israelites remembered their promise; but alas!
they were very prone to sink back into the idolatry which surrounded
them. And it was not very long before they were worshipping idols,
even as were the heathen tribes round about them.
And again God sent cruel enemies to fight against them; again they
cried to Him, and He heard them. For eighteen years they served
Eglon, the cruel, wicked king of Moab. But at last God sent the
Israelites a man to help them, whose name was Ehud.
Ehud told them to send a present to Eglon, and he would be its
bearer. The Israelites did this, and Ehud, making a dagger, and
hiding it under his clothes, went to Moab. When he came to the king
he said, "I have a secret to tell and must see the king alone." So
Eglon sent away his servants. When they were alone, Ehud took out
his dagger and thrust it into the king's body. Then Ehud ran out from
the room, locked the doors after him, and so escaped.
No one saw Ehud go; and when the servants found the doors
locked, they thought their master had fallen asleep, and so they
made no attempt to go in. Many hours passed. At last the servants
began to wonder why the king did not send for them. Night came
on. Still the king did not awake; and so, at last, they took a key and
opened the door.
What did they see? There lay the king upon the ground,—dead!
Ehud, meantime, had come back again, bringing many soldiers with
him; and the Israelites fought against the Moabites and conquered
them.
For some time after this the people held firmly to their faith, and
Ehud led them. But Ehud died; and then the Israelites again rebelled
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