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AUTHORITY
30 Sep 1966 DoDD 5200.10; BRL ltr 5 Mar
1976

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~' .1:,.
~

MEMORANDUM REPORT No. 827

Distribution Of Armor
Of The M4i8 Medium Tank

HO0WARD R. GOLDMAN

niGILDERT H. KEMPINGER

OCPAATMENT OF mrE ARMY PROJECT No. 501-04-004

ORDNANCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT No. TB3-1224B

~BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

~~~~5AFA4972 K
DISCLAIMER NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST

QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPY
FURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAINED
A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF
PAGES WHICH DO NOT
REPRODUCE LEGIBLY.
 b. "Initial distribution has been made of this report in accordance
with the distribution list contained herein. Additional distribution with-
out recourse to the Ordnance Office may be made to United States military
organizations, and to such of their contractors as they certify to be
cleared to receive this report and to need it in the furtherance of a
military contract."

This document contais Information affecting the national

defense of
the United States within the meaning of the Espionage
Laws, T
U. S. C. Sections 793 and794, Thetra.......onorthervLats, fits1
t
eea ti no
. ' ea I onther
contents
h . .. ., an _unautnorlze
n anynnyraan..er.to
ent person is prohibited by law.
E cont

- -- * t

th r
- - -
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 BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

MEMORANDUM REPORT NO. 827

SEPTEMBER 1954

DISTRIBUTION OF ARMOR OF THE m8 MEDIUM TANK

Howard R. Goldman
Gilbert H. Kempinger

Department of the Army Project No. 503-o4-4

Ordnance Research and Development Project No. TA3-1224B

A BERD E E N PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

55AA 4972
 TABLE OF CONTENTb

Page

ABSTRACT ... . . . • .. . ... . . .. • • * . 3

INTRODUCTION . . . . .... • . ° . o • • . . ° . . . • . ° .° 5
DESCRIPTION OF TANK . . . • , •
@9• • 9 . . S 9 9 • • 5
DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT THICKNESS ,,. ..... ,..° ° 5

ANGULAR FREQUENCY OF ATTACK .. . , ., . . . °

DETERMINATION OF THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOM HIT ENCOUNTERS

AN EQUIVALENT 7HICKNESS t OR LESS AND OBLIQUITY 0 OR LESS • • • 9

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
APPENDIX - DISTRIBUTION OF ARMOR THICKNESS AND OBLIQUITY FOR
SPECIFIC ATTACK ANGLES . ......... . .. . . 21

CONFL
 CONFIDENTIAL

BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

MEMORANDUM REPORT NO. 827

HRGoldman/GHKempinger/jmc
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
September 1954

DISTRIBUTION OF AR1LOR OF THE N48 MEDIUM TANK

ABSTRACT
The probabilities of perforating the M48 Trk'with 76rm to 120mm
AP, HVAP, HEAT and HEP projectiles are given. Data are given which per-
mit one to determine this probability for any size of the four types of
ammunition. In addition to determining the effectiveness of these types
of projectiles against this tank, the protection afforded by external
components is also investigated. The latter effect was found to decrease
the probability of penetrating with HEP projectiles by about O.2 and with
HEAT, AP and HVAP by about 0.1.

The distribution of armor obliquities found on the M48 and its

presented areas as a function of azimuth attack angle are also given.

*ij 3

CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL

INTRODUCTION
The main purposes of this study are to determine the distribution of
armor thicknesses of 90mm Gun Tank, M48, and to determine the additional
protection afforded by the suspension and other exterior coiponents.
The methods used to determine the distribution of armor thicknesses
are similar to those discussed in BRL Memorandum Reports. 612 and 727.

DESCRIPTION OF TANK
The M48 tank is a fifty-ton medium tank with a 90mm gun for its main
armament. It has a one-piece, cast homogeneous steel armor hull and a one-
piece, cast homogeneous steel armor turret. The hull and turret are
elliptically shaped presenting highly curved surfaces to most angles of
sight. When viewed from the front, the turret is asymmetric and slopes
120 and 350 away from the normal on the right and left sides respectively.

The vehicle has a torsion bar type suspension and individually- sprung
wheels, The exterior stowed components consist of storage boxes, sand
shields, headlights, lifting eyes, water cans, tools, etc.
A complete description of the M48 medium tank can be found in TM-9-
718B, 90mm Gun Tank T- 8.

DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT THICKNESS

The penetration that will result from firing HEAT, AP, HVAP, and HEP
rounds at armor plate is dependent on the angle at which they strike armor
of a given thickness. Ballistic limit (BL) data for AP and HVAP projectiles
in the range from 37mm to 155m against rolled homogeneous steel ar...or of
various hardnesses, were plotted against the t/d ratio (thickness of armor
0 joectlie diameter
for obliquity angles between 00 and 65. In the case of HVAP rounds, the
core diameter is used. The curves of BL vs t/d for AP and HVAP rounds are
shown in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively with some of the BL data extrapolated.
These curves indicate that for armor at any angle (obliquity) from a
plane normal to the line of fire, EL - C,(t/d)n where C. is a constant
characteristic of obliquity and projectile type, and 'n' is a characteristic
of each projectile type constant for all obliquities. Then for a constant
Ballistic Limit, to/t - (C./Co)l/n- X, where t o is a thickness at 0
obliquity and t. is a thickness at 00 obliquity. Thus the thickness te
at 00 obliquity is equivalent in pro'tection to a thickness t at 00 obliquity
or
te - t, ()

where is dependent on the type of projectile. Figure 3 shows K plotted

t CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL

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 CONFIDENTIAL

as a function of obliquity for the various projectile types. For HEP rounds,
it is assumed that te is not dependent on obliquity* hence t e - t o . For
HEAT rounds, it is assumed that te, is simply the length of the projectile
path through the armor. Thus, K, for HEAT projectiles is sec 0 and t e - t
sece 9.

ANGULAR FREQUENCY OF ATTACK

A previous study has shown that the angular frequency of attack on
tanks by AP projectiles during World War II could be represented by a
cardioid of the form f(y) - 1/2n (1 + cos y), where y is the azimuth angle
of attack,. In this study the cardioid is used as the distribution of
attack angles from tank-fired and high velocity AT weapons. In the case
of shoulder fired weapons (rocket launcher) the distribution of attack
angles is assumed to be circular,

DETERMINATION OF iHE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOM HIT ENCOUNTERS AN

EQUIVALENT THICKNESS t e OR LESS AND OBLIQUITY 9 OR LESS
To determine the expected armor thickness to be encountered by random
hits of fire from ground attack (00 elevation) on the presented area of a
tank, the following procedure was used. The presented area at each attack
angle, A(y), was divided into sections, a(y, t, 0), such that each section
represented a plate of constant thickness t, and constant angle of obliquity
6 at attack angle y. Obliquity is the angle between the normal to the area
of armor and the line of fire. The thickness t at obliquity 0 is converted
to its equivalent thickness, te at 00 obliquity by equation (1) which is
tefl-Nt. From this the armor distribution curves arz drawn. These curves
for the M48 from specific angles of attack are shown in the appendix,

The frequency of encountering a section a(yt e ) is f(y)a(yte)/A(y),

and the probability, Pte , of encountering an equivalent thicknesi te or
less for a random hit on the presented area of the armored shell averaged
over all angles of attack is,

.1nJe f~y)a(yt,e) td dT. (2)

Pt f f() .dte

The suspension and other exteriorly stowed components were considered

to be armor, and their thicknesses at various angles of attack were deter-
mined. These thicknesses were than converted to equivalent thicknesses
and added to the thicknesses of the sections, a(y, te). that they shielded.

)*Very recent firings at Aberdeen Proving Ground now indicate that this
assumption may not be completely valid,
IBRLM 590 UThe Range and Angular Distribution of AP Hits on Tanks",
R. H. Peterson, Dec. 1951.
9
CONFIENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL

Values of Pte were obtained for the different projectiles first ignoring
external components and then considering them.
The HEP rounds do damage by causing a shock wave in the armor which
in turn causes a spall to coma off the back of the armor. It is assumed
that .this shock wave is broken up by the suspension and exterior components,
thereby defeating the round. It is further assumed that all armor over
700 obliquity is impenetrable to all rounds.
The distribution of the angles of obliquity of the armor can be usefuTl
in the design of projectiles and fuzes. The computations arq similar to
those used to determine the distribution of armor thicknesses. Hence, the
probability of a random hit on the presented area of the hull and turret
encountering an obliquity of 60 or less, averaged over all angles of attack,
is
•2n 8e
P f f(y) a(yQ) 00 dy (3)
J0 J 0
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
At each attack angle there is (1)the total presented area of the hull
and turret, At, (2) the total ultimate penetrable area or the presented
area of the internal volume, AL,and (3)the total presented area of the
tark (including suspenslon), AE. These areas are functions of the attack
angle, y, and in this study the area (1)is used in evaluating equations
(2)and (3) above. The values of Pe based on At can be changed to values
based on A by multiplying them by At/Au . Figure 4 shows the presented
areas of the M48 medium tank for 00 elevation.
The function P0 as given by equation (3) above is plotted in Fig. 5.
It shows that 50% of the time a random hit encounters an obliquity of 560
or more. Furthermore, :ince it is assumed that all armor over 700 obliquity
is impenetrable to all rounds, 20% of the time a random hit will have no
penetration effect.
The probability that a random hit encounters an equivalent thickness
te or less, averaged over all angles of attack, as given by equation (2) is

:: ' f•02!Pt,t
bj ' f(y)_, ,. die dy.

010

CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL

Curves of this function taking into consideration (1) the armor plate only,
and (2) the effect of the suspension and other exterior components, are
plotted in Figs. 6 and 7 respectively for HEP, HEAT, AP and HVAP projectiles.
There are two distributions for HEAT--one weighted for attack by hand fired
weapons and the other for Lttack by tank fired or other high velocity AT
weapons*

Since it is assumed that te - t for HEP rounds, its curve is simply

the distribution of actual armor thicknesses and disregards obliquity
altogether. From Fig. 3 it can be seen that large obliquities affect the
K values for HVAP rounds more than the other rounds. Therefore, because
of the large obliquities encountered, the HVAP curve in Fig. 6 is lowest
for almost the entire range of thicknesses. Since the large obliquities
do not as greatly affect the K values for HEAT and AP rounds, their curves
consequently lie between those of HVAP and HEP.

The curves in Fig. 6 (exterior components not considei 1) reach a

probability limit of approximately 0.77 indicating that 23% of the presented
area is impenetrable to a random hit by all types of rounds. The curves
for AP, HVAP and HEAT rounds in Fig. 7 (exterior components considered)
are similar in shape to those of Fig. 6 but are shifted to the right
showing a lower Pt for the entire range of te considered. Since all
e
exteriorly stowed components are considered to defeat HEP rounds, the curve
for this projectile has changed considerably. The HEP curve in Fig. 7
reaches a probability limit of 0.56 indicating that 44% of the presented
area is impenetrable to a random hit by this type of projectile.

A comparison of the curves in Figs. 6 and 7 gives no indication of

the merits of specific projectiles, Although the HVAP round has a lower
probability of encountering a particular te than the other rounds over
the range of thicknesses considered, this does not necesnarily mean that
HVAP rounds are less effective against armor.

In order to compare specific AP and HVAF projectiles, it is necessary

to enter Figs. 1 and 2, respectively, to find their t/d values at 00
obliquity and then multiply them by the diameters of the rounds to obtain
their penetration capabilities. At this value of t e Fig. 6 or 7 is entered
to obtain the probability of encountering this te or less which is the
probability of perforating, P , for the given projectile.

The probability (P ) of a random hit perforating the i48 tank averaged

p
over all attack angles was obtained for the projectiles listed in Table I.
Table II lists these probabilities for the cases where external components
are not included and included. Before determining P for the HEAT projectiles
2,5'" was subtracted from their penetration capabilities. Thus the probabilities
of Table II for HEAT projectiles are probabilities of penetrating and having
at least 2.5* of residual penetration. This residual penetration was intro-
duced to allow for damage after perforation. The data of Table II on kinetic
energy projectiles are plotted as a function of range in Figs. 8 and 9.

13
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TABLE I
Gun Projectile Muwzle Velocity
ft/sec.
76.. T91 T180 HEAT 2800 E
7128E6 AP 3200
T66E4 HVAP 135
T170E3 HEP 2600
90mm T119 T10OE1O HEAT 2800
T3337 AP 3000
T67E7 HVAP 3900
T142E5 HEP 2600
l05mm TIO T298 HEAT 2800 E
T182 AP 35o
T297 HEP 2600 E
120m. T123 T 53 HEAT 3600 E
'L'.1695 AP 3420 E
TIMl HVAP 450
T143 SIP 2600 1

NOTE: NEN indicates estimated muzle velocity.

18

CONF13DENTIAL
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Comparing parts A and B of Table II it is seen that the presence of

the exterior components decreases P by approximately the same amount at
p
all ranges for a given projectile type and size. At the bottom of Table
II is given the average decrease in P' for each projectile type and size.
p
An average decrease of approximately o1 is observed for AP, HVAP and HEAT
projectiles with a tendency to be slightly greater than .1 for the smaller
projectiles and slightly lower than .1 for the larger projectiles*
For HEP projectiles the average decrease in P dua to the presence
of external components ranges from .16 for the 76mm projectile to a maxi-
mum of ,20 for the 105 and 120mm projectiles.

Considering, now, only part B of Table II (part A is of interest only

insofar as it indicates the protective qualities of external components)
it is noteworthy that the greater gains in Pp are obtained at all ranges
in going from the 90u to the l0mm for all types of projectile except the
HEP, the greatest increase for this type belng obtained in going from 76
to 90mm. Only a small increase in Pp is obtained in going from 105mm to
120mm. Thus, it seems hardly worthwhile to consider a gun for the defeat
of the M48 larger than the 10%um.

Table II and Figs, 8 and 9 indicate the superiority of the AP projectile

over the HVAP at the larger ranges and the superiority of HVAP projectile
over the AP at shorter ranges. Considering ranges from 0 to 2000 yds° it
appears that there is no particular advantage gained on the basis of pene-
trating ability by selecting HVAP over AP or AP over HVAP,

Table II also indicates that the least desirable projectile type, on

_a basis of penetrating ability, is probably HEP, the most desirable is
HEAT, and kinetic en:. gy projectiles are in between.

HOWARD R, GOLDMAN

GILBERT H. KE4PINGER

20

CONFI3DENTIAL
 CONF13DENTIAL

I I
APPENDIX

Distribution of Armor Thickness and Obliquity Curves for Specific

Angles of Attack.

21

CONFIDENTIAL
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