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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 3. Use the apostrophe to indicate the omission of one or more
letters in a contracted word, or the omission of figures in a number:
e.g., That’s ’ow ’twas ; The spirit of ’76 ; High o’er our heads ; I’ll for
I will ; Don’t for do not, sha’n’t, etc.
4. The custom of substituting the apostrophe for the letter e in
poetry, at one time common, is now obsolete: e.g., At ev’ry word a
reputation dies. This rule is disregarded when the letter is omitted
for metrical reasons.

THE HYPHEN
The hyphen is employed to join words together which have not
become single words through general usage, and where words are
necessarily broken at the end of a line. It is also used to separate
the syllables of words, in showing the correct pronunciation. (See
Compound Words.)
 {20}

CAPITALIZATION

THE original use of capitals in early manuscripts was for the

purpose of variety and ornamentation, and their position was
naturally subject to each writer’s individual taste. Good form now
prescribes certain definite rules of capitalization as follows:

RELIGIOUS TERMS
Capitalize:
1. Titles of parables: e.g., the parable of the Prodigal Son, etc.
2. The books and divisions of the Bible and of other sacred books:
e.g., Old Testament, Book of Job, etc.
3. Versions of the Bible: e.g., King James Version, Revised
Version, etc.
4. The names of monastic orders and their members: e.g., the
Jesuits, the Black Friars, etc.
5. The word Church when it stands for the Church universal, or
when part of a name: e.g., the Church, the First Congregational
Church, the Church of Rome ; but use lower case when referring to
church history.
6. The word Gospel when it refers to a book of the Bible, as the
Gospel of John, or {21} the Gospels ; but use lower case when
referring to the gospel message.
7. Pronouns referring to God or Christ when used in direct
address, or whenever the reference might otherwise be mistaken.
 8. General biblical terms: e.g., Priestly Code, Apostles’ Creed,
Lord’s Prayer, Lord’s Supper, The Prophets, and Major and Minor
Prophets, when the collection of prophetical books is intended; but
use lower case for the adjectives biblical and scriptural.
9. Names applied to the Evil One, except when used as an
expletive, or as a general name for any demon: e.g.,
“When the Devil was sick, the Devil a monk would be;
When the Devil was well, the devil a monk was he.”
10. The word Holy in the Holy place and the Holy of holies.
11. The title of a psalm: e.g., the Twenty-fourth Psalm.
12. Capitalize the following:
Almighty Authorized Version Common Version Creator
Deity Father God Holy Bible Holy Spirit Holy Writ
Jehovah Jesus Christ King Logos Lord Messiahship
Messiah Messianic Passover Pentecost Redeemer
Revised Version Sabbath Saviour Scriptures Son of Man
Son Spirit The Trinity The Virgin Mary Word
{22}

Do not capitalize:
1. Words like epistle, book (as the book of Ruth ), psalm, or
psalms when not used distinctively, or psalmist when the author of
a single psalm is intended.
2. Words like heaven, heavenly, hell.
3. The words fatherhood and sonship, god when a pagan deity is
referred to, temple.

PROPER NAMES
Capitalize:
1. Epithets employed as substitutes for or affixes to proper names:
e.g., Peter the Great, the Pretender, etc.
 2. The words Pilgrim Fathers and Early Fathers (referring to the
Early Church), etc.
3. The word Revolutionary when referring to the Revolution of
1776: e.g., a Revolutionary soldier.
4. The words river, creek, brook, mountain, mine, district,
county, channel, when used as a part of a title: e.g., Hudson River,
Clear Brook, Rocky Mountains ; but use lower case when preceded
by the : e.g., the Hudson river, etc.
5. Nouns designating definite geographical portions of the country
or divisions of the world: e.g., the North, the South, the West, the
Old World ; and in the division of the Jewish Commonwealth, the
Northern Kingdom, the Southern Kingdom. Also capitalize the
adjectival nouns derived from them: e.g., Northerner, Southerner,
Oriental, {23} Occidental. Use lower case for adjectives: e.g., He is
now in southern California, etc.
6. Abstract ideas or terms when personified; e.g., Pride flaunts
herself ; Nature gives willingly of her abundance.
7. Names of streets, squares, parks, buildings, etc.: e.g., Beacon
Street, Copley Square, Franklin Park, Tremont Building, etc.
8. Abbreviations of names of corporations and firms: e.g., N.Y.C. &
H.R.R.R.
9. The abbreviation Co. (Company ) in firm or corporation names.
10. The scientific names of divisions, orders, families, and genera
in all botanical, geological, or zoölogical copy: e.g., Ichneumon Fly
(Thalessa lunator ), Reptilia, Vertebrata, etc.
11. The days of the week and the months of the year, but use
lower case for the seasons, unless personified or referred to
specifically: e.g., It was a bright spring day ; but, Spring, beautiful
Spring ; the Spring of 1911, etc.
12. The popular names of the bodies of the solar system (except
sun, moon, stars, earth ): e.g., the Dipper, the Milky Way, Venus,
etc.
 13. In botanical and zoölogical copy, the names of species if
derived from proper names or from generic names, but in geological
and medical matter use lower case for the names of species, even
though derived from proper names: e.g., Clover-root Borer,
Hylesinus trifolii, Pterygomatopus schmidti. {24}
14. Capitalize the following:
Articles of Confederation Bill of Rights Commonwealth
(Cromwell’s) Commune Constitution Crusades Hundred
Years’ War Inquisition Magna Charta Middle Ages
Reformation Renaissance Restoration Revolution of July
Seven Years’ War Stone Age

Do not capitalize:
1. Words derived from proper names and their derivatives when
such words are so familiarly used as to lose the significance and
personality of their origin: e.g., fletcherize, macadamize, quixotic,
italicize, etc.
2. Nouns and adjectives when they merely fix a point of the
compass: e.g., He came from the north, western New York, upper
Canada, etc.
3. The words father, mother, mamma, and all other family
appellations, except when used with the proper name of the person
or without a possessive pronoun: e.g., I expect to meet my mother,
but, I have received a telegram from Mother ; My aunt gave me this,
but, It is a present from Aunt Mary.

TITLES
Capitalize:
1. The word State when it refers to a political division of the
Union: e.g., the State {25} of Massachusetts ; but use lower case
when the word is employed as an adjective.
2. The words Federal, Government, Constitution, Cabinet,
Administration when they refer to United States Government, and
President when referring to the President of the United States.
3. All titles of honor, nobility, and respect: e.g., His Excellency, Her
Majesty, Father William, Mother Hubbard, Cousin John, Deacon
Smith.
4. Civil and military titles when they are used specifically: e.g.,
President Taft, King George, the Governor, General Grant, etc.; but
do not capitalize the titles of offices actually existing when following
the name: e.g., William H. Taft, president of the United States.
5. The names of societies: e.g., Young People’s Society of Christian
Endeavor, Boston Congregational Club, Second Church Parish.
6. Names of expositions, conventions, etc.: e.g., Brockton Fair,
Congress of Physiology, etc.
7. Abbreviations of degrees: e.g., Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D., omitting
space between the letters.
8. Such titles as von, in German, le, la, du, de, or d’, in French,
da, della, di, or de’, etc., in Italian, when the forename is not given:
e.g., Von Humboldt, Da Ponte ; but when the article or preposition is
preceded by {26} a forename the title should not be capitalized: e.g.,
Lorenzo de’ Medici. Van in Dutch is always capitalized.
9. After Whereas and Resolved, followed by a comma, begin the
first word with a capital; e.g., W HEREAS, It has pleased Almighty
God . . . ; therefore be it Resolved, That . . .
10. After a colon, capitalize the first word only when followed by a
complete independent sentence or passage or where preceded by
such introductory phrases as namely, as follows, for instance, the
point is this, my conclusion is this, etc.
11. In titles of books or essays all words except unimportant
adjectives, prepositions, and conjunctions: e.g., The Fall of the
House of Usher.
Do not capitalize:
1. Adjectives compounded with an inseparable prefix with proper
names; e.g., transatlantic, unamerican.
 2. The words apostle, pope, bishop, canon, rector, chaplain,
minister, etc., when separated from names or used descriptively:
e.g., the apostle Paul ; but in direct address they should be
capitalized: e.g., “O Apostle Paul. ”

INSTITUTIONAL TERMS
Capitalize:
1. Thanksgiving Day, Lord’s Day, New Year’s Day, the Fourth
(referring to the {27} Fourth of July), Children’s Day, Easter,
Founder’s Day, etc.
2. The word College or University only when part of the title: e.g.,
Amherst College, Harvard University.
3. Political alliances and terms which have acquired similar
significance: e.g., the Dreibund, the Insurgents.
4. Titles of treaties, laws, and acts: e.g., the Treaty of Portsmouth,
the Declaration of Independence, the Edict of Nantes.
5. Names of political parties: e.g., Republican, Democrat, etc.; but
use lower case for republican form of government, a true democrat,
etc., where reference is not made to members of political parties.
6. Names and epithets of races, tribes, and peoples: e.g.,
Hottentots, Celestials, etc.; but use lower case for negro, colored
people, the blacks, the whites, poor whites, etc.
7. Generic parts of names of political divisions (a ) when the term
is an organic part of the name, directly following the proper name:
e.g., the Russian Empire, Norfolk County, etc.; (b ) when it is used
with the preposition of as an integral part of the name indicating
administrative subdivisions of the United States: e.g.,
Commonwealth of Massachusetts ; (c ) when it is used singly as
designation for a specific division: e.g., the Dominion (of Canada ),
the Union ; (d ) when it is used as part of an appellation as though
{28} a real geographical name: e.g., the Pine Tree State, the
Promised Land ; but use lower case for such terms when standing
alone or preceding the specific name: e.g., the empire of Germany,
the county of Norfolk.
8. Numbered political divisions: e.g., Ward Eleven, Fifth Precinct,
Eleventh Congressional District, etc.
Do not capitalize:
1. The words legislature, circuit court, district court, city council,
supreme court, senate, and house of representatives except when
specifically applied: e.g., the legislature of the State, the circuit
court, etc.; but Congress, the Circuit Court of Suffolk County, the
House of Representatives of the United States.
2. The words high school, grammar school, except as part of title:
e.g., the Dorchester High School ; but the high school of Dorchester.

REFERENCES
Capitalize:
1. Nouns followed by a capitalized roman numeral: e.g., Act I, Vol.
VIII, etc. In references the nouns and the roman numerals are often
lower-cased.
Do not capitalize:
1. Minor subdivisions and their abbreviations of literary references:
e.g., line, verse, note, section, chapter, page, etc. {29}

ORDINALS
Capitalize:
1. Sessions of Congress, dynasties, names of regiments, etc.: e.g.,
the Fifty-fourth Congress, the Sixteenth Dynasty, the Forty-fourth
Massachusetts.

IN GENERAL
Capitalize:
1. The first word of a sentence and the first word of each line of
poetry.
 2. The words I and O.
3. The first word after a colon when introducing a sentence having
an independent meaning: e.g., My explanation is: Competition forces
each manufacturer to study economies.
4. Words having special meanings: e.g., the Referee’s decision, a
Bachelor’s degree.
5. The first word of every direct quotation.
6. In side-heads capitalize only the first word and proper names.
7. In a letter, the first word after the address. In the address, sir,
friend, father, brother, sister, etc.
Do not capitalize:
1. Words used in forming parts of hyphenated compounds: e.g.,
The speed of the Twentieth-century Limited, West Twenty-third
Street, etc.
2. Units of measurement and their {30} abbreviations: e.g.,
second, minute, hour, ounce, pound, foot, yard, etc.
3. The first word of a quotation following a colon (a ) if it is closely
connected with what precedes it; (b ) if the phrase is dependent
upon the preceding clause; or (c ) if the words following the colon
contain comment: e.g., These explanations occur to me: either the
manufacturers are unaware of the situation, or they have become
indifferent.
4. The definite article as a part of the title in mentioning
newspapers or magazines: e.g., the Boston Herald, the Review of
Reviews.

¶ When a date is at the end of a letter or paper, it is to be placed

at the left of page, using roman caps and lower case if above
signature; caps, small caps, and italic if below signature.
¶ On title-pages and in headings certain words may be capitalized
which in paragraphed matter would be made lower case: e.g.,
Queen Maria Sophia, a Forgotten Heroine.
 ¶ In MS., two lines drawn underneath a word or words indicate
SMALL CAPITALS; three lines, CAPITALS.

SMALL CAPITALS
1. B.C. and A.D., A.M. and P.M. should be set in small caps, with no
spacing between the letters: e.g., B.C. 480.
 {31}

SPELLING

THE difficulties which a writer encounters who has not firmly

anchored himself to some recognized authority are many, and for
those who have found this refuge to remain consistent is almost an
impossibility. To the complications occasioned by variations in
spelling certain words given authority by the different recognized
dictionaries, there has been added more recently the bewilderment
of the “reformed” spelling. To lay down hard-and-fast rules,
therefore, would be an act of folly, but a safe guide to follow is to
note that when two or more forms exist in any good usage,
including good minority usage, or recent usage among
bibliographers, scientists, and other systematic writers, the following
rules are observed:
(a ) Prefer the form most correct etymologically
(b ) Prefer the shortest and simplest
(c ) Prefer the more phonetic form
(d ) Prefer English spelling rather than foreign.

With this as a basis, the following rules may be formulated:

NUMBERS
1. Percentage should always take figures: e.g., 1⁄ 2 of 1 per cent.
{32}
2. Spell out references to specific decades: e.g., Back in the
eighties.
 3. Spell out years and months in stating ages: e.g., Edward is five
years and four months old.
4. Spell out numbers of centuries, dynasties, military bodies,
streets and thoroughfares, sessions of Congress.
5. In statistical or technical matter figures should be used: e.g.,
The paper to be used is 33 × 44 inches, and weighs 120 pounds to
the ream.
6. Spell out, in ordinary reading matter, all numbers of less than
three digits: e.g., We have twenty-five titles, amounting to 250,000
volumes in all.
7. If, in a group of numbers, some consist of three digits and
others of less, use figures for all: e.g., The packages contain,
respectively, 50, 85, and 128 sheets, not fifty, eighty-five, and 128.
8. Spell out round numbers, but use figures for specific, even
though approximate statements: e.g., The population of the United
States is about one hundred millions ; but, The population of the
United States is 92,000,000.
9. Always spell out a figure, whatever its size, when it begins a
sentence. If for any reason this is impracticable the sentence must
be reconstructed.
10. In ordinary reading matter spell out the time of day, but in
enumerations, and {33} always in connection with A.M. and P.M., use
figures, omitting the word o’clock : e.g., The doors open at 7:30 P.M.

DIPHTHONGS
1. Avoid all diphthongs, especially æ and œ, but retain æ and œ
in Latin words and in nominal English forms like formulæ and other
plurals, arbor vitæ, etc. Established English words having now or
formerly the ligature æ or œ are generally written with the simple
e.
 SIMPLE RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY
1. Monosyllablic words which end in f, l, or s, when preceded by a
single vowel, double their final letter: e.g., muff, still, lass.
Exceptions: clef, of, if, bul, nul, sal, sol, as, gas, has, was, yes,
gris, is, his, this, pus, us, thus.
2. Monosyllabic words which end in consonants other than f, l, or
s do not double their final letter. Exceptions: abb, add, ebb, odd,
mumm, inn, bunn, err, purr, burr, butt, mitt, fizz, fuzz, buzz.
3. Monosyllabic words ending in a consonant immediately
following a diphthong or a double vowel do not double their final
letter. Exception: guess.
4. In monosyllables and words accented on the final syllable
ending with a single consonant (excepting h or x ) preceded by a
single vowel, or by qu and a vowel, the final consonant is doubled
before an added {34} termination beginning with a vowel,
irrespective of the addition of another syllable: e.g., stop, stopped ;
regret, regretting. When, however, the place of the accent is
changed by the added termination, the final consonant is not
doubled: e.g., prefer´, pref´erable.
5. In monosyllables and words not accented on the last syllable,
an added termination does not double the final consonant when it is
preceded by a diphthong or by two vowels: e.g., profit, profited ;
cancel, canceled ; benefit, benefited ; equal, equality, novel, novelist,
and all the derivatives of parallel.
6. Words which end in any double letters retain the double with a
termination not beginning with the same letter. This rule also holds
for derivatives formed by means of prefixes: e.g., agreeing, calling,
recall. Exceptions: instalment, enrolment, skilful, wilful,
enthralment, pontific, withal, until, and similar derivatives.
7. Words ending in -our, the u being unsounded, are spelled -or,
with the exception of Saviour and glamour. The English custom is to
retain the -our in most words having this ending.
 8. Words derived from words ending in silent e after a consonant
retain the e when the added termination begins with a consonant:
e.g., state, statement, stately ; pale, paleness ; move, movement.
Exceptions: abridgment, {35} acknowledgment, judgment,
lodgment, nursling, wholly, wisdom.
When another vowel (except e or i ) immediately precedes the
final e, the final e is usually dropped before a consonant: e.g.,
argue, argument ; awe, awful ; true, truly, etc. There are, however,
many exceptions to this rule: e.g., eye, eyesight, etc.
When the termination begins with a vowel, the final e is omitted:
e.g., sale, salable ; bride, bridal ; force, forcible. Exceptions:
mileage, etc.
9. When words end in ce or ge the final e is retained before
added terminations beginning with a or o : e.g., change,
changeable ; courage, courageous.
10. In participles the final e is sometimes retained for the purpose
of distinguishing them from other words pronounced the same but
having a different meaning: e.g., singe, singeing, to distinguish from
singing ; dye, dyeing, to distinguish from dying, etc. The e is also
retained in hoeing, toeing, and shoeing. 3
3 See list on page 37.

11. Words ending in ie change their termination to y upon adding

ing : e.g., die, dying ; vie, vying.
12. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y to i
before any added termination not beginning with i : e.g., {36} merry,
merriment ; happy, happiness. Exceptions: adjectives of one
syllable: e.g., dry, dryly ; sly, slyness. Also except derivatives formed
by adding ship and hood : e.g., suretyship, babyhood ; but
hardihood.
When the final y is preceded by a vowel, the y is usually changed
to i : e.g., gay, gaiety ; day, daily ; pay, paid ; lay, laid, etc.
 13. The French ending -re in theater, center, meager, sepulcher,
etc., is not now generally considered good usage.
14. The possessive of proper nouns ending in s or other sibilant is
formed by adding the apostrophe and s if the word is of one
syllable: e.g., James’s apple ; but add the apostrophe alone if the
word is of more than one syllable: e.g., For Jesus’ sake. 4
15. Words which in their shortest form end in -d, -de, -ge, -mit,
-rt, -se, -ss take the ending -sion : e.g., abscind, abscission ;
seclude, seclusion ; emerge, emersion ; admit, admission ; revert,
reversion ; confuse, confusion ; impress, impression. Other words
take the ending -tion. 5
4 See page 19.
5 See list of irregular forms, and departures from rule on
page 39.

ACCENTED WORDS
The following is a partial list of words in common use in which
accented letters occur: {37}
attaché chargé d’affaires confrère coup d’état coup de
grâce crèche débris en arrière en échelon en règle
entrée entrepôt exposé façade faïence habitué lèse
majesté matériel matinée mêlée née papier-maché
procès verbal protégé régime résumé rôle señor
soirée tête-à-tête vis-à-vis visé

PARTICIPLES
These participles should be spelled as follows:
acknowledging agreeing awing bluing dyeing
encouraging gluing grudging hieing hoeing icing
judging owing shoeing singeing tingeing trudging
truing
 VARIABLE ENDINGS
1. The following words are spelled with the termination ize :
aggrandize agonize analyze anatomize anglicize
apologize apostrophize apprize (to value ) authorize
baptize brutalize canonize catechize catholicize
cauterize centralize characterize christianize civilize
colonize criticize crystallize demoralize dogmatize
economize emphasize epitomize equalize eulogize
evangelize extemporize familiarize fertilize fossilize
fraternize galvanize generalize gormandize harmonize
immortalize italicize jeopardize legalize liberalize
localize magnetize memorialize mesmerize
metamorphize methodize minimize modernize
monopolize moralize nationalize naturalize neutralize
organize ostracize paralyze particularize pasteurize
patronize philosophize plagiarize pulverize realize
recognize reorganize revolutionize satirize scandalize
scrutinize signalize solemnize soliloquize specialize
spiritualize standardize stigmatize subsidize summarize
syllogize symbolize sympathize tantalize temporize
tranquilize tyrannize universalize utilize vaporize
vitalize vocalize vulcanize vulgarize
2. The following words are spelled with the termination ise :
advertise advise appraise apprise (to inform ) arise
chastise circumcise comprise compromise demise
devise disfranchise disguise emprise enfranchise
enterprise exercise exorcise franchise improvise
incise manuprise merchandise premise reprise revise
rise supervise surmise surprise
3. The following words have the termination -ible ; words not
6
included in this list {39} end in -able , except a few words
pronounced similarly, but spelled differently.
 accessible admissible appetible apprehensible audible
cessible coercible compatible competible
comprehensible compressible conceptible contemptible
contractible controvertible convertible convincible
corrigible corrosible corruptible credible decoctible
deducible defeasible defensible descendible
destructible digestible discernible distensible divisible
docible edible effectible eligible eludible enforcible
evincible expansible expressible extendible extensible
fallible feasible fencible flexible forcible francible
fusible gullible horrible illegible immiscible
7
impassible intelligible irascible legible miscible
7
negligible partible passible perceptible permissible
persuasible pervertible plausible possible productible
reducible reflexible refrangible remissible reprehensible
resistible responsible reversible revertible risible
seductible sensible tangible terrible transmissible
visible
6 R ULE: Derivations of the first conjugation in Latin take a ;
those of the other conjugations, i.
7 See page 42.

4. These are the irregular forms of the endings -sion and -tion.
adhesion assertion attention coercion cohesion
crucifixion declension dimension dissension distortion
divulsion expulsion impulsion insertion intention
occasion propulsion recursion repulsion revulsion
scansion suspicion tension version
5. The following words are pronounced similarly, but the meaning
changes with the spelling:
Advice counsel
advise to counsel
albumen white of egg
albumin viscous substance
alegar ale vinegar
aleger cheerful, sprightly
ante preceding
anti against
apprise to inform
apprize to value
auger tool
augur to predict by signs
Base bottom, vile
bass lowest tone
bask to lie in warmth
basque apparel
berth place to sleep
birth coming into life
breach gap
breech hinder part of a gun
Cannon gun
canon law or rule
canyon gorge
cannot denial of power
can not affirmation of power
canvas cloth
canvass to solicit
capital chief, money, stock
capitol building
caster vial
castor rodent
censer incense-pan
censor critic
cere to wax
sear to burn the surface
seer prophet
sere dry, withered
claimant one who claims
clamant beseeching
complement fulness
compliment praise
conveyer one who conveys
conveyor contrivance for conveying objects
coquet to trifle in love
coquette flirt
council deliberative body
counsel to advise
consular pertaining to a counsel
councilor member of a council
counselor adviser
corespondent one who answers jointly with another
correspondent one who corresponds by letter
Depositary receiver
depository place of deposit
discreet prudent
discrete distinct
dyeing coloring
dying expiring
Emigrant one who moves out of a country
immigrant one who moves into a country
emigration moving out
immigration moving in
empirical experimentative
empyrical combustible principle of coal
Faker cheat, swindler
fakir Oriental religious ascetic
farther as applied to distance
further signifying additional
Galipot resin or pitch
gallipot medicine pot
gantlet “running the gantlet”
gauntlet glove
grisly horrible
grizzly grayish
Hoard accumulate
horde troop
Immanent inherent
imminent impending
impassible incapable of emotion
impassable not passable
incipient commencing
insipient stupid, foolish
indict charge with crime
indite compose, write
indiscreet imprudent
indiscrete compact
intension stretching
intention determination
Lessen to reduce
lesson something to be studied
Maize corn
maze labyrinth
marten animal
martin bird
meat flesh
meet to join, proper
mete to measure
miner digger
minor under age
mucous slimy
mucus viscid fluid
O wish, imprecation
oh! an exclamation
Panel sunken plane with raised margins
pannel rustic saddle
parol oral declaration
parole word of honor
passable admitting passage
passible unfeeling
pendant ornament
pendent hanging
premices first-fruits
premises property
principal adjective
principle noun
prophecy prediction
prophesy to foretell
Rabbet groove in edge of boards
rabbit small animal
resin semi-liquid exudation of the pine
rosin solid product of turpentine
rigger a fitter of ships’ rigging
rigor muscular rigidity
riot tumult
ryot tiller of the soil
Saver one who saves
savor flavor
subtle sly, artful
suttle net weight
sheath scabbard
sheathe to cover
sleight artful trick
slight small
Theocracy government by direction of God
theocrasy mixture of worship of different gods
ton measure of weight
tun large cask
Vertical perpendicular
verticle axis, hinge
Wheal raised mark, a welt
wheel rotating disk
 {45}

COMPOUND WORDS

THE general theory of compounding is that when two words are

used together with but a single meaning, the hyphen is employed if
the emphasis of pronunciation falls upon the first word, but omitted
if it is the second word which requires the emphasis. Practice,
however, has shown that this theory is not sufficiently specific in its
expression to guide the student who is desirous of making consistent
use of the hyphen, and recourse to the various dictionaries adds to
his confusion because of the many variations. Good usage,
therefore, becomes his only refuge, and the rules which are
formulated and collated here are based wholly upon what appears to
the present writer to come within this definition. Many words
originally compounded or written as two words are now written as
one; on the other hand, modern usage now compounds or breaks
into two words many words which were originally written as one.
¶ In general, hyphens should always be omitted when the
meaning can be equally well expressed by using the same words
separately. {46}
Use the hyphen:
1. With the prefix mid, except in cases of words in common use:
e.g., mid-channel, but midsummer, midday, etc.
2. When two or more words (except proper names which form a
unity in themselves) are combined, preceding a noun: e.g., the well-
known financier, up-to-date equipment, go-as-you-please race ; but
a quaint old English tea-room.
 In applying this rule be careful not to hyphenate adjectives and
participles with adverbs which end in ly, nor with combinations such
as those referred to when following a noun or qualifying a predicate:
e.g., possessed of highly developed intelligence, a lawyer well
thought of in his own city.
3. In such words as attorney-general, vice-president, rear-
admiral, etc.; but not in viceroy, vicegerent, etc.
4. Compounds of color: e.g., olive-green, silver-gray, lemon-
yellow, red-hot, etc. But in simple cases of adjective and noun, as
brownish yellow or yellowish white the words are not compounded.
5. In nouns which stand in objective relation to each other, one of
whose components is derived from a transitive verb: e.g., I am your
well-wisher, He is a large property-holder, hero-worship, but not in
bookkeeper, bookmaker, copyholder, dressmaker, lawgiver,
proofreader, {47} taxpayer, and similar common short compounds.8
8 See page 50, Sec. 5.

6. In compounds of fellow: e.g., play-fellow, fellow-creatures,

etc.; but bedfellow.
7. In compounds of father, mother, brother, sister, daughter,
parent, and foster : e.g., father-feeling, mother-country, brother-
love, sister-empire, foster-father, great-grandfather, etc.; but
fatherland, fatherhead, grandfather.
8. In compounds of world and life : e.g., life-story, world-
influence, etc.; but lifetime.
9. In compounds of master : e.g., master-painter, etc.; but
masterpiece.
10. In compounds of god : e.g., sun-god, rain-god, etc.; but
godson.
11. When half or quarter, etc., is combined with a noun: e.g.,
half-circle, half-title, quarter-mile, etc.; but quartermaster,
headquarters, etc.
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