• USES OF WATER:-
We all use water for drinking, cooking, bathing, cleaning,
washing, etc. Factories and large industries use water in large
quantities for producing various products required for human
welfare. Farmers also use water for irrigating and cultivating
crops. Thus, water is necessary for many activities; therefore, it
is an essential requirement of life.
• IMPORTANCE OF WATER:-
We all need water for different daily activities including:
• Domestic Purposes include bathing, cleaning, cooking,
drinking, and washing.
• Agricultural applications include irrigation, farming,
gardening, and frost control.
• Other Industrial Applications.
Apart from this, we drink water to:-
• Stay hydrated
• Lubricate Joints
• Regulate the body’s temperature
• Transport nutrients and other waste in the body.
• Balance the loss of water from the digestive tract and body
tissues
• SOURCES OF WATER:-
There are various sources of water. About 97% of the water on the
Earth’s surface is covered with water. The three main sources of
water are:
• Rainwater.
• Groundwater – This includes water bodies like Wells and
Springs.
• Surface water – This includes different water bodies like
Reservoirs, Rivers, Streams, Ponds, Lakes and Tanks.
• RAINWATER:-
Rainwater is a natural water source that can be used for many purposes,
including drinking watering plants, and bathing. It's free, relatively clean,
and can be collected from roofs and other paved areas.
• GROUNDWATER:-
Groundwater is water that is stored underground in the spaces between
rocks and soil. It is a vital resource that is used for drinking, agriculture,
and public water supplies.
• TYPES OF GROUNDWATER:-
The two types of groundwater are aquifers and wells.
1.Aquifers:-
•An aquifer is a layer of underground rock or other material that stores and
allows water to flow through it.
• Aquifers are made of permeable or fractured rock, or unconsolidated
materials like sand or gravel.
2.Wells:-
• A water well is a hole dug into the ground to access water from an
aquifer.
• Wells are a key source of drinking water, irrigation, and other uses.
•SURFACE WATER:-
• Surface water is water that is found on the surface of the Earth, such as
in rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans.
• It is a vital resource for all life on Earth, and is a key part of the water
cycle.
• Examples of surface water include:
• River:- Bodies of water that flow on the Earth's surface.
• Lakes:- Bodies of water that are found on the Earth's surface
• Streams:- Bodies of water that flow on the Earth's surface .
• Reservoirs:- Bodies of water that are found on the Earth's surface .
• Wetlands:- Areas of land that are covered by water .
• Oceans:- Bodies of water that cover large parts of the Earth’s
surface.
• Seas:- Bodies of water that cover parts of the Earth's surface .
• Ponds:- Bodies of water that are found on the Earth's surface .
• Creeks:- Bodies of water that are found on the Earth's surface .
• Floodplains:- Areas of land that are covered by water during floods.
• WATER TREATMENT:-
• Water treatment means the cleansing of water through
various phases to be available for end-use by the people.
• The treated water is then used for various purposes like
irrigation, industrial water supply, drinking, river flow
maintenance, or any other such uses.
• The treatment of water removes harmful contaminants and
compounds or the concentration of these is reduced for
public use.
• This treatment is mandatory to promote human health and
its uses for drinking and irrigation.
• METHODS OF WATER TREATMENT:-
• Water is naturally a pure substance containing hydrogen
and oxygen. However, the distribution and supply of water
come in contact with various organic minerals, man made
pollutants, and chemicals. This makes water unfavorable for
drinking purposes as it contains deadly viruses, bacteria, and
other dangerous agents.
• Different methods of water treatment are set up to make
drinking water accessible. Below are some of the methods of
water treatment.
1• COAGULATION/FLOCCULATION METHOD:-
• Coagulation is the process of adding alum, liquid sulfate,
to untreated or raw water.
• After completion of the process, dirt particles coagulate in
the water or stick together. Flocs are formed by large dirt
particles and can be easily removed by filtration or setting.
• Coagulation methods include ionic layer compressions,
surface complexation, and charge neutralization, sweep
coagulation, and polymeric bridging.
• Flocculation is what allows the coagulated water to mix
with the particles that collide to form further flocs.
2• SEDIMENTATION METHOD:-
• During the treatment process, flocs and water make their
way into the sedimentation basins.
• In these basins, water moves slowly allowing the flocs to
settle at the bottom.
• The accumulated flocs are known as sludge and are carried
to the drying lagoons. Storing such water for a couple of
hours will allow the sedimentation of dense and large
particles like silt and sands, microbes, and smaller particles.
• Settling time of 1 to 2 days will help remove larger
particles and microbes like algae and clay.
3• FILTRATION:-
• Filtration helps in removing the particles as the water
passes through a filter.
• These filters are composed of sand and gravel or crushed
anthracite.
• Filtration combines all the dangerous impurities and
particles that float on the water.
• This helps boost the effectiveness of disinfection. Filters
are regularly serviced by backwashing for better filtration.
4• DISINFECTION:-
• Water is disinfected before it makes its way to the
distribution system.
• Disinfection removes disease-causing bacteria, viruses,
and parasites.
• Chlorine is better known to help in the disinfection of
water. It includes oxidizing agents that instantly remove all
the bacteria in water.
• STEPS OF WATER TREATMENT:-
🔅Large scale water treatment plant follows the below steps
for urban water supply. These are as follows: –
1• Screening:-
Screens are used to protect treatment plant units to help in
the efficiency of operations. Screens remove large floating or
suspended solids in the process of inflow. Materials like
leaves, paper, twigs, and other debris are removed so as to
avoid equipment or plant damage. There are two types of
screens.
o Coarse screens: These are large and heavy screens used
to minimize large materials like fish and logs from
entering the water treatment plant. They help in the
proper functioning of the mechanical equipment.
o Fine screens: These are used to avoid blockage in the
pipes at the treatment plant. Solids that are caught in the
pipes are removed by jet water and are taken for
disposal.
2• Aeration:-
Aeration takes place after the screening process. Water
becomes aerated after it has been exposed in order to take in
oxygen from the air. Harmful soluble gases like CO2,
hydrogen sulfide are expelled by aeration.
3•Coagulation and Flocculation:-
Coagulation is used after aeration to remove any remaining
fine particles suspended in the water. Coagulant chemicals are
mixed in the water for further cleansing.
4• Sedimentation:-
Large flocs which are spread on the floor of a tank are settled
out by the process of sedimentation. The accumulated
material is called sludge which is taken for proper disposal
after the process.
5• Chlorination:-
To further disinfect the water after sedimentation a chemical
called chlorine is used to help remove pathogenic
microorganisms. The remaining chlorine is known as residual
chlorine which gets through the process of the distribution
system.
🔆IMPORTANCE OF WATER TREATMENT:-
• Public health: Water treatment protects people from waterborne
illnesses.
• Environmental health: Water treatment protects aquatic life and
ecosystems.
• Industrial processes: Water treatment is important for industrial
processes, agriculture, and pharmaceutical applications.
🔆PURPOSE OF WATER TREATMENT:-
✓ To remove the various impurities of raw
water.
✓ To bring the quality of water to required
standard.
✓ To make the raw water odour free and
colourless.
✓ To remove the dissolved gas and impurities.
✓ To get rid of contaminants that can be
detrimental or harmful to our health.
✓ Up to 60% of the human body is filled with
water.
✓ Therefore the quality of water we drink is very
important.
✓ To make the water potable.
✓ To make the water fit for domestic purpose.
🔆 After water treatment process is completed than
water is supply based on water demand.
➢ There are following types of water demand:-
I. Domestic Water Demand
II. Commercial Water Demand
III. Industrial Water Demand
IV. Public Water Demand
V. Fire Water Demand
VI. Compensated Water Demand
🔆WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM:-
➢ Common examples of water supply is:-
CONTENT
🔆WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT🔆
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ USES OF WATER
➢ IMPORTANCE OF WATER
➢ SOURCES OF WATER
➢ WATER TREATMENT
➢ METODS OF WATER TREATEMENT
➢ STEPS OF WATER TREATMENT
➢ IMPORTANCE OF WATER TREATMENT
➢ PURPOSE OF WATER TREATMENT
➢ WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
