FRUI

TTREEPRODUCTI
ON

2.
3.4.
1.1
Exoti
cfr
uitsandfrui
ttr
eesf oundi nBotswana
Exoti
cfrui
ts
- Peaches -Lemons
- Guava -Pomegr anat
es
- Mango -Paw- paws
- Banana -Oranges
- Grapes -Grapefruit

I
ndi
genousf
ruitsandf rui
tstreesf oundinBot swana
 Raisinbusht ree(Mor etl
wa)
 Largesourpl um tree( Moretlol
oga)
 Wildmel dart ree(Mmi l
o)
 Mar ul
at ree( Morula)
 Monkeyor angetree( Mogor ogorwane)
 Snotappl et ree(Mor ojwa)
 Baobabt r ee( Mowana)
 Redmi l
kwoo( Mmupudu)
 Jell
ymel on( Mokopane)
 Jackal ber r
y( Mokotshong)
 Sweett hor n( Mooka)

2.
3.4.
1.2
I
mpor
tanceoff
rui
tsandf
rui
ttr
ees

I
mpor
tanceoff rui
ts I
mpor
tanceoff rui
tstrees
 Agoodsour ceofv i
tami ns,  Pr oducesf r
uitsweeat
mi ner als,carbohy dr
at esand  Thei rleav esabsor bcar bon-
fi
br e dioxideandr eleaseoxy genwe
 Hel pst ostrengt hent hei mmune breat hei n
syst em  Thei rr ootsbindsoi lparticl
es
 Cont ai nsal otofwat erneeded toget herhencepr ev ent
ingsoil
byt hebody erosion
 Addsv ariet
y ,colour,t extur
eand  Theyactaswi ndbreaks.
fl
av ort oadi sh  Thei rleav escleant heai rby
 Producesseedswhi chcanbe trappi ngandf i
lt
eringpol lut
ants
plant edt opr oducenew  Pr ovidepol l
enandnect arfor
gener ationsofpl ants honeybees.
 Theyar easour ceofr aw  Pr ovideuswi thshadee. g.
mat er ialsforjuices, jamsand Mor ul at r
ee
alcohol indust r
ies.  Thei rpr esencebeaut i
fi
est he
 Theycr eateincomeaf t
ersell
i
ng env i
ronment
them  Theyi ncreaset hev alueofland.

1
  Thei
rharvest
ing,pr
ocessi
ngand
market
ingcreatesemploy
ment.

AnOr
char
d–i
sapl
acewher
efr
uitt
reesar
egr
own

2.
3.4.
1.3

Requi
rement
sforest
abl
ishi
nganor
char
d

1.Permanentsourceofwat ersupplyf ori

rr
igati
on-Thesitemustbeneara
goodsupplyofwat erev endur i
ngdr yseasons.Thewat ermustnotbe
salt
y.Frui
ttreesrequir
eat horoughorser i
ouswat er
ingeverytwoweeks
toensuregooddev el
opmentoff rui
ts.Wheny oueatf r
uitsyouenjoythe
j
uicefrom thefr
uitsthatiswhyweneedt othoroughl
ywat erfr
uittr
ees.I
f
fr
uittr
eesar enotwat eredt heirfr
uitswil
lbedr yandt heywillnothave
enoughjui
ce.

2.Deepandf er
ti
lesoil
-Frui
ttreesmustbeplant
edinsoil
swhichar
edeep,
fert
il
eandwelldrai
ned.Fert
ilesoi
lsar
esoil
swhichcont
ainal
mostallt
he
nutri
entswhi
char eneededf ortheheal
thygrowt
handdev el
opmentof
plants.

3.Topographyoft
heland-Thel
andchosenf
orgrowi
ngf r
uitt
reesshoul
dbe
sl
ight
lyslopi
ngorgent
lysl
opi
ngtoal
lowsurf
acedr
ainage.

4.Avail
abi
l
ityofmar ket
sforfrui
ts-Farmersshouldgrow fr
uit
streeswhich
areknownbyt heconsumersandcaneasi lybeboughtwhent heyarein
season.Theremustbeanef fecti
vedemandf orf
rui
ts.Forexamplethe
demandf ororangesandmangoesi nBot swanaisv er
yhight hanthe
demandforplums, ki
wif
rui
tsandav ocadoes.

5.Avai
labi
l
ityofMoney
-Far mer
sgr
owingfrui
ttr
eesi
norchar
dshoul
dhav
e
enoughmoneytobuyinputsl
i
kef
ert
il
izer
sandpayt
hei
rworker
s.

6.Fencingmateri
als-Topr
otectthef
ruittr
eesandt
hei
rfr
uit
sfr
om bei
ng
eatenordest
royedbyani
mal sandt
respasser
s

7. Avai
labi
l
ityoff
rui
ttr
eeandseedl
ings-Far
mersshouldi
dent
if
yar el
i
able
sourceofhighqual
it
yfr
uitt
reeandseedli
ngsthatcangr
ow wel
linyour
area.

8.Av
ail
abi
li
tyofdependabl
e,exper
iencedandadaptabl
elabourf
orce-There
mustbeadequateorenoughsupplyoflabour
,especi
all
yatharvestti
me

2
 whenmor eworkhast obedonewi t
hinali
mit
edspaceoftimebefor
e
fr
uit
sr ot.These l
aborer
s shoul
d be abl
eto work under mi
nimal
superv
isi
on.

2.
3.4.
1.4

Fact
orsi
nfl
uenci
ngt
hechoi
ceoff
rui
ttr
eest
ogr
ow

a)Soilandcli
mati
ccondi
tions-Frui
tproducerschoosefr
uitt
reessui
tabl
eto
thesoilandcl
i
mateofthear eatheyli
vein.Thisi
sbecausefrui
ttr
eescan
onlygrowwelli
napart
icularecol
ogicalzoneorarea

b)Demandf orthefr
uit
s-Fruitproducer
sshoul dl
ookatthemarketabi
l
ityof
thefrui
torthedemandf orthatpart
iculart
ypeoffrui
t.Thi
sisbecause
peopl
emaynotbef ami l
iarwiththet ypeoffrui
tandhencemaynotbe
wil
li
ngtobuyi t
,asar esultf
armermayr unthebusi
nessatalossduet o
l
ackofamar ket.

c)Resistancetodiseasesandpests– Fruitproducer
schoosefrui
tt r
ees
whichcannotbeeasi l
yaff
ectedbypest
sanddi seasesint
hei
rlocalarea.
Thisi s because t
heydo notwantt o spend more moneyon buy i
ng
chemi cal
s such as pest
ici
des and f
ungici
des to cont
rolpests and
diseases.

d)Gestati
onper iod(howl ongittakesfrom planti
ngt of r
uitbeari
ngstage)-
Frui
tpr oducer schoosef rui
ttrees,whicht akeshor tperiodofti
met o
producef rui
ts.Farmersmaychooset oplantv egetablesinbetweent he
tr
ees,whi cht akemanyy ear
st oproducefr ui
tssot hatt heycansellthe
vegetablesandbuyi nputswhichwi l
lbeusedi nthepr oducti
onoffr
uits

e)Alt
ernati
veusesoff rui
ts-Fr
uitproducer
sl ookatwhetherthefr
uittr
ees
pl
antedpr ovi
desotherproductsandserv i
ces.Forexample,t
heylookat
whetherthefrui
tspr
oducedcanbeusedf orjui
ceext
ract
iontomake100%
fr
uitj
uice,whi
chwebuyf r
om shops.

f
) Avai
l
abil
i
tyoflabour–Forpr
epar
ingpl
ant
inghol
es,
plant
ing,
management
andhar
vest
ingfrui
ttr
ees.

g)Purposeforwhi
chthefr
uitt
reesar
egrown-Ifyougr
ow f
rui
ttreesf
or
famil
yconsumpt
ion,t
hechoi
ceoffr
uitt
reet
ogrowwil
lbei
nfl
uencedby

3
 whatyouandyourf
amil
yneedorl
iketoeat
.Ifgr
owingforsel
li
ngi
twi
l
lbe
i
nfl
uencedbywhatbuy
ersar
ewill
i
ng,abl
eandpreparedtobuy

h)Av
ail
abi
l
ityofl
and-choosef
rui
ttr
eest
hatoccupyl
essspace

Anur ser
y-i
saplacewher
efr
uitt
reeseedl
i
ngsar
erai
sedeit
herfr
om aseedor
vegetati
vepar
tbefor
ebei
ngt
ranspl
antedt
oapermanentpl
ant
inghol
einthe
orchard.

2.
3.4.
1.5

Mat
eri
alsneededtoconst
ructanur sery
- Treatedgum pol
es -Nail
s
- Shadenet -Doors
- Cement -Pegs
- Riversand -Potbenches
- Gravel -Tool se.
g.hammer
,measur
ingt
ape,
pli
ers,
shov
el
etc..
- Heav ywir
e -St r
ings

2.
3.4.
1.7

Si
gni
fi
cance/ I
mpor t
anceofnetshadi nginanur sery
 Pr otect sseedli
ngsf rom adv erseweat hercondi
ti
onl i
kescor
chingsun,hai
l
,
strongwi ndset c.
 I tmi nimizesevapo- transpiration
 I tprotectsseedl ingsf r
om di rectbeati
ngact i
onbyr ai
ndrops
 Cont rolssoilt
emper atureont henurseryplot
stherebyencour
agingproper
growt hofseedl ings.
 I talsopr otect
st heseedl ingsf rom damagebybi rds.

2.
3.4.
1.8

Typesofsoi
lormedi
aandf
ert
il
izer
susedi
nanur
ser
ybedwhenpr
opagat
ing
tr
ees

 Thesoil
sormedi awi t
hgooddr ai
nagearecommonl yusedi
nnur
seri
es
becausetheypreventseedl
i
ngsf r
om rot
ting.Thefol
lowi
ngmat
eri
als
al
oneorinmi xt
ureareusedaspr opagat
ingmedi a:
- Topsoil[
Loam soil] -Peatmoss

4
 - Sand -Compostshreddedbar
k
- Leafmould -Compost/kraalmanur
e
- Compost -Sphagnum moss
- Horti
cul
tur
alv
ermi
cul
i
te -Perl
it
e
- Sawdust -Pr
e-mixes

Soi
lormedi
apr
epar
ati
onst omake:
 Mixt he soi lwith kr aalmanur e orcompostmanur eto
impr ovedr ai
nage, aerati
onandsoi lfert
il
it
y.
 Addsuper phosphat etopr omot ehealt
hyrootdev el
opment
 Thesoi lshouldbef reeofcl odsoranyhar dobjectsthatmay
prev entseedlingemer gence
 Bef oreplantingcut t
ingsfillbedswithsteri
li
zedsandysoi lt
o
kil
lhar mf ulmi cro-organisms,soi lbor ne diseases and
nemat odes.
 Claysoi lorheav ysoi l
saddsandysoi landcompostt omake
itl
ightasy oungseedl ingsgr owwellinli
ghtsoi
lwhi chiswell
-drainedandwel l-aerated

Ty
pesoff
ert
il
izer
susedi
nnur
ser
ypot
sorbedswhenpr
opagat
ingt
rees

Pr
epar
ati
onsf orpl
antingoffrui
ttr
ees
 Havet heseedsr eady
 Treatseedstoi mprovegerminati
on
 Sieveandaddcompostf ert
il
izert
oapr opagat
ingmedi
um.
 Fil
lupt hepot
sornur serybedswithplanti
ngmedium,l
evel
thebedsand
water.
 Leav ethem foradayorso, t
oset t
ledownbeforepl
ant
ing.

FRUI
TTREEPROPAGATI
ON

 I
tistheproduct
ionofnewpl
ant
sei
therf
rom seedsorv
eget
ati
vepar
tsi
.
e.
r
oots,buds,l
eavesandst
ems.

5
 2.
3.4.
2.1
Ty
pesofpr
opagat
ion

1.Sexualpropagation-r
efer
stor aisi
ngoffrui
ttr
eesfr
om seeds.Frui
ttr
ees
thatar
e
usuall
ypr opagat
edsexuall
yinclude:peach,
guava,
lemonpaw- pawand
pomegr anate.

2.Asexualpr
opagati
on-iti
stheproduct
ionofnewplantsusingpartsof
otherpl
ant
s(veget
ativepar
ts)
.Frui
ttr
eesthatar
eusuallypropagated
asexual
lyi
ncl
ude:Orange,mul
berry
,mango,banana,appl
eet c.

Thedi
ff
erencebet
weensexualandasexualpr
opagat
ion

Sexualpropagat
ion Asexualpr opagat i
on
 Pl
ant
sar
eproducedfrom seeds  Plants are pr oduced f rom v egetati
ve
partsi.e.roots,l eaves,st ems,buds&
branches
 Plant
sareproducedarenoti
dent
icalorexact
lythe  Plants produced ar ei denticaltot he
same as t
he parentplantf
rom which t
he seeds parentpl antsf rom whi ch t he planted
whereobt
ained
partswer eobtained.
 New pl
ant
sar epr
oducedfr
om thejoi
ning  No sex cel ls ar e involved i n t he
t
oget
herofthemal
eandfemalesexcel
l
s. productionofv egetati
vepar tsusedt o
producenewpl ants
 Easi
erandcheapert
ocar
ryout  Iti
smor ediff
icultandexpensi vetocar r
y
outasexual propagat i
on
 Seedscanbest
oredforalongtimeandst
il
l  The par ts used cannotst ay in good
remai
ningoodcondi
ti
onforplanti
ng condit
ion fora l ong period af t
ert hey
havebeencutf rom thepar entplant

2.
3.4.
2.2

Fr
uitt
reessexual
lyandasexual
lypr
opagat
ed

Fr
uitt
reespr
opagat
edsexual
ly Fr
uitt
reespr
opagat
edasexual
ly

6
 Paw-paw  pears
 Mangos  mulberri
es
 Marula  bananas
 Snotapple  pi
neapples
 Wil
dMedl ar  oranges
 Monkeyor ange  grapes
 Sourplum  guavas
 apples
 apri
cots
 peaches

2.
3.4.
2.3-
2.3.
4.2.
5

Asexualpr
opagat
ionmet
hods

Pr
opagat
ionbyCutt
ing
Acut
ti
ngi
sav
eget
ati
vepar
twi
thoneormorebudsasshownbel
ow.

7
Gui
del
i
nesonpr eparationofcutti
ngs:
 Cutti
ngsarepr eparedfrom latewi ntert
oearlyspringbecauseistheti
me
whent henew gr owthi
sdev elopi
ngi nthecutti
ngspl ant
ed.Cutt
ingsare
plant
edinsummer .
 Useashar pknifet omakeacl eancutofcutti
ngs.
 Makeacut ti
ngt hathasatl easttwobuds.
 Remov eallt
hel eavesfr
om t hecut t
ingtoreducetranspir
ati
on.
 Treatthebasal cutendwithar oot
ingpowdert oencouragedevel
opment
ofrootsandpai nttheothercutendt opr
eventdryi
ng.

Pl
ant
ingofcut tings
 Cut t
ingscanei t
herbepl antedin:
a)nur serybeds b)Cartonsfi
l
ledwit
h
pl
antingmedi um orc)directl
yinthef iel
d.
 Theyar eusual l
yplatedtoabouthal foft heirl
ength
 Ensur et hatthebasal endistheonet hatistreat
edwithrooti
ngpowder,
notthepai ntedend.
 Wat ert hem regularl
yanddonotdi sturbt hem unt
ilt
heyspout
[
developmentofnewl eaves]
 Fr ui
ttreest hatareusuallyrai
sedthroughcut ti
ngarepeachandgrapes

Si
zeofcut
ti
ngsusedwhenpr
opagat
ingt
rees

Ty
peofcutt
ings Si
zeofcutti
ngstousewhenpr opagat
ingt rees
1.Stem (shoot
)  25to30cm l ongandabout1cm t hickonav erage
 Shouldhaveatleastfourbuds
2.Leaf  Leafcutti
ngsdependonhowbi gthel eafbeing
propagatedis
3.Root  20t o30cm longand1cm indiamet er(thi
ck)when
planti
ngitcovertwothir
dsofitsl
engt hundert hesoi
l
whileonethirdi
sleftabovethesoil.

Propagati
onbygraf
ting
Graf
ti
ngistheuni
fi
cat
ionofarootstockofonet
reewit
hthesci
onofanot
her
t
reetogrowint
ooneunit/tr
ee.
Di
agram 1

8
Thetwopar t
sarej
oinedandwaxappli
edtothegraf
ti
ngunionthent
iedforsome
ti
meuntilnewleav
essprout/dev
elop.Dev
elopmentofnewleavesi
ndicat
ethe
complet
eunion.

Diagram 2
Precauti
on!
Thetwot reesbei
ngpropagatedshoul
dbe:
- almostsamesi ze[di
ameter]
- sameage
- Samespeci ese.g.or
angeand
l
emon. .

Grafti
ngisdoneinearl
yspri
ngwhennewgr owthisbeginni
ngtooccuri
nplant
s.
Iti
sdonet hi
sti
mebecausetheamountofsapintheplantsi
shighandthepl
ants
arecomi ngoutofsleepordormancy.Fruitt
reespropagatedbygraft
ingare
apples,pear
sandpeaches.

Pr
opagat
ionbybuddi
ng

Buddingisaspecial
typeofgraft
ingwhichi
nvolv
esthetransf
erofabud(sci
on)
fr
om onet ypeoff
rui
ttreeanditi
splacedunderthebackofadif
fer
entt
ree
(r
ootstock)assownbelow.

9
Buddingisdonei nmi d-
summeroratt heheightofthegrowingseason.I
tcanbe
doneinear l
yautumnbutbef orewint
er.Buddingisdonewhent hebar
koftrees
tobepr opagatedisloosesuchthatabudcanbeeasi lyplacedorsli
ppedunderit
.
Frui
ttreespropagatedbybuddingareapples,peaches,apri
cots,pl
ums,or
anges
andpear sfr
uittr
ee.

Pr
opagat
ionbyl
ayer
ing

Layer
inginvol
vesinduci
ngabranch(
s)t
odeveloproot
swhil
stst
il
lat
tachedt
o
themotherplant
.Oncet her
oot
shavebeenproduced,
thest
em i
scuttomakea
newindiv
idualpl
ant(s)
.

Layeri
ngisdoneear l
yinspri
ngandsometimesinsummerbecauseiswhennew
growthtakesplaceinpl
ants.Exampl
esoffr
uitt
reespr
opagat
edbylayer
ing
grape,avocado,r
aspberr
yandappletr
ee.

Pr
opagat
ionbyuseofsucker
s

Asuckeri
sashoott
hatar
isesonapl
antf
rom bel
owgr
ound.Bananaand

10
pi
neappl
ear
epr
opagat
edbyusi
ngsucker
s.

Asuckeri
scutfr
om amotherpl
antandplant
edi
nacont
ainerwi
thapl
ant
ing
medi
um thenl
ookedaf
terj
ustli
keacutt
ing.

2.
3.4.
2.6

2.
3.4.
2.8

11
 2.
3.4.
2.9

PREPARATI
ONOFPLANTI
NGHOLESFORFRUI
TTREESEEDLI
NGS

 Holesf orseedli
ngsshoul dbepr eparedwel li
nadv anceoft ransplant
ing.
Thest epsi nvolv
edar e;
 Markhol epositi
onsatr ecommendedspaci ng
 Digout1m2 hol esofatl east60cm deep,keept heholestraightupt ot he
bottom,
 Separ atetopsoilfr
om subsoi lasyoudigthehol e
 Mixt opsoilwiththef er
ti
li
serandputthemi xturebackinthehol e
 Markt hecentreoft heholewi thapeg.Wat ertheholeregularl
yf oroneor
twoweeksbef oretheseedlingsaretr
ansplanted.

12
 2.
3.4.
2.10

Transplant
ingoffr
uittr
ees
Transpl
anti
ng-meanswhenr emovi
ngseedl
i
ngsfrom t
henurserybedsor
contai
nersandplanti
ngthem i
npr
epar
edholeswheretheywi
llgrowandreach
maturit
y.

a.Transpl ant i
ngaf r
ui ttreef rom apl asti
cbag
 Cutandr emov ethepl ast icbagar oundt her oot soft heseedl i
ngandbe
careful nottodest royt her oots
 Parti
allyf il
lthehol ewi thami xtureoft opsoi l,manur eandsuper phosphate.
Leaveenoughspacef ort heseedl ingsot hatwheni tisplanted, thetop
partoft hebal loft hesoi l i
sl ev elwiththesur faceoft heplantinghol e
 Placet heseedl ingi nt hecent reoft hehol e
 Fil
lthespacear oundt heseedl i
ngwi tht hemi xtureoft opsoil
, manur eand
superphosphat eunt ilthebal liscompl etelycov er
ed.Fi rmlypr essdown
thesoi laroundt hebal l oft hesoi l
inor dert or emov eairpocket sandt o
keept heseedl i
ngsf ir
ml yandupr i
ght .
 Uset hesub- soil orl eftsoi ltobui l
dabasi nar oundt hef r
uittr
eeseedl i
ng.
Thenwat ert heseedl i
ngi mmedi atelyaftert hebui ldi
ngoft hebasi n.Make
surethatt hewat erdoe3snotdi gthesoi lduringwat eri
ng.
b.Transpl ant i
ngf ruitt reeseedl ingsf rom anur ser ybed.
 Pusht het r
owel intot hesoi li
nt henur ser ybedabout10cm awayf rom
theseedl ingy ouwantt ot ransplant.Makesur et het r
owel doesnot
damaget her oot sofseedl ings
 Tur nt het rowel upwar dssucht hati tremov est heseedl i
ngst ogether
witht hebal lofsoi lar oundi tsroots.
 Taket heseedl ingt ot hepr eparedhol eandpl anti ti
mmedi ately.
 Fi rml ypr esst hesoi l downandar oundt heseedl i
ngt oenabl ei tt
o
standupr i
ght .
 Makeabasi nar oundt heseedl i
ngandt henwat eri mmedi ately

13
 2.
3.4.
2.11

Pr
uning
I
tistheremov al ofunpr oduct i
vepartofaplantforthefol
lowingr
easons:
 tor emov edead, diseasedordamagedpar tsofatr
ee.
 Impr oveai rcir
culati
onandsunl i
ghtpenetrati
on.
 form adesi r
ableshapeofat ree.
 Av oidwast eofnut ri
ent sbyunproductiv
epar tofatree.
 Makemov ementar oundt heorchardeasy.
 Prev entov erbeari
ng.
 Cont rolpestsanddi seases.
 Makehar vestingoff rui
tseasy.
 Increasequal i
tyandy ieldofafrui
ttree.

2.
3.4.
2.12

Met
hodsofhar
vest
ingf
rui
ttr
ees

i
) Handpi cki
ng–i ti swhenhar v
esti
ngisdonebyhandswiththehel
pofhand
tool
ssuchaskni fe,shearsorsecateurs
Advant
ages
 Onlyri
pef ruit
sar eharvest
ed
 Suit
ableforf r
uitsthatcanbeeasilybrui
sedordamagedsuchas
str
awberriesandappl esareharv
estedbyhand
Disadvant
ages
 Takesal otoft i
met ocarr
yout.
 Requiresmanypeopl etocarr
yout.

14
  Diff
icul
tforpickerst
oharvestf
rui
tsf
rom t
allf
ruitt
rees
 Pickersareatriskoff
all
i
ngdownandgetinjuredifl
adder
sar
etobe
used.

i
i)Machi neharvesting-useofmachi neryt
ohar v
estfrui
ts
Adv ant
ages
 Har vestfrui
tsqui ckl
y
 Sol v
et heprobl em ofashor t
ageoflabourtodowork.
Disadvantages
 Har vestallt
hef ruit
sir
respecti
veofwhet hert
heyareri
peornot
 Somemachi nesusedf orharvesti
ngfrui
tshakethetr
eessothati
t
f
all
st othegr oundorintocontainer
splacedbeneaththef
rui
ttr
ees.

2.
3.4.
2.14

Fact
orst
oconsi
derwhenmar
ket
ingf
rui
ttr
eesandf
rui
ts

A.Whenmar
ket
ingf
rui
ts B.Whenmar
ket
ingf
rui
tst
rees
 Variety  Sizeoff r
uittr
ee
 Mar ketavail
abil
it
y  Managementneeds
 Pri
ce  Qual i
ty
 Qual i
ty  Price
 Knowl edgeofthef r
uit  Demandandsuppl y
andf rui
ttr
ees  Var i
etyortypeoffrui
t
 Packaging tr
ee
 Formi nwhi chtheyare  Weat herconditi
ons
sold  Fami l
iar
itywiththefrui
t
 Gradeoft hefruit tr
ee
 Affordabil
i
ty

Mar
ket
ingi ncludethefoll
owingactivi
ti
es:
 Sor t
ing–sel ect
ionoffrui
tsaccordi
ngtosize,
ripeness,qual
it
yetc.
.
 Gradi ng–usuallytheyaregradedaccordi
ngtotheirsi
ze[lar
ge,medium
andsmal l]
 Packagi ng
 Pricing
 Storage–accor dingtotheirperi
shabi
l
ity.
 Adv erti
sing
 Transpor tat
iont
omar ketareasaswellasmethodoft ransport
ati
on.

Market
ingchannel
s
Fr
uit
saresoldto:
o Whol esal
ers

15
o Ret
ail
ers
o I
ndi
viduals
o I
nsti
tut
ionsli
keschool
sEt
c..
.

16