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MAKAUT Biology Exam Suggestion (BSC

401)
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Module 1: Introduction to Biology

Key Topics: Importance of Biology as a scientific discipline, Comparison with
Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry, Fundamental differences between science and
engineering, Analogies Eye vs. Camera, Bird vs. Aircraft), Exciting aspects of
biology, Need to study biology, Significance of historical biological observations
Brownian motion, Origin of Thermodynamics), Importance of observation in
scientific inquiry.
Suggested Questions:

Define Biology. How will you convey that Biology is as important a scientific
discipline as Mathematics, physics & chemistry?

Why is Biology important for engineers?

What is the difference between bioengineering and biological engineering?

What is biomimicry?

How do we use biomimicry, what are the three levels of biomimicry?

Similarities between human eye & camera?

Differences between human eye & camera?

Write the principles of flying What are the 4 principles of flight?

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 How do birds inspire airplanes?

Compare engineering design process & scientific methods.

Discuss how biological observations of 18 Century that leads to major

discoveries.

Short note on Brownian motion.

Write about origin of thermodynamics with reference to original observations of

Robert Brown & Julius Mayor.

Module 2: Biological Classification

Key Topics: Criteria for classification (morphological, biochemical, ecological,
cellularity, ultrastructure, energy and carbon utilization, ammonia excretion, habitat,
molecular taxonomy), Hierarchy of life forms, Five-kingdom classification, Three
domains of life (and its relation to six kingdoms), Characteristics of Monera and
Protista, Bacterial shape and structure,
Protozoans and their types, History of classification, Model organisms E. coli, S.
cerevisiae, D. melanogaster, C. elegans, A. thaliana, M. musculus).
Suggested Questions:

⭐ Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing their structural

differences.
⭐ Describe the characteristics and significance of
Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Drosophila melanogaster as model
organisms in biological research.
⭐ Explain the differences between Aminotelic, Uricotelic, and Ureotelic organisms
with examples.
⭐ Discuss the characteristics and importance of
Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Mus musculus as model organisms.
⭐ What are the objectives of biological classification?
⭐ Define taxon, species, and Kingdom in the context of biological classification.
⭐ Explain the Artificial System of Classification.
⭐ Describe the key characteristics used to differentiate the five kingdoms of life:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
⭐ Discuss the historical development of biological classification systems, including
the contributions of Linnaeus and Whittaker, and the progression from two-kingdom
to five-kingdom systems.

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 ⭐ What are the three domains of life Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya)? Explain why
this system is sometimes referred to as a six-kingdom classification. ⭐ Describe the
characteristic features of the Kingdom Monera and the Kingdom Protista.
⭐ How are bacteria classified based on their shape?
⭐ Describe the detailed structure of a bacterium, including its cell wall, membrane,
and other components.
⭐ What are Protozoa? Describe the different types of protozoans, outlining their key
characteristics and providing examples.
⭐ Discuss the similarities and differences between unicellular and multicellular
organisms.

Module 3: Genetics
Key Topics: Mendel's laws Segregation, Independent Assortment), Concept of
allele, Gene mapping, Gene interaction, Epistasis, Meiosis and Mitosis (focus on
genetic material transfer), Recessiveness and dominance, Mapping phenotype to
genes, Single gene disorders, Complementation, Cell cycle and its phases.
Suggested Questions:

⭐ Differentiate clearly between Meiosis and Mitosis, highlighting the outcome in

terms of genetic material.
⭐ Explain the concept of epistasis using a suitable example to illustrate how one
gene's expression can affect another's.
⭐ State Mendel's laws of inheritance. Explain what is meant by discrete inheritance
and how it is related to Mendel's principles.
⭐ Define and explain the following genetic terms: Gene, Allele, Gene mapping, and
Gene interaction.
⭐ Explain why meiosis is considered critical for maintaining genetic continuity
across generations.
⭐ How do the concepts of dominance and recessiveness explain the observed
patterns of inheritance in Mendelian genetics?
⭐ Define and differentiate between Complementary Gene interaction,
Supplementary Gene, and Polygenic or multiple gene inheritance.
⭐ Define the cell cycle.

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 ⭐ Describe the different phases of the cell cycle Interphase and M phase), outlining
the major events that occur in each phase.
⭐ Describe the M phase Mitosis) in detail, explaining the progression through
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Module 4: Biomolecules
Key Topics: Molecules of life (monomers and polymers), Structure and properties of
carbohydrates (sugars, starch, cellulose), Amino acids and proteins, Nucleotides and
nucleic acids DNA/RNA , Lipids.
Suggested Questions:

⭐ Explain the structure and properties of starch.

⭐ Write short notes on the structure of tRNA and the significance of the TATA Box.
⭐ Define polysaccharides. Classify them and explain their importance in biological
systems.
⭐ Discuss the structure of carbohydrates in detail. Illustrate with diagrams of
glucose, fructose, and a disaccharide.
⭐ Describe the structure of a beta-pleated sheet using a diagram. ⭐ Classify
monosaccharides based on the number of carbon atoms (e.g., triose, pentose,
hexose) and the type of functional group present (aldose, ketose).
⭐ What are lipids? Describe the different types of lipids (simple, compound, derived)
and their general characteristics.
⭐ What are amino acids? Describe the different classes of amino acids based on
their side chain properties and explain their significance and functions. ⭐ Define
nucleic acids. Describe the detailed structure of DNA, including its components
(nucleotides, bases, sugar, phosphate) and the double helix structure. Explain the
importance and functions of nucleic acids.
Module 5: Enzymes
Key Topics: Enzymology, Enzyme catalyzed reactions, Enzyme mechanism, Enzyme
classification IUB , Enzyme kinetics Km, Vmax), Factors affecting enzyme
activity Temperature, pH, concentration, activators, inhibitors), RNA catalysis
Ribozymes), Lock and Key model, Induced Fit model.
Suggested Questions:

⭐ Describe the steps involved in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, starting from the

formation of the enzyme-substrate complex to the formation of the product. ⭐
Explain how competitive, uncompetitive, and non-competitive inhibitors affect the
kinetic parameters Km and Vmax.

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 ⭐ Define enzyme inhibition and explain in detail the various factors that influence
enzyme activity.
⭐ Explain the Lock and Key model and the Induced Fit model to describe the
mechanism of enzyme action.
⭐ Describe the mechanism by which enzymes catalyze reactions.
⭐ Classify enzymes according to the IUB system, listing the six main classes and the
type of reaction each catalyzes with an example.
⭐ What factors are known to influence enzyme activity?
⭐ Define the following terms: Ribozyme, Coenzyme, Prosthetic group, Apoenzyme,
Holoenzyme, Enzyme, Cofactors, and Activation energy.
Module 6: Information Transfer
Key Topics: Molecular basis of coding and decoding genetic information, Universality
of genetic code, DNA as genetic material, Hierarchy of DNA structure (single strand,
double helix, nucleosomes), Concept of genetic code (degeneracy), Gene definition
(complementation, recombination).
Suggested Questions:

⭐ Explain the hierarchy of DNA structure, starting from a single strand to the
formation of the double helix and its further organization into nucleosomes. ⭐
Discuss the molecular basis of information transfer, explaining how genetic
information is coded and decoded in biological systems, including the concept of the
Central Dogma.
⭐ Describe the different models proposed for DNA replication (conservative, semi-
conservative, dispersive).
⭐ Elaborate on the process of DNA replication, describing the steps of initiation,
elongation, and termination, ideally with illustrative diagrams.
⭐ Explain how experiments demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material.
⭐ What is the genetic code? Discuss its universality and degeneracy. ⭐
Define a gene in terms of complementation and recombination.

Module 7: Macromolecular Analysis

Key Topics: Proteins (structure and function), Hierarchy in protein structure
(primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary), Proteins as enzymes, transporters,
receptors, structural elements.

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 Suggested Questions:

⭐ Define a protein.
⭐ Describe the hierarchical levels of protein structure, explaining the characteristics
of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. ⭐ Classify proteins based
on different criteria such as shape, composition, and function.
⭐ Explain what is meant by the hierarchy of protein structure. Describe the sixlevel
structural hierarchy.
⭐ Discuss the various functions that proteins perform in living organisms. ⭐
Define a motif in protein structure and differentiate between a structural motif and
a sequence motif.
⭐ Describe the primary structure of proteins and its significance.
⭐ Describe the secondary structure of proteins, focusing on alpha-helices and beta-
sheets, and explain how they are formed.
⭐ Describe the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins and the types of
interactions that stabilize them.
⭐ What factors influence the overall structure of proteins?
⭐ What is protein denaturation? What conditions can lead to protein denaturation?
⭐ Briefly describe DEAD box proteins.
⭐ Explain the statement: All proteins are enzymes, but not all enzymes are proteins.
⭐ How do proteins function as enzymes?
⭐ What are transporter proteins and what is their role?

Module 8: Metabolism
Key Topics: Laws of thermodynamics in biological systems,
Exothermic/Endothermic vs. Endergonic/Exergonic reactions, Keq and free energy,
Spontaneity, ATP as energy currency, Glucose breakdown Glycolysis, Krebs
Cycle), Glucose synthesis Photosynthesis), Energy yielding and consuming
reactions, Energy charge.
Suggested Questions:

⭐ Explain the importance of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics in

biological systems.
⭐ Differentiate between exothermic and endothermic reactions, and endergonic and
exergonic reactions.
⭐ Discuss the relationship between the equilibrium constant (Keq) and the standard
free energy change ΔG°').

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 ⭐ Explain the concept of spontaneity in chemical reactions and how free energy can
be used to predict spontaneity.
⭐ What is ATP Adenosine Triphosphate)? Describe its structure and explain why
it is called the energy currency of the cell.
⭐ Explain how energy is produced from ATP molecules and discuss the various
functions of ATP.
⭐ Discuss the importance of the ATP molecule in metabolism.
⭐ Explain the term 'energy currency' and identify the substance that serves as the
primary energy currency in living organisms.
⭐ Describe the process of Glycolysis, outlining the main steps and key products, and
indicating where it occurs in the cell.
⭐ Describe the Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle), including its main inputs, outputs,
and where it takes place in eukaryotic cells.
⭐ Describe the process of Photosynthesis, including the light-dependent and light-
independent reactions, and explain its significance.
⭐ Where does Photosynthesis take place? Describe the structure of the organelle
responsible for photosynthesis, including its key components.
Module 9: Microbiology
Key Topics: Concept of single-celled organisms, Species and strains,
Identification and classification of microorganisms, Microscopy Optical, Electron,
Scanning Probe), Ecological aspects of single-celled organisms, Sterilization, Media
compositions, Growth kinetics.
Suggested Questions:

⭐ Define a single-celled organism and provide examples.

⭐ What is the bacterial species concept?
⭐ Define a strain in microbiology. Explain what is meant by a strain of bacteria. ⭐
Describe the four main types of infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan) and list
the five cardinal signs of inflammation often associated with infection. ⭐ Describe
the classification of microorganisms, including the major groups Bacteria, Archaea,
Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses) and their key identification features.
⭐ What is Microscopy? Explain the different types of microscopy used to study
microorganisms.
⭐ Describe Optical microscopy and its basic principles. Differentiate between simple
and compound microscopes.
⭐ Explain the principles of Electron microscopy TEM and SEM and Scanning
probe microscopy.

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 ⭐ Discuss the ecological roles of single-celled organisms.

This suggestion covers the key areas outlined in your syllabus and organizer.
Remember to study the concepts thoroughly and practice answering different types of
questions. Good luck with your exam!

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