NAME: ……………………………………. INDEX NUMBER: ……………………………….
SCHOOL: ………………………………… CANDIDATES SIGNATURE: …………………..
DATE: ……………………………………………..
MOKASA 1
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
2 Hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
This paper consists of two sections; A and B.
Answer ALL the questions in section A in the spaces provided.
In section B, answer questions 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after
question 8.
For Examiners use only.
Section Question Maximum Score Candidates Score
1 8
2 8
A 3 8
4 8
5 8
6 20
B 7 20
8 20
Total Score 80
This paper consists of 13 Printed pages.
Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all the
Papers are printed as indicated and no questions are missing
MOKASA 1 BIO PP2 2025 Page 1
SECTION A: (40MARKS)
1. a) Name two disorders in humans caused by gene mutations (2mks)
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b) What is meant by the term allele? (1mk)
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c) In a particular species of tropical beetle, the wings had either red or orange marks. A cross
between a red marked beetle with orange marked beetle produces offsprings with yellow marks
only. When F1 offsprings were selfed, they produced F2 generation in the ratio of
1 red : 2 yellow : 1 orange
i) Explain the absence of red and orange marks in F1 offspring’s (1mk)
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ii) Using a punnet square, show how the F2 generation was crossed. (Use letters R for red marks
and W for Orange marks) (4mks)
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2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
(a) Identify the structure and state its functions (2mks)
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(b) (i) Name the parts labelled P and Q (2mks)
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(ii) State the role of the part labelled R (1mk)
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(c) How is the structure stated in (a) above adapted to its function (2mks)
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(d) What is the role of enzyme enterokinase in digestion? (1mk)
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MOKASA 1 BIO PP2 2025 Page 3
3. The photograph below shows an organism undergoing a certain process. Examine the external features of the
organism and answer the following questions.
(a) i. Identify the class to which the organism above belongs (1Mark)
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ii. Give two reasons for your answer in (a)i. above. (2 Marks)
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(b)i. Identify the type of metamorphosis illustrated above. (1Mark)
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ii. Give a reason for your answer in {d}i. above. (1Mark)
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(c)Name the stages P and Q. (2Mark)
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Q: ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. The diagram below represents a mature fruit of a certain plant.
[a] State the agent for dispersal for the fruit. [1 mark]
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[b] Give a reason for your answer in [a] above. [2 marks]
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[c] State two characteristics of fruits and seeds dispersed by the agent you named in [a] above.
[2 marks]
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[d] What are the advantages of fruit and seed dispersal? [2 marks]
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[e] State one importance of fruits in the survival of plants. [1 mark]
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5. a) Define the term field of view as used in microscopy. [1mark]
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b) Using a microscope, a student counted 55 cells across a field of view whose diameter was 6000
micrometers. Calculate the average length of the cells. Show your working. [2marks]
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c) State three functions of Golgi apparatus. [3marks]
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d) State the adaptation of mitochondrion to it’s function. [2marks]
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Section B
Answer questions 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after
question 8.
6. The table below shows the population of a housefly musca domestica which is predated on
by wasps of species Nasonia spp. The investigation of their population growth pattern was
carried out for 70 weeks. In this experiment, space and physical factors were assumed to be
limiting.
MOKASA 1 BIO PP2 2025 Page 6
a) Using the readings in the table, plot graphs on the same axis
of population growth of organisms against time.(8 marks)
b) Account for the growth of
i) Musca domestica between 10th week — 25th week. (1 mark)
ii) Nasonia species between 40th week –50th week. (1 mark)
c) What is the population of?
i) Nasonia spp. on the 62nd week? (1 mark)
MOKASA 1 BIO PP2 2025 Page 7
ii) Musca doniestica on the 4th week? (1 mark)
d) Bemex, another parasite of housefly was introduced into the ecosystem.
Giving a reason; what will be the effect on the population of
i) Housefly Musca domestica. (2 marks)
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ii) Nasonia Spp. (2 marks)
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e) In estimating the population of Musca domestica in the experiment
above. Capture-mark release recapture method was used. Describe the
procedure which was followed. (4 marks)
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7. a) i. What is the role of blood clotting process? (2mks)
ii. Describe the process of blood clotting in human beings. (6mks)
b) Explain how the mammalian skin is adapted to its function. (12mks)
8. a) Describe the causes of water pollution and their effects on living organisms. (12mks)
b) Describe the role of the following hormones in plant growth and development. (8mks)
i. Indole acetic acid.
ii. Gibberellins.
iii. Ethylene.
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