Principle of Management

UE-472
Topic: 01 - Managing & Manager’s Job

Who is a Manager
Manager woh shakhs hota hai jo planning, organizing, leading aur
controlling ke zariye logon, paise, waqt aur material jese resources
ko use karta hai taa ke specific goals hasil kiye ja saken.

Real-Life Example:
Ek school principal ko sochiye jo manager ka kaam karta hai. Woh
school year plan karta hai, teachers aur staff ko organize karta hai,
meetings lead karta hai, aur discipline aur academic success ensure
karta hai.

What is Management
Management doosron ke kaam ko coordinate aur oversee karne ka
process hai taa ke organization ke goals efficiently aur effectively
hasil kiye ja saken.

Effectiveness – Sahi kaam karna (goal achieve karna)

Efficiency – Kaam ko sahi tareeqe se karna (resources ka
aqalmandi se istemal)

Effectiveness vs. Efficiency

Effectiveness ka matlab hai ke goal hasil ho gaya.
Efficiency ka matlab hai ke kam resources (waqt, paisa, effort)
mein woh goal hasil ho gaya.

Example:
Agar aap exam ki tayari kar rahe hain:
Effectiveness – Aap important topics parh ke achi marks lete hain.
Efficiency – Aap kam waqt mein smart techniques use karke
parhte hain (summaries, past papers).

Best case: Ek business ko dono hona chahiye – effective bhi aur

efficient bhi.

Example:
Ek factory agar 5 workers se 100 chairs banaye to woh efficient
hai. Agar wohi workers 150 chairs banayein to woh efficient bhi
hai aur effective bhi.

The Management Process (4 Functions of Management)

1. Planning (Goal Set Karna aur Faislay Karna)

Yeh tay karna ke kya karna hai, kis tareeqe se karna hai, aur kis
waqt karna hai.

• Objectives identify karna

• Resources analyze karna
• Strategies banana
• Faislay lena

Example:
Student ka goal hai 90% marks lana – yeh uska objective hai. Uske
paas kitna waqt hai, notes hain ya nahi, kis topic pe zyada focus
chahiye – yeh planning hai.

2. Organizing (Resources Arrange Karna aur Tasks Assign

Karna)
Plan banane ke baad resources ko organize karna hota hai – log,
paisa, saman.
 • Roles assign karna
• Resources allocate karna
• Team ko structure dena

Example:
Ek wedding planner kaam karta hai: venue book karta hai,
decorators hire karta hai, team ko assign karta hai.

3. Leading (Logon Ko Motivate Karna aur Guide Karna)

Manager apni team ko lead karta hai – unko motivate karta hai,
direction deta hai.

• Goals explain karna

• Employees ko inspire karna
• Problems solve karna

Example:
Football coach players ko motivate karta hai, match ke baad
feedback deta hai, game se pehle unka morale barhata hai.

4. Controlling (Performance Monitor Karna aur Evaluate

Karna)
Ensure karna ke kaam sahi ho raha hai – agar problem ho to
correction lena.

• Progress monitor karna

• Planned aur actual performance compare karna
• Issues fix karna

Example:
Store manager dekhta hai kon se products sell ho rahe hain, slow
products ka stock kam karta hai, aur best-selling products ka stock
barhata hai.
Kinds of Managers

Levels of Management

1. Top-Level Management (CEOs, Executives)

• Yeh sabse uncha level hota hai – jaise CEOs, Presidents,

Directors
• Yeh log vision set karte hain aur long-term decisions lete
hain

Example:
Apple ka CEO Tim Cook decide karta hai ke new iPhone kab
launch hoga.

2. Middle-Level Management (Department Heads)

• Top management aur lower level ke beech ka bridge

• Department ko manage karte hain, teams coordinate karte
hain

Example:
Marketing manager TV ads, social media campaigns plan karta hai
jab CEO sales barhane ko kehta hai.

3. Lower-Level Management (Supervisors, Team Leaders)

• Ye woh log hain jo direct workers ke saath kaam karte hain

• Daily tasks assign karte hain aur team ko monitor karte hain
Example:
Store supervisor ensure karta hai ke cashiers sahi kaam kar rahe
hain, complaints handle karta hai, aur report banata hai.

Types of Managers

1. Functional Managers
Ek hi department manage karte hain – jaise HR, Finance,
Marketing.

Example:
Finance manager decide karta hai kitna paisa naye product pe
kharch hoga.

2. General Managers
Multiple departments manage karte hain

Example:
Hotel general manager housekeeping, food, customer service sab
dekhta hai.

3. Project Managers
Specific project ko deadline aur budget ke andar complete karwate
hain

Example:
App ka project manager design aur development dono manage
karta hai.

4. Team Leaders
Choti team ka in-charge hota hai, jaise call center ya retail staff ka
head.
Basic Managerial Roles (Henry Mintzberg ke mutabiq)

1. Interpersonal Roles

• Figurehead – Organization ko public events mein represent

karna
• Leader – Employees ko motivate karna
• Liaison – Company ke bahar aur andar ke logon se relation
banana

2. Informational Roles

• Monitor – Market trends aur competitors ke data ko collect

karna
• Disseminator – Important info team tak pohchana
• Spokesperson – Company ko media aur public mein
represent karna

3. Decisional Roles

• Entrepreneur – Naye ideas aur opportunities dhoondhna

• Disturbance Handler – Problems solve karna
• Resource Allocator – Budget aur staff ka distribution karna
• Negotiator – Deals aur contracts final karna

Skills Required by a Manager

1. Technical Skills
Kaam ka technical knowledge hona chahiye – jaise chef ko
cooking aani chahiye.
2. Human Skills
Logon ke sath acha behave karna, unki baat sunna, motivate karna

3. Conceptual Skills
Bari soch – future planning, smart decision making

Why Skills Important Hain?

Technical + Human + Conceptual – tino skills chahiye hoti hain ek
achay manager ko.

Nature of Managerial Work

Manager ka kaam mushkil, continuous aur multi-tasking hota hai.

Key Points:

• Multiple roles play karta hai

• Logon ke through kaam karwata hai
• Decisions leta hai
• Har waqt change face karta hai
• Short-term aur long-term goals ko balance karta hai
• Pressure mein kaam karta hai
• Resources ka zimmedar hota hai

Challenges in Managerial Work

• Conflict handle karna

• Employees ko motivate rakhna
• Market change se adapt karna
• Ethical decisions lena
• Time manage karna
Topic: 02 – The Environment and Culture of
Management
Part A: External & Internal Environment
Management ka mahol aur culture
Management aik aise environment mein kaam karta hai jo internal aur
external dono factors se mutasir hota hai. Yeh factors decide karte hain ke
aik organization kis tarah kaam karegi, decisions le gi aur market changes ka
response kis tarah degi.

1. External Environment (Bairooni Mahol)

External environment un tamam factors par mushtamil hota hai jo
organization ke bahar hote hain lekin uske kaam ko asar ‫ انداز‬karte hain. Yeh
factors usually uncontrollable hote hain, is liye companies ko inke mutabiq
adapt hona padta hai.

A. Components of External Environment

1. General (Macro) Environment:

• Economic Environment: Mahangai, interest rate, berozgari, GDP

growth aur economy ki overall halat business ke growth aur stability
ko affect karti hai.
• Technological Environment: Automation, AI, cloud computing aur
digital tools se business ki efficiency aur competitiveness barhti hai.
• Political and Legal Environment: Government ke rules, taxes, trade
policies aur labour laws directly business operations ko shape karte
hain.
• Socio-Cultural Environment: Consumer ke lifestyle, values aur
ethical soch product ki demand aur branding strategy par asar ‫انداز‬
dalte hain.
• Environmental and Ecological Factors: Climate change,
environment laws aur sustainability trends industries (jaise energy,
manufacturing) ko deeply impact karte hain.
• Global Environment: Global trade, economic crises, aur geopolitics
multinational businesses ke liye challenges create karte hain.
2. Task (Micro) Environment:

• Customers: Customer ki needs aur feedback samajhna business

success ke liye essential hai.
• Suppliers: Raw materials aur services ke suppliers par dependency
hoti hai — agar supply chain disturb ho to operations ruk sakte hain.
• Competitors: Dushman companies price, innovation aur market
position par asar dalte hain.
• Regulators & Government Agencies: Laws aur regulations ka
follow karna survival ke liye zaroori hai.
• Media & Public Pressure: Social media aur public opinion
organization ki reputation ko affect karta hai.
• Industry Associations & Unions: Trade groups aur unions business
standards par influence rakhte hain.

2. Internal Environment (Androoni Mahol)

Internal environment wo tamam cheezen hoti hain jo organization ke andar
hoti hain aur in par company ka control hota hai.

Components:

• Organizational Culture: Shared beliefs aur values employee

behavior aur motivation ko affect karte hain.
Examples: Google (innovation), Amazon (customer focus), Facebook
(team-based), Banks (hierarchy).
• Employees and HR: Employees ki skills, satisfaction aur training
productivity ko boost karti hain.
• Leadership and Management Style: Leadership ka tareeqa morale
aur performance par farq dalta hai.
Styles: Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-Faire
• Company Structure and Hierarchy: Authority levels aur workflow
define karta hai.
Structures: Functional, Divisional, Matrix
• Technology and Innovation: Nai technology se efficiency aur
service improve hoti hai.
• Financial Resources: Budget, revenue, profit aur investments growth
ko define karte hain.
 • Company Policies: Internal rules employees ke behavior aur
customer dealing ko guide karte hain.

Part B: The Organization’s Culture

Organizational Culture kya hoti hai?

Yeh un beliefs, values aur behaviors ka majmua hota hai jo organization
mein logon ke interaction ko shape karta hai. Culture ka asar decision-
making aur overall performance par padta hai.

Example: Google ka friendly aur innovative culture employees ko motivate

karta hai.

Elements of Organizational Culture:

1. Values: Company ke actions aur decisions ko guide karne wale

principles.
Example: Apple innovation aur design excellence ko value karta hai.
2. Norms: Wo unwritten rules jo employees ka behavior define karte
hain.
Example: Netflix mein freedom ke sath responsibility bhi di jati hai.
3. Symbols: Logo, office design, dress code, etc. jo culture ko represent
karte hain.
Example: McDonald’s golden arches, open kitchen ka concept (clean
aur transparent environment).
4. Rituals & Traditions: Regular meetings ya events jo culture ko
strong banate hain.
Example: Facebook ke Mark Zuckerberg ke weekly Q&A sessions.
5. Language & Communication Style: Company ka internal aur
external communication ka tareeqa.
Example: Amazon mein detailed written memos preferred hain
instead of PowerPoint.
6. Stories & Myths: Company ke past events jo values ko reinforce
karte hain.
Example: Microsoft ke founders garage se company start karne ki
kahani.
Types of Organizational Culture:

1. Clan Culture: Teamwork aur friendly relations par focus

Example: Zappos
2. Adhocracy Culture: Risk-taking aur creativity ko promote karta hai
Example: Tesla
3. Market Culture: Results aur competition ko importance deta hai
Example: Goldman Sachs
4. Hierarchy Culture: Formal structure aur clear rules
Example: IBM

Importance of Organizational Culture:

1. Employee Satisfaction: Positive culture se employees khush rehte

hain → productivity barhti hai
Example: Google
2. Productivity and Efficiency: Strong culture se teamwork aur
discipline improve hoti hai
Example: Toyota
3. Innovation: Creative culture se naye products aur ideas nikalte hain
Example: Apple
4. Customer Satisfaction: Happy employees better service dete hain
Example: Ritz-Carlton
5. Brand Reputation: Strong culture se public image improve hota hai
Example: Tesla

Factors Influencing Culture:

• Leadership Style: Leaders ka tareeqa culture shape karta hai

Example: Elon Musk ka demanding style at Tesla
• Vision & Mission: Company ka maksad aur raasta
Example: Nike
• Work Environment: Physical aur mental space
Example: Microsoft ka hybrid system
• Employee Behavior: Staff ka collective attitude
Example: Netflix
 • Industry Conditions: Market dynamics
Example: Amazon
• Policies & Rules: Regulations discipline aur structure banate hain
Example: McDonald’s

How to Build Strong Culture:

1. Core Values define karo – Clear aur meaningful values tay karo
2. Lead by Example – Leaders ko khud culture follow karna chahiye
3. Open Communication – Transparency trust build karta hai
4. Reward Employees – Appreciation motivation barhata hai
5. Invest in Development – Training se skills aur loyalty dono barhte
hain

Changing Organizational Culture:

1. Existing culture assess karo

2. Desired culture define karo
3. Employees aur leaders ko involve karo
4. Naye rules aur training introduce karo
5. Progress monitor karo

Example: Microsoft ne Satya Nadella ke under hierarchy se nikal kar

innovation-based culture adopt kiya.

Part C: Organization Environment Relationship

Management aur Environment ka Taluk

Management akele operate nahi karti – woh internal culture aur external
environment dono se effect hoti hai. Environment resources aur challenges
deta hai, jabke culture response ka tareeqa decide karta hai.

1. Organization-Environment Relationship
Organization environment par depend karta hai aur environment bhi
organization se effect hota hai.

A. Understanding Organizational Environment:

1. External Environment (Macro):

• Political: Rules, laws ka asar

Example: Tax laws mein tabdeeli → profit affect
• Economic: Inflation, interest rate
Example: Recession mein companies cost cut karti hain
• Social/Cultural: Consumer habits
Example: Health conscious log → organic food demand
• Technological: AI aur automation
Example: Chatbots se customer service change
• Environmental: Sustainability
Example: Eco-friendly packaging

Task Environment (Micro):

• Customers: Needs samajhna

Example: Apple constantly customer feedback pe kaam karta hai
• Competitors: Comparison aur strategy
Example: Pepsi vs Coca-Cola
• Suppliers: Raw materials
Example: Car company → steel suppliers
• Regulators: Laws enforce karne wale
Example: FDA → pharma control karta hai

2. Internal Environment:

• Employees: Skills aur morale

Example: Positive work culture = employee retention
• Structure: Hierarchy aur leadership
Example: Tech companies mein flat hierarchy
• Culture: Shared values
Example: Google = creativity
• Finance: Budget aur growth ka source
Example: Startups → VC funding
3. Adaptation to Change:

• Market scanning
• Strategic planning
• Innovation adopt karna
• Social responsibility lena

4. Organizational Culture:
Same elements dobara explain hote hain:

• Values, Norms, Symbols, Rituals

• Clan, Adhocracy, Market, Hierarchy Cultures
 Topic 03 – Part A: Planning aur Decision
Making
Planning aur Decision Making
Planning aur decision-making management ke do zaroori functions hain. Ye
organization ko goals set karne, strategies banane aur sahi faislay karne mein
madad detay hain taake kamiyabi hasil ho sake.

1. Planning Process

Planning ka matlab hai pehlay se sochna ke kya karna hai, kaise karna hai
aur kab karna hai. Is mein goals set karna aur un tak pohanchne ka tareeqa
tay karna hota hai.

Steps in Planning:

1. Goal ka Taayun Karna: Yeh tay karna ke aap kya hasil karna chahte
hain.
Misaal: Ek company chahti hai ke aglay saal sales 20% barh jayein.
2. Maloomat Jama Karna: Facts aur data collect karna taake surat-e-
haal ko samjha ja sake.
Misaal: Customer ki pasand aur market trends ka research karna.
3. Mutabadil Raston Ki Pehchan: Goal hasil karne ke mukhtalif
tareeqay sochna.
Misaal: Nai product launch karna, marketing behtar karna ya discount
dena.
4. Raston Ka Jaiza Lena: Har tareeqay ke faide aur nuqsan ka muqabla
karna.
Misaal: Agar nai product launch karna mehnga ho, toh marketing
behtar karna behtar hoga.
5. Behtareen Option Chunna: Sabse behtar aur practical tareeqa
ikhtiyar karna.
Misaal: Social media par ads chalana bajaye naye staff hire karne ke.
 6. Plan Par Amal Karna: Tay shuda tareeqay par amal karna.
Misaal: Ads chalana, experts ko hire karna, aur progress ko monitor
karna.
7. Nigrani aur Tabdeeli: Plan ke natayij check karna aur zarurat par
usmein tabdeeli lana.
Misaal: Agar sales nahi barh rahi toh strategy change kar dena.

2. Decision-Making Process

Decision-making ka matlab hai mukhtalif options mein se behtareen raasta

chunn’na.

Types of Decisions:

1. Programmed Decisions: Wo faislay jo roz marra ke kaam mein

routine ke tor par hotay hain.
Misaal: Jab office supplies kam ho jaayein toh dobara mangwana.
2. Non-Programmed Decisions: Mushkil aur soch samajh kar kiye gaye
faislay.
Misaal: Doosri city mein branch kholne ka faisla.

Steps in Decision-Making:

1. Maslay Ki Pehchan: Samajhna ke kya hal karna hai.

Misaal: Ek store mein sales kam ho rahi hain.
2. Maloomat Jama Karna: Maslay se mutaliq data ikatha karna.
Misaal: Feedback aur sales reports dekhna.
3. Halat Dhoondhna: Mukhtalif solutions dhoondhna.
Misaal: Service behtar karna, promotions, ya prices change karna.
4. Solutions Ka Tajziya: Har solution ke faide/nuqsan dekhna.
Misaal: Discount customers ko attract kar sakta hai magar profit kam
hoga.
5. Behtareen Hal Chunna: Sabse acha option select karna.
Misaal: Prices kam karne ke bajaye service behtar karna.
6. Faislay Par Amal: Chunna gaya hal implement karna.
Misaal: Staff ko train karna.
7. Jaiza Lena: Result dekhnay ke baad zarurat par tabdeeli karna.
Misaal: Agar improvement na ho toh loyalty rewards dena.
Part B: Organizational Goals & Levels of Planning

1. Organizational Goals

Ye wo targets hain jo company hasil karna chahti hai. Ye employees ko

direction detay hain aur decision-making mein madad kartay hain.

Types of Goals:

1. Strategic Goals (Long-term):

Company ka overall future plan.
Misaal: 10 saal mein electric cars market ka leader banna.
2. Tactical Goals (Medium-term):
Middle managers tay kartay hain strategic goals ko support karne ke
liye.
Misaal: Marketing department brand awareness 3 saal mein 30%
barhaye.
3. Operational Goals (Short-term):
Rozana ya weekly goals jo lower-level managers tay kartay hain.
Misaal: Sales team ek mahine mein 50 products bechay.

2. Levels of Planning

Planning har level par hoti hai:

1. Strategic Planning (Top Management):

CEOs ya directors karte hain.
Misaal: AI mein aglay 5 saal mein expansion ka plan.
2. Tactical Planning (Middle Management):
Departments strategic plan ko actions mein badaltay hain.
Misaal: HR 100 naye employees hire karein.
3. Operational Planning (Lower Management):
Roz marra ke tasks.
Misaal: Restaurant manager har din service checklist par amal dekhta
hai.
Importance:

• Direction: Sab ko pata hota hai kya karna hai.

• Behtar Faislay: Sahi decision lena asaan hota hai.
• Risk Kam: Challenges ka samna asaani se hota hai.
• Coordination: Departments mil kar kaam kartay hain.

Part C: Various Levels of Strategies

Planning

Planning ka matlab hai goal hasil karne ke liye steps tay karna.

Steps in Planning:

1. Objective Set Karna:

Misaal: Sales 20% barhane ka plan.
2. Soorat-e-Haal Ka Jaiza:
Misaal: Market aur competition ka tajziya.
3. Alternatives Dhoondhna:
Misaal: Ad, discount, ya naya product.
4. Comparison:
Misaal: Ads attract kartay hain lekin mehngay hotay hain.
5. Best Option Chunna:
Misaal: Discount dena sasta aur asar daar hai.
6. Implementation:
Misaal: Special discount campaign chalana.
7. Monitoring:
Misaal: Agar sales na barhein toh strategy change karna.

Decision-Making

Achi decision-making se goals hasil hotay hain.

Types:

1. Programmed:
Routine decisions.
Misaal: Chutti approve karna.
2. Non-Programmed:
Mushkil aur naye decisions.
Misaal: Nai market mein enter hona.

Steps: (same as above)

Strategy ke Levels:

1. Corporate Level:
Overall company ka plan.
Misaal: International expansion.
2. Business Level:
Industry specific.
Misaal: Eco-friendly products par focus.
3. Functional Level:
Departments ke plans.
Misaal: Social media par ads chalana.
4. Operational Level:
Daily kaam aur productivity ka plan.
Misaal: Nai production process.

Part D: Rational Decision-Making

Definition:

Logic aur system ke zariye faislay lena.

Steps:

1. Masla Pehchanna
2. Maloomat Jama Karna
3. Alternatives Dhoondhna
 4. Comparison
5. Behtareen Hal Chunna
6. Amal Mein Lana
7. Monitor Karna

Examples:

• Business: Battery life improve karna

• Personal: Best university choose karna

Limitations:

• Maloomat ki kami
• Waqt ki pabandi
• Anjaam ka uncertainty
• Jazbaati asrat

Part E: Behavioral Aspects

Factors:

1. Bounded Rationality:
Limited info par faisla.
Misaal: Interview ke base par hiring.
2. Intuition:
Gut feeling se faisla.
3. Emotions aur Stress:
Pressure mein ghalat faislay.
4. Biases:
o Confirmation bias
o Overconfidence
o Anchoring
5. Risk-Taking:
Kuch log zyada risk lete hain.
6. Group Decision-Making:
Acha: zyada ideas
Bura: groupthink, conflicts
Part F: Group & Team Decision-Making

Definition:

Group mil kar faislay karta hai.

Faide:

• Zyada ideas
• Bias kam
• Creativity barhti hai
• Teamwork barhta hai

Nuqsan:

• Waqt zyada lagta hai

• Conflicts
• Domination
• Groupthink

Techniques:

1. Brainstorming
2. Delphi Technique
3. Nominal Group Technique
4. Consensus
5. Majority Rule

Agar kisi part mein aur asani chahiye ho ya alag se explanation chahiye ho,
bas bata dein!