IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Presentation By:- 1) Mr. S. Ramesh (QSD)

2) Mr.Paranitharan (QSD)
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

History of Tiling
Historically, man has desired to create living spaces which were
beautiful, durable, and user friendly. With that in mind, ceramic tile
has been made by man for 4000 years. Some might argue that the
period may extend back considerably longer. Without a doubt, it has
been a long time.
Early in its history, tile was only for the affluent. Kings, Queens,
Princes, and the Churches were normally the only users.
Beautiful tiled surfaces have been found in the oldest pyramids, the
ruins of Babylon, and ancient ruins of Greek cities. Actually, it is
believed that tile was first manufactured in ancient Egypt.
Tiles can be a beautiful, durable, easily cleaned, and affordable
surface. It became a widely used product on almost every continent
of the modern world.
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Advantages of Tiling Work

Tiles have several advantages :-
Tiles have substantial thickness make them very
durable
The wearing surface glazed resist abrasion
Tiles surface easy easy to clean and are resistant to
vigorous cleaning, preferred for wet areas.
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IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Type of Tiles
Ceramic Tiles – tiles can be glazed or unglazed. Glazed tiles are
available plain or decorated and can be used on
walls and floors.
Unglazed - ceramic floor tiles are more suited to commercial
and industrial settings, but can be used in laundries
and utility rooms. They are available with a non-slip
profile.
Quarry Tiles - a traditional product made in the UK for hundreds of
year. They are made from natural clay, squeezed
through an extruding machine, and then fired. They
are mostly available in terracotta, black and white
colours.
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Type of Tiles
Terracotta – Made from local clays. Terracotta means "cooked
earth" and these products tend to be very
absorbent, so need sealing when used on the floor.
Porcelain - ceramic tiles, but with a very low absorbency. They
are usually made from kaolin clays, feldspar, silica
and colouring oxides and are fired at about 1200oC.
Porcelain tiles are hard wearing and can be used on
walls or floors.
Mosaics - very small tiles, usually less than 35cm2. Mosaics
can be glazed or unglazed and made from porcelain,
ceramic, glass or natural stone.
Natural Stone Products – Lime stone, marble and granite are
quarried from earth. Some are extremely
hard and soft.
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IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Tools for Tiling Works

- Spirit level

- Wall Tile Leveler

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Tools for Tiling Works

- Tiles Cutter

- Float
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Tools for Tiling Works

- Saw Cutter

- Rubber Mallet
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Tools for Tiling Works

- Rolling Cart

- Pointing Trowel
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Tools for Tiling Works

- Corner Float

- Notched Adhesive Spreader

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Tools for Tiling Works

- mesh tile file for smoothing
and removing excess tile

- Hand glove
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Tools for Tiling Works

- Grout Bag with grout tip

- Floor Scraper
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Tools for Tiling Works

- tile spacer

- Grout Scrub Sponge

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Tools for Tiling Works

- Chalk/Ink Line aluminium case

- Tile Nipper
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Tools for Tiling Works
- Plumb String

- Steel Trowel
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Tools for Tiling Works

- Rubber Squeegee

- Measurement Tape
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Tools for Tiling Works

- Pail

- Laser Line Controller

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IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Ceramic Tiles Selection Criteria

Water Absorption

Traffic and Load Conditions

Slip Resistance

Dimensions & Surface Quality

Thickness

Stain Resistance

Chemical Resistance
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Bedding
- Bedding material are often classified as mortar or adhesive.
- For buttering cement mortar, the bedding thickness should be as follow:-
a) Wall Tiling – 6 – 12 mm, excluding the depth of mortar in keys

b) Floor Tiling – 2 – 6 mm, excluding the depth of mortar in keys

Bedding Material Selection Criteria

a) Types of Tiles
b) Types of Substrate
c) Application properties of bedding material
d) Final properties of bedding material
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Requirements of Substrates Preparation

a) Floor :-
i) Reinforced Concrete Floor :-
Screeding required. The screed maybe bonded or unbonded
depending on the flexibility of the substrate
Pipe and ducts should not be laid within the thickness of a screed.

ii) Screed Thickness :-

- Nominal thickness of site batched bonded screed should be
40mm & not < 25mm
- Nominal thickness of site batched unbonded screed should be
75mm & not < 50mm.
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Requirements of Substrates Preparation

b) Wall :-
i) Masonry Walls - Rendering required

ii) Reinforced Concrete Walls

- If level satisfies, they may be able to receiving tiling directly.
Otherwise rendering required.
- A splash coat may be applied before rendering work to enhance
bonding

iii) Site batched render, is total thickness should not be > 20mm
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Grout Joints
- Grout are classified into cementitious and reaction resin type.
- Grout to have suitability fineness and consistency that are compatible
with the designed joints width, such that grout can fill the joints
successfully

Grout Selection Criteria

a) Application properties
b) Shrinkage resistance
c) Compressive strength
d) Water absorption
e) Chemical Resistance
f) Staining
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD
Recommended Minimum Joint width for Tiles

Tile Type Minimum tile joint width

Dry pressed wall tiles 1.5 mm

Extruded wall tiles 6 mm

Dry pressed floor tiles 3 mm

Extruded floor tiles 6 – 10 mm

IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Movement Joints
- Accommodate movement in large continuous finished areas or
between adjacent building components (e.g. brickwall & concrete
column)

a) In-situ joints which are formed during construction or sawn cut

aftrewards,filled with filler board and backed rod and sealed with
a suitable sealant.

b) Prefabricated movement joints which are installed prior to the

laying of tiles.
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Planning of Tile Layout

Before prepare tile layout designer to consider the minimum joint
width and the tolerance of selected tiles.
Tile layout planning should consider the size of tiles used and shape
of the area to be tiled.
Tile layout shall be planned from the centre of the tiling area around
the floor perimeter.(Refer figure 1 )
Care should be taken to minimize the number of tiles that need to be
cut for satisfactory visual effect
Before commencing any pre-tiling work, checked all M&E services are
well incorporated and coordinated in the approved shop drawings
Construct a mock-up unit for client and architect approval before
actual tiling works
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Planning of Tile Layout

Figure 1: Planning of Tile Layout

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Waterproofing
Protection of tiles from damages due to rising damp and direct contact
with water, such as shower compartment
Rising damp prevented by a vapour barrier in the form of polyethylene
sheet below floor slab and/or of any damp proof-course in wall
In wet areas, a waterproofing membrane always be installed to
prevent water penetrating to the neighboring areas and below.
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Waterproofing
Appropriate tools must be used for the different waterproofing
materials and areas, as specified by manufacturer.

Applying the protective slurry coat with a steel trowel may damage the membrane
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Waterproofing
Tools for applying water proofing membrane
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Waterproofing
Application of waterproofing membrane around wall and floor
junctions
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Waterproofing
Application of membrane at floor outlet
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Waterproofing
Application of waterproofing membrane to walls and floors
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

PREPARATORY WORKS
The following works are to be carried out to ensure proper
tiling works :-
a) Surface preparation

b) Screeding / rendering if necessary

c) Setting Out Tiling

Workers must be trained and competent for the job. Supervisor should
ensure that the steps are properly carried out by workers.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Surface Preparation
The surface of the substrate should be level/plumb and true to
design specification, or to a tolerance of 3mm measured by a 2
meter straight edge
When surface evenness not sufficient, screed or render should be
applied.
The substrate should be sound and stable, and free from any
loose substance (e.g,dust,debris or loosely bonding topping ) and
deleterious substance (e.g. oil and grease ) that may reduce or
inhibit adhesion.
Surface should be cleaned with a broom and then washed using
water jet.
When necessary, temporary shelter should be set up to protect the
work from direct sunlight,rain and excessive heat.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Surface Preparation for Different Substrates

Masonry surfaces
1) On-grade or below grade substrate should be applied with an
effective waterproofing membrane, such as bituminous-based liquid
membrane.

2) Rendering required
(Waterproofing works should be inspected before rendering)
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Surface Preparation for Different Substrates

Reinforced Concrete Surfaces
1) For Floor :-
- Brush surface with a stiff broom just before concrete begins to
harden to form mechanical key.
- Apply a slurry coat
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Surface Preparation for Different Substrates

Reinforced Concrete Surfaces
2) For Wall :-
- Apply a splash coat
- If level satisfies the condition specified, tiles can be applied
directly using suitable bedding material. Otherwise rendering
required.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Of Screed / Render

Determine the correct levels for the flooring to be laid, the setting of a
common reference line should be established
(usually market at the wall at 1m)
Prior to application of cement based materials, very dry and porous
surface should be pre-wetted generously with clean water
Excess water on the surface should be cleaned off such that the
substrate is in a saturated surface dry
To achieve a good and consistent mortar mix quality,pre-packed
mortar is preferred over the conventional cement and sand mortar
mix.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Of Screed / Render

a) For Wall :-
i) First coat of render should be applied in less than 15mm
ii) First course roughened by a wooden trowel to receive next layer
and allowed to dry for at least 12 hours.
iii)Subsequent coats shall be applied untill the required thickness
achieved
iv) Thickness of rendering should be as per consultant / architect /
suppliers recommendation
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Of Screed / Render

b) For Floor :-
i) Screed should be tamped down to remove any void and finished
with a wooden float.
ii) Screed thicker than 50mm,reinforcement should be placed in
middle as per consultant / architecture / suppliers recommendation
iii) Screed and render should be air cured for at least 7 days.
iv) Water mist spray with using hand pump or manual in the first 2
days to maintain good quality of the screed.
v ) After curing, a thorough check on the soundness of the screed to
be conducted using a metal rod. Crack should be rectified and
and witnessed by consultant / architect representative.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Of Screed / Render

b) For Floor :-
vi) M & E contractor should identify the concealed services
embedded in the wall / floor by marking their location on the
surface of the render/screed as a pre – cautionary measure to
prevent any damages to the concealed services arising from
subsequent works.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Of Screed / Render

IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Setting Out Tiling

Set out tile lines according to the approved tiling setting out drawings
Care should be taken to minimize the numbers of tiles that need to be
cut for satisfactory visual effects
Position of cut tiles should be planned and marked before tile laying
work
Tiling contractor to work out in advance the methods to deal with
interruptions at working area( such as openings)
It`s a good practice to allocate switches and power points at the edge
of tiles to minimize tile cutting.
Site supervisor / engineer should alert designer that changes in tile
sizes made after completion of mock up (where tile layout and pattern
were already decided) would affects the desired positions of services
such as switches and power points
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Setting Out Tiling

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INSTALLATION
Close supervision should be provided on both in process and finishes
work to achieve high overall quality of buildings.
Quality control be driven by the site management to ensure that
project can meet workmanship requirements.
Quality start with good planning. Before tiling work commence Method
statement, Inspection & Test Plan and checklist to ensure tiling work
done properly as per client requirements.
Inspection and Test Plan – which summaries the project’s inspection,
acceptance criteria and the frequency of
inspection
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Bedding Material Preparation

To prevent poor performance and failure, bedding materials should be
mixed with consistent proportions.
For specialized products, the manufacturer's instructions should be
followed, especially for the mixing proportions, procedure and slaking
time.
Mechanical mixer, clean container and clean water should be used for
mixing bedding materials, to achieve homogeneous paste free of
lumps
Re – tampering with water or solvent after the bedding material has
started to set may cause failure.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Bedding Material Preparation

Mixing bedding materials with mortar drum mixer
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Laying Tiles
When tiling work, site supervisor /engineer should ensure sufficient
light provided at surrounding area if tiles are slightly out of alignment
may show up badly when lighting falls on them.
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Tiles
Preparation and laying of different type of bedding materials
1) Cement Mortar
a) Damp screed surface to reduce suction
- Water is important to proper hydration of mortar and should not
absorbed by the substrate
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Tiles
Preparation and laying of different type of bedding materials
1) Cement Mortar
b) Soak porous tiles in clean water for a minimum of 30 minutes
and thereafter drain off excess water.
- prevents tiles from drawing water from the cement mortar
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Tiles
Preparation and laying of different type of bedding materials
2) Adhesives
a) Follow manufacturer's specification :-
- observe the setting time of adhesive
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Tiles
Preparation and laying of different type of bedding materials
2) Adhesives
b) Clean back of tile with a damp cloth if it is dusty
- Dust may become barrier against proper adhesion between tile and adhesive
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Tiles
Preparation and laying of different type of bedding materials
2) Adhesives
c) Spread adhesive within the reach of an arm’s length
- care should be taken to spread adhesive that can be completed to form a skin
- Tiles with deep groove should be filled with adhesive before being laid
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Tiles
Once tiles put in position, they should be uniformly tapped into place
to achieve good surface contact,
Spirit level should be used to ensure the evenness and levelness of
tiles
Plastic spacer should be used to control uniformity of tiles joint width
Tiles should only be adjusted within a time specified by the bedding
material manufacturer.
Once floor tiles freshly laid , keep human / loading traffic away from
them.
When tile bonding firm enough, cleaned thoroughly with a damp
sponge. This to avoid bedding material staining the tiles.
Tile bedding should be allowed to set for at least 24 hours before
grouting
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Laying Tiles
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

GROUTING
Dry or semi dry mix should not be allowed to fill the joints
To achieve consistency of colour grout, grouting to one location
should be in one operation using the same mixing ratio
Tiles joints should be filled completely with the grout paste by using a
soft trowel
Grout should be given sufficient time to set as per manufacturer
recommendation and excess grout should be removed from tile
surface with a damp towel or sponge
For first three day curing, site supervisor / engineer should ensure to
any physical impact and vibration arising from neighboring works
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

GROUTING
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Inspection of Tiling works

Tiles size should be consistent – within + / - 1% or up to 3mm or as
per client requirements
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Inspection of Tiling works

Joints are aligned and consistent with skirting and wall tiles
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Inspection of Tiling works

Consistent and neat pointing

Good Pointing Works Pointing defects – joints not properly

filled
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Inspection of Tiling works

Mortar stains or paint drips should not be sean

Good surface finishes Paint stains

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Inspection of Tiling works

Consistent color tone

Consistent tonality –patterns and Inconsistent tonality

shades are well blend
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Inspection of Tiling works

Surface are even (not more than 3mm over 1.2m). No ponding should
occur at any part of the floor.

Evenness < 3mm over 1.2m Evenness > 3mm over 1.2m
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Inspection of Tiling works

Lippage between 2 tiles should not more than 1mm

Measurement of different in height

between 2 tiles > 1mm
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Inspection of Tiling works

No chips,cracks and other visible damages

Chipping Cracks
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Inspection of Tiling works

No Hollow sound when tapped with a hard object
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Protection Method for Tiling Works

Traffic prohibited to use freshly laid tiling work for 4 days ,only light
foot traffic permitted for further 10 days

Protection to floor tiles should be provided immediately after their

completion,by mopping away all dust, dirt and grit and covering with
polyethylene sheets, canvas, cardboard or wooden board (for heavy
traffic)
Proper co-ordination among construction trades is critical in
preventing damages and rework
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Protection of Completed Tiling Work

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Protection of Completed Tiling Work

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IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Tiles
Site supervisor / store keeper should check the surface appearance of
tile upon delivery to site. No chip or cracks should be found
Dimension of tile as per specified in BQ/drawing
To prevent staining during storage, tiles should be wrapped and
stored in a dry, firm and level ground
Tiles should be stacked on pallets to prevent damages rising from
dampness
The stacking height should be limited to about three to four tile
cartons
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Storage of Tiles
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Bedding and Grouting materials

Bedding and grouting materials should be delivered and stored in
original packaging to ensure that seals and labels are kept intact until
time of use
Material should be prevented from damage or contamination by water,
moisture, excessive heat, foreign matter or other causes
Dry and ventilated storage facilities should be provided on site to
maintain the temperature range within appropriate levels
recommended by the material manufacturers
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Storage of Bedding and Grouting Materials

IJM CORPORATION BERHAD
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

IQSAS Requirement for Floor Tile Finishes

Standards Assessment Tools
1) Tile size should be consistent (within +/- 1%) or up to 3mm Measurement Tape

2) Surfaces are even and leveled to proper falls in wet areas Visual Observation &
like kitchen and toilet Spirit Level
3) Joints are aligned and consistent with skirting and wall tiles Visual Observation

4) Tiles should not butt tightly which each other; joint size Visual Observation &
2-4mm or otherwise stated by architect Measurement Tape
5) Chipping, cracks or mortar droppings should not be present Visual Observation

6) Hollowness should not be detected by tapping hard object Physical Observation

on the floor
7) Consistent color tone Visual Observation
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

IQSAS Requirement for Wall Tile Finishes

Standards Assessment Tools
1) Tile joints aligned and joint size 2-4mm or otherwise stated Visual Observation &
by architect Measurement Tape
2) Evenness of surface ( 4mm / 1.2m ) Straight Edge &
Measurement Tape
3) Tile size consistent ( within +/- 1 % ) Measurement Tape

4) Mortar stain or paint drips should not be seen Visual Observation

5) No chips, cracks or mortar stains Visual Observation

6) No hollowness should not be detected by tapping hard Physical Observation

object on the wall
7) Consistent color tone Visual Observation
IJM CORPORATION BERHAD
 IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Jointing
Dirty joints or bad pointing Possible Causes Recommendations

a) Poor quality of grout used -Select suitable grouting

materials
b) Joint not properly filled - Joint should be properly filled

c) Tiled surface not properly - Tiled surface to be properly

cleaned after tiling cleaned after setting time
 IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Finishing
Staining Possible Causes Recommendations

a) Stain by other trade after - proper protection

laying if unprotected

b) Spillage of chemicals - avoid spillage

c) Efflorescence : salts within the - Avoid excessive wetting

tiles or tile bed or cement
based substrate
 IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Evenness
Uneven surface or lippage Possible Causes Recommendations

a) Tiles have dimensional defects - select suitable tile

b) Varied tile thickness - Correct tile thickness
c) Uneven substrate or cement - Proper surface preparation
d) Incorrect bedding thickness - Use proper tools
e) Lack of curing on bedding material - Proper curing of bedding
material
f) Insufficient leveling of each tile - Ensure tiles are even and
level using spirit level
g) Insufficient tapping of the tiles into - ensure tiles are uniformly
position tapped onto place
h) Premature loading onto freshly - proper protection
completed tiling
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Cracks
Cracks Possible Causes Recommendations

a) Inadequate expansion/control joints - Allow movement joints

b) Tiles laid over crack - Need special treatment
c) Cutting and poor handling - Use proper tools
d) Direct Impact - Proper protection
e) Damage by other trade after laying if - Proper protection
unprotected
f) Crazing of glazed tiles due to - confirm soaking does not
moisture movement lead to crazing before
installation
g) Excessive external vibration - No butt joint
- Allow movement joints
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Chipping
Chipping Possible Causes Recommendations

a) Direct Impact - Proper protection

b) Damage by other trade after laying - Proper protection

if unprotected

c) Poor cutting and handling - Use proper tools

 IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Adhesion Failure
Adhesion Failure Possible Causes Recommendations

a) Inadequate provision of expansion / - allow movement joints

control joints
b) Incompatible tile&bedding material - Use suitable materials
c) Concrete or cement / sand screed - Allow sufficient curing
not properly cured and drying
shrinkage cracks occur after drying
d) Substrate not properly cleaned and - Proper surface preparation
prepared
e) Contamination of back of tile - Clean back of tiles before
installation
f) Inadequate provision of mechanical - Allow adequate mechanical
key in tiles key/use appropriate adhesive
g) Failure to soak porous tiles before - Soak porous tiles in clean
tiling on cement based bedding water for at least 30 minutes
material
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Hollowness
“Hollow” sound Possible Causes Recommendations

a) Tiles set on concrete slab over a - Acoustical effect rather than

large open areas bending problems
b) Air entrapped or void in either the - Tiles to be properly laid
setting bed or slab, causing one part
of the floor to sound differently than
another
c) Separation or waterproofing - Acoustical effect rather than
membranes installed between a slab bonding problems
and the bedding material
d) Elevation of subsurface is irregular, - Tiles to be laid
causing one part of the floor to
sound differently than another
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IJM CORPORATION BERHAD

Joint Width More than 4mm

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Lippage
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Tiling Work Around Floor Trap Not Align

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Tiling Work Not Properly Aligned

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Damaged to Wall Tile

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Levelness of Wall Tiles

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