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CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES

Global Pandemic
Threats

A REFERENCE HANDBOOK

Michael C. LeMay
Copyright © 2016 by ABC-CLIO, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review,
without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: LeMay, Michael C., 1941– author.
Title: Global pandemic threats : a reference handbook /
Michael C. LeMay.
Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO,
[2016] | Series: Contemporary world issues | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016016079 | ISBN 9781440842825
(alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440842832 (ebook)
Subjects: | MESH: Pandemics
Classification: LCC GB5014 | NLM WA 105 |
DDC 363.34/9—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016016079
ISBN: 978-1-4408-4282-5
EISBN: 978-1-4408-4283-2
20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5
This book is also available as an eBook.
ABC-CLIO
An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC
ABC-CLIO, LLC
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
www.abc-clio.com
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
Contents

Preface, xvii

1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY, 3

Introduction, 3
Notable Epidemic/Pandemic Diseases of the Past, 7
Yellow Fever, 8
Smallpox, 11
Cholera, 17
Plague, 30
Influenza, 37
Trachoma, 47
Germ Theory and Medical Science Developments
to Cope with Pandemics, 49
The Pandemics of the 20th Century, 55
Conclusion, 57
References, 58

2 PROBLEMS, CONTROVERSIES, AND SOLUTIONS, 65

Introduction, 65

vii
viii Contents

Problems, 66
The Inevitability of a Future Pandemic, 66
Political Exigencies Tend to Trump Medical
Advice, 77
While Preventive Medicine is Best, It Is Too
Often Ignored, 78
Mission Complexity Hampers Effective
Response, 80
As Man Adapts to Nature, Nature Adapts to
Man, 84
Humankind Is Its Own Enemy, 88
The Special Threat of Bioterrorism, 91
The Need for an Early Warning System in a
Complex, Interconnected World, 94
Establishing International Cooperation to Face
a Global Threat, 97
The Need for Elaborate International and
National Planning, 101
Controversies, 104
The Antivaccination Movement, 104
Primitive Health Care in Developing
Countries, 105
Large-Scale Urbanization Spreads Disease, 105
Extreme Poverty in the Developing
World, 106
Returning Health-Care Workers, 106
The Need for Clinical Trial Speedups, 106
The Demand for Protective Clothing, 107
Economic Impacts of Pandemics, 107
 Contents ix

The Need for Pandemic Preparedness, 107

How Strong Should the Powers of the
WHO Be?, 108
Solutions, 108
Conclusion, 109
References, 111

3 PERSPECTIVES, 117

Introduction, 117
Perspectives on HIV/AIDS Pandemic in the United
States, South Africa, and Sri Lanka: Liesl Nydegger, 117
“Quick Response” Deployment Assists Ebola
Crisis Humanitarian Mission: As told to the author
by Staff Sergeant Jose Marquez and Specialist Rion
McWilliams, U.S. Army, 124
Fighting Measles at the Grassroots Level: Lions Clubs
International Foundation, 129
Samaritan’s Purse International Relief Medical
Responses: Haiti, Philippines, and Ebola: Bev Kauffeldt,
Linda M. Mobula, and Lance Plyler, 134
Dengue Fever: Amanda Naprawa, 139
Vaccines Are the Key to Preventing Global Disease
Pandemics: Angela Quinn, 145
How to End a Disease: The Global Polio Eradication
Initiative: John Hewko, 153
Air Travel and Aedes Mosquito-borne Diseases:
Sahotra Sarkar, 160
x Contents

4 PROFILES, 167

People, 167
Anthony Banbury (1964– ), 167
Emil von Behring (1854–1917), 168
Seth Berkley (1956– ), 169
Kent Brantly, 170
Larry Brilliant, 170
John S. Brownstein, 171
Donald S. Burke, 172
Albert Calmette (1863–1933), 172
Ernst Chain (1906–1979), 173
Margaret Chan, 174
Nancy Cox, 174
Grace Eldering (1900–1988), 175
John Franklin Enders (1897–1985), 175
Paul Farmer (1959– ), 176
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), 177
Howard Florey (1898–1968), 177
Tom Frieden (1960– ), 178
Keiji Fukuda, 179
William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920), 180
Lawrence Gostin, 180
Camille Guerin (1872–1961), 180
Alan Hay, 181
David K. Henderson, 182
Donald A. Henderson (1928– ), 182
Maurice Hilleman (1919–2005), 183
Edward Jenner (1749–1823), 184
 Contents xi

Pearl Kendrick (1890–1980), 185

Kamran Khan, 185
Ron Klain (1961– ), 186
Robert Koch (1843–1910), 186
Joseph Lister (1827–1912), 187
Vivek H. Murthy, 188
Michael Osterholm, 189
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), 190
Peter Piot (1949– ), 190
Ludwick Rajchman (1881–1965), 191
Walter Reed (1851–1902), 192
Frederick C. Robbins (1916–2003), 193
Frederick F. Russell (1870–1960), 194
Albert Sabin (1906–1993), 194
Jonas Salk (1915–1995), 195
Sahotra Sarkar (1962– ), 196
Jeffrey Shaman, 197
George Miller Sternberg
(1838–1915), 197
Jeffrey Taubenberger (1961– ), 198
Benjamin Waterhouse (1754–1846), 199
Thomas H. Weller (1915–2008), 199
Nathan Wolfe, 200
Michael Worobey, 201
Almroth Edward Wright (1861–1947), 202
Raymond Zilinskas, 202
Organizations, 203
Agency for International Development
(AID), 203
xii Contents

Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry

(ATSDR), 203
American Association for the History of
Medicine, 204
American Medical Association, 204
American Public Health Association, 204
Association for Preventive Teaching and Research
(APTR), 204
Association of Medical Microbiology and
Infectious Diseases (Canada), 204
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 205
Buffett Foundation, 205
Center for AIDS Intervention Research, 205
Center for Biologics Evaluative Research, 205
Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies, 206
Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious
Diseases (at the CDC), 206
Center for Infectious Disease Research
and Policy, 207
Center for Research on Influenza Pathogens
(CRIP), 207
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), 207
Centers for Excellence for Influenza Research and
Surveillance (CEIRS at NIAID), 208
Commissioned Corps Readiness Force, 208
Eco Health Alliance, 208
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 209
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (ECDC), 209
 Contents xiii

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 209

Global Vaccines.org, 210
Global Viral, 210
Google.org, 210
Health Alert Network, 210
International Red Cross, 211
Lions Clubs International, 211
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International, 211
Metabiota, 212
Metropolitan Medical Response System, 212
National Communicable Disease Center, 212
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID), 212
National Institutes of Health, 212
National Pharmaceutical Stockpile (NPS), 213
New York Influenza Center of Excellence
(NYICE), 213
Orthopoxvirus Genomic and Bioinformatics
Resource Center, 213
Partners in Health, 213
Rockefeller Foundation, 214
Rotary International (PolioPlus), 214
Samaritan’s Purse, 215
Skoll Global Threats Fund, 215
Society for General Microbiology, 215
State Center of Virology and Technology, 216
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), 216
xiv Contents

UN High Commission for Refugees

(UNHCR), 216
UN International Children’s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF), 216
UN World Health Organization (WHO), 217
United States Army Medical Research Institute
of Infectious Diseases, 217
Wellcome Trust, 218
World Federation of Public Health Associations, 218

5 DATA AND DOCUMENTS, 221

Data, 221
Table 5.1: Timetable of the 2014 Ebola
Pandemic, 221
Table 5.2: The Nine Deadliest Viruses, 223
Table 5.3: Chronology of U.S. Legislation
Regarding USMHS/PHS, 224
Table 5.4: An Overview of the HIV/AIDS
Pandemic, 226
Table 5.5: Ebola Outbreaks in West Africa, 226
Table 5.6: Major Epidemics in U.S. History, 227
Table 5.7: Quarantinable Diseases by Executive
Order, 229
Table 5.8: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and
Antibiotic Resistance, 229
Table 5.9: Surgeon Generals of the United States
Public Health Service, 230
Table 5.10: Emerging Pathogens Worldwide,
1930 to Present, 231
Table 5.11: Critical Pathogen Agents, 233
 Contents xv

Table 5.12: Timeline of the Pioneers of

Vaccines, 234
Map 5.1: Zika Outbreak, 2015–2016, 236
Figure 5.1 Ebola, 237
Figure 5.2 The 1918 Influenza Pandemic, 238
Figure 5.3 The Scope and Impact of HIV/AIDS
in the United States, 239
Figure 5.4 World Prevalence of Tuberculosis, 240
Documents, 240
Letter from Lady Montagu Regarding Inoculation
against Smallpox (1717), 240
Arguments over a Smallpox Vaccine (1722), 242
Newspaper Article on a Smallpox Outbreak in
New York City (1731), 242
The Scourge of Yellow Fever, Philadelphia
(1793), 243
Winfield Scott on the Cholera Epidemic
during the Black Hawk War (1832), 246
Raphael Semmes’s Account of an Epidemic
aboard Ship during the Mexican War
(1851), 248
Massachusetts Law Requiring Vaccination of
School Children (1855), 251
Act of March 3, 1891, Allowing Medical Exams
by the USMHS, 252
Walter Reed and the Eradication of Yellow
Fever, 254
Excerpts from Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), 256
Excerpts from Clara Barton’s Article on Yellow
Fever in Cuba (1912), 267
xvi Contents

Charter of the World Health Organization

(1946), 269
The WHO’s Global Immunization Vision and
Strategy Program (2006), 273

6 RESOURCES, 277
Introduction, 277
Selected Print Resources, 277
Books, 277
Scholarly Journals, 306
Nonprint Sources, 316
Films, 316
Videos, 317

7 CHRONOLOGY, 327
Glossary, 333
Index, 347
About the Author, 365
Preface

Global Pandemic Threats: A Reference Handbook offers answers

to essential questions about global pandemic threats that are
accessible to high school and undergraduate students, as well
as general readers interested in the discourse about the topic.
Despite great advances in modern medicine and scientific med-
ical technology, mankind around the world still faces a very
real threat of pandemic diseases. Past and present outbreaks of
epidemics and pandemics are studied so as to better prepare for
the fight against future pandemics.
Global Pandemic Threats explores in detail the variety of
pandemic threats facing the global population today, as well
as issues arising in the aftermath of pandemics. It discusses a
host of diseases such as Ebola, influenza, Middle East respira-
tory syndrome (MERS), cholera, methicillin-resistant Staphy-
lococcus aureus (MRSA), HIV/AIDS, and others that have the
potential to become pandemics, as well as vaccination cam-
paigns aimed at eradication or the mitigation of the impact
of those diseases. The book highlights efforts that have been
undertaken to contain them. A perspectives chapter allows a
broad range of voices in the pandemic discourse to be heard,
allowing for crucial viewpoints to be articulated to round out
the author’s expertise on the subject.
This volume addresses a number of questions about pan-
demic threats and related issues. What diseases present the
biggest threat and why? What can be done to stop or con-
tain outbreaks of epidemics of dangerous contagious diseases
before they become pandemic in nature and scope? How can

xvii
xviii Preface

the medical profession and medical science prepare the public

to deal with such epidemic diseases? What are the social, eco-
nomic, and related long-term impacts of pandemics? What can
be done to minimize such impacts? What can we learn from
pandemics of the past centuries to better prepare for those
to come?
The global nature of pandemics also raises certain issues that
are examined herein. What diseases pose the greater threat and
why? What can be done to prevent pandemics? How can such
organizations as the Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion or the World Health Organization better prepare the pub-
lic to deal with pandemic diseases? What will be some social,
economic, and political long-term impacts of pandemics, and
what measures can be taken to mitigate such impacts?
Global Pandemic Threats is organized into eight chapters.
Chapter 1, “Background and History,” introduces the readers
to major pandemics in human history and examines the social
and cultural context in which these outbreaks occurred. The
chapter highlights key moments along the global pandemic
timeline, including a review of the work of the pioneers in the
development of modern medicine and of medical science. Its
historical overview provides readers with the context in which
to assess current pandemic threats, addressing the importance
of this subject matter. The chapter synthesizes the extensive
body of literature on the subject. Its review of the discourse is
comprehensive and presented in an unbiased manner, present-
ing the topic for the reader’s consumption.
Chapter 2, “Problems, Controversies, and Solutions,”
outlines the most controversial events related to global pan-
demic threats and how governmental and nongovernmen-
tal organizations comprising the medical professions and
related health-care providers have addressed them. It details
the scientific controversies related to how these organizations
and actors cope with pandemics. Finally, the chapter dis-
cusses some of the proposed solutions to those problems and
controversies.