Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Technical

Exploitation Lexicon

2nd Edition
16 August 2019
ii
The purpose of the UAS Technical Exploitation Lexicon is to provide a coherent conceptual framework and an operational vocabulary to support
the technical exploitation of UAS. This lexicon, encompasses the broad spectrum of UAS employment scenarios, a variety of UAS designs and
their critical components.

Adoption of this lexicon will improve the reporting, collection, and exploitation of UAS information at the tactical, operational, and strategic
levels.

In order to maintain the ability to effectively communicate and understand the UAS using the construct and definitions posed in this lexicon,
modification of definitions and diagrams is not recommended.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM (UAS) TECHNICAL EXPLOITATION LEXICON

CONTENTS iii

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 MISSION PAYLOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

GENERAL TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CONTROL STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . 13 POWER SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
TACTICAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM . . 47
OPERATIONAL INTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION . . . . . . . . . 27 APPENDIX 1 - GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
PROPULSION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

AIRFRAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . 34

iv

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INTRODUCTION 1

T
his publication, the Unmanned
Aircraft System (UAS) Technical
Exploitation Lexicon, was
developed by subject matter experts
in coordination with representatives
from the Department of Defense
(DOD), the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), the Department
of Justice (DOJ), Department of
Transportation (DOT), and the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as
well as representatives from other Allied
nations.
 INTRODUCTION (continued)

PURPOSE APPROACH SCOPE

The UAS Technical Exploitation Lexicon The UAS Technical Exploitation Lexicon The UAS Technical Exploitation Lexicon,
provides a coherent, conceptual is authored by technical experts from (2nd Edition) establishes standard
framework, and an operational organizations and agencies engaged in terminology derived from terms and
vocabulary to support the technical assessing the UAS threat and devising definitions related to the technical
exploitation of UAS. It encompasses the operational countermeasures. It is a exploitation of threat UAS. While not a
broad spectrum of UAS employment “living” document, reviewed biennially C-UAS document, the Lexicon contains
scenarios, a variety of UAS designs and to ensure accuracy and relevance information that may support C-UAS
their critical components. Adoption against the ever-changing UAS threat. efforts. This Lexicon is not intended to
of this Lexicon will improve collection, Recommended changes and updates include all aviation terms associated
reporting and exploitation of UAS are accepted continually and will be with UAS.
information at the tactical, operational, considered during the review process.
and strategic levels. Updated editions of the Lexicon will be
developed collaboratively by members
of the intelligence, operational, and
law enforcement communities and
submitted to the appropriate authority
for release.
UAS Technical Exploitation Lexicon: CONSTRUCT
(This construct supports the technical exploitation process flow)

3
4

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General Terms 5

Unmanned Aircraft (UA): An aircraft that does not carry a human operator and is capable of flight with or without human
remote control. May also be referred to as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Drone, Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) or Radio
Controlled Model Aircraft (RCMA).

Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS): That system whose components include the flight vehicle and the necessary equipment,
network, and personnel to control an unmanned aircraft. May also be referred to as a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) or
unmanned aerial systems.

Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS): Those UAS that are typically commercially available, improvised or locally
fabricated and employed in the operational environment. These sUAS typically weigh under 55lbs/25kg.

Technical Exploitation: The application of scientific methods to gain further knowledge and insight from information, material
and captured persons.
6

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Common Technical Elements of most UAS* (Rotary-Wing Example)

* Power source not shown

* Not all parts/components are shown

*Rotary-Wing – An aircraft, particularly a helicopter, that is lifted or propelled by rotating airfoils. While not as fast or efficient as fixed-
wing UAS, rotary-wing UAS have the advantage of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL), are highly maneuverable and can hover.
 Common Technical Elements of most UAS* (Fixed-Wing Example)

* Power source not shown

* Not all parts/components are shown

*Fixed-Wing – A fixed-wing aircraft is an aircraft, such as an aeroplane, which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift
caused by the vehicle’s forward airspeed and the shape of the wings. Fixed-wing aircraft typically allow a pilot to cover a greater
distance in a shorter time, ideal for tasks requiring larger coverage areas.
GENERAL TERMS 9

Airframe Control Station Operator

The structure of an aircraft, rocket An interface used by the remote pilot or Remote pilot or person manipulating
vehicle, or missile without the power the person manipulating the controls to the mission parameters to control the
plant. control the flight path of a UA. flight path or other behavior of a UA.

Cache In-Flight Power Sources*

A space in which resources are All UAS activity from launch to recovery. The fuel or battery used to propel the
concealed. It may be used before, UA and operate its onboard systems.
during or after an incident and be static Mission Payload
or mobile. Additional components which the UAV * Power Source(s) may apply to one or
is designed to transport under specified more components common to the UAS
Find conditions of operation, in addition to (Propulsion System, Airframe, Flight
An item of explosive ordnance, weapons its unladen weight. Control System, Mission Payload and
or other terrorist/insurgent or military Control Station).
equipment/resources, located either Modifications
during a planned search or during other Any alterations or additions to Propulsion System
operations. the internal and external physical The system that provides the force to
characteristics of the UAS (software, move the UA.
Flight Control System (FCS) hardware, airframe, etc.).
A system intended to orient and direct
a UA.
 GENERAL TERMS (continued)

10

Turn-In
An incident where the UAS or associated
components are turned over to the
proper authority.
TWO aspects for understanding a UAS activity: 11

1. TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION
2. TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION
12

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TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION 13

T
he manner in which
a UAS activity
is planned and
conducted (tactical design),
and the intent.
14

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TACTICAL DESIGN 15

T
he specific design of  Method of Employment
the UAS activity and the  Operator Geography
natural and/or man-made
 Sensor Defeat
impacts to the event. Tactical
 Method of Detection
design addresses the questions:
• Why here?  Flight Observables
• Why now?  Environmental Conditions
• Why in this way?  Electromagnetic Conditions
 Atmospherics
16
17
18 TACTICAL DESIGN
Altitude (AGL) Concealment Electromagnetic Conditions
The vertical distance above the terrain, Concealment is anything that hides a The resulting product of the power
or above ground level (AGL), also called UAS (vehicle and / or operator) from and time distribution, in various
absolute altitude. observation. Concealment can be frequency ranges, of the radiated or
natural or man-made and is intended to conducted electromagnetic emission
Audio Detection inhibit detection. levels encountered by a military force,
Detection of a UA in flight by human ear system, or platform when performing
or other acoustic sensors. Cover its assigned mission in its intended
Cover protects a UAS (vehicle and / operational environment.
Atmospherics or operator) from hazards, conceals it
The environmental mood of an area- from observation, and / or is intended Environmental Conditions
how a place looks, sounds, tastes, to inhibit detection and mitigation by The ambient meteorological and
feels, and smells-relative to a baseline. a counter-UAS system. Cover can be oceanographic conditions that can
Changes in the atmosphere of a natural or man-made. affect the functioning and performance
community or individual can indicate of UAS, the sensors used to detect them,
imminent hostile action. Distance to Target and UAS countermeasures.
The distance along an imaginary
straight line from the UAS to the target. Flight Observables
Characteristics of UA operations that
can be seen, heard, or otherwise
detected from a UA in flight.
 19

Flight Path Ingress/Egress Method of Launch

The line, course, or track along which Routes used by the operator, launch or UA flight initiation. Can include VTOL,
an aircraft is flying or is intended to be recovery team to move a UAS to and dropped (from another aircraft), thrown
flown. from a launch point or recovery point. and conventional take off.

Freedom of Movement Location Markers Method of Recovery

The ability to travel unimpeded from A saved point (coordinates, landmark, Technique used for UAS retrieval.
the start point to a destination. distance) used by a UAS as a reference
for positioning. Obstacles
Human Tip Any natural or man-made obstruction
Information provided by an individual Method of Detection designed or employed to disrupt, fix,
or individuals, possibly in a confidential The manner in which a UAS is located turn, or block a UAS.
manner regarding a UAS, UAS-related (e.g., via visual observation, audio
materials, or associated personnel. detection, search and detect sensor, or Operator Geography
This information can be received from, human tip). The geographic features of an area
but not limited to, the local populace as they relate to the UAS Operator’s
or government, a member of a law Method of Employment location.
enforcement agency, or an informant. A description of how the UA and target
are brought into proximity of each
other.
 TACTICAL DESIGN (continued)

20

Operator Line of Sight Visual Observation

Refers to being able to maintain visible Detection of a UA in flight by human
observation of your UA from your eye or other visual sensor.
operating position with your unaided
eye..

Search and Detect Sensor

Equipment that detects, measures,
indicates and records objects and
activities by means of energy or
particles emitted, reflected, or modified
by objects for the purpose of identifying
UAS activity.

Sensor Defeat
The process of avoiding or overcoming
detection by, or activation of, a sensor.

Speed
The distance traveled in a given time.
OPERATIONAL INTENT 21

T
he intended,  Research and Development
immediate or overall  Command and Control
desired effect of the  Intelligence, Surveillance, and
Reconnaissance Operations
UAS activity.
 Fire Support
 Movement and Maneuver
Support
 Protection
 Sustainment Activities
 Recreation
 Commercial
While not intended to be
a threat, these activities
could disrupt or interfere
with friendly operations
22
OPERATIONAL INTENT 23

Command and Control Intelligence, Surveillance, and Recreation

The exercise of authority and direction Reconnaissance Operations Operating a UAS for enjoyment.
by a properly designated commander The use of a UAS to observe, track,
over assigned and attached forces in the understand, and / or document the Research and Development
accomplishment of the mission. Also positions and / or movement of friendly Work directed toward the innovation,
called C2. assets, particularly to collect targeting introduction, and improvement of
and other information to support an products and processes.
Commercial attack.
Operating a UAS for commerce or Sustainment Activities
relating to business activities. Movement and Maneuver Support The provision of logistics and personnel
Using a UAS to support movement to services required to maintain and
Fire Support place forces in a position of advantage prolong operations until successful
Fires that directly support land, over the enemy. mission accomplishment.
maritime, amphibious, and special
operations forces, combat formations, Protection
and facilities in pursuit of tactical and The ability to preserve the effectiveness
operational objectives. and survivability of personnel,
equipment and infrastructure.
24

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TWO aspects for understanding a UAS activity: 25

1. TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION
2. TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION
26

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TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION 27
28 PROPULSION SYSTEM

T
he system that provides  Locomotion
the force to move the UA.  Power Plant
 Motor Controller
29
30 PROPULSION SYSTEM
Combustion Engine Power Plant
An engine that derives its motive force The aircraft’s power e.g., motor or
from the energy of combustion. engine.

Electric Motor
An electrical machine which converts
electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

Locomotion
The method of moving a UA from place
to place.

Motor Controller
A device that regulates the performance
of an electric motor by converting
throttle commands from an autopilot
to high-power electrical signals which
directly turn the motor.
AIRFRAME 31

T
he structure of an aircraft,  Fixed-Wing
rocket vehicle, or missile  Rotary-Wing
without the power plant.  Airship
 Hybrid
 UA Material Composition
32
AIRFRAME 33

Airship Tail
A self-propelled lighter-than-air craft The rear part of an airplane consisting
with directional control surfaces. May usually of horizontal and vertical
be rigid, semi-rigid, or non-rigid. stabilizing surfaces with attached
control surfaces.
Fixed-Wing
An aircraft, such as an aeroplane, which Rotary-Wing
is capable of flight using wings that The wing-like surface used by a rotor
generate lift caused by the vehicle’s system to create lift and/or thrust by
forward airspeed and the shape of the rotating through a medium such as air.
wings.
Wing
Hybrid Airfoils attached to each side of the
An airframe that combines properties fuselage and are the main lifting
of any or all of fixed-wing, rotary, and surfaces that support the airplane in
inflated envelope. Examples include tilt- flight.
rotor or tilt-wings.

Multirotor
A type of UA with more than two rotors.
Most commerical-off-the shelf (COTS)
UA are mulitrotor.
34 FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

A
system intended to  Flight Controller
orient and direct a UA.  Guidance and Navigation
 Navigation Peripheral
 Flight Data Logger
 Navigation Sensors
35
36 FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
Fail-safe Mode Flight Modes Guidance and Navigation
A fully autonomous flight mode that Common states defining options for UA Electronic, mechanical, visual, or other
takes over for the operator in case of a behavior. assistance given an aircraft pilot to
system anomaly. facilitate arrival at, operation within or
Fully Autonomous Mode over, landing upon, or departure from
Flight Controller A type of flight mode wherein the UAS an air landing or airdrop facility.
Uses various sensors on board the UA accomplishes its assigned mission,
- such as GPS - to determine a degree within a defined scope, without Navigation Peripheral
of factors, such as position, orientation, human intervention while adapting Individual data sources that when
altitude, airspeed and obstacle to operational and environmental combined can be used to orient a
avoidance. With these parameters, conditions. UA. Individually they are not capable
the system sends commands to the of adequately orienting a UA. Speed,
flight actuators to maintain control and Global Navigation Satellite acceleration, altitude, and time are
accomplish the objective. Also called an System (GNSS) examples.
“autopilot”. The standard generic term for satellite
navigation systems that provide
Flight Data Logger autonomous geospatial positioning
A recording device that directly receives with global coverage. This term
and records digital and analog signals includes GPS, GLONASS (Russian),
representing various aircraft functions Galileo (European), Beidou (Chinese)
(e.g., vertical acceleration, heading, and other regional or non nation-state
altitude, or airspeed). systems.
 37

Navigation Sensors Semi-Autonomous Mode

Equipment used to report position, A type of flight mode wherein the
course, and distance travelled to the human operator and/or the UAS
UAS and/or its operator. A common plan(s) and conduct(s) a mission and
example is the Inertial Navigation requires various levels of human-robot
System, which reports and calculates interaction. The UAS is capable of
the position of the system relative to autonomous operation in between the
known points (e.g., Starting position). human interactions.

Remote Controlled Mode

A type of flight mode wherein the
human operator controls the UA on a
continuous basis, from a location off the
UA via only her/his direct observation.
In this mode, the UA takes no initiative
and relies on continuous or nearly
continuous input from the human
operator.
38 MISSION PAYLOAD

A
dditional components  Imagery System
which the UA is designed  Weapon System
to transport under
specified conditions of operation,
in addition to its unladen weight.
39
40 MISSION PAYLOAD
Affixed Fixed Mount Mount
Attaching a component to be used as a A stationary component affixed to a UA, The point on a UA where a component
weapon onto the UA, such as a weapon to accommodate one or more sensors, is attached or rests.
system, or an IED. cameras, weapons, etc.
Release Mechanism
Associated Components Gimbal(s) The UA component used to drop
Components that are: 1) part of an A mount or mounts upon which a a munition, or dispense chemical,
Unmanned Aircraft System or 2) drone’s camera sits, usually allowing the biological or radiological material.
precursors to the manufacture of UAS camera to move along multiple axes by
components. remote control design. Weapon System
A combination of one or more weapons
Camera Imagery System with all related equipment, materials,
A device to capture and record still or A system that provides the functionality services, personnel, and means of
video, visible light, infrared, or thermal of collecting, encoding, processing, delivery and deployment (if applicable)
images. A camera may be used as a controlling, exploiting, viewing, and or required for self-sufficiency.
payload, part of the UA navigation storing imagery.
system, or both.
Incorporated
To have or hold (explosives) within the
UA.
CONTROL STATION 41

A
n interface used by  Control Station
the remote pilot or the Communication System
person controlling the  Interface
operations and flight path of a  Display
UA.
42
CONTROL STATION 43

Display Interface
A device, usually an electronic screen, The point of communication between
used for the visual presentation of and operator and the Control Station.
information.
Range Extender
Control Station Antenna A wireless communication device which
A device designed to facilitate the operates within a prescribed frequency
transmission and/or reception of range. It is used to extend the range of
electromagnetic radiation for the the UAS.
Control Station.

Control Station Communication

System
The means that the Control Station
sends or receives information.

Control Station Transceiver

A device containing electrical circuits
used to both generate and transmit,
receive and interpret, electromagnetic
waves that carry data signals to and
from the Control Station.
44 POWER SOURCES

T
he fuel or battery used to  Energy Storage
propel the UA and operate  Power Regulation
its onboard systems.
45
46 POWER SOURCES
Alternative Power Source
Also know as Alternative Energy Source;
encompasses all those energy (or power)
sources that do not consume fossil fuel.

Battery
A group of two or more cells connected
together to furnish electric current.

Liquid Fuel
A fuel that is stored in a liquid state,
the fumes of which are used for
combustion. Examples include
gasoline, nitro methane, diesel, liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG).
AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 47

A
system that provides the  Transmitter
UA with the two-way  Receiver
communications links  Transceiver
between the aircraft and the  Antenna
control stations for navigation
 Range Extender
and control, including air route
traffic control.
48
AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 49

Antenna Transceiver
Any structure or device used to collect A device that performs, within one
or radiate electromagnetic waves. chassis, both transmitting and receiving
functions.
Range Extender
A wireless communication device which
operates within a prescribed frequency
range. It is used to extend the range of
the UAS.

Receiver
Part of the radio-control gear inside
the aircraft or Control Station receiving
radio signals emitted by the transmitter.

Transmitter
A set of equipment used to generate
and transmit electromagnetic waves
carrying messages or signals to and
from the UA to the Control Station.
50 MODIFICATIONS

A
ny alterations or  Propulsion Modification
additions, to the
 Airframe Modification
internal and external
characteristics of the UAS  FCS Modification
(software, hardware, airframe,  Mission Payload Modification
etc.).
 Control Station Modification
 Power Source Modification
 EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive)

Propulsion
51
Larger Propeller
Modification
M
O Airframe
RF Shielding Running Lights Wing Extension
D Modification

I FCS Markings and or

F Registration Range Extender Geo Fence Bypass
Modification

I Mission Payload
C Modification
Night Vision IR Thermal

A
T Control Station
Modification
Range Extender

I
O Power Source
Modification
Extra Batteries Solar Fuel

N
S
52 MODIFICATIONS
Modifications
Any alterations or additions to the
internal and external characteristics of
the UAS (software, hardware, airframe,
etc.).
 53

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 APPENDIX 1
54 GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS*
Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
2 Cycle The most common type of glow plug or petrol engine for Remote 29 Modified from
Control (RC) Fixed-Wing airframes. The fuel/air mixture is drawn in, Academy of
ignited, and ejected with a single revolution of the piston inside the Model Aero-
engine. nautics

Above Ground Level AGL The actual height above ground level (AGL) at which the UA is flying. Modified from
FAA Weight
Shift Control
Aircraft Flying
Handbook
(FAA-
H-8083-5)
Actuator A type of motor responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism Modified from
or system. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Aerodynamics The science of the action of air on an object and with the motion of FAA Airplane
air on other gases. Aerodynamics deals with the production of lift by Flying Hand-
the aircraft, the relative wind, and the atmosphere. book (FAA-H-
8083-3B)

* NOTE: Commonly used terms found in dictionary are not included in glossary.
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 55

Affixed Attaching a component to be used as a weapon onto the UA, such as 40 New
a weapon system, or an IED.
Ailerons Primary flight control surfaces mounted on the trailing edge of FAA Airplane
an airplane wing, near the tip. Ailerons control roll about the Flying Hand-
longitudinal axis. book (FAA-H-
8083-3B)
Aircraft Communications A system that provides the UA with the two-way communications 47, 48, Modified from
System links between the aircraft and the control stations for navigation and 49 The Alliance
control, including air route traffic control. for Telecom-
munications
Industry Solu-
tions (ATIS)
Airfoil An airfoil is any surface, such as a wing, propeller, rudder, or even a FAA Airplane
trim tab, which provides aerodynamic force when it interacts with a Flying Hand-
moving stream of air. book (FAA-H-
8083-3B)
Airframe The structure of an aircraft, rocket vehicle, or missile without the 7, 8, 9, Modified from
power plant. 31, 32, Merriam-
33 Webster
Airship A self-propelled lighter-than-air craft with directional control 31, 32, Modified from
surfaces. May be rigid, semi-rigid, or non-rigid. 33 Webster’s II
New Riverside
University
Dictionary
56 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Alternative Power Source Also known as Alternative Energy Source; encompasses all those 45, 46 Modified from
energy (or power) sources that do not consume fossil fuel. Merriam-
Webster
Altitude The vertical distance above the terrain, or above ground level (AGL), 17, 18 FAA Pilots
also called absolute altitude. Handbook of
Aeronautical
Knowledge,
2016
Almost Ready to Fly ARF/ARTF When purchased, this airframe typically only requires the user to Modified
install the engine/motor and radio gear. They vary in degrees of from Acad-
completeness, depending on the manufacturer. emy of Model
Aeronautics;
Digital Library
Antenna Any structure or device used to collect or radiate electromagnetic 47, 48, The Alliance
waves. 49 for Telecom-
munications
Industry Solu-
tions (ATIS)
Associated Components Components that are: 1) part of an Unmanned Aircraft System or 2) 39, 40 Modified from
precursors to the manufacture of UAS components. 5th Edition
IED Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Atmospherics The environmental mood of an area-how a place looks, sounds, 17, 18 Derived from
tastes, feels, and smells-relative to a baseline. Changes in the MCIP 3-02.1i
atmosphere of a community or individual can indicate imminent Combat
hostile action. Hunter
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 57

Audio Detection Detection of a UA in flight by human ear or other acoustic sensors. 17, 18 New
Autonomous System A system with at least one fully autonomous mode. New
Battery A group of two or more cells connected together to furnish electric 45, 46 Merriam-
current. Webster
Buddy-Box System A two-transmitter system, with one transmitter operating as the Modified from
master controller, while a second transmitter is linked/slaved to it Academy of
allowing dual control of an aircraft. A switch provides instantaneous Model Aero-
transfer of control from one transmitter to the others. This system is nautics
a means of achieving a position transfer of control from one pilot to
another.
Cache A space in which resources are concealed. It may be used before, 3, 9 Modified from
during or after an incident and be static or mobile. NATO Allied
Joint Publica-
tion AJP 3.15
Camera A device to capture and record still or video, visible light infrared, or 39, 40 New
thermal images. A camera may be used as a payload, part of the UA
navigation system or both.
Closed Hardware Refers to design specifications where the creator of the hardware will Modified from
not release information on how to make normal use of the hardware, Academy of
in such a way that information may be freely shared with others. Model Aero-
nautics and
Radio-elec-
tronics.com
Combustion Engine An engine that derives its motive force from the energy of 29, 30 Merriam-
combustion. Webster
58 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Command and Control C2 The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated 3, 21, Joint Publica-
commander over assigned and attached forces in the 22, 23 tion 1
accomplishment of the mission.
Commercial Operating a UAS for commerce or relating to business activities. 3, 22, Modified
23 from Merriam
Webster
Composites Made from two or more materials (e.g., fiberglass, carbon fiber). 32 Modified
from Merriam
Webster
Control Station An interface used by the remote pilot or the person controlling the 3, 7, 8, Modified from
operations and flight path of a UA. 9, 41, Academy of
42, 43 Model Aero-
nautics
Control Station Antenna A device designed to facilitate the transmission and/or reception of 42, 43 New
electromagnetic radiation for the Control Station.
Control Station The means that the Control Station sends or receives information. 42, 43 Modified from
Communication System Merriam-
Webster
Control Station A device containing electrical circuits used to both generate and 42, 43 New
Transceiver transmit, receive and interpret, electromagnetic waves that carry data
signals to and from the Control Station.
Control Surface The moving part of any flying surface - rudders, elevators, and Modified from
ailerons are all control surfaces. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 59

Concealment Concealment is anything that hides a UAS (vehicle and / or operator) 18 Modified from
from observation. Concealment can be natural or man-made and is U.S. Army
intended to inhibit detection. Field Manual
(FM 21-75)
Cover Cover protects a UAS (vehicle and / or operator) from hazards, 18 FM 21-75
conceals it from observation, and / or is intended to inhibit detection
and mitigation by a counter-UAS system. Cover can be natural or
man-made.
Daisy Chaining The use of multiple, successive observers to extend the flight of a UAS FAA order JO
beyond the direct visual line of sight of any other Pilot in Command 72000.23A
(PIC) or visual observer.
Data-Link A term referring to all interconnections to, from, and within the UAS. 7, 8 Modified from
It includes control, communication, and payload links. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Dark A UAS in which the aircraft’s communications system has been 16 New
disabled (e.g., Powered down or removed).
Dihedral The upward 'V' angle of the wings when viewed from the front. An 32 Modified from
airplane with dihedral is more stable in the air than one without. FAA Aviation
Maintenance
Technician
Airframe
Handbook
Vol 1 (FAA-
H-8083-31)
60 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Directional Antenna A directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna which radiates 42 A Diction-
or receives greater power in specific directions allowing for increased ary of Space
performance and reduced interference from unwanted sources. Exploration
(2 Ed) Oxford
University
Press 2016
Display A device, usually an electronic screen, used for the visual presentation 41, 42, New
of information. 43
Distance to Target The distance along an imaginary straight line from the UAS to the 16, 18 New
target.
Downlink Direct or indirect communication link from the unmanned aircraft. 7, 8 Modified from
Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Drag The force created by the movement of the UA through the air, on the Modified from
air immediately surrounding the UA. Higher drag means the UA has FAA Airplane
to work harder to cut through the air. Flying Hand-
book (FAA-H-
8083-3B)
Drone A generic term for all UA. 5, 7, 8 Modified from
Merriam-
Webster
Ducted Fan A propulsion system in which the propeller blades are mounted in a New
cylindrical duct (tubular).
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 61

Egress Routes used by the operator, launch or recovery team to move a UAS 16, 19 Modified from
from a recovery point. Merriam-
Webster
Electric Motor An electrical machine which converts electrical energy into 29, 30 New
mechanical energy.
Electromagnetic The resulting product of the power and time distribution, in various 15, 17, Modified
Conditions frequency ranges, of the radiated or conducted electromagnetic 18 from Elec-
emission levels encountered by a military force, system, or platform tromagnetic
when performing its assigned mission in its intended operational Environment.
environment. JP 3-13.1
Electronic Speed ESC The ESC supplies power to the motor coils with precise timing to 29 New
Controller enable the motor to turn at the commanded rate.
Elevons Movable control surfaces on the trailing edge of a delta wing or a Aviation
flying wing airplane. These surfaces operate together to serve as Maintenance
elevators, and differentially to act as ailerons. Technician
Airframe
Handbook
Vol 1 (FAA-
H-8083-31)
Envelope The structure of an airship that contains the buoyant gas. Modified from
Webster’s II
New Riverside
University
Dictionary
62 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Environmental The ambient meteorological and oceanographic conditions that can 15, 17, 5th Edition
Conditions affect the functioning and performance of UAS, the sensors used to 18 IED Technical
detect them, and UAS countermeasures. Exploitation
Lexicon
Essential Flight Systems Any system or component necessary to maintain stable flight within Modified from
a model aircraft’s flight envelope. This includes primary RC systems, Academy of
and stabilization or gyros required to maintain stability and heading. Model Aero-
nautics
Fail-safe Mode A fully autonomous flight mode that takes over for the operator in 35, 36 New
case of a system anomaly.
Find An item of explosive ordnance, weapons or other terrorist/insurgent 3, 9 Modified
or military equipment/resources, located either during a planned from: 5th
search or during other operations. Edition IED
Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Fire Support Fires that directly support land, maritime, amphibious, and special 3, 22, JP 3-09.3
operations forces to engage enemy forces, combat formations, and 23
facilities in pursuit of tactical and operational objectives.
Firmware Computer programs contained permanently in a hardware device Merriam-
(such as a read-only memory). Webster
First Person View FPV A method used to control a UAS from the pilot's view point, also Modified from
known as remote-person view or video-piloting. The vehicle is Academy of
piloted from a first-person perspective via an onboard camera fed Model Aero-
remotely to video goggles or a video monitor. nautics
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 63

Fixed Mount A stationary component affixed to a UA, to accommodate one or 39, 40 New
more sensors, cameras, weapons, etc.
Fixed-Wing An aircraft, such as an aeroplane, which is capable of flight using 8, 31, Modified from
wings that generate lift caused by the vehicle's forward airspeed and 32, 33 FAA Weight-
the shape of the wings. Shift Control
Aircraft Flying
Handbook
(FAA-
H-8083-5)
Flaps Moving sections of the trailing edge of the wing, usually found Modified from
between the ailerons and fuselage. Used to create more lift at FAA Airplane
slower flying speeds and also to slow the fixed-wing UA on landing Flying Hand-
approach. book (FAA-H-
8083-3B)
Flaperons A single control surface on the trailing edge of each wing performing FAA Aero-
the responsibility of both flaps and ailerons. sense Glos-
sary
Flight Controller Uses various sensors on board the UA - such as GPS - to determine 34, 35, Modified from
a degree of factors, such as position, orientation, altitude, airspeed 36 FAA Ad-
and obstacle avoidance. With these parameters, the system sends vanced Avion-
command inputs to the flight actuators to maintain control and ics Handbook
accomplish the objective. Also called and “autopilot”. FAA-H-8083-6
Flight Control System FCS A system intended to orient and direct a UA. 9, 34, New
35, 36,
37
64 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Flight Data Logger A recording device that directly receives and records digital and 35, 36 Modified from
analog signals representing various aircraft functions (e.g., vertical FAA advisory
acceleration, heading, altitude, or airspeed).. Circular (AC –
20-141) dated
5 October
1999
Flight Envelope The range of airspeeds, altitudes, and flight maneuvers which a Modified from
model aircraft can safely perform/operate for its intended use. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Flight Modes Common states defining options for UA behavior. 35, 36 Modified from
Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Flight Observables Characteristics of UA operations that can be seen, heard, or otherwise 15, 17, Modified from
detected from a UA in fight. 18 McGraw-Hill
Dictionary
of Scientific
& Technical
Terms, 6E.
2003
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 65

Flight Path The line, course or track along which an aircraft is flying or is intended 17, 19 FAA Pilot’s
to be flown. Handbook of
Aeronautical
Knowledge
(FAA-H-8083-
25B)
Flight Time The total time from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own Modified from
power for the purpose of taking off, until the moment it comes to rest Academy of
at the end of the flight. Note: Flight time normally includes taxiing, Model Aero-
which involves the ground operation to and from the runway, as long nautics
as taxiing is performed with the intention of flying the aircraft.
Flyaway An interruption or loss of the control link, or when the pilot is FAA Order JO-
unable to effect control of the aircraft and , as a result, the UAS is not 720023A
operating in a predictable or planned manner.
Folding (Blade) A propeller or rotor blade that is able to collapse either to save space New
(in the example of a helicopter) or decrease drag (in the example of a
glider).
Fully Autonomous mode A type of flight mode wherein the UAS accomplishes its assigned 35, 36 Modified from
mission, within a defined scope, without human intervention while the National
adapting to operational and environmental conditions. Institute of
Standards and
Technology
(NIST), Octo-
ber 2008
66 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Geo Fence A virtual geographic boundary, defined by GPS or RFID technology, Modified
that enables software to trigger a response when a UA attempts to from Oxford
enter or leave a particular area. Dictionary
Gimbal(s) Mount upon which a drone’s camera sits, usually allowing the camera 39, 40 http://mod-
to move along multiple axes by remote control design. elaircraft.org/
Global Navigation GNSS The standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that 35, 36 New
Satellite System provide autonomous geospatial positioning with global coverage.
This term includes GPS, GLONASS (Russian), Galileo (European),
Beidou (Chinese) and other regional or nation-state systems.
Guidance and Navigation Electronic, mechanical, visual, or other assistance given an aircraft 34, 35, JP 3-03
pilot to facilitate arrival at, operation within or over, landing upon, or 36
departure from an air landing or airdrop facility.
Gyroscope A gyroscope is a sensor which measures rotation rate, enabling a 35 New
flight controller to monitor yaw, pitch, and roll.
Hardware The physical components (such as electronic and electrical devices) New
of a vehicle (such as a spacecraft) or an apparatus (such as a
computer).
Human Tip Information provided by an individual or individuals, possibly in 17, 19 Modified
a confidential manner regarding a UAS, UAS-related materials, or from: 5th
associated personnel. This information can be received from, but Edition IED
not limited to, the local populace or government, a member of a law Technical
enforcement agency, or an informant. Exploitation
Lexicon
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 67

Hybrid (Airframe) An airframe that combines properties of any or all of fixed-wing, 32, 33 New
rotary, and inflated envelope. Examples include tilt-rotors or tilt-
wings.
Imagery System A system that provides the functionality of collecting, encoding, 39, 40 Modified from
processing, controlling, exploiting, viewing, and/or storing imagery. Motion Imag-
ery Standards
Board
Incorporated To have or hold (explosives) within the UA. 39, 40 Modified from
Merriam-
Webster
Ingress Routes used by the operator, launch or recovery team to move a UAS 16, 19 Modified from
to a launch point. Merriam-
Webster
In-Flight All UAS activity from launch to recovery. 9 Modified from
Merriam-
Webster
Internal Navigation INS A self contained navigation system using inertial detectors, which JP 3-09
System automatically provides vehicle position, heading, and velocity.
In-Runner A type of brushless motor where the permanent magnets and motor 29 Modified from
shaft rotates within the fixed stator, as in a normal brushed motor. In- Academy of
runners do not provide a lot of torque, and often need to be geared. Model Aero-
If ungeared (direct drive), they are good for turning small props at nautics
high revolutions-per- minute.
Interface The point of communication between and operator/pilot and the 41, 42, New
Control Station. 43
68 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Integrated Incorporated into the UAS as a single unified unit. Modified from
Merriam-
Webster
Intelligence , The use of a UAS to observe, track, understand, and / or document 22, 23 Modified from
Surveillance, and the positions and / or movement of friendly assets, particularly to JP 2-01
Reconnaissance collect targeting and other information to support an attack.
Operations
Launcher A mechanical facility used to launch a UA that is not capable of Modified from
conventional take off. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Leading Edge LE The front edge of the wing, vertical stabilizer, horizontal stabilizer, or International
propeller. Civil Aviation
Organization
(ICAO) English
Pro Aviation
Glossary
Lift A component of the total aerodynamic force on an airfoil and acts FAA Pilot’s
perpendicular to the relative wind. Handbook of
Aeronautical
Knowledge
(FAA-H-8083-
25B)
Linear Directional A radio-frequency wireless antenna designed to function more Radio-Elec-
Antenna effectively in some directions than others. tronics.com
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 69

Liquid Fuel A fuel that is stored in a liquid state,the fumes of which are used 45, 46 New
for combustion. Examples include gasoline, nitro methane, diesel,
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Lithium Polymer Battery Li-Po The most common kind of battery pack used in UAS. They provide 45 Modified from
enormous amounts of power relative to their size, especially when Academy of
used in conjunction with a brushless motor. Some Li-Po batteries Model Aero-
contain programmed circuits to regulate their voltage and discharge/ nautics
charging.
Location Markers A saved point (coordinates, landmark, distance) used by a UAS as a 16, 19 New
reference for positioning.
Locomotion The method of moving a UA from place to place. 29, 30 Modified from
Merriam-
Webster
Loiter Mode A flight mode that typically puts the UA into orbit around a fixed 17 Modified from
point at a predetermined radial distance. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Manual Mode When the Autopilot is disengaged or limited, leaving the operator Modified from
with full control of the UAS. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Material Composition The material used to construct the airframe and components of a 32 New
UAS.
70 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Mean Sea Level MSL The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide; Dictionary of
used as a reference for elevations. Military and
Associated
Terms. US
Department of
Defense 2005
Method of Detection The manner in which a UAS is located (e.g. via visual observation, audio 15, 17, Modified from
detection, search and detect sensor, or human tip). 19 5th Edition
IED Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Method of Employment A description of how the UA and target are brought into proximity of 15, 16, Modified from
each other. 19 5th Edition
IED Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Method of Launch Technique for UA flight initiation. Can include VTOL, dropped (from 16, 19 New
another aircraft), thrown and conventional take off.
Method of Recovery Technique used for UA retrieval. 16, 19 New
Mission Payload Additional components which the UA is designed to transport under 3, 9, 27, Modified from
specified conditions of operation, in addition to its unladen weight. 38, 39, JP 1-02
40
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 71

Mission Plan A series of waypoints, Commands and Flight Modes determined prior Modified from
to flight, and entered into a mission planner or Control Station to Academy of
conduct flight operations. Model Aero-
nautics
Modifications Any alterations or additions to the internal and external 3, 9,50, Modified from
characteristics of the UAS (software, hardware, airframe, etc.). 51, 52 Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Motor Controller A device that regulates the performance of an electric motor by 29, 30 New
converting throttle commands from and autopilot to higher-power
electrical signals which directly turn the motor.
Mount The point on a UA where a component is attached or rests. 39, 40 Modified from
Merriam-
Webster
Movement and Using a UAS to support movement to place forces in a position of 3, 22, Modified from
maneuver support advantage over the enemy. 23 JP 3-0
Multi-agent A group of UAS which operate simultaneously but are coordinated 16 New
through pre-mission planning and may have a pilot in the loop
(Multi-agent aircraft do not communicate with each other). Note:
Multiple UAS can perform a “swarming” attack (TTP) without being
considered a swarm. See “swarm” definition.
Multirotor A type of UA with more than two rotors. Most commerical-off-the- 32, 33 Modified from
shelf (COTS) UA are multirotor. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
72 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Navigation The method of determining position, course, and distance traveled. Merriam-
Webster
Navigation Peripheral Individual data sources that when combined can be used to orient a 34, 35, New
UA. Individually they are not capable of adequately orienting a UA. 37
Speed, acceleration, altitude, and time are examples.
Navigation Sensors Equipment used to report position, course, and distance travelled 34, 35, New
to the UAS and/or its operator. A common example is the Inertial 37
Navigation System, which reports and calculates the position of the
system relative to known points (e.g., Starting position).
Omni-Directional Receiving signals from or transmitting in all directions. 42 Modified from
Antenna Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics and
Radio-Elec-
tronics.com
On Screen Display OSD The display that can include basic or advanced telemetry data Modified from
associated with how a UAS is performing that is overlaid on the first Academy of
person view (FPV) feed sent to a ground control station or goggle Model Aero-
display. OSD information assists in beyond line of sight operation of nautics
a UAS.
Out-Runner A type of brushless motor, where the outer casing, or 'can', of the 29 Modified from
motor rotates with the shaft and permanent magnets, which are Academy of
attached to the inside of the can. Out-runners produce more torque, Model Aero-
so they are more powerful than in-runners, and are rarely geared. nautics
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 73

Open Hardware Refers to the design specifications of a physical object which are Modified from
licensed in such a way that anyone may study, modify, create, and Academy of
distribute the object. Model Aero-
nautics and
Radio-Elec-
tronics.com
Operator Remote pilot or person manipulating the mission parameters to 9
control the flight path or other behavior of a UA.
Operator Geography The geographic features of an area as they relate to the UAS 16, 19 Modified from
Operator's location. Merriam-
Webster
Operator Line of Sight Refers to being able to maintain visible observation of your UA from 16 National
your operating position with your unaided eye. Counterter-
rorism Center
(NCTC)
Pilot The individual responsible for operation and safety of the UA during Modified from
flight time. Merriam-
Webster
Piloted A UA with active or passive pilot oversight. 19 New
Plug-N-Play PNP Ready-To-Fly commercial UAS, minus the transmitter and receiver, Modified from
allowing the pilot to use their own. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
74 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Power Plant The aircraft’s power, e.g., motor or engine. 28, 29, Modified from
30 FAA Aviation
Maintenance
Technician
Powerplant
Handbook
(FAA-
H-8083-32)
Power Sources* The fuel or battery used to propel the UA and operate its onboard 9, 44, New
systems. 45, 46
* Power Source(s) may apply to one or more components common to
the UAS (Propulsion System, Airframe, Flight Control System, Mission
Payload and Control Station).
Programming Interface The method in which directions are input into a computer system by New
a user.
Propeller A device for propelling an aircraft that has blades on an engine- USG Code
driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, of Federal
a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. Regulations
(14 CFR 1.1)
Propulsion System The system that provides the force to move the UA. 3, 9, 28, Modified from
29, 30 Merriam-
Webster
Protection The ability to preserve the effectiveness and survivability of 3, 21, Modified from
personnel equipment and infrastructure. 22, 23 JP 3-0
Radio-silent A UAS with a radio which is powered-on but not actively transmitting. New
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 75

Range Extender A wireless communication device which operates within a prescribed 47, 48, New
frequency range. It is used to extend the range of the UAS. 49
Ready-to-Fly RTF Commercial UAS purchased with all of the essential equipment Modified from
already fabricated and installed. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Receiver Rx Part of the radio-control gear inside the aircraft or Control Station 47, 48, Modified from
receiving radio signals emitted by the transmitter. 49 Electrical
Engineering
Glossary
Reconnaissance A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other 22, 23 JP 2-0
detection methods, information about the activities and resources
of an enemy or adversary, or to secure data concerning the
meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a
particular area.
Recreation Operating a UAS for enjoyment. 3, 22, Modified from
23 Oxford Eng-
lish Dictionary
Release Mechanism The UA component used to drop a munition, or disperse chemical, 39 Modified from
biological or radiological material. Merriam-
Webster
76 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Remote Controlled Mode A type of flight mode wherein the human operator controls the UA 35, 37 Modified from
on a continuous basis, from a location off the UA via only her/his the National
direct observation. In this mode, the UA takes no initiative and relies Institute of
on continuous or nearly continuous input from the human operator. Standards and
Technology
(NIST), Octo-
ber 2008
Radio-Controlled Model RCMA A type of commercially produced or homemade UAS, typically 5 Modified from
Aircraft intended for recreational use. RCMA require a single person for Academy of
operation, usually require operator control at all times, and generally Model Aero-
have an endurance under two hours. These platforms are also nautics
referred to as radio-control (RC) aircraft/airplanes.
Remotely Piloted Aircraft RPA See UA definition. 5
Remotely Piloted Aircraft RPAS See UAS definition. 5
System
Research and R&D Work directed toward the innovation, introduction, and improvement 22, 23 Oxford Dic-
Development of products and processes. tionary
Return-to-Home RTH A fail-safe mode selected by an operator for the UA return to Modified from
the home point, or triggered instantaneously in the event of Academy of
communication failure where the operator cannot manually Model Aero-
command the UA to return to the home point. nautics
Rotary-Wing An aircraft, particularly a helicopter, that is lifted or propelled by 7, 32, Modified from
rotating airfoils. While not as fast or efficient as fixed-wing UAS, 33 Academy of
rotary-wing UAS have the advantage of vertical takeoff and landing Model Aero-
(VTOL), are highly maneuverable, and can hover. nautics
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 77

Rudder The moving section on the back half of the vertical stabilizer; controls Modified from
the aircraft’s yaw. FAA Airplane
Flying Hand-
book (FAA-H-
8083-3A)
Search and Detect Sensor Equipment that detects, measures, indicates and records objects 17, 20 Modified
and activities by means of energy or particles emitted, reflected, or from: 5th
modified by objects for the purpose of identifying UAS activity. Edition IED
Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Selectable Flight Mode Common states the UAS can be controlled in, either via manual or 35, 37 Modified from
autopilot guided control. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Semi-Autonomous Mode A type of flight mode wherein the human operator and/or the 35, 37 Modified from
UAS plan(s) and conducts(s) a mission and requires various levels the National
of human-robot interaction. The UAS is capable of autonomous Institute of
operation in between the human interactions. Standards and
Technology
(NIST), Octo-
ber 2008
Sensor Defeat The process of avoiding or overcoming detection by, or activation of, 15, 16, New
a sensor. 20
78 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Servo A motor or other form of activator which receives a small signal from 39 FAA-H-8083-
the control device and exerts a large force to accomplish the desired 25B
work.
Servo Arm/Horn The plastic, or metal, piece fixed to the servo output shaft, onto Modified from
which the linkage connects. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Servo Linkage The piece of metal or plastic rod (or thread/cable) connecting a servo New
arm to its control surface or function. Clevises are commonly used at
the ends of the linkages, to clip to the servo/control horns.
Small Unmanned Aircraft sUAS Those UAS that are typically commercially available, improvised or 5 Derived from
System locally fabricated and employed in the operational environment. 14 CFR 107.3
These sUAS typically weigh under 55 lbs/25 kg. & JP 3-30
Speed The distance traveled in a given time. 20 FAA-H-8083-
25B
Sport Mode The pilot has full control and responsibility for the drone (automated New
systems are deactivated).
Stabilization Mode Flight mode in which the UAS is still under direct control of the Modified from
operator, but the autopilot is engaged to keep the UA flying straight Academy of
and level. This is made possible with an onboard sensor, such as a Model Aero-
gyroscope or an accelerometer. Stabilization mode may also limit the nautics
pitch and bank angles. This is extremely helpful in situations where
the UA may be carrying a sensor that needs to remain in a fixed
position, or when a new operator is becoming familiarized with the
UAS.
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 79

Support Equipment All equipment required to assure the correct functioning of the UAS. Modified from
Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Sustainment Activities The provision of logistics and personnel services required to maintain 3, 22, Modified from
and prolong operations until successful mission accomplishment. 24 JP 3-0
Surveillance The systematic observation of aerospace, cyberspace, surface, 22 JP 3-0
or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural,
electronic, photographic, or other means.
Swarm A group of UAS which actively communicate with each other, and New
adapt during a mission to achieve a predefined objective, where the
operator provides objectives but not direct tasking. Note: Multiple
UAS can perform a “swarming” attack (TTP) without being considered
a “swarm”.
Swarming A tactic that employs multiple UAS to overwhelm targets by using Modified
mass and attrition in combination with decentralized maneuvers or from US Army
combined fires from multiple directions. Robotic and
Autonomous
System Strat-
egy March
2017
Tail The rear part of an airframe consisting usually of horizontal and 32, 33 Modified from
vertical stabilizing surfaces with attached control surfaces. Merriam-
Webster
80 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Tactical Characterization The manner in which a UAS activity is planned and conducted 3, 11, Modified from
(tactical design), and the intent (purpose of the system). 13 5th Edition
IED Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Tactical Design The specific design of the UAS activity and the natural and/or man- 3, 13, Modified from
made impacts to the event. Tactical design addresses the questions: 15, 16, 5th Edition
Why here? Why now? Why in this way? 17, 18, IED Technical
19, 20 Exploitation
Lexicon
Technical Categorization A description of a UAS using a hierarchical construct to identify its 3, 25, Modified
key components. The components identified in this categorization 27 from 5th
are the elements from which technical and forensic information is Edition IED
recovered and exploited. Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Technical Exploitation The application of scientific methods to gain further knowledge and 5 NATO Standard
insight from information, material and captured persons. AlntP-10
Technical
Exploitation
Telemetry The use of telecommunication for automatically indicating or ANST 1.532-
recording measurements at a distance from the measuring 2001
instrument.
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 81

Tethered A UAS which is attached to a permanently fixed point (moored) or FAA Order JO-
to a mobile platform (e.g., boat, trailer, auto, or other mobile asset) 7200.23A
(tethered) which allows the UAS to operate in a confined altitude,
radius or both.
Training The instruction of personnel to enhance their capability to perform Modified from
specific functions and tasks. Joint Electron-
ic Library
Transmitter Tx A set of equipment used to generate and transmit electromagnetic 47, 48, Modified from
waves carrying messages or signals to and from the UA to the control 49 Oxford Eng-
station. lish Dictionary
Turn-in An incident where the UAS or associated components are turned 3, 10 Modified
over to the proper authority. from: 5th
Edition IED
Technical
Exploitation
Lexicon
Unmanned Aircraft UA An aircraft that does not carry a human operator and is capable of 5 Modified from
flight with or without human remote control. May also referred to JP3-30
as a UAV, Drone, Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) or Radio Controlled
Model Aircraft (RCMA).
Unmanned Aircraft UAS That system whose components include the flight vehicle and 5 Modified from
System the necessary equipment, network, and personnel to control an JP 3-30
unmanned aircraft. May also be referred to as a Remotely Piloted
Aircraft System (RPAS) or unmanned aerial systems.
82 Term Acronym Definition Page # Source
Up Link Direct or indirect communication link to the UA. Modified from
Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Vectoring To guide secondary objects or forces to an intended target or New
location.
Vehicle-Borne IED VBIED A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner on or within JP 3-10
a vehicle incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or
incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or
distract.
Vertical Stabilizer The vertical surface at the rear of the fixed-wing UA used to stabilize Modified from
the UA in flight. Academy of
Model Aero-
nautics
Visual Observation Detection of a UA in flight by human eye or other visual sensor. 17, 20 New
Weapon System A combination of one or more weapons with all related equipment, 40 JP 3-0
materials, services, personnel, and means of delivery and deployment
(if applicable) required for self-sufficiency.
GLOSSARY & OTHER ASSOCIATED TERMS (continued)

Term Acronym Definition Page # Source 83

Wing Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting Pilots
surfaces that support the airplane in flight. Handbook of
Aeronautical
Knowledge
Dept of Trans-
portation FAA
2016 (FAA-H-
8083-25B)
Wingspan A wing’s length, from tip-to-tip. Wingspan is the primary Modified from
measurement when referring to an airplane's size, commonly stated FAA Airplane
in inches or millimeters. Flying Hand-
book (FAA-H-
8083-3B)
Yagi A directional antenna consisting of multiple parallel elements in a Radio-
line, usually half-wave dipoles made of metal rods. Electronics.
com
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