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com/

VALVES

MUDASSAR AZAM
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Contents

 Introduction

 Terminologies
 Types of Control Valves
 Valves Components
 Valves selection
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Valve
• Valve plays a very important part in industries.

• It controls and distributes pressure,

flow, level, temperature etc.

• valve may be considered the MUSCLE

of automatic control.
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Major Section of valve

Valve

Bonnet Valve Body Accessories

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Control Valve

ACTUATOR

BONNET
VALVE BODY
ASSEMBLY
BODY
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Classification of Valve

Type Category
VS Gate Valve VS BW or Flanged
VD Globe Valve VS SW or Threaded
VR Plug Valve VD BW or Flanged
VB Ball Valve VD SW or threaded
VDR Check Valve VR or VB BW or Flanged
VR or VB SW or threaded
VDR BW or Flanged
VDR BW or Threaded
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STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
• IPS: IRON PIPE SIZE
• ISNRS: INSIDE SCREW NON-RISING
STEM
• ISRS: INSIDE SCREW RISING STEM
• NRS: NON-RISING STEM
• RS: RISING STEM
• SIB: SCREWED BONNET
• SW: SOLID WEDGE
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TYPES OF VALVES
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BASIC TYPES OF VALVES

GATE VALVE DIAPHRAGM VALVE

GLOBE VALVE
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BASIC TYPES OF VALVES (Cond.)

PISTON VALVES BUTTERFLY VALVE BALL VALVE CHECK VALVE

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Valve Types

LINEAR MOTION ROTARY MOTION

GLOBE BUTTERFLY

GATE BALL

DIAPHRAGM PLUG
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Rotary Types
• Advantages
– Low weight
– Simple design
– High relative CV
– More reliable
– Friction-free packing
– Low initial cost.
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Rotary Types of Control Valves

• Disadvantage

– Generally not suitable below 1 to 2 inches.

– Operating shaft must be designed to support a

fairly heavy side-thrust.

– Leakage problem.
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Linear and Rotary Motion

Tortuous Flow Path Streamlined Flow Path

Low Recovery High Recovery
Can Throttle Small Flow More Capacity
Rates Can Handle Slurry / Abrasives
Suited to HP Applications Flangeless
Usually Flanged or Threaded Integral Bonnet
Bonnet Separable
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Globe Valve
General Characteristics
 Causing Turbulence & high P

 Plug prone to wear/erosion

 Recommended for throttling

 Used for unidirectional flow

 Valve’s bore < pipe opening

 Can be
 Single seated
 Double seated
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GLOBE VALVE
SALIENT FEATURES
- Flow Control Element is Disc

- Resistance to Flow is Greater than Gate Valve

- Globe Valves are Unidirectional

- Recommended for Throttling and Shutoff

- Not Recommended for Dirty Fluids or Slurries

- Available in ISRS and OS&Y Designs.

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Basic Principle
OPEN

CLOSE

Outlet Pressure Inlet

Pressure
MINIMUM
CONTROLLED MAXIMUM
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GLOBE VALVE - CLASSIFICATION

Angle Y-Pattern Needle

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Y Style

• ¾ -14”

• Used more frequently in On – Off Service

• Corrosive service
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CLASSIFICATION (GLOBE VALVE)

 BASED ON BODY STYLE

– Angle Valve
– Oblique Valve
– Needle Valve

 BASED ON DISC DESIGN

– Plug
– Composition disc
– Conventional disc
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Single Seated Globe Valve

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Single Seated Valves

• Single-seated valves usually have a top guided construction.
– Single-seated valves, are usually employed when tight shut-off
is required.
– Tight shut-off in this case usually means that the maximum
expected leakage is less than 0.01% of the maximum valve CV
• It also allows a somewhat higher flow capacity than top and
bottom guided valves for a given orifice size.
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Double Seated Globe Valve

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Double-seated value
• A double-seated value, is generally top and
bottom guided.
• Leakage figure approaches 0.5% of the rated
CV.
• It is nearly impossible to close the two ports
simultaneously
• Advantage of double-seated construction lies
in the reduction of required actuator forces.
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Gate Valve
General Characteristics
 Straight flow

 Directionless valve

 Minimum pressure drop

 Valve's bore  pipe opening

 Not recommended for throttling

 Occupy less space as compare to

Globe
 Low cost

 Frequent opening/closing not

recommended
 A metallic gate/disc is used to
stop the flow
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CLASSIFICATION (GATE VALVE)

BASED ON STEM
– Rising Stem Gate Valve
– None Rising Stem Gate Valve

BASED ON GATE DESIGN

– Solid Wedge
– Solid Split Gate
– Parallel Discs And Wedges Gate
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NON RISING STEM (NRS) DESIGN

Internal Threads on Stem

Gate Rises When Valve is Opened
Stem Does not Vertically Move.
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INSIDE SCREW RISING STEM (ISRS) DESIGN

Internal Threads on Stem

Stem, Gate and Hand Wheel Rise When
Valve is Opened
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OUTSIDE SCREW & YOKE (OS&Y) DESIGN

External Threads on Stem

Stem &Gate Rises When Valve is Opened
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VALVE BACK SEAT

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GATE VALVE - CLASSIFICATION

Solid Flex Split

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Diaphragm Valve
General Characteristics
 No stuffing box packing

 Not recommended for HP

 Used where tight closure is

important
 Long life and friendly
maintenance valve
 Normally used for scale forming
or corrosive fluid
 A flexible disc or diaphragm
used as closing element
 Diaphragm Valves are Symmetrical
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DIAPHRAGM VALVE
SALIENT FEATURES
- Flow Control Element is Diaphragm
- Low Strength Even at Ambient Temperature
- Very Little Resistance to Fluid Flow.

- Suitable for:
- Slurries
- Viscous Fluids - Smooth Flow Path
- Absence of Pockets
- Gases
- Vapors Soft Sealing point

- Corrosive Fluids
Minimum Exposed Components
- Clean Fluids
Lining and Elimination of Dirt
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Diaphragm Valve
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BUTTERFLY VALVES

SALIENT FEATURES

- Flow Control Element is Circular Disc

- Primarily it is a Throttling Valve; Can be

Used as Stop Valve

- Suitable for:
- Gases
- Vapors
- Slurries (Only Lined Valve)

- Leak Tight Sealing is Difficult to Achieve in Metal Seated Valves

- Temperature Limitations in Lined and Soft Seated Valves

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Butterfly Valve
General Characteristics
 Reliable & long service life

 Lines cannot be cleaned by pig

 Suitable for low pressure service,

10-20 bar
 Leakage 0.5% of rated CV.
 Easy to operate, both manually & by
remote control.
 Circular shaped disc used for quick
opening/closing
 The typical application range is in
sizes from 2 inches to 36 inches or
larger.
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BUTTERFLY VALVES
General Characteristics (cond.)

- Not suitable for crystallizing/caking

medium
- The disc always remains in the
center of the port.
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Ball Valve
General Characteristics
 Low P

 Easy operation

 Quick opening

 Two-way flow possible

 Low maintenance costs

 Ball is used for opening &

closing
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BALL VALVE

SALIENT FEATURES
- Flow Control Element is Ball
- Very Little Resistance to Flow When Open

- Suitable for:
- Slurries
- Viscous Fluids
- Gases
- Vapors
- Corrosive Fluids
- Clean Fluids
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BALL VALVE

SALIENT FEATURES (cond)

- Available in Full Port and Reduced Port Design

- Temperature Limitations When Seat Ring

is Non-Metallic

- Leak Free Seating is Difficult With Metallic

Sealing

- Can be Use for Throttling

(Fluid Should be Non-Abrasive)

- Quick Opening (Quarter Turn Operation)

- Available in Three Way Design

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THREE-WAY BALL VALVE

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Plug Valve
General Characteristics
 Used for quick opening and closing

 Not recommended for throttling

 Used for more than one inlet/outlet

lines
 Provides straight through flow

 Used for low pressure services

 Turn plug at 90o for

opening/closing
 No gland packing used
 Tapered plug is used to avoid
sticking
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PLUG VALVE

SALIENT FEATURES
- Flow Control Element is Plug
- Very Little Resistance to Flow When Open

- Suitable for:
- Slurries
- Viscous Fluids
- Gases
- Vapors
- Corrosive Fluids
- Clean Fluids
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Plug

• Plug types depends upon flow characteristic:

– Quick Opening

– Linear

– Parabolic or Equal Percentage

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Plug  Linear

(Conical)
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Plug  Equal Percentage

(Tapered)
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Plug  Quick Opening

(Flat)
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Different Shapes of Plugs

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Characteristics of Different Plugs

Valve Opening 30 % 70 % 100 %

Cv

Quick Opening 62 90 100

Linear 30 70 100

Equal % 8 33 100

V-Port 6 30 100
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Valve Characteristic
100
Percent of Rated Flow Coefficient

0
0 Percent of Rated Travel 100
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CV
The number of U.S. gallons of water
at 60° F which will pass per minute
through a given flow restriction with
a pressure drop of 1 PSI
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Solving for Cv
Rearranging the Equation - Until now, the discussion has centered on
calculating a flow rate through a restriction. In valve sizing, of coarse,
the objective is to calculate a Cv from a required flow rate. To
accomplish this, the basic equation can he rearranged to solve for Cv
as shown below.

Rearrange to
Solve for Cv

where:
Q =Flow Rate, gpm
CV =Valve Flow Coefficient
ΔP= P2- P1
G= Fluid Specific Gravity

Arranging the Equation to Solve for Cv

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Angle Valves

• These Valves are single-seated.

• Used for high pressure drop service.

• Minimum Space required.

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ANGLE VALVE
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Cage Valves
• So-called "top entry" or cage valves have the
advantage of easy trim removal.
• Typical top entry valve with unbalanced,
single-seated trim.
• The inner valve parts, often referred to as
"quick change trim," can easily be removed
after removing the bonnet, because of the
absence of internal threads.
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Cage
General Characteristics
 A bit less hard material

 According to the requirement

of process
 Guides the Plug

 Reduces the noise (10 to 15 db)

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Types of Cages

Quick Opening Linear Equal Percentage

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Quick Opening Cage

Cage Guided Valves
Quick Opening cages provide maximum
Cv at minimal
travel.

Visual Features
•Square-edge window bottoms

Applications
• Relief
• On-Off
• Dump
• Hi-gain linear at low lifts Quick Opening Cage
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Linear Cage

Linear cages produce a percentage of

maximum control valve Cv that is directly
proportional to valve stem position; e.g.,
60% travel = 60% maximum rated Cv.

Visual Features
• Pear-shaped windows

Applications
• Constant pressure drop applications

Linear Cage
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Equal Percentage Cage

Equal Percentage
• Equal increments of change in stem
position produce an equal percentage
change from the existing Cv,

Visual Features
• Alternately offset pear-shaped windows

Applications
• Many pressure and flow where
ΔP decreases as flow rate increases

Equal Percentage Cage

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Plug and Cage

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CHECK VALVES
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
– Low P
– Quick opening
– Low maintenance costs
– To control the direction of flow
– Used for both high/low pressure
– Most reliable and long service life
– Used for both horizontal & vertical flow
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CHECK VALVE

- Used for Unidirectional Flow

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CHECK VALVES
CLASSIFICATION
– FOOT VALVE
– BALL CHECK VALVE
– SWING CHECK VALVE
– TILTING DISC CHECK VALVE
– VERTICAL LIFT CHECK VALVE
– HORIZONTAL LIFT CHECK VALVE
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CHECK VALVE - TYPES

Swing Check Valve Tilting Disk

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CHECK VALVE - TYPES

Lift Check Valve Ball Check Valve

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CHECK VALVE - TYPES

Wafer Check Valve

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LIFT CHECK VALVES

Non-slam piston-type check valve.

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SWING CHECK VALVES

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Plug-type check valve.

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CHECK VALVE - APPLICATIONS

At Pump Discharges

Check Valve

Isolation Valve

Pump A Pump B
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CHECK VALVE - APPLICATIONS

At Pipes Joining Common Header/Vessel

Check Valve

NH3 CO2
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PINCH VALVES
• PINCH VALVE
– THE WORKING ELEMENT OF A PINCH VALVE IS AN
ELASTOMER TUBE OR SLEEVE WHICH CAN BE SQUEEZED
AT ITS MID SECTION BY SOME MECHANICAL SYSTEM
UNTILL TUBE WALLS ARE PINCHED TOGETHER PRODUCING
FULL CLOSURE OF FLOW PATH
– OTHER THAN MECHANICAL MECHANISM, HYDRAULIC OR
AIR PRESSURE INJECTED DIRECTLY INTO THE BODY OF THE
VALVE TO OPERATE IT
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Continued…
– WITH REGULATED FLUID PRESSURE, VALVE MAY BE USED
FOR THROTTLING AS WELL AS SHUT-OFF SERVICE
– PARTICULAR ADVANTAGE OF FLUID OPERATED PINCH
VALVE IS ITS TIGHT CLOSURE OVER ENTRAPPED SOLIDS
– THESE ARE PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR HANDLING
COROSIVE MEDIA, SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION & SLURRIES
– THESE HAVE UNRESTRICTED BORE AT FULL OPENING
– CAN HANDLE ALL TYPES OF FLUIDS
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Continued…
– VALVES WITH MECHANICAL MECHANISM ARE OPERATED
BY HANDWHEEL, SCREW MECHANISM IN SMALL SIZES
AND WITH POWERED MECHANISM IN LARGE SIZES
– ALSO OPERATED BY PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC
ACTUATORS
– VARIOUS LOW HARDNESS, HIGH TENSILE ELASTOMER
COMPOUNDS ARE USED FOR TUBES. CHOICE DEPENDS ON
CHEMICAL/ ABRSION RESISTANCE AND SERVICE
TEMPERATURE
– SIZES COMMONLY AVAILABLE ARE UPTO 12”
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PINCH VALVES
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NEEDLE VALVE

– SMALL SIZE OF GLOBE VALVE WITH FINELY TAPERED PLUG

HAVING OR NOT AXIAL MOVEMENT RELATIVE TO THE AXIS
OF THE CONCENTRIC ORIFICE AND CONTROLLS EFFECTIVE
OPENING OF ORIFICE
– HAS THREE BASIC TYPES
• SCREWDOWN VALVE
• OBLIQUE VALVE
• ANGLE VALVE
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Continued…
– IN SCREWDOWN VALVE, NEEDLE ACTS
PERPENDICULAR TO THE AXIS OF FLOW
– IN OBLIQUE VALVE, NEEDLE ACTS AT 45° ANGLE AND
OFFERS COMPARATIVLEY MORE DIRECT FLOW PATH.
FLOW PATH IS LESS TORTUROUS WITH REDUCED
PRESSURE DROP THAN A GLOBE VALVE. HAS GOOD
THROTTLING X-TICS.
– IN ANGLE VALVES, NEEDLE ACTS ON FLUID AGAINST
FLOW PATH AND CONTROLLED OUTLET FLOW IS AT
RIGHT ANGLE TO THE MAIN FLOW
– NEEDLE IS GENERALLY THREADED AND ITSELF ACTS
AS A SEAL TO ELIMINATE LEAKAGE PAST THE NEEDLE
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NEEDLE VALVE
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SOLENOID VALVE

– OPERATED BY BUILT-IN ACTUATOR IN THE FORM OF AN

ELECTRIC COIL(SOLENOID) AND A PLUNGER
– OPENS AND CLOSES BY AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL AND
RETURNS BACK TO ORIGINAL POSITION BY THE SPRING
ACTION WHEN THE SIGNALIS REMOVED
– PRODUCED TO OPERATE IN ONLY TWO MODES
• FULL OPNE
• FULL CLOSE
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Continued…
– SOLENOID MAY BE OPERATED BY A.C OR D.C
– A.C IS SUPPLIED FROM MAIN VOLTAGE THROUGH A
TRANSFORMER, IF NECESSARY
– D.C IS PROVIDED BY BATTERY, D.C GENERATOR OR
THROUGH A RECTIFIER
– A.C OPERATED SOV IS QUICKER IN RESPONSE TIME
AND CAN HANDLE HIGHER PRESSURES INITIALLY.
PREFFERED WHERE FAST RESPONSE IS REQUIRED AND
RELAY TYPE ELECTRIC CONTROLS ARE USED. RESPONSE
TIME IS 8-15 MILLISECONDS.
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Continued…
– D.C OPERATED SOV IS SLOW IN RESPONSE AND CAN
HANDLE LOW PRESSURES. NOT SUBJECT TO PEAK INITIAL
CURRENT THAT PREVENTS FROM OVERHEATING AND COIL
DAMAGE. RESPONSE TIME IS 30-40 MILLISEC.
– A.C OPERATED SOV HAS HIGHER POWER LOSSES THAN
D.C OPERATED
– SOVs ARE PRODUCED IN 02 CATEGORIES
• 2-WAY VALVE
• 3-WAY VALVE
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Continued…
– 02-WAY IS AVAILABLE IN NORMALLY OPEN AND NORMALLY
CLOSED POSITION
– IN 02-WAY NORMALLY OPEN, SPRING HOLDS THE VALVE
OPEN ASSISTED BY FLUID PRESSURE. SOLENOID FORCE
OVERCOMES BOTH THESE FORCES AND CLOSES THE VALVE
– IN 02-WAY NORMALLY CLOSED, BOTH SPRING FORCE AND
FLUID PRESSURE ACT TO CLOSE THE VALVE. SOLENOID
FORCE OPENS THE VALVE AIDED UP BY THE GRAVITY
FORCE AS THESE VALVES ARE GENERALLY MOUNTED IN
VERTICLE POSITION
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Control Valve Loop

Control Valve
Volume Booster
110 V DC

SOV
Positioner
Regulator
3 to 15 PSI Signal

NRV
Supply
Capacity Tank
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SOV

Energized De-Energized

Supply Out Put

1 2 1 2

Bleed
3 3
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Precautions

• In case of Electric device such as

– SOV

– Must have Explosion proof class.

– When working at terminal or in J.B.

– It is in open condition, one must be more careful,

because Explosion proof system is violated.
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SCREWDOWN VALVE

– GENERAL TERM USED TO REFER ALL TYPES OF VALVES

SEALING BY DISC OR PLUG IN WHICH SEALING ELEMENT IS
LIFTED FROM AND LOWERED ONTO THE VALVE SEAT BY
ROTATION OF THREADED STEM, THE AXIS OF WHICH IS
PERPENDICULAR TO VALVE SEAT
– INCLUDE GATE, GLOBE, OBLIQUE,LIFT TYPE PLUG AND
ANGLE VALVES ETC
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Continued…
– CATEGORIZED AS
• INSIDE SCREW VALVE (ISV)
• OUTSIDE SCREW VALVE (OSV)
– INSIDE SCREW HAVE THREADED PORTION OF STEM FULLY
ENCLOSED WITHIN THE BONNET
– OUTSIDE SCREW HAVE THE THREADED PORTION OF STEM
EXTERIOR TO THE BONNET AND INSIDE YOKE
– THESE CAN ALSO BE CATEGORIZED AS
• RISING STEM VALVES (RSV)
• NON-RISING STEM VALVES (NRSV)
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Continued…
– IN RSV, STEM MOVES IN OR OUT OF THE BONNET AS
THE STEM IS ROTATED BY HANDWHEEL, LEVER OR
ACTUATOR
– IN NRSV, THERE IS NO DISPLACEMENT OF STEM ALONG
ITS AXIS WHEN ROTATED
– ISV HAVE THE THREADED LENGTH OF STEM PROTECTED
FROM DIRT. STEM IS FULLY EXPOSED TO FLUID BEING
HANDLED. STEM IS DIFFICULT TO BE LUBRICATED
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Continued…
– OSV HAVE THE THREADED LENGTH FULLY EXPOSED TO
SURROUNDINGS. DIRT CAN DEPOSIT ON STEM BESIDES
ALSO VULNERABLE TO CORROSION. THREADED PORTION
CAN EASILY BE LUBRICATED. THREADED PORTION IS NOT
EXPOSED TO FLUID BEING HANDLED. THIS TYPE IS MORE
SUITABLE FOR HANDLING CORROSIVE FLUIDS AND
SLURRIES.
– RSV PROVIDE A VISUAL INDICATION OF POSITION OF THE
VALVE DISC OR GATE, HANCE INDICATE DEGREE OF
OPENING. ADEQUATE SPACE IS REQD TO ALLOW RISING
STEM MOVEMENT
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Continued…
– NRSV CAN BE INSTALLED IN POSITIONS WHEREHEAD
ROOM IS LIMITED.
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VALVE TYPES FOR SPECIFIC SERVICES

SERVICE MAIN SECONDARY

Gases Butterfly valves, Check Pressure control valves,

valves, Diaphragm valves, Pressure relief valves,
Lubricated plug valves, Pressure reducing valves,
Screw down stop valves Safety valves, Relief valves
Liquids, clear upto sludge Butterfly valves, screw down
and sewage stop valves, Gate valves,
Lubricated plug valves,
Diaphragm valves, Pinch
valves
Slurries and liquids heavily Butterfly valves, Pinch
contaminated with solids valves, Gate valves,
Screw down stop valves,
Lubricated plug valves
Steam Butterfly valves, Gate Check valves, Pressure
valves, Screw down stop control valves, Pre-
valves, Turbine valves superheated valves, Safety
and relief valves
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VALVE
COMPONENTS
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Valve Parts
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Complete Control Valve

• Actuator
• Diaphragm
• Spring
• Yoke
• Indicator
• Coupling Assembly
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Complete Control Valve (cond)

• Stem
• Bush
• Check Nut of yoke
• Packing Box
• Bonnet
• Body
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Complete Control Valve (cond)

• Plug

• Seat Ring

• Cage

• Gaskets

• Bottom Guide
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Valve Body
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Valves Body Family

Body Types

Linear Stem Rotary Shaft

Motion Motion

Globe Butter Fly Ball Plug

Single
Conventional Full 2 Way
Seated

Double
Concentric Half 3 Way
Seated

3 Way Eccentric V-Notch 4 Way

Angle

Gate

Rising Stem

Rising Disc

Needle

Cage & Plug

Plug

Diaphragm

Y-Style
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Valve Body
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Valve Body Components

Packing
Bonnet
Body
Stem
Guide Bushing
Retainer or Cage
Plug
Seat Ring
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Valve Body
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Valve Body
Bonnet
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Valve Body
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Valve Body
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Ball Valve
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Jacketed Valve
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Single Seated-Top Guided

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Direct Action Double Seated

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Reverse Action Double Seated

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Reverse Action Single Seated

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Cage
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Double Seated – Top & Bottom Guided

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Single Seated -Top Guided

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Single Seated
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Linear Valve
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3 Way Valve
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Ball Type

Body Types

Rotary Shaft
Motion

Ball

Full Bore

Segmented

V-Notch

Eccentric
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V-Notch Ball Valves

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THREE WAY BODY

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Valve Trim
• Those parts of valve which comes in direct
contact of fluid
• Trim Comprises of:
– Plug
– Seat Ring
– Stem
– Cage Guide Bushing
– Stuffing Box
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Valve Bonnets
• The valve bonnet or top closure is the removable upper portion of
the valve body sub-assembly and is normally connected to the
body by high strength bolting.
• It is a pressure-carrying part and is, therefore, subject to the same
design requirements as the valve housing.
• Removal of the valve bonnet generally provides access to the valve
trim.
• Some low-pressure valves, particularly in sizes below 2 inches,
have a threaded bonnet connection which is more economical than
a flanged joint.
• The upper portion of the bonnet contains the valve packing.
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Types of Bonnets

Bonnet

Standard
Extended
or Plain

Radiation Extension Bellow

Fins Column Seal
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Bonnet Options
Bonnet Options

Standard vs Extended Bonnets

In applications where the fluid temperature is above

or below the temperature rating of the packing
material, an extension bonnet may be used. The
purpose of the extension bonnet to increase the
distance between the process fluid and the packing,
thereby minimizing the effect of the fluid
temperature on the packing.
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Standard Bonnet

Standard Bonnet
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Extended Bonnet

Extended
Packing box Bonnet
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Thermal Radiation Fins Bonnet

Radiation
Fins
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Bellows Seal Bonnet

In applications where stem leakage cannot be tolerated, or when
conventional packing.- is not sufficient to, guarantee zero stem
leakage, a bellows seal bonnet may be selected.

Bellows Seal Bonnet to Prevent Stem Leakage

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Yoke
• Linkage between actuator and valve body
• Usually self aligned but needed very carefully
to install.
• Tag, Name plate
– All data about actuator
– Supply Pressure
– Bench set
– Air to open or air to close
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Yoke / Bonnet Marking

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Hand Jack / Hand Wheels

• Top Mounted
• Side Mounted
• Two Hand Jacks
• Hand Jacks can be used as Stopper
• Must have opened 5%, 10% or should not be
closed more than 90%.
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Different Type of Hand Wheels

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Different Type of Hand Wheels

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Side Mounted Hand Jack

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Side Mounted Hand Jack

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Control Valve With Two H.Wheels

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Hand Jack
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Packing Box Assembly

• The purpose of the packing box assembly is to
contain an elastic means for preventing the
leakage of a process fluid.
• Suitable adjustments should be provided for
varying the compression of the packing material
against the surface of the stem.
• The ideal packing material should be elastic and
easily de formable.
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Packing Box Assembly

• The assembly consists of a
– Packing flange
– Packing follower (Bush)
– Lantern ring
– A number of equally spaced packing rings.
– The lantern ring provides a space for the insertion
of lubricating grease though an isolating valve.
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Packing Material
• Teflon  (PTFE)
• Graphite
• Grafoil
• Asbestos (Now a days not being used)
• Teflon Cord
• Graphite cord
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Flashing / Cavitations in Valves

• Flashing
– Just like a sand blasting
– Flashing liquid contains vapours
– Vapours acts like a sand and liquid acts like a carrier
• Cavitations
– Two stage phenomenon
– 1st stage  Formation of voids or cavitations with the liquid system
– 2nd stage  Collapse or implosion of the cavitations back to the liquid

• Result  Cavitations  Damage of trim material of valves.

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Flashing
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Cavitations