CHAPTER i

Introduction to
Sociology
 Learning Objectives
❑ Describe the concept ❑ Understand the scope
of sociology. of sociology.
❑ Recognize the ❑ Discuss the
historical perspective importance and
of sociology. application of
❑ Discuss the nature of sociology in nursing.
sociology. ❑ Describe the
relationship of
sociology with other
social science.
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
❑ Concept of sociology ❑ Scope and branches of
❑ Meaning and sociology
definitions of sociology ❑ Importance and
❑ History of sociology application of
❑ Growth of sociology in sociology in nursing
India ❑ Relationship of
❑ Nature of sociology sociology with other
social sciences
 MEANING OF SOCIOLOGY

The word
.

Sociology sociology is derived

from the Latin word
is a science socius
that deals that is coined by
with social French philosopher
groups.
Auguste
Comte meaning society
or association and the
Greek word logos
means study or science
 DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY
❑“Sociology is the study of social actions “ August Comte
❑“Sociology is the study of social groups on the basis of
social interactions” Simmel
❑“Sociology is the study of social facts of collective behavior
through social institutions” Emile Durkheim
❑Sociology is the study of social aspects of humans living
together “ Mack Young
❑“Sociology is the scientific study of social life” Ogburn
&Nimkoff
❑“It is the study of human interactions and inter relations,
their conditions and consequences” Morris Ginsberg
 INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF
SOCIOLOGY
• Sociology was first taught by University of Kansas in 1890
by Frank Blackmer under the title elements of Sociology
• The first academic department of Sociology was
established in 1892 at the University of Chicago
• Alben W. Small in 1895 founded the American Journal of
Sociology
• The first European department of Sociology was
established in 1895 at the University of Borteaux by Emile
Durkheim
• The first sociology department in United Kingdom was
established at London school of Economics and Political
Science
• In 1919 a Sociology department was established in Munich
Germany by Max Weber
• Later on this movement was spread all over the world
 Great Contributors of Sociology
Auguste Comte : A French philosopher and
founder of sociology and positivism also known
as Father of Sociology
 Great Contributors of Sociology
Gobind Sadashiv Ghurye : The first Indian
sociologist who systematically developed the
discipline of sociology in India. He is also known
as the founding Father of Indian Sociology
 NATURE OF SOIOLOGY
• There are different views of sociologist on the nature
of sociology.
• Some sociologist considers it an art and other
consider it as science.
• Sociologists got divided into two opposite groups.
• For one group, sociology is a science because
sociology adopts and applies scientific methods,
Founding father of sociology, Auguste Comte and
Emile Durkheim supported this view.
• On the other side Max Weber does not accept
sociology as science.
• But many sociologists consider sociology both as
science and art
 SOCIOLOGY AS SCIENCE
• Sociology adopts scientific methods
• Sociology makes accurate observations
• Sociology describes cause effect relationship
• Sociology makes accurate measurement
• Sociology makes accurate prediction
• Sociology makes generalization
 SOCIOLOGY AS AN ART
• Some sociologists view sociology as an art as it
belongs to the family of social sciences because
it concentrates its attention on man, his social
behavior, social activities and social life
• Sociology also lacks objectivity and
experimentation
 SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY
• Sociology is a flexible subject. It is difficult to
determine its boundaries as it is related to
social phenomenon and linked to so many
other subjects.
• The opinion for the scope of sociology has
been divided into two groups
❖Formalistic School
❖The Synthetic School
 MAIN VIEWS OF FORMALISTIC
SCHOOL
• Scope of Sociology is very narrow and limited.
• Sociology is a specific, pure and independent
social science.
• It is a specific social science and it should deal
with social relationships from different angles.
• Sociology need not study all the events
connected with social science.
• Sociology deals with specific form of human
relationship.
• Sociology studies the various forms of social
relationships.
 MAIN VIEWS OF THE SYNTHETIC
SCHOOL
• The supporters of this school of thought that
different aspects of social life are inter-related
• According to Auguste Comte , studying
sociology in isolation is likely to give
incomplete and wrong conclusion
• Hobhouse, considered sociology as a science
that perceives social life of man as its sphere
 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY IN
NURSING
• Helps to understand the society in a scientific
Way
• Helps to understand the psycho-social
problems of the society
• Helps the nurses to understand the patients in
better way
• Helps to understand different socio and
cultural beliefs of the patients
• Helps to improve the process of
communication
 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY IN
NURSING( Cont.)
• Helps the nurses to understand the social
landscape of their service area
• Helps to enhance the quality of patient care
• Helps to plan preventive strategies and
promote public health
• Helps to improve interpersonal relationships
(IPR)
 RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIOLOGY WITH
OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
Sociology and Anthropology
• Both social sciences are interrelated as sociology
studies the society and anthropology studies the
man.
• Anthropology also provides knowledge about the
ancient societies and accepts many concepts of
sociology.
• On the other hand sociology studies society as
whole where as anthropology studies man as a
part of society.
 SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORY
• Sociology studies the social actions and their
inter-relations as well as studies the social groups
and social institutions.
• On the other side, History studies the important
past events and their causes in systematic and
chronological order.
• History not only studies the past but also tries to
establish its relationship with the present and
future.
• However both the social sciences are closely
inter- related as they both study the human
societies
 SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY
• Sociology is the science of social groups and
social institution as well as the science that
studies human behavior in groups.
• Similarly psychology is the science of human
behavior that studies attitude, emotions, and
perceptions, process of learning and personality
of the individual within the society.
• Psychology is dependent upon sociology as
human mind and personality is influenced by
multiple factors like environment, culture,
customs, beliefs and traditions
CHAPTER 2
Social
structure
 Learning Objectives
•Understand the concept • Understand the
of society, community, concept of social
association, and process.
institution. • Discuss the process of
•Discuss the relationship socialization.
of individual and society. • Explain the process of
•Describe the concept of social change.
personal disorganization. • Discuss the
•Explain about social characteristics of
group-meaning, urban, rural and tribal
characteristics, and community.
classification.
 Learning Objectives
• Explain the major health problems in urban,
rural and tribal communities.
• Understand the importance of social structure
in nursing profession
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Meaning and Definitions • Definition and
of society characteristics of
• Characteristics /nature of association
society • Difference between
• Types of society society and association
• Advantages and • Individual and society
disadvantages of society • Meaning and causes of
• Definition and personal disorganization
characteristics of • Meaning and
community characteristics of social
• Difference between groups
society and community • Classification of social
groups
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Definition and characteristics of cooperation and
competition
• Definition and characteristics of conflict, accommodation,
assimilation, and isolation
• Definition and characteristics of socialization
• Process of socialization
• Agencies of socialization
• Nature and process of social change
• Role of nurse in social change
• Structure and characteristics of urban ,rural and tribal
community
• Major health problems in urban, rural and tribal
communities
• Importance of social structure in nursing profession
 SOCIETY
Meaning of society
• The term society has been derived from a
Latin word ‘socious’ that means association or
companionship.
• Thus society means a larger group of
individuals, who are associative with each
other.
 DEFINITIONS OF SOCIETY
• “A society consists of individuals belonging to
groups which may vary in size”. —Mike
O’Donnell
• “A society is a group of people who live in a
particular territory, are subject to a common
system of political authority, and are aware of
having a distinct identity from other groups
around them”. —Anthony Giddens
• “Society is an artificial device of natural
economy” —Adam Smith
 NATURE OF SOCIETY
• Abstract in nature
• Division of labor
• Society consists of people
• Mutual awareness and mutual interaction
• Presences of both similarities and differences
• Society as a system of stratification
• Cooperation and conflict exist simultaneously
• Society is organization of relationships
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
• Foraging Societies
• Postindustrial societies
• Pastoral societies
• Industrial societies
• Horticultural societies
• Agricultural societies
 COMMUNITY
Meaning of community

The word community is derived from the Old

French comuneté which comes from the Latin
communitas that means public spirit
 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY
• “Community is a set of interrelationships among
social institutions in a locality”. —Bell and Newby
• “Community refers to a structure of relationships
through which a localized population provides its
daily requirements”. —Hawley
• “Community is a collection of people who share a
common territory and meet their basic physical
and social needs through daily interaction with
one another”. —Harcourt Brace
 Characteristics of Community
• Group of people
• Definite locality
• Feeling of belongingness
• Grows spontaneously
• Permanent in nature
• Sharing of similar characteristics
• Variety of ends
• Organized social life
• Particular name
• Legal less status
• Size of community
• Concrete nature
 Association
• An association is an organization that is
deliberately formed for the collective pursuit
of some interest or set of interests, which the
members of it share. Maclver
• An association is a group of social beings
related to one another by the fact that they
possess or have instituted in common an
organization with a view to securing specific
end or specific ends. Ginsberg
 Characteristics of Association
• Concrete form of Organization
• Lack of spontaneous growth
• Specific aim and objectives
• Follows specific rules and regulations
• Membership is voluntary
 INSTITUTIONS
• An institution is a set of formal, regular and
established procedures, characteristic of a
group or number of groups that perform a
similar function within a society. In short, an
institution is an organized way of doing
something. Maclver
• A social institution is a functional
configuration of culture patterns (including
actions, ideas, attitudes and cultural
equipment) which possesses certain
permanence and which is intended to satisfy
felt social needs. Chapin
 Characteristics of Institutions
• Universality
• Abstractness
• Satisfaction of specific needs
• Social in nature
• Prescription of rules
• Symbols of culture
• Maintain social order
• Relatively permanent
• Well-defined Objectives
 Types of Institutions
Based on value system of Community
• The basic institutions
• The Subsidiary Institutions
Based on Community approval
• Sanctioned Institutions
• Unsanctioned Institutions
Based on recognition
• General Institutions
• Restricted Institutions
 Types of Institutions
E.W. Burgess has classified social institution
into four types
• Cultural institutions
• Economic institutions
• Recreational
• Social control institutions
 Functions of Institutions
• Serve base for human development
• Socialization
• Special purpose
• Maintenance of Social Order
• Transmission of culture
• Personality Development
 Individual and society
• The relation between individual and society is
very close.
• Society maintains the regularities, through
customs and check the anti-human behavior.
• Society does not exist independently without
individual. The individual lives and acts within
society and society is the combination of
individuals with their cooperative effort.
 PERSONAL DISORGANIZATION
• Personal disorganization represents the
behavior of the individual which deviates from
the social norms.
• It results in social disapproval which may
express itself in a wide variety of degrees.
• The individual may also react in different
ways.
CAUSES OF PERSONAL DISORGANIZATION

• Situational Disorganization
• Habitual Disorganization
• Historical Disorganization
 SOCIAL GROUP
• Whenever two or more individuals come
together and influence one another, they may
be said to constitute a social group.
Ogburn and Nimkoff
• A social group is an aggregate of individuals
which persist in time, which has one or more
interests and activities in common and which
is organized. Green
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Mutual attachment

Constitutes number of individuals

Similarity of behaviour

Sense of unity

We-feeling

Group norms

Sharing of some common interests

Permanent or temporary

Dynamic in nature

Group control
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL GROUPS
• In-Groups and Out-Groups
• Involuntary and Voluntary Groups
• Institutional (Permanent) and Non Institutional
Groups(Temporary)
• Horizontal and Vertical Groups
• Territorial and Non-Territorial Groups
• Genetic and Congregate Group
• Small and Large Groups
• Formal and Informal Groups
• Primary and Secondary Groups
 Primary Groups

• A primary group has a face-to-face to

interactions as the group members have a
direct and close contact with each other.
• There is sense of mutual co-operation,
companionship and sharing of personal
feelings
 Secondary Groups

• Secondary groups occupy a very important

place in modern society.
• They do not give close identity to its members
as primary groups do.
 SOCIAL PROCESS

• Social processes refers to various modes of

interaction between individuals or groups
including cooperation and conflict, social
differentiation and integration, development,
arrest, and decay. Ginsberg
 Types of social process
• Associative Process
• Dissociative Processes
 Cooperation

Cooperation is the process by which the

individuals or groups combine their effort in a
more or less organized way for the attainment
of common objective. Fairchild
 Characteristics

• Associative process
• Conscious process
• Personal process
• Continuous process
• Universal process
• Based upon two essential elements
 Types of cooperation
• Direct cooperation
• Indirect cooperation
 COMPETITION
Competition is the striving of two or more
persons for the same goal with is limited so
that all cannot share it.
Biesanz and Biesanz
Characteristics

Universality

Dual in nature

Influenced by culture

Unconscious activity

Continuous process

Based upon certain norms

Based upon goals and rewards

Cause of social change

Constructive as well as destructive

 Types of competition

• Personal competition
• Impersonal competition
 Forms of competition

• Economic competition
• Cultural competition
• Social competition
• Racial competition
• Political competition
 Importance of competition

• Provides better opportunities

• Determines functions in the society
• Source of motivation
• Essential element for progress
 CONFLICT

Conflict is the social process in which individual

or groups seek their ends by directly
challenging the antagonist by violence or
threat of violence.
J.H. Fitcher
Characteristics of conflict

Universal
process
Normal part
Dimensional
of life

Based upon
perception Personal in
rather than nature
reality
Characteristics
of conflict
Deliberative
Conflict is and
inevitable conscious
activity

Required
Lacks
interventions
continuity
to resolve Conflict is a
process
 Causes of conflict

• Shortage of material
• Struggle for existence
• Inmate qualities of human beings
• Difference in attitudes and aspirations
• Social change
• Moral values and expectations
 Types of conflict

• Personal conflict
• Direct conflict
• Indirect conflict
• Racial conflict
• Political conflict
• International conflict
 ACCOMMODATION

• Accommodation is a term used by sociologist

to describe the adjustment of hostile
individuals or groups.
Ogburn and Nimkoff
Characteristics of accommodation

End-result of conflict

Universal activity

Continuous process

Conscious and unconscious process

Mixture of both love and hatred

Brings changes
 Methods of Accommodation

• Admitting one’s defeat

• Compromise
• Through the mediator
• Toleration
• Conversion
• Rationalization
• Subordination
 ASSIMILATION

• Assimilation is the social process whereby

individuals or groups come to share the same
sentiments and goals.
Biesanz and Biesanz
 Levels of assimilation

Individual Group Culture

level level level
 Factors conducive for assimilation

• Toleration
• Close social contact
• Amalgamation
• Equal economic opportunity
• Common physical traits
• Cultural similarity
 SOCIAL ISOLATION

• Social isolation means having little or no

contact with other people. It usually lasts for
extended periods of time.
• Social isolation is different from loneliness, in
that loneliness is a state of emotion that is felt
by individuals who are not satisfied with their
social connections.
 SOCIALIZATION
• Socialization is a processes with the help of which
a living organism is changed into a social being.
• It is a continuous process in the life of an
individual and it continues from generation to
generation.
• Socialization stands for the development of the
human brain, body, attitude, behavior and so
forth.
• The term socialization refers to the process of
interaction through which the growing individual
learns the habits, attitudes, values and beliefs of
the social group into which he has been born.
 DEFINITIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
• Socialization is the process by which the child
acquires a cultural content, along with selfhood
and personality. —Green
• Socialization is learning that enables the learner
to perform social roles. —H.M. Johnson
• Socialization consists of the complex processes of
interaction through which the individual learns
the habits, skills, beliefs and standard of
judgement that are necessary for his effective
participation in social groups and communities
 TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
• Primary socialization
• Secondary Socialization
• Adult Socialization
• Anticipatory Socialization
• Re-socialization
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIALIZATION
• Socialization is continuous process
• Socialization helps in maintaining social order
• Socialization is universal
• Socialization occurs both in formal and
informal manner
• Regulates the behavior of the individual
• Individualized in nature
 AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION
• Family
• Religion
• Neighborhoods
• Occupation
• Peer group
• Political parities
• Educational institutions
• Mass media
• The state
 RURAL COMMUNITY
• Rural community is a natural phenomenon.
• It is present in every society of the world having
distinct culture and pattern of social life.
• Agriculture is the main identity and element.
• People of rural community mostly have face to
face interaction with high degree of homogeneity
in their identities.
• Basic urban facilities like school, hospital, market,
municipal office, police station etc. are usually
missing in this community.
 URBAN COMMUNITY
• Urban community is the opposite of rural
community.
• The urban people lifestyle is highly impersonal
with each other along high degree of
complexity and heterogeneity in their living
style and identities.
• Modern civic facilities are usually available in
urban community.
 TRIBE
• Tribe is a social group having many clans,
nomadic bands, and other sub-groups living on a
definite geographical area having separate
language, separate and singular culture.
• In other words, a tribe is a collection of families
bearing a common name, speaking a common
dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a
common territory.
• The tribal people also practice hunting and
gathering. In addition, animal husbandry and
crop cultivation are also undertaken.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBE
Common
topography
Economic
Common
structure and
dialect
occupation

Rudimentary
Sense of
type of
unity
Religion

Characteristics
of tribe

Distinct
Common
political
culture
organization

Awareness
Kinship
for protection

Ties of blood-
relationship
Major health problems of urban areas
• Air Pollution
• Non communicable Diseases
• Global warming and change of climate
• Unemployment
• Overcrowding
• Development of slum areas
• Water and sanitation problems
• Poor health
• Traffic congestion
• High risk for infectious diseases
 Major health problems of rural
community
• Infectious diseases
• Poor maternal health
• Malnutrition
• Agricultural related injuries and diseases
• Animal Bites
• Higher infant and child mortality rate
 Major health problems in tribal
community
• Low life expectancy
• Communicable diseases
• Higher child mortality rate
• Poor use of family welfare services
• Poor maternal health
• Addiction
• Malnutrition
• Animal attacks
• Genetic disorders
 Importance of social structure in
nursing
• Understanding of social structure enables nurses
to understand their social responsibility as agents
of change.
• When the nurses have knowledge regarding
social structure, they can make their patients feel
better and they are not only treating their
illnesses but also improving the quality of their
lives.
• Nurse should understand the relation of their
duties with the social structure of their patients
to provide effective care to their clients.
CHAPTER 3
CULTURE
 Learning Objectives
❑ Understand the culture ❑ Describe about trans
and its nature. cultural society.
❑ Discuss the evolution ❑ Explain the culture,
of culture. modernization and its
❑ Explain diversity and impact on health and
uniformity of culture. disease
❑ Understand difference
between culture and
civilization.
❑ Culture and
socialization.
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
❑ Definitions of culture ❑ Diversity and
❑ Nature of culture uniformity of the
❑ Evolution of culture culture
❑ Difference between ❑ Transcultural society
culture and civilization ❑ Influence of
moderanisation on
health and disease
 CULTURE
• Culture refers to the sum of human beings’ life
ways, their behavior, beliefs, feelings and
thoughts.
• Culture in this sense refers to certain personal
characteristics of an individual.
• Culture is the sum-total of human
achievements or the total heritage of man
which can be transmitted to men by
communication and tradition
 DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE
• Culture is the total of integrated learned
behavior patterns which are characteristics of
the members of a society and that are
therefore not the results of biological
inheritance. —E.A. Hoebel
• Culture is the total content of the physio-
social, bio-social and psycho-social universe
man has produced and the socially created
mechanisms through which these social
product operate. —Anderson and Parker
 NATURE OF CULTURE
• Learned behavior
• Abstract in nature
• Culture reflects the way of life
• Shared by the members of the society
• Materialistic in nature
• Culture is man-made
• Transmitted through the members of society
• Culture is dynamic in nature
• Variable in nature
• Idealistic
• Integrated
• Objective
• Pervasive
• Language as the main element of culture
• Culture is interrelated
• Culture is a symbol
 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
There are three important components of
culture

• Normative
• Cognitive
• Material
 EVOLUTION OF CULTURE
• Cultural evolution is the change of culture over
time.
• Culture is defined as information capable of
affecting individuals’ behavior that they acquire
from other members of their species through
teaching, imitation and other forms of social
transmission.
• Cultural evolution is fundamentally just the
change of culture over time.
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION OF CULTURE
• Unilinear Theory
• Cultural Particularism
• Multilinear Theory
• Evolutionary Epistemology
• Dual Inheritance Theory (Page no 5,6)
 DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY OF
CULTURE
Culture Diversity
• Diversity refers to the attributes that people
use to confirm that one person is different
from another.
• These attributes include demographic factors
(such as race, gender, and age) as well as
values and cultural norms.
 CULTURE DIVERSITY IN INDIA
Following are the elements of cultural diversity in
India.
• Diversity in Customs and Tradition
• Diversity of Languages
• Diversity in the form of Marriage and Family
• Diversity in forms of Arts and monuments
• Diversity in Festivals
• Diversity in Music and Cinema (Page no 6,7)
 UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE
• Uniformity of culture is meant by sharing the same
type of cultural pattern by the different groups of
people.
• The human societies have their respective cultures.
• Among each society, there are certain traits common
which have their social, biological, and geographical
background.
• On these same grounds, a similarity among all
cultures is found.
• This similarity among all cultures is known as the
uniformity of cultures or culture uniformity.
 CIVILIZATION

• Civilization is the process by which a society or

place reaches an advanced stage of social and
cultural development.
• Civilization is generally defined as an advanced
state of human society containing highly
developed forms of government, culture,
industry, and common social norms.
 CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION
• Socialization is a process of cultural learning
whereby a new person acquires necessary
skills and education to play a regular part in a
social system.
• The process continues throughout life as each
new situation arises. Socialization is the
process of fitting individuals into particular
forms of group life, transforming human
organism into social being and transmitting
established cultural traditions.
 TRANSCULTURAL SOCIETY
• The transcultural society is a social concept or
a culture in which everyone participates
regardless of which national culture they
originally come from.
• The term transcultural means bringing
together elements of different cultures.
• The term transculturality was coined by the
Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in the
1940s to denote the reciprocity of the cultural
contacts between Europe and Latin America
and their creative potential. (Page no8,9)
 INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON HEALTH
AND DISEASE
Positive impact of culture on health
• Hygiene
• Practice of medication and yoga
• Sitting on floor to eat
• Preparing meal in earthenware
• Keeping home a footwear free zone
• Using multiple spices in food
• Preparing the fresh foods
• Serving food on a banana leaf
• Having early dinner
• Eating together
 Negative impact of culture on health
• Consanguineous marriages
• Preferences for male children
• Practice of bad habits
• Practice of untouchability
• Purdah system
• Early marriages
• Excessive fasting
• Cultural beliefs about medication and vaccination
• Forbidden use of contraceptives
• Cultural beliefs related to food (Page no 9-11)
 CHAPTER 4
FAMILY AND
MARRIAGE
 Learning objectives
After studying this chapter the learner should be able to:
• Understand the concept and characteristics of family.
• Describe the basic needs of family.
• Discuss different types and functions of family.
• Discuss the concept of marriage, forms, and functions
of marriage.
• Explain the social customs relating to marriage.
• Understand the importance of marriage.
• Discuss the legislation on Indian marriage and family.
• Understand influence of marriage and family on heath
and health practices.
 Chapter outline
• Definitions of family
• Characteristics of family
• Basic needs of family
• Types of family
• Functions of family
• Marriage and forms of marriage
• Social customs relating to marriage and
importance of marriage
• Legislation on Indian marriage and family
• Influence of family and marriage on health and
health practices
 Definitions of family

Family is a group defined by a sex relationship,

sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for
the procreation and upbringing of children.
Maclver and Page
Distinctive features of the family

Universal institution

• The Family is a universal institution. It was found in every society. In all the societies the whole social structure is built of family units. Every human being is a member of some
family.
Based on Emotional attachment

• Emotion is the foundation on which every family is built. Every family is based on human impulses of motherly devotion, parental love and care. The members of a family have
emotional attachment with each other. Love between husband and wife, parents and children makes the family an institution of sacrifice and devotion.
Small social institution

• The family is known as the smallest primary group. It is a small social institution. It includes husband and wife and the persons who are born in it or are adopted. The relations
among the members of family are direct, intimate, close, personal and permanent.
 Universal Functions of the family
• Biological Functions
• Psychological Functions
• Physical Functions
• Economic Functions
• Social Functions
• Religious Functions
• Political Functions
• Cultural Functions
• Educational Functions
• Recreational Functions
 BASIC NEEDS OF FAMILY

• Housing
• Food
• Security
• Health
• Clothing
• Education
• Love
• Effective Communication
 TYPES OF FAMILY
(ON THE BASIS OF SIZE)

Nuclear Joint

Extended Blended
 On the basis of residence

On the Basis of
Residence

Matri-Patri
Patrilocal Matrilocal Neolocal Avanculocal
local
On the basis of marriage
On basis of
Marriage

Polygamous Monogamous

Polyandrous Polygnous
THE MODERN FAMILY CHANGES

Preference for live in relationships

Reproduction not solely depends upon family

Replacement of physical care by other agencies

Change in the status of women

Change in socialization and social control

Diminished religious control

Changes in the recreational function

Decreased size of the family

Changes in administration and decision making system

Changes in economic functions

Lack of emotional bonds and stability in the family

 DOWRY SYSTEM IN INDIA

• Marriage is not only an integral part of society

but also a source of joy as well as new
beginnings.
• But the longest standing evils associated with
marriage from a woman’s point of view in the
Indian society is the Dowry system that is still
prevalent in the 21st century.
Causes of Dowry System

Economic factors

Social factors

Religious factors

Norms and customs of the society

Inferior social status of women in society

Traditions

Dowry as a mean of social status

Illiteracy

Greed factor

Lack of willingness and commitment of the society

 MARRIAGE

• Marriage is a socially recognized universal

institution which is found is every society.
• It is a social contract of two opposite sexes for
the satisfaction of physical, biological, social,
psychological and spiritual needs of males and
females.
• It leads to the formation of family and the
procreation of children.
 Definitions of marriage

“Marriage is a relation of one or more men to

one or more women which is recognized by
customs or law and involves certain rights and
duties both in case of parties entering into the
union and in the case of children born of it”
Edward Westermark
Characteristics of Marriage

Universal institution

Marriage is a sacred bond

Based on relationship between man and woman

Based upon social sanctions

Associated with customs and rituals

Imposes mutual obligations

Marriage is based upon specific age

Legitimizes a sexual relationship

Specific symbol
 Types of marriages in India
• On the basis of number of mates
Monogamy, Polygamy (Polyandry & Polygyny), Group marriage
• On the basis of rules of mate selection
Endogamous and Exogamous marriages
• On the Basis of marriages among kinship
Cross-cousin marriage, Parallel Cousin marriage, Levirate,
Sororate
• On the basis upon higher or lower caste
Hypergamy (Anuloma) and Hypogamy (Pratiloma)
• Marriages based upon personal or social sanctions
love and arrange marriages
• On basis of religion
Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Parsi, Buddhi, Jaini,court and
mixed marriages
Functions of marriage

Regulates
sexual
behavior
fulfills the
basic needs Procreation
of of children
partners.:-

Provides
Base for the
social
Functions family
sanction
of
Marriage

Establish
legal Social
sanctity in functions
relationship

Educational Economic
functions functions
Social Customs relating to marriage in
India
• Engagement ceremony
• Pre-wedding ceremonies
• Wedding Attire
• Wedding ceremony
• Post – wedding ceremonies
 IMPORTANCE OF MARRIAGE
• Provides love and emotional security
• Beginning of new life
• Promotes oneness
• Gives purpose to life
• Parenting
 CHANGES IN LEGISLATIONS OF FAMILY
AND MARRIAGE IN INDIA MARRIAGE ACT

• The Hindu marriage act, 1955

• The special marriage act, 1954
• The foreign marriage act 1969
• Christian marriage act
• Muslim marriage act
• Sikh (Annand) marriage act 2012
• Child marriage prohibition act, 2006
• The Hindus succession act
 INFLUENCE OF MARRIAGE ON
HEALTH AND HEALTH PRACTICES
• Affects Mood
• Lowers Stress and Anxiety
• Better immune functions
• Healthy behavior
• Better mental health
• Marriage helps to promote healthy habits
• Married people age more happily
• Recover from ailments more quickly
 SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
 Learning objectives
After studying this chapter the learner should be able to:
• Understand the concept of social stratification.
• Discuss the characteristics and forms of stratification.
• Describe the functions of caste system.
• Describe the origin and characteristics of Indian caste
system.
• Explain the positive and negative impact of caste in society.
• Understand the class system and status.
• Describe the social mobility and its types.
• Explain the concept of race and its classification.
• Understand the influence of class, caste and race system on
health.
 Chapter outline
• Meaning and Definitions of social stratification
• Characteristics of social stratification
• Types and elements of social stratification
• Functions of social stratification
• Definitions and origin of Indian caste system
• Features of caste system in India
• Positive and negative impact of caste in society
• Definitions of social class system
• Characteristics of class system
• Difference between caste and class system
• Definitions and types of social mobility
• Factors affecting social mobility
• Definitions and criteria of racial classification
•Influence of class, caste and race on health and health system
 Definitions of stratification

• Social stratification means the differentiation of a

given population into hierarchically
superimposed classes.
Sorokin

• Social stratification is division of society in

permanent group or categories linked with each
other by relationship of superiority and
subordination.
Gisbert
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION

Universal

Social by nature

Social stratification is age old

Social stratification is not uniform

Social stratification is significant

Social stratification is functional

Social stratification divides the society

Social statuses are Inter-dependent

Stratification is based on social values

 TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

• Slavery
• Estate system
• Caste system
• Class system
DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
Birth

Religion Wealth

Education Occupation

Politics or
political
system
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
Stimulation for
hard work

Source of
Inculcate feeling
motivation in
of competition
society

Functions of
Recognizes merits Maintenance of
and abilities social standards

stratification

Helps to maintain
Social Control
close relations

Motivates to
pursue different
professions/jobs
 THE INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM
• Caste may be any ranking often linked with
occupations that together constitute
traditional societies in South Asia, particularly
among Hindus in India.
• The word caste originated from Latin word
'Casta' means difference in birth and race that
was employed by Portuguese to describe the
division of society into different groups.
 Definitions of caste
“Caste is a collection of families or group of
families bearing a common name which usually
denotes or is associated with specific
occupation, claiming descent from a mythical
ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow
the same heredity callings & regarded by those
who are competent to give an opinion as
forming a single homogenous communities”.
Herbert Kisley
Origin of caste system in India

Racial Theory

Political Theory

Occupational Theory

Guild Theory

Religious Theory

Traditional Theory

Evolutionary Theory
 Positive impacts of the caste system
• Fixed occupation
• Fixed social status in society
• Socialization
• Social security
• Transmission of culture
• Controls individual’s behavior
• Religious security
 Negative impacts of the caste
system
• Hindrance in the national unity
• The exploitation of the basic rights of people
• Against the concept of democracy
• Hamper in the national development
• Divided the society
• Serve the base of social evil (untouchability)
 SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM AND
STATUS
• The class system is a system of stratification of
society on the basis of education, property,
business/work etc.
• Class can be changed easily. The people of
lower class may enter the upper class & those
of the upper class may become members of
the lower class.
• In general a social class consists of group of
individuals who are ranked by the members of
the community in socially superior inferior
position.
 Definition of class system

“A social class is a category or group of persons

having a definite status in society which
permanently determines their relation to other
group-feeling of superiority & inferiorities. The
relative position of the class in the social scale
arises from the degree of prestige attached to
the status”. P.Gisbert
Characteristics of class system

Members of a class share the same status

Class divides the society in to homogeneous groups

Social class is variable

Social class depends upon multiple variables

Social class is mobile

Social class depends upon status differentiation

Class consciousness

Feeling of superiority & inferiority

Social class is Universal

Social class also has sub divisions

Social class is open

 SOCIAL MOBILITY
• Social mobility is the movement of individuals,
families, households, or other categories of
people within or between social strata in a
society.
• Mobility itself means shift, change or
movement.
• The change may be of a place or from one
position to another.
• When the word social is added along with
mobility it means that people or individual
occupying a social position, move to another
position or status.
 Definition of social mobility

• “Social mobility refers to movement, either

upward or downward between higher or
lower social classes or more precisely,
movement between one relatively full time,
functionally significant social role and another
that is evaluated as either higher or lower”
Barber
 Types of mobility

• Vertical mobility
• Horizontal mobility
• Inter-generational mobility
• Intra-generational mobility
• Occupational mobility
 Definitions of race

Race is socially created and poorly defined

categorization of people into groups on basis of
real or perceived physical characteristics.
Sociology dictionary
 Classification of
racial groups
•Caucasoids
•Mongoloids
•Negroids
Physical characteristics of major
racial groups
• Skin Colour
• Stature
• Head Form
• Face
• Hair
• Eye
• Nose
INFLUENCE OF CLASS, CASTE, RACE
ON HEALTH & HEALTH PRACTICES
Influence of caste
• Stunting, wasting, underweight and anemia in
children were higher among the lower castes.
• Similarly, neonatal, postnatal, infant, child and
under-five statistics clearly show a higher
mortality among the SCs and the STs.
• Problems in accessing health care were higher
among the lower castes.
• The National Family Health Survey-II also
documented a similar picture of lower
accessibility and poorer health statistics among
the lower castes.
Influence of social class on health
& health practices
• Due to stress and high demands of job increase
blood pressure and heart disease were common
amongst white collar workers.
• Fatigue, sleep deprivation and work-related
accidents are seen commonly in lower class
workers that are correlated to mandatory and
voluntary overtime.
• Male infertility has been associated with job
burnout for persons working in industry and
construction.
 Influence of racism on health &
health practices
• There is considerable research to suggest that the
stress associated with experiencing racism can have
long lasting physical effects.
• According to reports of the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention Black people are more likely to have
hypertension than any other racial or ethnic group.
• Stress as a result of racism can also lead to behaviors
that may cause further risk to physical health. For
example, discrimination is linked to higher rates of
smoking, alcohol use, drug use, and unhealthful eating
habits
 CHAPTER 6
social organization
and
disorganization
 Learning Objectives
❑ Describe the concept of ❑ Discuss major social
social organization. problems.
❑ Explain voluntary ❑ Understand vulnerable
associations. groups.
❑ Understand social system ❑ Explain fundamental
and elements of social rights of individual,
system. women, and children.
❑ Discuss interrelationship ❑ Understand role of nurse
of institutions. in reducing social
❑ Understand social control problems and enhance
and its process. coping.
❑ Describe social norms, ❑ Discuss social welfare
morals and values. programs in India
❑ Understand social
disorganization
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
•Meaning , elements, and types • Major social problems
social organization poverty,housing, food supplies,
•Definition and functions of illiteracy, prostitution, dowry,
voluntary associations child labour, child abuse,
•Definition and types of social delinquency, crime, substance
system abuse, HIV/AIDS, COVID-19
•Role and status as structural • Vulnerable group-elderly,
element of social system handicapped, minority and other
•Concept of interrelationship of marginal group
institutions • Fundamental rights of individual,
•Meaning, aims and process of social women, and children
control • Role of nurse in reducing social
• Definition and role of social problems and enhance coping
norms, morals and values • Social welfare programs in India
• Definition, causes, control and
planning of social disorganization
 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
• The word organization means the idea of
putting things together in a logical order and
social organization means the group of
people, who are together to achieve a
particular aim.
• Thus social organization is the relationship
between individuals and social groups.
 Definitions of Social Organization
• Social organization means the interdepen-
dence of parts that are an essential character-
istic of all enduring collective entities, groups,
communities, and societies. —Duncan
Mitchell
• A social organization is an articulation of dif-
ferent parts that perform various functions; it
is an active group device for getting something
done. —Ogburn and Nimkoff
Elements of Social Organization

Harmony
Social
among the
control
members

Acceptance
of the status Social
of group structure
members
 Types of Social Organizations
• Formal Organization
• Informal Organization
Characteristics of Informal
Organization

Formal guidelines

Non specific
direction

Indefinite structure
or hierarchy
 VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS
• A voluntary association is also known as
voluntary organization or common-interest
association is a group of individuals who enter
into an agreement, usually, as volunteers, to form
a body or organization to accomplish a purpose.
• Voluntary organizations are non profit, non
statutory autonomous, and run by individuals
who do not get paid for running the organization.
 Social control
Social control is a concept that describes a certain
set of rules and standards in society that keep the
individuals bound to conventional standards of
society.
Generally speaking the social control is control of
the society over the individuals.
In order to maintain the order in the society, man
has to be kept under some sort of control.
 Main Voluntary Health Associations
of India
• Indian Red Cross society
• Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh
• Indian council for child welfare
• Tuberculosis association of India
• Bharat sevak samaj
• Central social board
• All India women’s conference
• The Kasturba memorial fund
• Family planning association of India
• Professional bodies
 SOCIAL SYSTEM
• The concept of ‘system’ was given by Talcott
Parsons.
• The social system refers to orderly
arrangements of the interrelated parts.
• Thus system signifies patterned relationship
among constituent parts of a structure that is
based on functional relations and that makes
these parts active and binds them into reality.
 Definition of Social System

The social system is composed of the patterned

interaction of visual actors whoserelation to
each other are mutually oriented through the
definition of the mediation of pattern of
structured and shared symbols and
expectations. —Charles P. Loomis
 Characteristics of the social system
• Social Interactions
• Specific objectives
• Functional Relationship serves base for unity
• Influenced by the changes
• Specific role and functions
• Base for social structure
• Specific role and functions
• Comprehensive arrangements
• Dynamic in nature
• Linked with Cultural System
• Specific Order and Pattern
Types of social system

The
The Particularistic
Particularistic Ascriptive Ty
Achievement Type
pe

The Universalistic The Universalistic

Achievement Ascription Type
 ROLE AND STATUS AS STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT OF SOCIAL SYSTEM
Status
• Every individual in society is functional.
• Status is the relative rank that an individual
holds with his rights, duties in a social
hierarchy based upon its prestige.
• In the simplest of words, status is the position
in the society.
 Role
• Like the status, society has prescribed
different roles to different individuals.
• Role is the external expression of the status.
• A social role is a behavior associated with a
social status.
• Whereas a status is a social position a person
occupies, a role is something that a person
does.
Interrelation of the Institutes

Economic institutes

Religious organization

Educational institutes

Government institutions
 Definitions of Social Control

• Social control refers to the system of devices

whereby society brings its members into
conformity with the accepted standards of
behavior. —Ross
• Social control refers to the patterns of
pressures that society exerts to maintain order
and established rules. —Ogburn and Nimkuff
 Aims of social control
• Aims of social control
• To maintain the order
• To establish social unity
• To provide social sanction
• To control individual behavior
• To bring solidarity
Means of social control

Norms
Press and
Values
media

Family Folk ways

Means
Coercion
or force of social Customs

control
Beliefs of
Laws the
society
Social
Education
opinions
Religion
 NORMS

• Social norms refer to group shared standards

of behavior.
• Norms and social rules that define correct
and acceptable behavior in a society or a
group to which people are expected to
confirm.
 Definitions of Social Norms
• Norms are as a blue print of behavior, setting
limits with in which individuals may seek
alternate ways to achieve their goals. —
Broom and Selznick
• Norms refer to the group shared expectations.
—Young and Mack
Characteristics of Social Norms

Norms uses
judgmental
approach-
Norms are
Norms are
related to
variables
factual orders

Norms vary Social norms are

with sanctions universal

Norms are not Norms are the

obeyed by part of individual
everyone personality
 Morals and Values
• Morals are the behavioral aspect of any
individual that enables him to judge the
wrongs and rights around him.
• These are the characteristics that are deemed
important in any individual to get social
acceptance and importance
 Values

Values are the set of principles that an individual

inherits right from a very small age. These values
help that individual to motivate him/her self to
achieve larger targets for personal benefits.
 SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
• Social disorganization is the process exactly
opposite to social organization.
• In Social organization, the relationships of
parts are arranged orderly.
• When the parts of social structure do not
perform their functions efficiently and
effectively, an imbalance occurs in the society.
• The social equilibrium is disturbed and society
gets out of track and creates the situation of
social disorganization.
 Definitions of Social Disorganization

• “Social disorganization is a state of

disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or
consensus among the members of a society”.
—Emile Durkheim
• “Social disorganization is a decrease of the
influence of existing rules of behavior upon
individual members of the groups”. —W.I.
Thomas and Florien Znaniecki
Consequences of Social
Disorganization
Instability of
society

Priority to self Social problems

Consequences
of social
disorganization

Residential Family
instability disruption
 SOCIAL PROBLEMS

A social problem is any condition or behavior

that has negative consequences on large
numbers of people and that is generally
recognized as a condition or behavior that needs
to be addressed.
 Definitions of Social Problem
• Social Problems is any difficulty of misbehavior of
a fairly large number of persons which we wish to
remove or correct”. —Lawrence K. Frank
• “Social problem is the condition affecting a
significant number of people in ways considered
undesirable, and about which it is felt something
can be done through collective social action”.
—Paul B. Harton and Gerald R. Leslie
 Poverty

• Poverty is the state of an individual who lacks

a usual or socially acceptable amount of
money or material possessions.
• Poverty is said to exist when people lack the
means to satisfy their basic needs.
• These basic needs may be those necessary for
survival or reflecting the prevailing standard of
living in the community.
 Types of Poverty

Types of
poverty

Absolute Relative Cyclical Collective Case

poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty
 Causes of Poverty in India

• Population explosion
• Unemployment
• Under–developed economy
• Less productive agriculture
• Social factors
• Political factors
• Pandemics like COVID-19
• Improper utilization of natural resources
 Welfare schemes to overcome
poverty
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)
Annapurna
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
National Rural Livelihood Mission
National Urban Livelihood Mission
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan (PM-SYM)
Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi – PM SVanidhi
 Housing

• Housing is one of the most important life

components giving shelter, safety, and
warmth, as well as providing a place to rest.
• Housing has an essential role in the economic
development of each country; the need for
housing is not only one of the basic human
needs, but also the indicator of living standard
of the population.
 Causes of Homelessness

• Social issues
• Disability
• Heavy cost of houses
• Unemployment:
• Migration
 Food Supply in India

• The food supply in India is assured by the

Public Distribution System (PDS) which
evolved as a system of management of
scarcity through distribution of food grains at
affordable prices.
• Over the years, PDS has become an important
part of Government’s policy for management
of food economy in the country.
 Illiteracy

• According to UNESCO India has the largest

population of illiterate adults in the world
with 287 million that is almost 37% of the
total global illiterates.
• Even after decades of independence more
than one-third of the Indian population living
in rural areas is illiterate.
 Definitions of literacy
“Literacy is the ability to identify, understand,
interpret, create, communicate, compute and
use printed and written materials associated
with varying contexts. Literacy involves a
continuum of learning in enabling individuals to
achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge
and potential, and to participate fully in their
community and wider society”. —The United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
 Government Education Schemes to
Improve Literacy
• Saakshar Bharat
• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Yojna
• Shiksha Sahayog Yojana
• Kanya Saaksharta Protsahan Yojna
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
 Prostitution

• Prostitution has been defined by social

scientists in different ways depending on the
extent of its prevalence.
• A prostitute is a person who allows her body
to be used for lewd purpose in return of
payment.
• In other words prostitution is the sale of
sexual services for money.
 Definitions of Prostitution
• “Prostitution is the practice in which a female
offers her body for promiscuous sexual
intercourse for hire”. —Encyclopedia of social
science
• “Prostitution is the act or practice of engaging
in promiscuous sexual relations especially for
money”. —Oxford dictionary
Causes of Prostitution
Poverty

Social
Abduction-
customs

Prostitution
runs in
Causes of Unrealistic
expectations
generations prostitution

Marriage Social Factors

Physical
abuse or Rape
 Laws Related to Prostitution in India

• Laws for the protection of sex workers and

their rights
• Immoral Traffic Prevention Act (ITPA)
 DOWRY SYSTEM IN INDIA
• Marriage is not only an integral part of society but also
a source of joy as well as new beginnings.
• But the longest standing evils associated with marriage
from a woman’s point of view in the Indian society is
the dowry system that is still prevalent in the 21st
century.
• It is most often mandatory for a girl’s parents to
provide a considerable amount of cash or gold in the
form of jewelry, electronic equipment, movable or
immovable properties, to the groom and his family, at
the time of marriage.
Causes of Dowry System

Economic factors

Social factors

Religious factors

Norms and customs of the society

Inferior social status of women in society

Traditions

Dowry as a mean of social status

Illiteracy

Greed factor

Lack of willingness and commitment of the society

 Laws related to dowry system

• The Dowry Prohibition Act

• Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act, 2005
 Solutions to Dowry System

• Promoting gender equality

• Awareness of society
• Education
• Making women self-dependent
• Strict implementation of the laws
 CHILD LABOR

• Childhood is not only a period of innocence

but also great years of education and overall
development of the child.
• According to 2011, census the number of child
laborers in India is 10.1 million out of which
5.6 million are boys and 4.5 million are girls.
 Definition of Child Labor

“Child labor is any work that deprives children of

their childhood, their potential, their dignityand
one that is harmful to the physical and mental
development of the child. It includes work that is
mentally, physically, socially, or morally dangerous
to children. Work that interferes with a child’s
ability to attend and participate in school fully by
obliging them to leave school prematurely or
requiring them to try to combine school attendance
with excessively long and heavy work”. -The
International Labor Organisation
Causes of Child Labor

Poverty

Defective
Cheap labour education
system

Adverse
Debt trap
circumstances
causes
of child
labour

Inadequate
Adult
enforcement of
unemployment
laws

Effect of global Repression of

economy Workers’ rights
 Initiative Against Child Labor by
Indian Government
• The Factories Act of 1948
• The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education Act of 2009
• The Mines Act of 1
• The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation)
Act of 1986
• The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of
Children Act of 2000
 CHILD ABUSE

• Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical,

sexual or psychological maltreatment or neglect
of a child especially by a parent or a caregiver.
• Child abuse may include any act or failure to act
by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or
potential harm to a child and can occur in a
child’s home, in the organizations, schools, or
communities the child interacts with.
 Definition of Child Abuse

“Child abuse and child maltreatment is all forms

of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment,
sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or
commercial or other exploitation, resulting in
actual or potential harm to the child’s health,
survival, development or dignity in the context
of a relationship of responsibility, trust or
power”. —The World Health Organization (WHO)
 Types of Child Abuse

Physical abuse

Sexual abuse

Psychological abuse

Neglect
 Laws /policies against child abuse in
India
• The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
• The Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences Act (POCSO), 2012
• The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Act, 2015
 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

• Juvenile delinquency is also known as juvenile

offending or crime is the act of participating in
unlawful behavior as a minor or individual
younger than the statutory age.
• Juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or
criminal activity of the child (below 16 years of
age for boys and 18 years for girls) which
violates the law.
 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

• Poor or low socioeconomic status

• Poor school performance or failure
• Psychological factors
• Desire for protection
• Family environment
• Poor interaction with family
• Peer pressure
 CRIME

A crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state

or other authority. Crime or offence (or criminal
offence) is an act harmful not only to some
individual but also to a community, society, or
the state such acts are forbidden and punishable
by law.
 Common causes of crime
• Poverty
• Peer Pressure
• Drugs
• Politics
• Family Conditions
• Religion
• Unemployment
• Unfair judicial system
 SUBSTANCE ABUSE

• Substance abuse also known as drug abuse is

the use of a drug in amounts or by methods
which are harmful to the individual or others.
• Drug abuse is the use of illegal drugs or the
use of prescription or over-the-counter
medications in ways other than recommended
or intended.
 Signs of drug abuse
• Missing money or valuables
• Drastic changes in behavior
• Frequently absent from school or work
• Lack of energy and motivation
• Sudden weight loss
• Difficulty speaking
• Neglected hygiene and appearance
• Decreased involvement in activities the person used to
enjoy
• Trouble managing responsibilities at work, school, or
home
• Problems with relationships related to substance use
• Increase in risk-taking behaviors.
 Causes of Substance Use Disorders
• Family history of addiction
• Sleep problems
• Chronic pain
• Financial difficulties
• Divorce or the loss of a loved one
• Long-term tobacco habit
• Tense home environment
• Lack of parental attachment in childhood
• Relationship issues
Commonly Abused Substance/Drugs

Depressants

Alcohol
Heroin

Stimulants

Cocaine

Methamphet
amines

Marijuana

Club drugs
 HIV/AIDS
• HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
• HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
• Immune system is the defense system of the body.
• The immune system can control many infections but
HIV targets and infects the same immune system cells
that protect humans from germs and illnesses.
• These cells are a type of white blood cell called CD4
cells (sometimes called T cells).
• HIV usually takes over CD4 cells and turns them into
factories that produce millions of copies of the virus.
 Signs and Symptoms of HIV
• Pain in the abdomen
• Pain while swallowing
• Dry cough
• Whole body: fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, malaise,
night sweats, or sweating
• Gastrointestinal: nausea, persistent diarrhea, vomiting,
or watery diarrhea
• Throat: difficulty swallowing or soreness
• Groin: sores or swelling
• Mouth: ulcers or white tongue
• Other common symptoms are infection, headache, oral
thrush, pneumonia, red blotches, severe unintentional
weight loss, skin rash, or swollen lymph nodes
 Transmission of HIV
•Through vaginal or anal sex that is the most common route
of transmission.
• By sharing needles, syringes, and other items with others.
• By sharing tattoo equipment without sterilizing it.
• During pregnancy, labor, or delivery from a pregnant
mother to her baby.
• During breastfeeding.
• Through needle stick with exposure to the blood, semen,
vaginal, rectal fluids, and breast milk of someone living with
HIV.
• The virus can also be transmitted through a blood
transfusion or organ and tissue transplant.
• Very rare chances of transmission through contact between
broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes
 Initiatives by India to Control and
Prevent HIV
• The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)
• National AIDS Control Organization
 Novel coronavirus (COVID -19)

• Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can

cause respiratory illness in humans.
• They get their name, “corona,” from the many
crown-like spikes on the surface of the virus.
• The disease caused by the novel coronavirus
first identified in Wuhan, China, has been
named corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
• The word ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus,
and ‘D’ for disease.
 Spreading of COVID-19
• The virus travels in respiratory droplets when
an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks,
sings or breathes.
• From close contact (touching, shaking hands)
with an infected person.
• By touching surfaces that the virus has landed
on, touching eyes, mouth, or nose before
washing the hands.
• COVID-19 enters body through mouth, nose or
eyes (directly from the airborne droplets or
from transfer of the virus from hands to face).
 Sign and symptoms of COVID-19
• Fever or chills
• Cough.
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Tiredness.
• Muscle or body aches.
• Headaches.
• Loss of taste or smell.
• Sore throat.
• Congestion or runny nose.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
 Warning signs COVID-19
• Trouble breathing.
• Persistent pain or pressure in chest.
• Confusion or disorientation
• Inability to arouse (wake up from sleep).
• Bluish lips or face
• Low level of oxygen saturation (below 90%)
• High temperature (above 38 °C)
• Additional symptoms are also possible due to
complication, like symptoms of black fungus
 Diagnostic tests for COVID-19
• Rapid diagnostic tests based on antigen
detection
• The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-
PCR) test
 Prevention of novel coronavirus
(COVID-19)
• Wash the hands for at least 20 seconds, especially before eating
and preparing food, after using the bathroom, after wiping nose,
and after coming in contact with someone who has a cold.
• Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth to prevent the spread of
viruses from the hands.
• Cover the mouth and nose with a tissue when sneezing and
coughing or sneeze and cough into the sleeve. Never cough or
sneeze into your hands.
• Avoid close contact (within six feet) with those who have coughs,
colds or are sick. Stay home if feeling sick.
• Stay away from large crowds of people. Follow the directions of
healthcare authorities especially during outbreaks.
• Clean frequently used surfaces (such as doorknobs and counter
tops) with a virus-killing disinfectant.
• Use hand sanitizers that contain at least 60% alcohol if soap and
water are not available.
• Greet people with a friendly gesture instead of shaking hands.
 Vaccine for COVID-19
• Covaxin
• Covishield
• Pfizer
• AstraZeneca
• Johnson & Johnson
• Moderna
• Sinopharm
• Sinovac
• Sputnik
 SOCIAL WELFARE SCHEMES FOR
COVID 19 CRISES IN INDIA
Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana
• Safai karamcharis, ward-boys, nurses, ASHA workers, paramedics,
technicians, doctors and specialists, and other health workers
would be covered by a Special Insurance Scheme.
• Any health professional, who while treating COVID-19 patients,
meet with some accident, then he/she would be compensated with
an amount of Rs. 50 lakh under the scheme.
• Under PM Garib Kalyan Yojana, free of cost, gas cylinders would be
provided to 8 crore poor families.
• There are around 3 crore aged widows and people in the Divyang
category who are vulnerable due to economic disruption caused by
COVID-19. The government will give them Rs. 1,000 to tide over
difficulties during the COVID-19 crisis
 VULNERABLE GROUPS
ELDERLY POPULATION (GERIATRICS)
• As we all know that India is the world’s second most
populous country and also has experienced a
demographic transition in the past 50 years that
resulted in almost tripling of the population over the
age of 60 years.
• It is projected that the proportion of Indians aged 60
and older will rise from 7.5% in 2010 to 11.1% in 2025.
• India had more than 91.6 million elderly in 2010 with
an annual addition of 2.5 million elderly between 2005
and 2010. The number of elderly in India is projected
to reach 158.7 million in 2025
 Health Problems o elderly

• Chronic diseases
• Malnutrition
• Mental health
• Physical injury
• Cognitive health
• Loss of identity and self-esteem
• Financial Insecurity
• Difficulty in Performing Daily Activities
Welfare Schemes for Elderly People in
India
Indira Gandhi
National Old
Age Pension
Scheme

National
Programme for
the Health Care
of Elderly

Varishta
Mediclaim
Policy

Rashtriya
Vayoshri Yojana

Varishta
Pension Bima
Yojana

Senior Citizens'
Welfare Fund
Voluntary Organization for Elderly

Help age
India

Old age Age care

homes India
 HANDICAPPED
• The person having a condition that markedly
restricts their ability to function physically,
mentally, or socially is called handicapped.
• The word handicapped is first recorded in the late
19th century in the sense referring to a person’s
mental or physical disabilities.
• In British English it was the standard term until
the 1980s, but it has been superseded by
disabled, or, in reference to mental disability,
expressions such as having learning difficulties or
learning-disabled.
 Causes of Physical Disabilities
• Prenatal causes
• Genetic causes
• Rh-incompatability
• Birth injuries
• Accidents or injuries
• Communicable diseases
• •Malnutrition
• Environmental pollutants
• Maternal stress
 Welfare Schemes for Person with
Disabilities in India
• Deendayal disabled rehabilitation scheme
• Assistance to disabled persons for purchase of
fitting of aid appliances (ADIP Scheme)
• District disability and rehabilitation centre
(DDRC)
• Vocational rehabilitation centers
 MINORITY AND MARGINALIZED
GROUPS
• A minority group or marginalized group refers to a
group of people whose practices; race, religion,
ethnicity, or other characteristics are fewer in numbers
than the main groups of those classifications.
• However, in present-day sociology, a minority group
refers to a category of people who experience relative
disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant
social group.
• An individual at the same time may hold membership
in multiple minority groups like in a racial and religious
minority
 Types of minorities

• Ethnic Minority
• Racial minority
• Religious minority
• Voluntary minority
• Gender and sexuality minorities
• Minority of disabled
Characteristics of Minority Groups

Sharing of
same physical
and cultural
traits

Unfair
Subordination
treatment

Characteristics
of minority
groups

Non
In-group
voluntarily
marriages
status

We feeling
 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF
INDIVIDUAL
• Right to Freedom
• Right to Equality
• Right against Exploitation
• Right to Constitutional Remedies
• Cultural and Educational Rights
• Right to Freedom of Religion
RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN INDIA
Right for equal
pay
Right to dignity
and decency

Rights against
sexual
harassment at
workplace
Rights against
domestic
violence
Right to keep
identity
anonymous
Rights for free
legal aid
Right not to
arrest at night
Rights to
register virtual
complaints
Rights to
complaint
against
indecent
representation
Right against
being stalked
Right to Zero
FIR
RIGHTS OF CHILDREN

The right to an identity

The right to health

The right to education

The right to a family life

The right to be protected from violence

The right to an opinion

The right to be protected from exploitation

Prohibition of child marriage act

ROLE OF NURSE IN REDUCING SOCIAL
PROBLEMS AND ENHANCING COPING

Coordinator
Communicator
Teacher
Counselor
Manager
Leader
motivator
Researcher
Advocate
Guide
 SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS IN
INDIA
Definition of Social Welfare
“Social Welfare can be defined as the group of
assistance programs designed to ensure the
wellbeing of a nation’s citizens. In other words,
it is a system that aims to provide quality care to
society participants”. —Oxford dictionary
 Main Social Welfare Programs in
India
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi
• Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana
• The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)
• Housing for All by 2022
• Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
• Foster Care Services Scheme
• Financial Assistance to Dependent Children
 CHAPTER7
CLINICAL SOCIOLOGY
 Learning Objectives
❑ Describe the concept ❑ Understand the use of
of clinical sociology. clinical sociology in the
❑ Discuss the sociological crisis intervention
strategies for the
abused.
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
❑ Concept of clinical ❑ Job responsibilities of
sociology. clinical sociologist.
❑ Meaning and ❑ Sociological strategies
definition of clinical for the abused
sociology. ❑ Use of clinical
❑ Scope of clinical sociology in crisis
sociology. intervention
 CLINICAL SOCIOLOGY
• It is the application of sociological theories,
research/methods, and interventions to social
issues and problems presented by clients.
• Clinical sociology is the same
as sociology except that it adds intervention,
prevention, and social amelioration
components to its framework.
 JOB RESPONSIBILITIES OF CLINICAL
SOCIOLOGIST
• In general, a clinical sociologist identifies
problems and proposes solutions.
• In a therapeutic or counseling scenario, clinical
sociologists help clients to alleviate issues with
society or with other individuals, such as in
marriage counseling.
• They might work with specific groups or an entire
community to pinpoint issues and find ways to
eliminate them.
• Other duties of clinical sociologists vary according
to the position of the sociologist.
Sociological strategies for the abused

• Counseling and advocacy for victims of abuse.

• Family and caregiver support programs that
include alternative living arrangements and
out-of-home placement for children.
• Protective guardianship for abused elders.
• Shelters for battered women.
• Educational programs for those who are at a
risk of abusing or being abused
 USE OF CLINICAL SOCIOLOGY IN
CRISIS INTERVENTION
• Assisting the client in meeting the basic needs
(Food, Shelter, and Clothing).
• Empathy and caring.
• Assessing and gathering information from
clients.
• Supporting clients and their families.
• Building linkage and referrals to other related
agencies and services.