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Random documents with unrelated
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diversified variety of its wooded or rocky slopes, far surpasses any
other portion of the river we had as yet seen. The volume, too, of the
stream is here very considerable, its breadth being nearly 350 yards;
whilst sailing majestically on its surface we descry numerous black
swans in close and amicable contiguity with flocks of unsightly
pelicans. Continuing to pass through a country of this kind, we soon
leave behind us the granite formation, with the huge “boulders” of
rock which mark its character; and after meeting an island, in mid-
stream, again enter upon an Arcadian country, which, undulating in
small rounded hills, dotted with trees of moderate height, bears some
resemblance to the shores of Greece. Strange to say, however, as the
land appears good, even if occasionally rocky, there is scarcely a
habitation to be seen; though here, one would say, is quite the scene
to realize the poet’s dream, the

“Speluncæ vivique lacus, ac frigida tempe,

Mugitusque boûm, mollesque sub arbore somni.”

About twenty-four measured miles (according to Mr. Mason) from

Wellington, in the vicinity of the granite masses, visible from the
deck, is a large rock, at present under water, but visible when the
river is low. The next object I find worthy of notice is a “mob” of sixty
or seventy horses, seemingly lost in wonder at the smoking and
noise-making intruder upon their wonted solitude. After a time they
lose their fears, and, fascinated as it were with the novel sight and
sound, follow us in wild confusion along the rugged shores.

Thursday, October 13th, quarter to one p.m.—We are now at

Wellington, where, amongst the spectators on the sandy banks, I
observe His Excellency’s police-orderly, who, coming on board,
informs us that the horses are here. Sir Henry Young having,
however, determined to terminate his voyage only at the completion
of the enterprise, by the arrival of the steamer with her first 37
[30]
cargo, the Golden Fleece, at her starting point, the Goolwa,
the horses are ordered to that point. Being, however, myself, desirous
of returning to Adelaide at once, and his Excellency spontaneously
giving me the option of so doing, I here determine to bid adieu to the
river, and place myself with the least possible delay on one of the
horses which the trooper brought from Adelaide some days ago.

Here then, I leave the Murray! and I do so in the firm belief that,
whether it is to become in the future—as it has been, perhaps
prophetically, designated—the “Australian Nile;” or whether it is to be
the connecting link and general highway of the Australian capitals,
existing and to be; this river is of incalculable advantage to the whole
of Australasia, and its steam navigation, thus far successfully
accomplished, an event worthy of record and narration by far abler
pens than mine.

After a glance at Captain Cadell’s canvas boat, I left Wellington a little

after two p.m. on the 13th, mounted on a horse hired by Mr.
Grainger, and by no means remarkable for speed. The excellent
natural road runs for some miles over fine plains covered with wild
flowers, and affording, I should imagine, rich pasturage, with some
lakes adjacent. Thence you arrive at a tract of dreary and sandy
scrub, rendered still more disagreeable by a road which is quite a
reflection upon a civilized district, and from the number of stumps,
which like “trous de loup” project from it, is really a most dangerous
thoroughfare. At about eighteen or twenty miles from Wellington, is
Langhorne’s Creek, a settlement, near which I was shown the finest
wheat in the Colony, and where there is a tolerable inn, with
moderate charges and prompt attendance. Leaving this, the road—
one place excepted, a most superior natural one, passes through a
fine open forest country, fed over by abundant cattle, whose
condition testifies to the quality of their food. Strathalbyn is then
reached; it is a most flourishing settlement, and boasts a good inn; in
the vicinity are some mines, worked for seven years, and shortly to
be turned to more profit by the introduction of expensive machinery,
which, possibly may be transported thither via Wellington and the
Murray, the approach from Adelaide, being, I am told, scarcely
passable for heavily loaded drays. I arrived at Strathalbyn a 38
little after six! and about nine, a further detachment of our
party, consisting of Messrs. Davenport, Andrews, and Allen, came in,
having left Wellington just after me in a sort of dog-cart. The
following morning between seven and eight, I left for Adelaide; the
trooper, with his Excellency’s horses, proceeding onward to the
Goolwa, distant about twenty miles. I found the country from
Strathalbyn to the capital exceedingly beautiful, combining, indeed,
every variety of forest scenery, water alone excepted. Its aspect is
Devonian; but between Strathalbyn and Macclesfield is encountered a
conglomerate of hills, heaped together in such wild and mountainous
confusion, that to construct a highway might have puzzled General
Wade himself. It must, however, at some time or other be done, for
at present the road is execrable; and when the land is so fine, and
the settlements between Adelaide and the Murray so important, it is
perhaps bad policy, not to say almost an injustice, to leave the
inhabitants without good means of communication. Some miles,
however, beyond the Echunga diggings—a tract of gravelly waste,
honeycombed as it were with pits, there is now constructing a new
line of road, passing Crafer’s (ten miles from Adelaide), which,
though cut through a difficult country, and not apparently formed in
strict accordance with “Henry Law,” will, doubtless, be made highly
available to the interests of the settlers of Mount Barker, Strathalbyn,
&c.

About Glen Osmond, for a distance of some miles, the views are
splendid, comprising the whole of the Adelaide plains, and a vast and
magnificent sea-view extending completely across the Gulf of St.
Vincent. The town itself lies spread out below the hills as upon a
map; but perhaps from the want of spires or lofty buildings, the City
of Adelaide is not, from a distance, very imposing in appearance.
Descending Glen Osmond, three or four miles of hard, if not good,
road, brings the traveller to the town, which—rather tired, I confess—
I reached about half-past four p.m.; my horse being equally knocked
up with myself, though the distance from Strathalbyn is not more
than thirty-eight miles.
Sir Henry Young left the steamer the same evening (Friday, October
14), at the Goolwa, after a smooth passage across the Lake, and took
up his quarters for the night at Port Elliot. The next day, accompanied
by Mr. Grainger, His Excellency rode into Adelaide, a distance of about
fifty-eight miles.

By way of postscript to my journal, I append a letter from Mr.

Randell, the enterprising owner of the little Mary Ann.

Adelaide, October 21, 1853.

A. KINLOCH.
Gumeracka Mill, October 17, 1853.

Sir,—In answer to yours respecting the character of the River

Murray, above Swan Hill, I beg leave to state, that for some
distance above the Point the Lady Augusta reached 39
(Campbell’s), the flats by the river side improve in quality,
and are more extensive. I observed many which were not flooded,
which looked beautifully green and thick with herbage as far as the
eye could reach. Many of the flats, as usual, were entirely covered
with water; and even those that I before spoke of are very low,
being only a few inches above the level of the river. For the last
three days before reaching Maiden’s Punt (the highest point we
attained), the river begins to narrow, and to be particularly
sinuous, though not so incommoded with fallen trees or
overhanging branches as many parts we had passed, both above
and below Swan Hill. The banks begin to rise rather suddenly, and
are clothed in many places with thick jungles of the mimosa or
wattle; though of a different kind from any in the Adelaide district.
I am told the kind is plenty at Rivoli Bay, also in Van Dieman’s
Land. The bark is as good for its tanning properties as the Adelaide
wattle. Gum and box trees abound as below. The depth of the river
at Maiden’s Punt we found to be thirty feet, and forty to fifty yards
broad; the river rose two feet while we were there, and was still
rising when we left. I consider Maiden’s Punt to be a much more
important place than Swan Hill, from the fact of its being much
nearer all the diggings than that place (fifty-five miles from
Bendigo, forty from Goulburn, and 100 miles from the Ovens), and
from its being on the high road from Melbourne to the
Murrumbidgee, Edwards, and indeed all the country northward.
Maiden’s Punt is situated one and a-half miles from the junction of
the Goulburn; and, from information I received, I consider that
river navigable for small boats, like ours, within twelve miles of the
Goulburn diggings.

I was informed, by Mr. Maiden, the proprietor of the punt and inn,
bearing his name, that some short distance above his place, at the
junction of the Edwards and Wakool—or rather where these rivers
leave the Murray—that, at flood time, the channel of the river is
lost among large reedy lakes, and that its course could not be
found without native assistance—that the country is quite destitute
of trees for a considerable distance. After leaving this part, the
timber becomes plenty again, and continues so; the banks keep
high, and continue to improve in quality; the river becoming more
sinuous still, and the current much stronger. I do not think I have
anything more of importance to mention, but should anything
strike you, on which I could render you any information, I shall be
most happy to do so.

I remain, dear Sir,

Yours respectfully,
WILLm. RICH. RANDELL.

Arthur Kinloch, Esq., Clerk Executive Council.

40
 APPENDIX.

Enumeration of the quantity of sheep to be shorn in the present year

(1853), upon the Rivers Murray and Lachlan, as far as Swan Hill, in
the Provinces of South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales.

Owners. Sheep.
Mr. Pyke 20,000
Westmeath 40,000
Messrs. Sylvester & Smith 15,000
Mr. Lintott 6,000
Grierson 3,000
Messrs. Phelps & Connolly 12,000
Mr. Beveridge 10,000
Hamilton 5,000
McCallum 13,000
Grant 6,000
Ross 7,000
Morey 7,000
Gibbs 5,000
McPherson 6,000
Keane 16,000
McGrath 10,000
Jamieson 10,000
Messrs. Crozier & Rutherford 13,000
Mr. Paterson 7,000
Bagot 5,000
 Chambers 6,000
Mr. Walker 6,000
Coomar 5,000
Hart 6,000
Walsh 6,000
Haywood 3,000
Scoott 4,000
Fletcher 12,000
Scott 7,000
McLennan 7,000
McLean 6,000
McFarlane 4,000
Cameron 4,000
THE LACHLAN.
Mr. Peters 10,000
Messrs. Phelps & Co 20,000
Mr. Wentworth 50,000
Laing 15,000
Firebrace 6,000
Messrs. Firebrace and Brown 10,000
Mr. Nyne 40,000
Total number of sheep 443,000

To this number may be added an unestimated amount of sheep upon

the Darling River, amounting certainly, to 17,000; which at a very low
calculation will give 460,000 sheep; yielding a supply of wool—at 2
lbs. per sheep, and an average of 250 lbs. weight per bale—of 3,680
bales; or, at a rough estimate of £20 per bale, £73,600; or, at the not
unusual yield of 2¼ lbs. per sheep, £82,080.

41
This estimate extends no further than Swan Hill, about 280,000
1,300 miles from the sea. To give a correct idea of the
probable amount of wool to be derived from Swan Hill
and north of the Murray, onwards, is not easy, but
including the runs to Albury and Gundegai, and from
thence again to near the junction of the Lachlan, it may
be estimated at
Again, on the north bank of the Murrumbidgee there 90,000
may be set down twenty stations, depasturing each
4,500 sheep, or
In Victoria, and on the south side of the Murray, from 220,000
Swan Hill to Albury, not embracing the stations at the
Campaspe, Goulburn, or Ovens, excepting those at their
respective junctions
Total 590,000 [31]

In this calculation, out of 124 stations, seventy only have been put
down as cattle stations, or unlikely to send their wool to Adelaide.

A third estimate of produce likely to go to the Adelaide market, and

taking Swan Hill as a depôt, would bring in a very large quantity of
wool, via Lake Lalbert to Swan Hill.

The stations producing this wool are situated on the Rivers Loddon,
Avoca, Avon, Richardson, and the Wimmeira country, towards Lake
Hindmarsh; and a good road, with a little trouble, might be made
available to Lake Lalbert, which is distant only twenty-five miles from
Swan Hill.

From the above enumeration, it is evident that the opening of the

Murray navigation by steam cannot be otherwise than most
advantageous to the interests of the settlers.

In previous years they were necessitated to forward their wool by

dray to Melbourne, at a cost of £40 or £45 per ton. In many cases
these drays, instead of bringing back the annual supplies of
provisions, &c., have been detained, broken down, or delayed by the
loss of bullocks, or other difficulties. The settlers are now to pay £20
or at most £25 per ton for the same purposes, and even this freight
will gradually come down. In a word, as has been before observed,
“the steamer has quite set the squatters on their legs again,” many of
them having actually resolved, in consequence of the difficulties
attending labour and transport, to abandon their runs.

It may, at the same time, be mentioned that, in all probability, the

steamer’s profit returns will be highly remunerative, which, indeed,
would be requisite, as the daily expenses during our stay have been
estimated at £30.

42
 SUPPLEMENT.

Referring to the remarks which, at the opening of this Journal, have

been directed to the circumstance of the navigation of the Murray
having been left so long unserviceable, in spite of the early
exploration of the river, I am gratified to find myself supported in my
conclusions by the high authority of the Lieutenant-Governor of the
Province, whose opinions, extracted from a letter to a Mr. Hull, a
gentleman at that time interested in forming a company to purchase
land in the vicinity of the River Murray, are thus declared:

Writing from Government House, June 29, 1852, Sir Henry Young
observes:—

“That this extensive navigability of the River Murray should have

remained so long unserviceable to the Continent of Australia, and
especially to South Australia, within whose territory flow so many
hundred miles of its course to its final exit on the Southern Ocean,
requires some explanation to persons ignorant, perhaps, of the first
and present condition of this infant Colony; and figuring only to
their own imagination how the labour, wealth, art, science, and
enterprise, teeming in Great Britain, would, without loss of time,
have been engaged in improving this gigantic ‘water privilege.’ The
memorable and important discovery of the River Murray by Sturt,
and the arduous and courageous exploration of it, which his
enterprise first carried to the ocean, and his fortitude retraced,
despite the uncertainty of ever safely returning through a
wilderness peopled with unknown tribes, no doubt gave a powerful
incitement to the subsequent colonization of South Australia.
“In the early days, however, of the plantation of this Colony, the
impracticability of the sea-mouth of the River Murray—its shifting
and narrow channel—its fearful surf and heavy rollers—its
unmitigated exposure to the swell of the Great Southern Ocean—
the disappointments and fatal accidents which attended all
attempts, save one, to enter it from the sea—the ignorance then
felt of the power and disposition of the aborigines on its banks—
the supposed insufficient depth of water through Lake Alexandrina
—the absence in those days of steamers of light draught of water,
adapted to the navigation of rivers—the then scanty number of
Colonists, who found for their immediate purposes a more than
sufficient extent of agricultural and grazing land adjacent to Port
Adelaide, Gulf St. Vincent; all these causes sufficed to render the
solitary instance of the success of Captain Pullen, in 1841 (in
entering the river from the sea, in a little cutter of thirty tons,
which has never made its exit again), unproductive of further
efforts in South Australia at that time, to penetrate the interior of
New Holland from the sea by the navigation of the Murray. Nor was
this great object, whilst left unachieved for all practical 43
purposes by enterprise from hence, likely to engage the
attention of the less-interested Colonists of New South Wales.
Indeed, the squatters on the Australian Continent—those useful
pioneers of colonization—were otherwise profitably employed. The
occupation of new country, which led to the settlement of Port
Phillip, in 1837, and of Twofold Bay, in 1839, had been carried, in
1840, 300 miles to the north, beyond and behind Moreton Bay—
whilst to the south and west, sheep and cattle stations extended
beyond Port Phillip to the very confines of South Australia; thus,
colonization and the attendant investment of commercial
speculation were chiefly directed to these outlets to the sea,
alongside the eastern side of the ridge of mountains parallel to the
Pacific, between the 26° and 32° of latitude.

“An inspection of the map of New Holland will show that the
streams which rise from the eastern side of this mountain ridge
(aback of Sydney) have but comparatively a short course to the
 sea; moreover, from this side of the ridge the descent to the sea is
steep and difficult. The ports north of Sydney are Moreton Bay, the
Clarence River, and Port Macquarrie; south of Sydney, Bateman’s
Bay, Twofold Bay, Port Phillip, and Portland Bay. Whilst, therefore,
the remote interior, on the opposite or western side of this
mountain ridge, can have no other exit to the sea, eastward than
the above-mentioned ports, accessible only by a long, expensive,
and difficult land-carriage, it is obvious that the export of wool
could not, beyond certain limits of distance, be continued with
profit, because of the difficulty and cost of transport to its places of
shipment: and this limit to the wool-producing region becomes
practically the terminus of the squatter’s enterprise—the boundary
of the location of Europeans—the end of the war on the
wilderness; because the beginning of a solitude untenanted by
civilised man. But, when we again revert to the map, and view the
western side of this mountain ridge, it is at once perceived that
there is a remedy for this arrest of the progress of settlement. The
waters of the Darling River, after a long circuitous course, unite
themselves with the River Murray, and, reinforced with other
tributaries, maintain continuous course to the Southern Ocean,
near Port Elliot. The great trade, then, which is likely to result from
the steam navigation of the River Murray, comprises all that
present and future pastoral produce on the western side of the
mountain ridge, aback of Sydney, which it will be difficult and
costly to send for shipment to the enumerated ports on the coast
line of New South Wales and Port Phillip.”

Speaking of Port Elliot, in the enclosure to the same Despatch (No.

77), his Excellency continues:—

“With respect to Port Elliot, the criticisms which have been passed,
in doubt of its capaciousness and safety, are such only as new and
untried ports frequently receive until they become better known.
Until this experience shall have been gained, it is satisfactory 44
to know that Captain Lipson, R.N., the Naval Officer of the
Province, after frequent visits to it, and enquiries respecting its
character, reports two vessels of from 500 to 1,000 tons may lie at
the existing moorings, which are in six and four fathoms of water
respectively, sufficiently sheltered by the breakwater to be
considered in a safe anchorage; that, after the port is better
known, five or six large ships may anchor there; and that it would
probably prove safe to extend the anchorage, for large ships, much
farther out. A remarkable verification of this last-expressed opinion
has recently been furnished to Captain Lipson in the case of the
Ameer, a vessel of 400 tons, which in a gale of wind, blowing in on
the shore, came to anchor outside the moorings, and beyond the
shelter of the breakwater, where she remained safely, although
greatly underhanded, both as to the number and the efficiency of
the crew. Ever since the Colony has been founded, coasters have
been in the habit of going in and out of Port Elliot, at all seasons of
the year, whenever freights have offered, and no accident has ever
happened, or has any vessel ever been driven on shore, although
furnished, as they generally are, with very inferior ground tackle.
The holding ground, then, being thus proved to be so good, even
outside of the moorings, it is only necessary to place additional
moorings beyond the site of the present ones, whenever the
exigencies of commerce may require this accommodation. The
trade of Port Elliot will, however, probably for a long while, in
connection with the River Murray, not require more tonnage than
can, at any one time, at present safely find anchorage there. Of the
readiness with which mails may be landed at Port Elliot, as
compared with mails to be landed (especially in winter time) in Gulf
St. Vincent, and of the great use, to vessels bound to Port Elliot, of
the Sturt Light, on Cape Willoughby, Kangaroo Island, it is only
necessary that I should refer you to Captain Lipson’s report,
published in the Government Gazette of the 10th February last:”—

Extracts from the Report of Captain Lipson on Port Elliot.

“Harbour Master’s Office, Port Elliot.

 “I know, from long experience of this coast, that the strong winds,
which prevail during the winter, are from south-west, west, and
north-west, and that when the wind shifts to south it invariably
moderates; and being assured, by all the masters of whalers in
that district, that the south or south-east winds were only during
the summer months, and that the shelter from the Murray beach
prevented any fetch into Port Elliot, I feel assured that, after a
time, it will be found quite safe to extend the anchorage for large
ships further out. * * * * * * *

“Port Elliot lies in lat. 35° 32′ 45″ south, and long. 138° 43′ 15″
east, and is about six miles from Rosetta Head. The new lighthouse
on Cape Willoughby, Kangaroo Island, is situated in lat. 35° 45
49′ 20″ south, long. 138° 43′ 15″ east; and, with respect to
it, Port Elliot bears north 55 east, twenty-nine miles. I do not
consider it necessary to give any particular sailing directions for
making this port, as there is nothing remarkable with regard to
headlands, &c., to point out to the attention of mariners. As a port
of refuge from south to north-west, which are our usual winter
winds, I have never met a person who did not acknowledge the
safety and ease of riding under the island. In proof of this, ever
since the Colony has been founded, our coasters have been in the
habit of going in and out at all seasons of the year, whenever
freights have offered, and no accident has ever happened, or has
any vessel ever been driven on shore, although furnished, as they
generally are, with very inferior ground tackle.”

Referring to the eligibility of Port Elliot as a mail-station, Captain

Lipson’s report thus concludes:—

“It must be well known to those who are in the habit of trading
between Adelaide and the different ports along the coast, that,
now there is a good light on Cape Willoughby, with the west and
northwest gales which blow so frequently during the winter season,
they may go into Port Elliot, and oftentimes back again, either to
Van Diemen’s Land or Port Phillip, in less time than they could beat
 through Backstairs Passage; besides the difficulty of returning
down the Gulf against the south-west gales. I have no hesitation in
saying, that two mails may easily be delivered at Port Elliot, for one
at Port Adelaide, during the winter months, &c.

“I have, &c.,
“THOS. LIPSON,
“Naval Officer and Harbour Master.

“Hon. the Colonial Secretary.”

NAVIGATION OF THE MURRAY.

Message No. 24, from His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor to the

Legislative Council.

Lieutenant-Governor Sir Henry Young has the gratification to

announce to the Legislative Council the arrival, at the Goolwa, of the
first river-borne wool, the produce of the vast basin of the Murray.

In congratulating the Council on this auspicious commencement of

the steam navigation and commerce of the great River Murray, the
Lieutenant-Governor is happy to state that Captain Cadell’s voyage
reached to one hundred and fifty miles beyond Swan Hill, a distance
of about fourteen hundred and fifty miles from the sea; and was also
extended to sixty miles up the Wakool—an important branch of 46
the Murray. The first cargo comprises wool of the Murray, the
Darling, the Murrumbidgee, and the Wakool Rivers.

H. E. F. YOUNG, Lieutenant-Governor.

On board the Lady Augusta steamer,

Goolwa, October 14, 1853.
 Address of the Legislative Council to his Excellency the Lieutenant-
Governor.

To His Excellency Sir Henry Edward Fox Young, Knight, Lieutenant-

Governor of Her Majesty’s Province of South Australia, &c. &c.

May it please your Excellency—

The Legislative Council has experienced sincere gratification in the

announcement made to it by your Excellency, of the arrival, at the
Goolwa, of the first river-borne wool, the produce of the vast basin of
the Murray.

The opening up of the navigation of the Murray has long been

anxiously desired; and your Excellency’s earnest and undeviating
exertions to promote that important object well deserve the warmest
thanks of this Council and of the Colonists of South Australia.

Your Excellency’s personal superintendence of the first practical

experiment—which has resulted in demonstrating that that great river
is navigable by steam, for commercial purposes, for at least fourteen
hundred and fifty miles of its course—must necessarily connect the
name of your Excellency with that successful enterprise; and the
Council think that so great a public service should be appropriately
acknowledged.

The Council, therefore, requests your Excellency to cause three Gold

Medals to be engraved, with suitable device and inscriptions—
commemorating the auspicious opening up of the steam navigation
and commerce of the Murray, and the first arrival at the Goolwa of
river-borne wool. And the Council requests that—as the Lieutenant-
Governor of South Australia, whose personal exertions promoted this
great enterprise, and in whose administration it originated and has
been successfully accomplished—your Excellency would be pleased to
receive one of the said Medals.
And the Council further requests that your Excellency will be pleased
to cause one of the said Medals to be conferred on Captain Francis
Cadell, who completed the first commercial voyage, as owner and
commander of the Lady Augusta steamer and Eureka barge, with a
cargo of Murray wool; and the remaining medal may be deposited
with the records of the Legislature of South Australia, under whose
sanction the necessary pecuniary aid was voted in encouragement of
the steam navigation of the River Murray.

JOHN MORPHETT, Speaker.

Legislative Council Chamber, Adelaide,

21st October, 1853.

47

Reply of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor.

Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen—

I receive with great gratification the Address which you have

presented to me.

In conformity with your request, I shall cause Medals of South

Australian Gold to be struck, in commemoration of the opening up of
the commerce and navigation of the river Murray.

I shall have great pleasure in conferring on Captain Cadell the Medal

by which the Lieutenant-Governor and Legislature desire to
distinguish him with honour, in having successfully accomplished the
first commercial steam voyage on the river Murray.

I concur with you in deeming this important event to be worthy of

permanent record in the annals of South Australia; and I shall cause
a commemorative medal to be placed conspicuously among the
public archives.
I shall not fail to seek Her Majesty’s gracious permission to accept
from the Legislative Council the honour of one of the Medals for
myself, as a memorial of the happy fortune by which I have been
privileged to be a co-operator with the Council in opening up the
steam navigation of the river Murray, and thereby establishing a bond
of commercial and social union between three prosperous Colonies of
Australia.

H. E. F. YOUNG.

Government House, October 24, 1853.

PROCLAMATION

By His Excellency Sir Henry Edward Fox Young, Knight, Lieutenant-

Governor of Her Majesty’s Province of South Australia, and Vice-
Admiral of the same, &c. &c.

(L S)
H. E. F. Young.

Whereas, in order to provide for the interests of future settlers, and

the probable course of future settlement along the banks of the now-
ascertained navigable waters of the River Murray, it is expedient, that
as respects the River Murray, and its Lakes Alexandrina or Victoria
and Lake Albert, in South Australia, there should be adopted and
applied the principles recognised and acted upon in the Royal Order
in Council of the 9th March, 1847, by which it was declared that in
New South Wales and Victoria there shall not be included in leases
for pastoral purposes any lands lying and being within the distance of
three miles from the sea coast, and within the distance of two miles
from either of the opposite banks of certain rivers then named in the
above-mentioned Royal Order: And whereas, for these and other
purposes, it is expedient that the portion of the Province of South
Australia hereinafter described should be created a Hundred: Now,
therefore, I, the Lieutenant-Governor, in the name and on the behalf
of Her Most Gracious Majesty, by virtue of the powers and 48
authorities in me vested, do, by this my Proclamation, declare
and appoint that the several parts of the said Province of South
Australia, hereinafter more particularly described, and which are in
part bounded by the shores of Lake Alexandrina or Victoria and Lake
Albert, and by the banks of the River Murray, shall, from and after the
first day of July next ensuing the date of this Proclamation, be, and I
do by this my Proclamation constitute the same a Hundred of the
same Province by the name of the “Hundred of the Murray:” And I do
by this my Proclamation further proclaim and declare that—All those
lands which lie within the distance of two miles from either of the two
opposite banks of the River Murray, within the Province of South
Australia, together with all those lands which lie within the distance
of two miles from the north shore of Lake Alexandrina, between Salt
Creek Trigonometrical Station and the Murray, and two miles from the
east shores of Lakes Alexandrina and Albert, and also all the land in
the County of Russell lying west of Lake Albert, as the same are
respectively delineated in the public maps deposited in the office of
the Surveyor-General of the Province, shall be within and shall
constitute the said Hundred.

Given under my hand and the public seal of the said Province, at
Adelaide, this ninth day of November, in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, and in the
seventeenth year of Her Majesty’s reign.

By command,
B. T. FINNISS, Colonial Secretary.
God save the Queen!

Colonial Secretary’s Office, Adelaide, Nov. 9, 1853.

The margins of Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert, and each bank of
the River Murray, for two miles inland, having been constituted and
proclaimed the “Hundred of the Murray in South Australia:”

Notice is hereby given that applications will be received by the

Surveyor-General for the survey of sections on the said lands, in
blocks of 10, 80, and 640 acres, according to the wishes of intending
purchasers.

Access from the back lands to the water, and necessary roads for the
convenience of the public, will be reserved in the usual manner.

Purchasers of land will have the customary privilege of commonage

within the Hundred, according to the regulations.

By His Excellency’s command,

B. T. FINNISS, Colonial Secretary.
 Footnotes

[1]
This poor man was unfortunately drowned, September 30th.

[2]
According to Balbi, the course of the Murray is nearly 3,000 miles.

[3]
This calculation can only be approximate.

[4]
Expeditions into the Interior of Australia: 2 vols.

[5]
The return of supplies taken each trip up the river, it is calculated,
will be equivalent to about one-half the value of the cargo brought
down; the orders for goods amounting already to £3,000 and
upwards.

[6]
The dimensions of the Lady Augusta (so called in honour of Lady
Young), are as follows:—Extreme length on deck, 105ft.; extreme
length of keel, 98ft. 6in.; depth of hold, 5ft 6in.; breadth of beam,
12ft.; on the cross guards, 21ft. She is built altogether upon the
American principle and model, and cost about £5,000. Her
engines, furnished from Sydney, are of twenty horse power each,
and of best workmanship. Her total tonnage, including engines
which weigh thirty tons, is ninety-one tons. Her beams and
planking are of New Zealand pine, and her timbers are of
honeysuckle. She draws 3ft. water when full, and 2ft. 4in. when
light. She possesses accommodation for sixteen first-class
 passengers and half as many second. There is also
accommodation in the Eureka barge, which tows alongside.

[7]
The Eureka launch is built of blue gum below, her upper planks of
New Zealand pine, and her decks of Baltic deal. Entire length on
deck, 106 feet; entire length of keel, 96 feet; breadth of beam, 12
feet; breadth of cross guards, 21 feet; depth of hold, 8 feet. Her
dimensions were:—Estimated measurement tonnage, 87 tons;
draught of water, with cargo, 3 feet; draught of water, without
cargo, 13 to 15 inches. The deck, which is covered with an
awning, is, from her peculiar construction, large enough for a
vessel of 300 or 400 tons.

[8]
This man, for want of evidence, was released, and sent back from
whence he came.

[9]
From those lakes, salt, in considerable quantities, is gathered and
transported into the interior, or to the nearest towns.

[10]
October 4th, above Euston, three emus or cassowaries were
observed swimming across the river. Amongst the Australian
aborigines there has been an evident desire to preserve this
gigantic bird, and for this purpose its flesh is forbidden, it is said,
to their young men. The Europeans, however, hunt it down
without any consideration, unless it be for the sake of its feathers
or for a steak of its flesh. An emu, we are told, with a kick can kill
a dog or break a horse’s leg, and to judge from the size of their
claws (some of which we have on board) this can be no
exaggeration. Dogs are, however, trained to seize them by the
neck, and, in this way, overpower them easily.
[11]
The Darling, during more than half the year, would, it appears, be
navigable for upwards of 150 miles from its junction with the
Murray. A few years ago indeed, it was settled as far as Lake
Minindie, a Government Reserve, 200 miles from the mouth; but
the outrages of the blacks—the distance from an available market
—or other causes—led to the abandonment of these runs. It has
now only 50,000 sheep upon its banks; but would, it is said,
depasture four times that number, and might be occupied up to
Fort Bourke, 500 miles from the junction. The waters of the
Darling, at times fordable, begin to rise about July, and subside
again in February.

[12]
According to Mr. Jamieson, Mickie had a companion; and the
native was alone.

[13]
In Victoria, as much as 35s. had been demanded for one day’s
stabling and food for one horse.

[14]
These birds were afterwards brought on board and conveyed to
Adelaide.

[15]
These “store” sheep, as they are called, are sent overland to be
fattened on the banks of the river, whence the clip is easily
transported to Adelaide.

[16]
In the Wakool we found three and a-half fathoms water.

[17]
As in some degree confirmatory of this last extract, it may be
mentioned that on taking in wood, at the Great Bend, we were
informed that, of the woodcutters who had been working for us,
one had been a West India proprietor, and the other the nephew
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