INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

1. Short notes on

a. Luminous flux
Ans : Luminous flux is a term used to describe the amount of light produced by
a light source in all directions.

It's an important concept in lighting design because it helps determine how

much light is needed for a particular application.
SI units is lumen (lm)

Symbol ϕ

b. Luminous intensity
Ans: Luminous intensity is a term used to describe the amount of light emitted
by a light source in a specific direction.
It is used in measuring the brightness of displays, such as LED screens or
projectors.
 Luminous intensity tells you how bright a light source appears in a particular
direction.
 A light source with high luminous intensity is useful for highlighting specific
objects or areas.
 A light source with lower luminous intensity but a wider beam angle may be
better for general illumination of a room.

SI Unit is Candela ( Luminous flux per unit solid angle )

c. Illumination
Ans : Illumination is the amount of light that falls on a surface.
SI units is lux or foot-candles.

Illumination levels can be controlled through the use of dimmers, shades, and
other lighting controls.

Illumination levels can be affected by factors such as the type and placement
of light sources, the reflectivity of surfaces, and the presence of glare or
shadows
 d. Candle power
Ans : Candlepower (abbreviated as cp or CP) is a unit of measurement
for luminous intensity.

 Candlepower is an older term used to describe the luminous intensity of a light

source.
 It is now mostly replaced by the unit of measurement called candelas (cd).
 Candlepower measures how much light a source emits in a specific direction, relative
to the light emitted by a standard candle.
 The higher the candlepower, the brighter the light source appears in that direction.
 However, it is important to note that candlepower is an outdated term, and using
modern units like candelas is more accurate and precise.

e. Maintenance factor
Ans : Maintenance factor is a measure of how well a lighting system can
maintain its brightness over time.
The higher the maintenance factor, the better the lighting system can maintain
its brightness, which means it will require less maintenance.
Maintenance factor can be improved through the use of high-quality lamps
and fixtures

f. MCB
Ans : MCB stands for Miniature Circuit Breaker.
It is an electromechanical device that is used to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by excessive current. MCBs are commonly used in
residential, commercial, and industrial settings to protect electrical equipment
and wiring from damage due to overcurrents, short circuits, and ground faults.

 MCBs can be reset manually after they have tripped, which makes them a
convenient and cost-effective solution for protecting electrical circuits.

 MCBs are considered a more advanced and efficient alternative to traditional

fuses, as they provide better protection and can be easily reset without the
need for replacement.

 MCBs are designed to automatically trip and disconnect the circuit when an
overcurrent is detected, which helps to prevent damage to the electrical
system and potential fire hazards.
g. MCCB
Ans : MCCB stands for Molded Case Circuit Breaker. It is a type of circuit
breaker that is designed for use in larger, high current applications. MCCBs are
commonly used in industrial and commercial settings to protect electrical
systems and equipment from damage caused by overcurrents, short circuits.

 MCCBs are designed to trip and disconnect the circuit automatically

when an overcurrent is detected, which helps to prevent damage to the
electrical system and potential fire hazards.
 MCCBs are more advanced and efficient than traditional fuses, as they
provide better protection and can be easily reset without the need for
replacement.
 MCCBs are an important component of electrical systems, and their
proper selection and installation is critical for ensuring the safety and
reliability of the system.

h. ELCB
Ans : ELCB stands for Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker. It is a safety device that
protects against electric shock caused by electrical faults in appliances and
circuits. It works by detecting small current leaks to earth and quickly
disconnecting the power supply if a leak is detected.

An ELCB is an important safety device that helps prevent electrical shock and
fire caused by faults in electrical circuits.

i. Single line diagram

Ans : A single line diagram (SLD) is like a map of an electrical power system. It
shows the important parts of the system, like generators, transformers, and
switches, and how they are connected to each other.

The diagram uses a single line to represent how the electricity flows through
the system. Symbols are used to show each component and how they are
connected.

The reason for having an SLD is to make it easy for engineers and operators to
understand how the system works.
2. With labelled diagram Define Lambert's cosine law and also derive its expression.
Ans:
3. What is Incandescent Lamp, Fluorescent lamp and Discharge Lamp?
Ans: Incandescent Lamp
An incandescent lamp/bulb is a type of light bulb that produces light by heating a
filament wire until it glows .
These bulbs are usually made of glass and filled with an inert gas like argon, which
helps prevent the filament from burning up. Incandescent bulbs are simple to use
and produce a warm, yellowish light, but they are not very energy-efficient.
Fluorescent lamp
It's a light bulb that produces light by passing an electric current through a gas that
contains mercury vapor. They're more energy-efficient than incandescent bulbs and
can last up to 10 times longer, but they take a few seconds to turn on and produce a
cooler, bluish light.

Discharge Lamp
It's a type of light bulb that produces light by passing an electric current through a
gas or vapor, which then emits light. They come in different types and produce
brighter, more intense light, but require special fixtures and can take a few minutes
to turn on.

4. With help of diagram discuss working principles of fluorescent lamp and discharge
Lamp.
Ans : Fluorescent lamp
A fluorescent lamp is a type of light bulb that produces light by passing an electric
current through a gas that contains mercury vapor. The lamp consists of a long,
narrow glass tube that is coated with a phosphor powder on the inside. The tube is
filled with the gas, which is typically a mixture of argon and mercury vapor.

When you turn on a fluorescent lamp, an electric current flows through the gas in the
tube, ionizing the gas and causing it to emit ultraviolet (UV) light. The UV light strikes
the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube, causing it to fluoresce and produce
visible light. The color of the light produced depends on the type of phosphor coating
used.

Fluorescent lamps require a ballast to regulate the amount of current flowing

through the lamp. The ballast provides a high voltage to start the lamp and then
regulates the current to maintain a steady light output. The ballast also helps to
prevent the lamp from flickering or buzzing.

One of the benefits of fluorescent lamps is that they are more energy-efficient than
incandescent lamps. They can produce the same amount of light using only a fraction
of the energy, which makes them a popular choice for commercial and residential
lighting applications. Fluorescent lamps can also last up to 10 times longer than
incandescent lamps, making them a cost-effective and environmentally friendly
option for lighting.

Discharge Lamp

A discharge lamp is a type of light bulb that produces light by passing an electric
current through a gas or vapor.
There are several types of discharge lamps, including fluorescent lamps, high-
intensity discharge (HID) lamps, and neon lamps.

The basic principle behind all discharge lamps is the same: an electric current flows
through a gas or vapor, causing the gas molecules or atoms to become ionized and
emit light. The color of the light produced depends on the type of gas or vapor used.

In an HID lamp, for example, the lamp contains a small amount of gas, usually a
mixture of metal halides or mercury vapor, inside a quartz or ceramic arc tube.
 When you turn on the lamp, an electric current flows through the gas, ionizing it and
causing it to emit light. The light is produced by an electric arc that jumps between
two electrodes inside the arc tube. The arc is surrounded by a gas that helps to
regulate the current and prevent the lamp from overheating.

HID lamps are used in, street lighting, sports arenas, and automotive headlights,
because they produce a very bright light that can illuminate large areas.

Neon lamps work on a similar principle, but instead of using a gas or vapor, they use
neon gas to produce a bright, colorful light. When you turn on a neon lamp, an
electric current flows through the gas, ionizing it and causing it to emit light.

Overall, discharge lamps are more energy-efficient and produce brighter, more
intense light than incandescent lamps, making them a popular choice for a wide
range of lighting applications.

5. What is Loop-in Method of Wiring? Write its Advantages and Disadvantages.

Ans: The loop-in method of wiring is a simple and easy way to connect electrical
devices, such as lights and switches, in a circuit.

In this method, a single cable is used to connect all the devices in the circuit. The
cable is run from the first device to the last device, and each device is connected to
the cable using a separate connection point.

Advantages of Loop-in Method:

1. It is easy to install and requires less wiring than other methods.

2. It allows for flexibility in the wiring layout, making it easy to add or remove devices
from the circuit.
3. It is cost-effective, making it a popular choice for home wiring.

Disadvantages of Loop-in Method:

1. If one device in the circuit fails, it can affect the operation of all the other devices in
the circuit.
2. Troubleshooting problems in the circuit can be difficult, as the cable is connected to
multiple devices.
3. It may not be suitable for larger circuits, as the voltage drop in the cable can affect
the performance of the devices.
Overall, the loop-in method is a simple and cost-effective way to wire electrical devices, but it may
not be the best choice for larger or more complex circuits.
6. Discuss different tariff structures.
Ans: Tariff structures refer to the different ways that consumers are charged for the
electricity they use. Here are some common types of tariff structures.

1. Flat Rate Tariff: You pay a fixed amount for each unit of electricity you use, regardless
of when you use it.

2. Time-of-Use Tariff: The cost of electricity varies depending on the time of day. You
pay more for electricity during peak hours when demand is high and less during off-
peak hours.
3. Demand Tariff: You are charged based on your peak electricity usage during a billing
cycle.

4. Block Rate Tariff: You pay a lower rate for the first block of electricity usage and a
higher rate for subsequent blocks.

5. Seasonal Tariff: The cost of electricity varies depending on the season. Rates are
typically higher in the summer when air conditioning usage is high.

Overall, understanding the different tariff structures can help you make informed
decisions about your electricity usage and potentially save you money on your energy
bills.

7. What Factors to consider when Design of lighting schemes.

Ans When designing lighting schemes, you need to keep in mind:

 Purpose: What is the purpose of the space? Different spaces have different lighting
requirements. For example, a workspace may require brighter lighting than a
bedroom.

 Mood: What mood do you want to create in the space? Lighting can have a
significant impact on the atmosphere of a room. For example, warm and dim lighting
can create a cozy and intimate atmosphere, while bright and cool lighting can make a
space feel more energetic

 Natural light: How much natural light enters the space? Natural light can impact how
much artificial lighting is needed and where it should be placed.
 Room size and shape: The size and shape of the room can impact the type and
placement of lighting fixtures. A larger room may require more fixtures to adequately
light the space.

 Task lighting: Consider the specific tasks that will be performed in the space and
ensure that there is adequate lighting in those areas. For example, a kitchen may
require brighter lighting over the stove and countertop areas.

 Color temperature: The color temperature of the lighting can impact how objects and
colors appear in the space. Warm lighting can make colors appear more yellow or
orange, while cool lighting can make colors appear more blue or green.

 Energy efficiency: Consider energy-efficient lighting options to reduce energy costs

and minimize environmental impact.
By considering these factors, you can create a well-designed lighting scheme that meets
the needs of the space and its users

8. Write about any one type of Electrical Wiring System with their Advantages and
Disadvantages.
9. Numerical problem based on lighting design. Such as-
a. A room with an area of 6 × 9 m is illustrated by ten 80-W lamps. The luminous
efficiency of the lamp is 80 lumens/W and the coefficient of utilization is 0.65.
Find the average illumination.
b. An office 10m X 5m requires an illumination level of 300 lux on the working
plane. It is proposed to use 40 watt fluorescent fittings having a rated output
of 2440 lumens each. Design the lighting scheme.
10. Discuss space-height ratio and its importance with suitable diagram.
11. Discuss LT panel components with suitable diagram.
12. Discuss different types of earthing system.