Complete climatology
CLIMATOLOGY
Atmosphere
Compositon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
the balance between the
amount of heat coming
into the Earth from the
sun (incoming radiation)
and the amount of heat
leaving the Earth back
into space (outgoing
radiation)
Green house gas What is GHGs ?
Water vapour
All three of these will affect the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
Variations in the water vapour
1. Latitudnal
2. Altitudnal variation
3. Seasonal variations
4. Diurnal variation
5. Particulate matter
6. Aerosols
Aerosol 2 colours
Aerosol radiative forcing
Upsc pyq
In the context of which of the following do
some scientists suggest the use of the cirrus
cloud thinning technique and the injection of
sulphate aerosol into the stratosphere?
(a) Creating artificial rains in some regions.
(b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of
tropical cyclones.
(c) Reducing the adverse effects of solar
wind on the Earth.
(d) Reducing global warming.
What are the impacts of aerosols ?
Structure of the atmosphere
Chemical composition
Homosphere
Heterosphere
Division on the basis of temperature
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Vienna convetion 1985
Montreal protocol 1989
Kigali 2016
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Insolation
1. Rotation of earth
Revolution
Why summer solstice on 21 june ?
Angle of sun rays
Albedo - (Reflection)
Arctic amplification Arctic amplification is the
phenomenon where the
Arctic is warming faster than
the rest of the planet. This
happens because melting ice
exposes darker ocean water
and land, which absorb more
heat instead of reflecting it,
creating a feedback loop that
accelerates warming.
Albedo
Artificial albedo
Artificial albedo is the use of human-made methods to increase
Earth’s reflectivity, reducing the amount of sunlight absorbed and
helping to cool the planet.
Atmosphere
Which of the following is consequence of climate change ?
1. Volcanic eruption
2. HFCs
3. Plate tectonic
4. Coal fired power plant
5. None
Lattitude and Longitude
the earth makes one complete rotation of 360° in one day or 24 hours, it passes through 15° in
One hour or 1° in 4 minutes. The earth rotates west to east, so every 15° we go eastwards, local
time is advanced by 1 hour. Conversely, if we go westwards by 15°, local time is retarded by 1 hour.
International date line
Indian standard time
Daylight saving time
clocks are advanced one hour in the spring and moved back one hour in
the fall
Side real day
Temperature
Factors affecting it : -
Radiations
Conduction
Convection
Advection
Cyclonic and Anti cyclonic Movement
Lattitudes
Altitudes
Distance from the sea
Sea breeze
Land breeze Land
Sea breeze
breeze
Continentality
It takes more time for the sea water to heat up and cool down, so it balances the temperature of
the surrounding area. But the land heats up and cools down quickly, due to which the
temperature varies a lot. This concept is called continentality.
Siberia is far from the sea, so temperatures are extreme.
Coldest region in asia - verkhoyansk
Difference in nature of land and water
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one
degree
Atmospheric stability or instability
Ocean Currents
Horizontal distribution of temperature
Vertical distribution of temperature
Temperature inversion
A temperature inversion is a layer in the atmosphere where the temperature increases with height
Advectional inversion
a type of temperature inversion that occurs when warm air moves horizontally
over a cooler surface.
Valley inversion
Sea fog / smog
Non Advectional
Mixing of Cold and Warm Currents
Air masses
Fronts
Smog 2 types
Photochemical
Sulphur smog
ISOTHERMS
Pressure and Winds
Atmospheric Pressure
Thermally Indused
Weather conditions in ELPB
Polar HP belts
Dynamically Indused
Weather Conditions
Factors affecting the wind movements
1. Pressure difference / PGF
2.Corriolis force
3. Frictional force
4. Centripetal Force
where there is low pressure in the centre
and the winds from the adjoiningHigh
pressure areas rush to fill the central
vaccume called as centripetal force
Primary / global / permanents winds
Trade winds
Westerlis
The south does not have irregularities so it has a much larger surface area to travel over.
This results in less friction or more velocity. Therefore the westerly winds are known by a
different name in the ISI belt of the Southern Hemisphere.
Polar easterlies
Secondary winds / Regional winds
Monsoon
Tropical marine type of climate
Local winds
Why and when the local winds appear ?
Cold winds
Important local winds
Chinook / snoweater / forn
Doctor winds / Harmattan
Why doctor winds ?
Sirocco / Blood rain
Different names of sirocco in different areas
Sirocco -ve Impact
Cold winds ( local wind )
Mistral
Bora
Blizzards
Tricellular Meridonial Air Circulation ( TcMAC)
Hadley Cell
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell
Remember
Geostrophic Winds
Jet Streams
Charateristics
Circumpolar
Origin
Why jet stream not form at equator ?
Jet streams do not form at the equator because the conditions required for their
development—large temperature gradients and the Coriolis effect—are not present there.
Length Depth
Starts Meandering
Seasons - Impact Jet streams
Winter
Types of jet streams
Polar front jet stream
Sub tropical Westerly jet stream
These jet streams bifurcates into 2 directions
Q. Which of the following plays an imp. Role in the Rabi
( wheat ) cultivation in N. india ?
a) Temperate weather condition
b) Soil of the region
c) STW jet streams tropical easterly
d) All of above
Tropical Easterly Jet stream
Polar Night jet streams
Humidity,condensation and PPT
Humidity
Humidity Capacity
Absolute Humidity
Relative Humidity
HC will be highest in ?
a) Winter
b) Summer
c) Monsoon
d) Spring
Forms of Condensation
Dew
Frost
Fog
Haze
Mist
Clouds
Formation
Artificial Rain
Classification of clouds : On basis of height
Classification : On the basis of shape
Cirrus clouds
Cumulus
Stratus
Nimbus
Alto / Medium
Cirrus clouds
Cirro cumulus
Cirro stratus
Alto stratus
Alto Cumulus clouds
Stratus clouds
Strato cumulus
Types of clouds on the basis of height
Cumulus
Cumulus nimbus
Structure
Mechanism of formation
Thunderstorms
Hailstorms
Formation
Types of precipitation
Convectional rain
Mechanism
Local names
Convectional rainfall at :
Orographic Rainfall
Cyclonic Rain
Airmasses
Conditions necessary
On the basis of temperature :
Cold Airmass
Warm Airmass
On the basis of origin
Continental Airmass
Maritime
* it is cold
upwards so
cant pick
moisture .
* but when it
is relatively
downwards
I.e over
B.O.B.,
relatively
warmer than NE Monsoon
upper layer
hence will SW monsoon
pick up
moisture
Rain in tamil
nadu
( coromondal
coast )
Fronts
Conditions for fronts formation
Types of fronts
Formation
Warm fronts
Weather conditions
Cold fronts
Weather conditions
Areas
Occluded fronts
Stationary fronts
Cyclones
2 types of cyclones
Tropical cyclones Names
Extratropical cyclones
Why ?
Seasons
Weather conditions
Tropical Cyclones
What is it ?
Conditions
Structure of Tropical Cyclone
Naming :
Why ?
Feminists movement - why faminine names to cyclones ?
Countries
