KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL: PUBLIC HEALTH
DEPARTMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
UNIT NAME: JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT
UNIT CODE: PEO 415
FACILITATOR: Dr. EMMAH MWANGI
Group members
Name Registration Number
Joseph Mwambanga Q33/3656/2022
Maurine Muthoni Q33/3672/2022
Maurine Muthoka Q33/3680/2022
Ogada Omondi Q33/3702/2022
Simiyu Augustine Q33/3692/2022
Task
Discuss the techniques used in risk analysis as applied in Job Safety Analysis
RISK ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Risk analysis techniques are methods used to identify, assess, and control risks in a workplace or project.
These techniques help in decision-making to enhance safety and prevent accidents.
1.) Event Tree Analysis
An inductive risk assessment technique used to evaluate the possible outcomes of an initiating
event in a system.
It helps analyze the likelihood and consequences of different sequences of events based on the
success or failure of safety barriers and response measures.
2.) Fault Tree Analysis
A deductive risk assessment technique used to identify the root causes of undesirable events or
failures.
It involves constructing a graphical representation that traces the logical relationship between
different failure events and contributing factors.
3.) Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Is a systematic, proactive method of identifying potential failure modes on a process, product
or system and assessing their effects on overall performance.
It helps prioritize risks based on their severity, occurrence and detectability, allowing teams to
take preventive measures to minimize failures.
4.) Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)
Is a systematic and structured technique used to identify potential hazards and operational
issues.
It involves a detailed examination of process designs, typically using guide words such as more,
less, no or reverse to assess deviations from intended operations.
Example: A chemical plant is analyzing a pipeline transporting hazardous chemicals.
Guide word Deviation Cause Consequence Action
More flow Higher flow rate Pump Pipe rapture, Install flow
malfunction, Chemical spill meters,
Valve failure pressure relief
valves
Less flow Reduced flow rate Blockage, pump Process Routine
failure inefficiency, maintenance
Overheating
No flow Complete flow Valve failure, Pressure build Back up pumps,
stoppage Pressure up, process shut Emergency shut
imbalance down off.
5.) Bowtie Analysis
Is a risk assessment technique that represents relationship between potential causes/threats,
top event and the possible consequences.
It combines the Fault Tree Analysis to identify threats and Event Tree Analysis to analyze
consequences, forming a bow-tie shaped diagram.
The method also incorporates preventive measures to stop threats from causing the top event,
mitigating measures to reduce the impact of consequences and escalation factors which are
conditions that weaken barriers making risk management less effective.
6.) Preliminary Hazard Analysis
A qualitative risk assessment technique used to identify potential hazards and assess risks early
in the design or development phase of a process, system or workplace.
It helps in preventing accidents by evaluating possible failure scenarios they occur.
7.) Risk Matrix
Is a technique used to assess and prioritize risks by evaluating the likelihood and severity of
potential hazards.
Assess the likelihood by estimating how often the hazard could occur (e.g. Rare, Unlikely,
Possible, Likely, Certain), assess severity by determining potential consequences of the hazard
occurs (e.g. Insignificant, Minor, Moderate, Major, Catastrophic) and assign risk levels as low,
medium, high or extreme.
Severity Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Certain
catastrophic low medium high critical critical
major low medium medium high critical
minor low low medium medium high
8.) Delphi Analysis
Is a structured process used to gather expert opinions and achieve consensus on complex risk
evaluation scenarios.
9.) Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats Analysis (SWOT)
Is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate an organization, project or situation. It helps
identify internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threat, to aid
decision-making and strategy development.
10.) Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis
Is a quantitative risk analysis technique that uses random sampling and probability distributions
to model uncertainty and predict potential outcomes in complex systems.
It is especially valuable in high risk environments where uncertainty and variability significantly
impact safety and operational efficiency.
References
Stamatis, D.H. (2003). Failure Mode and Effect Analysis: FMEA from Theory to Execution.
Kletz, T. (1999). HAZOP and HAZAN: Identifying and assessing process Industry Hazards.
Vesely, W.E. et al. (1981). Fault Tree Handbook. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
GÜREL, E. and TAT, M. (2017). SWOT Analysis: A Theoretical Review. Journal of International
Social Research.
CPOS (2018). Bowtie Risk Management. Center for Chemical Process Safety.
