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@apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

i;kZoj . k , o a i k f j f L F k f r d h

@apna_pdf
 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

fo"k; lwph

1- i;kZoj.k 3&6

2- tSo eaMy ,oa ck;kse 7&13

3- tyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k 14&24

4- tSo&fofo/rk 25&28

5- Hkkjr dh tSo&fofo/rk 29&39

6- tSo&fofo/rk dk laj{k.k 40&52

7- i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,oa izca/u 53&67

8- Hkwe.Myh; rkiu 68&72

9- vkstksu {kj.k 73&75

10- tyok;q ifjorZu 76&77

11- lrr~ fodkl 78&82

12- foxr o"kkZas esa iwNs x, iz'u 83&91

2 @apna_pdf
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i;kZoj.k
Environment

i;kZoj.kokn (Environmentalism)
i;kZoj.k fdlh tho ds pkjksa vksj f?kjs HkkSfrd ,oa tSfod n'kkvksa ,oa mudh var%fØ;k dks lfEefyr djrk gSA bl vo/kj.kk esa
cgqr lkjs vk;ke 'kkfey gSa] tSls& i;kZoj.k f'k{kk] izÑfr laj{k.k] oU;tho laj{k.k] i;kZoj.k izca/u rFkk i;kZoj.kh; lfØ;rkokn vkfnA
i;kZoj.k 'kCn dh mRifÙk izsaQp Hkk"kk osQ 'Environner' 'kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS& f?kjk gqvkA varjljdkjh laxBu vksbZlhMh
(OECD) osQ vuqlkj&i;kZoj.k ls rkRi;Z ,d tho osQ thou fodkl vkSj vfLRkRo dks izHkkfor djus okyh lHkh ckgjh fLFkfr;ksa dh
lexzrk ls gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/fu;e&1986 osQ vuqlkj] i;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa rjiQ f?kjs HkkSfrd ,oa tSfod n'kkvksa vkSj muosQ
lkFk var%fØ;kvksa dk leqPp; gSA

i`Foh ra=k

ok;qeaMy tSoeaMy

LFkyeaMy tyeaMy
i`Foh dks <dus okyk lHkh tSfod inkFkZ
,d xSlh; vkoj.k] euq";] çk.kh] ikni
tks i`Foh dks i`Foh ra=k dk tyh; ,oa lw{ethoA
i`Foh vius leLr
mQ"ekjks/h cukrk gSA vo;o_ tSls&egklkxj]
LFky:iksa] 'kSyksa] e`nk
>hysa] ufn;k¡ ,oa fge
,oa [kfutksa vkfn osQ
ufn;k¡A
lkFkA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

i;kZOkj.k dh lajpuk
i;kZoj.k mu izkÑfrd lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd n'kkvksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] tks ,d ekuo vFkok ekuo leqnk; dks izHkkfor
djrh gSa] pwafd i;kZOkj.k ,d HkkSfrd rFkk tSfod ladYiuk gS] vr% blesa vtSfod ,oa tSfod nksuksa la?kVdksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
tkrk gSA tSfod i;kZoj.k dks nks :Ikksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS&
BB okuLIkfrd i;kZoj.k (Flora)
BB tUrq i;kZoj.k (Fauna)
okuLifrd i;kZoj.k osQ rgr ?kkl Hkwfe ls ysdj l?ku ouksa] ioZrh; o`{kksa] eSaxzkso ouksa rFkk leqnzh ?kklksa vkfn dks 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd tUrq i;kZOkj.k osQ vUrxZr leLr tho/kfj;ksa_ ;Fkk&lw{e tho (Microbe) ls ysdj Lru/kjh] ljhl`i vkfn
dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
i;kZoj.k ds ?kVd
i;kZOkj.k ,d tfVy ra=k gS ftlesa tho&tUrqvksa osQ fodkl gsrq vko';d n'kk,a miyC/ gksrh gSaA gkykafd] i;kZOkj.k ,d
O;kid Lo:i dks xzg.k fd, gq, gS] fiQj Hkh fofHkUu ?kVdksa osQ vk/kj ij bls fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
LFkyeaMy (Lithosphere)

;g i`Foh dh lcls Åijh ijr gS ftls LFkyeaMy vFkok Hkwi`"B dgrs gSaA LFkyeaMy dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu pV~Vkuksa vFkok inkFkks± ls
gqvk gSA HkwiiZVh osQ uhps esaVy gS tks i`Foh osQ yxHkx 29% Hkkx ij iSQyk gqvk gSA
tyeaMy (Hydrosphere)
i;kZOkj.kh; ?kVd osQ :i esa tyeaMy dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA i`Foh ij ik;s tkus okys tyh; Hkkx dks tyeaMy osQ vUrxZr 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA blesa egklkxj] lkxj] >hysa] rkykc] ufn;k¡ vkfn lfEefyr gSaA tyeaMy i`Foh osQ 71% Hkkx ij foLr`r :i esa iSQyk
gqvk gSA
ok;qeaMy (Atmosphere)
ok;qeaMy xSlksa dk og vkoj.k gS ftlus i`Foh dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjk gqvk gSA lkSjeaMy osQ vc rd Kkr xzgksa esa i`Foh gh ,slk xzg
gS ftl ij thou gsrq mi;qDr ok;qeaMy mifLFkr gSA ok;qeaMy dh mifLFkfr i`FOkh ij thou osQ mn~fodkl gsrq vuqowQy okrkoj.k
fufeZr djrh gSA
ok;qeaMy osQ la?kVu esa ukbVªksTku (78.08%), vkWDlhtu (20.95%)] vkWxZu (0.93%), dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM (0.03%) rFkk vfr vYiek=kk esa
gkbMªkstu] ghfy;e] vkstksu] ehFksu] fØIVkWu] ftukWu vkfn gSaA
tSoeaMy (Biosphere)
thoeaMy ;k tSoeaMy esa i`Foh osQ leLr izns'k lfEefyr gSa] tgk¡ ij thou ik;k tkrk gSA tSoeaMy lkekU; :i ls i`Foh dh lrg
osQ pkjksa vksj O;kIr ,d vkoj.k gksrk gS ftlosQ varxZr ouLifr rFkk tarq thou fcuk fdlh j{kd lk/u osQ laHko gksrk gSA i`Foh
osQ /jkry ij vusd tho fuokl djrs gSa ftuesa ls oqQN /jkry ls FkksM+h Å¡pkbZ ij vkSj oqQN /jkry ls FkksM+h xgjkbZ ij jgrs gSa]
ogha oqQN tho ty esa fuokl djrs gSaAtSoeaMy ds fy, vko';d n'kk,°
ty
i`Foh dh vf}rh; fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d ty viuh rhuksa voLFkkvksa&Bksl] rjy vkSj xSl voLFkk esa i`Foh ij mifLFkr gSA thou
dh vf/dka'k tSo jklk;fudh ty ;k H2O osQ fof'k"V y{k.kksa ij gh osQafnzr jgrh gS] lkFk gh ty rkieku&ifjorZu dk izfrjks/h gS

@apna_pdf
vFkkZr~ ;g mQ"ek dks /hjs&/hjs vo'kksf"kr djrk gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs gh NksM+rk gSA

4
 RO/ARO

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
BB i;kZoj.k ok;q] Hkwfe ,oa ty dk feJ.k gS tks fo'ks"k :i ls izkÑfrd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
BB i;kZoj.k laxBu osQ varxZr tSfod (tho] tarq] euq";] ikni vkfn)] vtSfod (ty] ok;q] LFky vkfn) rFkk mQtkZ (lkSj
vkfn) 'kkfey gSaA
BB i;kZOkj.k osQ izeq[k pkj ?kVd LFkyeaMy] tyeaMy] ok;qeaMy rFkk tSoeaMy gaS ftudk laca/ PkV~Vkukas] ty] ok;q rFkk
thou ls gksrk gSA
BB ok;qeaMy esa mifLFkr xSlas ukbVªkstu (78-08»)] vkDWlhtu (20-95»)] vkxZu (0-93») dkcZUk MkbvkWDlkbM (0-04»)
rFkk vU; xSlkas esa ghfy;e] gkbMªkstu] vkstksu] ehFksu] fØIVkWu] ftukWu vkfn gSaA
BB {kksHkeaMy dh mQ¡pkbZ Hkweè; js[kk ij 16 fdeh- rFkk /zqokas ij 7 fdeh- gSA
BB mQtkZ] i;kZoj.k dk ,d la?kVd rRo gS ftlosQ varxZr lkSj izdk'k rFkk fofHkUu i{kkas dks lfEEkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA
BB fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 5 twu dks euk;k tkrk gSA
BB jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;kf/dj.k (NGT) dh LFkkiuk 18 vDVwcj] 2010 dks jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;kf/dj.k vf/fu;e] 2010 osQ
rgr dh xbZ FkhA
BB gfjr fodkl (xzhu MsoyiesaV) iqLrd osQ ys[kd MCY;w- ,e- ,MEl gSaA
BB Hkkjr eas ^gfjr x`g Ñf"k* izkjaHk djus okyk jkT; iatkc gSA
BB ewyjkse dh dksf'kdk&fHkfÙk eq[;r% lsywykst (Cellulose) ls cuh gksrh gSA
BB ewyjkse çksysfDVu osQ dkj.k e`nk ls fpiosQ jgrs gaSA
BB elkukscq iqQiqQdk izkÑfrd Ñf"k osQ vUos"kd gSaA
BB i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, ^xzhu vkehZ* dks vkWLVsªfy;k us izkajHk fd;kA
BB i;kZoj.k lqj{kk vf/fu;e (bZ-ih-,-) dks ^vEczsyk ykW* (Umbrella Law) uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
BB ueZnk unh osQ mQij cukbZ tk jgh cgqmís'kh; cak/ ifj;kstuk dks jksdus osQ fy, ^ueZnk cpkvkas* vkanksyu pyk;k x;k gSA
BB ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk 'k=kq (ikfjfLFkfrdh vkradoknh) ;qosQfyIVl dks dgrs gSaA

ok;qeaMy
ok;q dk vkoj.k] tks i`Foh dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjs gS] ok;qeaMy dgykrk gSA i;kZoj.k osQ pkj izeq[k rRoksa esa ls ok;qeaMy lcls
vf/d xfr'khy gSA jklk;fud :i ls] ;g xSlksa dk ,d laj{kd vkoj.k gS] ftlesa yxHkx 79» ukbVªkstu] 20» vkWDlhtu] 0-03»
dkcZu&Mkb&vkWDlkbM ,oa vusd xSlsa 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa ls oqQN fojy xSlsa Hkh gSaA
 Note
1- 'khrfuf"ozQ;rk ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa tUrqvksa osQ 'kjhj dk rki] 'olu] xfr o ân; xfr rFkk mikip;
(Hibernation)
(Metabolic) nj vR;Ur de gks tkrh gSA bl fLFkfr dks o`QUrd (Rodents)] Hkkyw (Bears)] pexknM+ (Bats) rhuksa esa ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA
2- y
 kbosQu nks iw.kZr;k fHkUu ouLifr;ksa ls cuk ,d }S/ ikni gSA buesa ,d 'kSoky rFkk nwljk dod gksrk gSA ijarq bu nksuksa esa
bruk fudV dk lkgp;Z gksrk gS fd buls fufeZr ykbosQu ,d gh ikS/k çrhr gksrk gSA
3- U
 V-A] (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm) vkSj UV-C (100-280nm) ;s rhu çdkj osQ ijkcSaxuh fofdj.k gksrs gSaA bu rhuksa
esa UV-C thoksa osQ fy;s vR;fèkd gkfudkjd gksrk gSA
lkSj ≈tkZ
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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

i`Foh ij lHkh izdkj dh mQtkZ dk ewy lzksr lkSj mQtkZ gSA ;gh izdk'k&la'ys"k.k osQ fy, vk/kjHkwr mQtkZ iznku djrk gS] ijarq
bldh thou osQ fy, egRow.kZ Hkwfedk,¡ Hkh gSaA vkxr fofdj.k dk yxHkx vk/k Hkkx gh i`Foh osQ /jkry rd igq¡p ikrk gS] tcfd
bldk 30» Hkkx varfj{k esa ijkofrZr ,oa 20» Hkkx ok;qeaMy }kjk vo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gSA /jkry ij igq¡ps 50» lkSj mQtkZ
dks LFky ,oa ty vo'kksf"kr dj ysrs gSa vkSj fiQj ogk¡ ls ;g ikfFkZo fofdj.k osQ :i esa ok;qeaMy esa fofdfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

LEkj.kh; fcUnq
laoS/kfud çko/ku
BB Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa i;kZoj.k osQ laj{k.k dh O;oLFkk,a (Provisions in Indian Constitution for Environmental
Protection)%& i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk vax gS] tks vuqPNsn 48A rFkk 51A(g) esa of.kZr gSA

BB vuqPNsn 48A osQ vuqlkj] ljdkj i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k djsxh rFkk mlesa lq/kj djsxh vkSj lkFk gh ouksa ,oa oU; thoksa dh
lqj{kk djsxhA
BB  uqPNsn 51A(g) osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr osQ çR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd og ouksa] >hyksas] ufn;ksa rFkk oU; thoksa
v
lfgr jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k djsa rFkk mlesa lq/kj yk, vkSj thfor thoksa osQ ckjs esa laosnu'khy jgsA
BB Hkkjr esa çFke ckj 1878 rFkk 1927 osQ nkSjku ou laj{k.k osQ fy, oS/kfud ç;kl fd;s x;sA 1927 osQ Hkkjrh; ou vf/
fu;e }kjk ljdkj osQ ou laj{k.k osQ fy, dÙkZO; lqfuf'pr fd, x,A
BB mÙkjk[k.M ljdkj }kjk xaxk unh dks thfor unh dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA vr% ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ;k laLFkk xaxk unh dks fo:fir
djus dk ç;kl djsxk rks mls mUgha fof/ lEer /kjkvksa osQ rgr nf.Mr fd;k tk,xk] ftlosQ rgr fdlh euq"; dks {kfr
ig¡qpkus ij fd;k tkrk gSA Lej.kh; gS fd U;wthySaM dh okaxuqbZ unh (Whanganui River) dks fo'o dh igyh thfor unh
dk ntkZ gkfly gS tcfd xaxk unh dks fo'o dh nwljh thfor unh gksus dk ntkZ çkIr gSA

6 @apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902
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TkSoeaMYk ,oa ck;kse
Biosphere and Biome

TkSoeaMy@thoeaMy (Biosphere)
i`Foh osQ /jkry ij vusd tho fuokl djrs gSa] ftuesa ls oqQN tho /jkry ls oqQN Å¡pkbZ ij vkSj oqQN /jkry ls FkksM+h
xgjkbZ ij jgrs gSa] ogha oqQN tho ty esa fuokl djrs gSaA bu thoksa osQ fuokl {ks=k dks i;kZoj.kh; n'kk,¡ fu;af=kr djrh gSaA ,sls
fo'kky ;k y?kq {ks=k gh] ftlesa tho fuokl djrs gSa] tSo ;k thoeaMy dgykrk gSA
thoeaMy dh lajpuk osQ vUrxZr ok;q] ty] LFky] vkfn 'kkfey gksrs gSaA thoeaMy dh Åijh ijr dk fu/kZj.k vkWDlhtu] ueh]
rkieku rFkk ok;qnkc dh lqyHkrk rFkk izkI;rk osQ vk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

thoeaMy dk foHkktu@tSo e.My ds la?kVd

thoeaMy ds la?kVd
thoeaMy ,d vk/kjHkwr xzgh; ra=k gksrk gS] ftlds
tSfod] vTkSfod ,oa ÅtkZ la?kVd gksrs gSaA
ok;qeaMy
thoksa osQ vfLrRo esa cus jgus osQ fy, fofHkUu vko';d xSlas
ok;qeMa y ls gh feyrh gaAS ok;qeMa y thou osQ fy, egÙoiw.kZ gS
D;ksafd ok;q osQ lHkh ?kVd ltho tho/kfj;ksa osQ fy, 'olu
osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA ok;qeaMy xq:Rokd"kZ.k 'kfDr osQ
}kjk i`Foh osQ lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA ok;qeaMy Hkh i`Foh osQ
lkFk ifjHkze.k djrk gSA i`Foh osQ /jkry osQ fudV ok;q l?ku gksrh gS] T;ksa&T;ksa ok;q Åij tkrh gS] oSls&oSls ;g fojy (de ?kuh)
gksrh tkrh gSA blhfy, ok;qeaMy dh oqQy jkf'k dk 50% Hkkx i`Foh osQ /jkry osQ 5 fd-eh- osQ Hkhrj vkSj 97% Hkkx yxHkx 29
fd-eh-] osQ vUnj ik;k tkrk gSA oLrqr% ok;qeaMy vusd xSlksa dk feJ.k gSA ok;qeaMy esa fHkUUk&fHkUu xSlsa ,d fuf'pr vuqikr esa
jgrha gaS] ftudk fooj.k bl izdkj gS&
ok;qeaMy osQ lcls fupys Hkkx esa /wy&d.k vkSj tyok"i Hkh gksrs gSaA ;s lHkh o"kZ.k rFkk fgeikr esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu
djrs gSaA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 7
 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM
osQoy DyksjksfiQy/kjh tho vFkkZr~ gjs ikS/s] gjs ,oa cSaxuh thok.kq rFkk uhy&gfjr 'kSoky gh ,sls tSfodh; lnL; gSa] tks viuk Hkkstu
Lo;a cukrs gSaA os izdk'k la'ys"k.k osQ }kjk ,slk djrs gSaA bl izfØ;k esa os ok;qeaMyh; dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM vkSj mlosQ lkFk&lkFk
ty dk rFkk oqQN [kfutksa_ tSls& oSQfY'k;e] iksVSf'k;e] eSXuhf'k;e vkfn dk lw;Z osQ izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa mi;ksx djosQ dkcZfud
inkFkZ ;kuh Hkkstu cukrs gSa] tSls& Xywdkst (ltho çkf.k;ksa osQ fy, ,d egÙoiw.kZ vo;o) rFkk vkWDlhtu] tks 'olu osQ fy,
vko';d gSA dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM }kjk iznku fd, x, dkcZu rFkk vkWDlhtu ltho inkFkZ osQ Hkhrj e`R;q dky rd cus jgrs gSa vkSj
CO2 thfor inkFkZ osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn gh okil ok;qeaMy esa tkrh gS] ftlls mldk pØ iwjk gksrk gSA

ukbVªkstu
ukbVªkstu Hkh lHkh ltho ra=kksa dk vfuok;Z ?kVd gksrh gSA thoksa dks bldh vko';drk izksVhuksa] U;wfDyd vEyksa rFkk vU; ukbVªkstuh
;kSfxdksa osQ la'ys"k.k osQ fy, gksrh gSA
vkWDlhtu
vkWDlhtu ok;qeaMy dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gS rFkk ltho ra=k osQ fy, vfuok;Z rRo gSA izk.kh vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx vkgkj
inkFkZ] ftlesa eq[;r% Xywdkst v.kq vkrs gSa] osQ vkWDlhdj.k esa djrs gSa] ftlls ÅtkZ mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj ;gh ÅtkZ tho osQ fofo/
fØ;kdykiksa osQ lapkyu esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
ok;qeaMy
ok;qeaMy dbZ vkoj.kksa vFkok ijrksa ls cuk gS] Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk&lkFk ok;qeaMy osQ rkieku vkSj nkc nksuksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] bl
ifjorZu osQ vk/kj ij gesa ok;qeaMy dh fuEu ikap ijrksa dk irk pyrk gS&
1- {kksHkeaMYk (Troposphere)
/zqoksa ij ;g 8 fd-eh- rFkk fo"kqor~ js[kk ij 18 fd-eh- dh Å¡pkbZ rd ik;k tkrk gSA bl eaMy esa izfr 165 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ
ij 1ºC rkieku ?kVrk gS] blh ijr esa vknzZrk] tyd.k] /wyd.k] ok;q/qa/ rFkk lHkh ekSleh ?kVuk,¡ gksrh gaSA ;g ok;weaMy
dk lcls ?kuk Hkkx gS vkSj iwjs ok;qeaMy osQ nzO;eku dk 90% fgLlk blh esa ekStwn gSA
{kksHk lhek (Tropopause)
{kksHkeaMy vkSj lerki eaMy dks vyx djus okys 1-5 fd-eh- eksVs laØe.k tksu dks VªksiksikWt ;k {kksHk lhek dgk tkrk gSA
blesa Å¡pkbZ c<+us osQ lkFk rkieku dk fxjuk cUn gks tkrk gSA

 Note
ok;qeaMy i;kZoj.k dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ vax gSA ok;qeaMy i`Foh osQ fy, vkoj.k dk dk;Z djrk gSA ok;qeaMy dh mifLFkfr osQ
dkj.k gh i`Foh ij rkieku esa cgqr vf/d varj ugha gks ikrkA ;gh ugha] lw;Z dh fdj.ksa ok;qeaMy dks ,d leku xeZ ugha djrh
gSaA ok;qeaMy osQ vleku :i esa xeZ gksus osQ dkj.k ok;q esa ifjlapj.k gksrk gS] ftlls iousa pyrh gSa rFkk o"kZ.k vkfn gksrk gSA

2- lerki eaMy (Stratosphere)

{kksHkeaMy osQ Åij lerki eaMy dh ijr fLFkr gSA lerki eaMy dh eksVkbZ yxHkx 50 ls 55 fdyksehVj rd gSA bl ijr
esa rkieku fLFkj ;k ,dleku jgrk gS vkSj mlosQ ckn Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk rkieku c<+rk tkrk gSA
vkstksu eaMy (Ozonosphere) : Lkerki eaMy osQ fupys Hkkx esa 15 ls 35 fd-eh- osQ chp vkstksu xSl dk eaMy gksrk gSA

8 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

3- eè; eaMy (Mesosphere)

bl eaMy dh Å¡pkbZ 50 ls 80 fd-eh- rd gksrh gSA blesa rkieku esa vpkud fxjkoV vk tkrh gS ,oa rkieku fxjdj&100ºC
rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
4- vk;ueaMy (Ionosphere)
;g eè;eaMy lhek osQ Åij ik;k tkrk gSA bldh Å¡pkbZ 80 ls 640 fd-eh- osQ eè; gSA blesa Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk&lkFk rkieku
c<+Uks yxrk gSA bl eaMy dk egRo jsfM;ks lapkj dh n`f"V ls fof'k"V gS] D;ksafd jsfM;ks dh fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxksa dks i`Foh
ij ;gh eaMy ijkofrZr djrk gSA
5- ckg~; eaMy (Exosphere)
bldh Å¡pkbZ 640&10000 fdeh- osQ eè; gSA blesa Hkh fo|qr vkosf'kr d.kksa dh iz/kurk gksrh gS ,oa ;gka Øe'k% N2, O2,
He, ,oa H2 dh vyx&vyx ijrsa gksrh gSaA ;g eaMy 1000 fd-eh- osQ ckn cgqr gh fojy gks tkrk gSA

thokse (Biome)
thokse ;k tSo{ks=k /jrh ;k leqæ ds fdlh ,sls cM+s {ks=k dks cksyrs gSa ftlds lHkh Hkkxksa esa ekSle] Hkwxksy vkSj fuoklh thoksa
(fo'ks"kdj ikS/ksa vkSj çk.kh) dh lekurk gksA fdlh ck;kse esa ,d gh rjg dk ifjra=k (bZdksflLVe) gksrk gS] ftlds ikS/s ,d gh
çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iuius ds fy, ,d tSls rjhds viukrs gSaA
thokse ds izdkj (Types of Biome)
i`Foh osQ ck;kse dks fofHkUu vk/kjksa_ ;Fkk&tyok;q] ouLifr] e`nkty dh n'kk] Å"ek] ikS/ksa dh o`f¼ nj vkfn osQ vk/kj ij oxhZÑr
fd;k x;k gSA blesa fof'k"V izdkj osQ ikS/s vkSj tho ik;s tkrs gSa] ftUgsa thoeaMy Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA vkokl dh izÑfr osQ
vk/kj ij ck;kse dks eq[;r% nks o`gn~ lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%&
BB LFkyh; thokse (Terrestrial Biome)
BB tYkh; thokse (Aquatic Biome)
LFkyh; thokse (Terrestrial Biome)

LFkyh; leqnk; dks izeq[k mioxks±] ou thokse] e:LFkyh; thokse vkSj Vq.Mªk thokse esa ckaVk x;k gSA LFkyh; thokse osQ vUrxZr gjs
ikniksa dk izHkqRo loZizFke gksrk gS D;ksafd budh la[;k] foLrkj vkSj izHkko izkf.k;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d gSA fo'o osQ LFkyh; thokse
dks fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS&
Vq.Mªk thokse (Tundra Biome)
## vkoZQfVd Vq.Mªk thokse

## vYikbu thokse

'khrks".k dfVca/h; ou thokse (Temperate Forest Biome)

## Hkweè; lkxjh; thokse

## VSxk ou thokse

## ir>M+ ou thokse

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

'khrks".k dfVca/h; ?kkl thokse

(Temperate Grass Biome)

yy LVsih thokse
yy izs;jh thokse
yy iEikl thokse
yy MkmUl thokse
m".kdfVca/h; ou thokse
(Tropical Forest Biome)

yy ioZrh; ou thokse
yy lnkcgkj ou thokse
yy ir>M+ ou thokse
m".kdfVca/h; ?kkl thokse
(Tropical Grass Biome)

yy lokuk ou thokse
yy lokuk ?kkl thokse
yy lokuk ou rFkk ?kkl thokse
m".kdfVca/h; e#LFkyh; thokse (Hot Desert Biome)
;gk¡ ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd nks iM+kslh thokse osQ eè; dh lhek js[kk Li"Vrk ls 'kk;n gh dHkh fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA gkYkkafd]
;s thokse vUroZrhZ {ks=k] tks fd ^bdksVksu* dgykrk gS] osQ }kjk feys gksrs gSaA
egÙoiw.kZ rF;
BB DyhesUV ,oa 'ksYiQMZ us 1939 eas thokse vFkok ck;kse dh ladYiuk izLrqr dhA
BB ck;kse osQ varxZr egk}hi osQ mu lHkh Hkkxkas osQ leLr iknikas rFkk izkf.k;kas dks lfEEkfyr fd;k tkrk gS ftudh lkekU;
BB fo'ks"krk,a ml Hkw&Hkkx eas izk;% leku gksrh gSaA izoky ,d dh&LVksu iztkfr gSA
BB nks ;k nks ls vf/d (?kkl LFky o ou {ks=k) leqnk;kas osQ eè; laØe.k {ks=k dks bdksVksu (Ecotone) dgrs gSaA
BB i`Foh ij ouLifr;kas rFkk thoksa&tarqvkas lfgr lHkh izeq[k ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ck;kse dgykrs gSaA

thokse dk uke {ks=k ouLifr rFkk çkf.ktkr (Flora and Fauna)

Vq.Mªk (Tundra) dukMk rFkk ;wjsf'k;k osQ mÙkj esa fLFkr Vq.Mªk izns'kksa dh ouLifr;k¡ eq[;r% ckSuh >kfM+;k¡] nynyh
/zqoh; 'khre#LFkyA ikS/s] ?kkl] dkbZ vkSj ykbosQu vkfn gSaA tcfd jsafM;j] mÙkjh
/zqoh; ykseM+h] /zqoh; Hkkyw] fge mYyw] ysfeax] mÙkj /zqoh;
[kjxks'k]iSVjfexu] rFkk ljhl`i vkfn tUrq Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA

10 @apna_pdf
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thokse dk uke {ks=k ouLifr rFkk çkf.ktkr (Flora and Fauna)

VSXkk (Taiga) mÙkjh ;wjsf'k;k rFkk mÙkjh vesfjdk ds vf/dka'k ciZQ ls vkPNkfnr izns'k gSa] ;gk¡
,sls {ks=k] tgk¡ Vq.Mªk dh vis{kk rkieku eq[;r% 'kaoqQ/kjh lnkcgkj o`{k ik, tkrs gSa ftuesa
vf/d gksrk gSA bls Borial Forest Hkh vf/drj Lizwl gh gSa vkSj lkFk esa oqQN phM+ rFkk iQj Hkh
dgrs gSaA gksrs gSaA
tcfd tho&tUrqvksa esa NksVs cht&Hk{kh i{kh] ckt] lewj/kjh
ekalHk{kh] NksVs fead] ,Yd] I;wek] oqQYosjhu vkfn vkrs gSaA

'khrks".k i.kZikrh nf{k.k&eè; ;wjksi] mÙkj&iwohZ vesfjdk] blosQ varxZr&vksd] eSiy] psjh (Cherry), chp vkfn
(Temperate if'peh phu] tkiku] U;wthyS.M vkfn ouLifr;k¡ o o`{k ik, tkrs gSaA
Deciducous rd foLr`r gaSA rkieku lk/kj.k jgrk gS tcfd tUrqvksa esa fcztk] czksel] iSfude] fgj.k] tsczk vkfn
Forest) rFkk o"kkZ izpqj gksrh gSA ;s {ks=k i`Foh osQ ik;s tkrs gSaA
lkekU;r% lokZf/d Ñf"k mRiknd {ks=k
gksrs gSaA

m".kdfVca/h; m".kdfVca/h; {ks=k] ftuesa fo"kqorh; {ks=kksa m".kdfVca/h; o"kkZ ou i`Foh dh lrg osQ osQoy 7 izfr'kr
o"kkZ ou esa Hkkjh o"kkZ gksrh gS] ftuosQ Hkhrj Hkjiwj Hkkx esa foLr`r gSa] ijURkq blesa ik;h tkus okyh ikni ,oa tUrq
iztkfr;k¡ lewps fo'o dh 40 izfr'kr iztkfr;ksa osQ cjkcj gaS]
tSo fofo/rk ik;h tkrk gSA rkieku
blesa yEcs pkSM+h iÙkh okys lnkcgkj o`{k dh iztkfr;k¡ izpqjrk
vf/d jgrk gSA ls ik;h tkrh gSaA
vf/drj izk.kh rFkk vf/ikni (Epiphytic) ikS/s forku vFkkZr~
o`{k'kh"kZ {ks=kksa esa gh thou;kiu djrs gSaA

lokuk 10º ls 20º v{kka'kksa osQ chp iwohZ nf{k.k bl thokse esa yEch dM+h ?kklksa dh iz/kurk gS] ftlesa
vesfjdk] eè;orhZ vizQhdk vkSj mÙkjh ;=k&r=k o`{k Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;gk¡ oqQVax] HkSal] ftjkiQ]
vkWLVªfs y;k esa fof'k"V lokuk ?kkl thokse
gkFkh] xSaMs] flag] phrk vkfn ik;s tkrs gSaA
ik;s tkrs gSaA

?kkLkLFky mÙkj vesfjdk dk eè; if'peh Hkkx rFkk ouLifr;ksa esa ?kklksa dh izeq[krk] izkf.ktkr esa 'kkdHk{kh] tSls&
;wØsu] ftuesa ?kklsa cgqr gksrh gSaA fgj.k] eos'kh vkfn vkrs gSaA

e#LFky egk}hih; vkarfjd Hkkx] ftuesa cgqr ukxiQuh (osQDVl)] lstcq'k ccwy vkfn ouLifr;k¡ rFkk
(Desert) de vkSj dHkh&dHkkj gh o"kkZ gksrh gS izkf.ktxr osQ varxZr Å¡V] [kjxks'k] Ldad] dks;ksV vkfnA
ftlls vknzZrk de jgrh gSA

vkokl rFkk fudsr@deZrk (Habitat and Niche)

fdlh tho dk vkokl og LFkku gksrk gS] ftlesa og jgrk gS] blesa mldk ikfjLFkfrdh; fudsr gksrk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh foKku
esa fudsr dh ifjHkk"kk le; ds lkFk cnyrh jgh gSA loZizFke tkslsiQ xzhusy (Joseph Grinnell) us 1917 esa fudsr dh vo/kj.kk
izLrqr dh] ftlesa mUgksaus cM+s LRkj ij fdlh ,d iztkfr ds vkokl dks fudsr ekukA 1958 esa gfpalu (Huthchinson) us fudsr 'kCn
dk mi;ksx fdlh ,d iztkfr }kjk mi;ksx fd, tk jgs rFkk mlds fy, miyC/ lalk/uksa dh cgqvk;keh miyC/rk dks ifjHkkf"kr
djus ds fy, fd;kA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

vkokl rFkk fudsr ds e/; rqyuk (Comparison Between Habitat & Niche)
vkokl% tho dk ?kj fudsr% tho dk dk;Z
(Habitat: The Organism's Place) (Niche: The Organism's Role)
;g ,d fof'k"V LFkku ;k {ks=k gksrk gS ftlesa dksbZ leqnk; ;g vkokl dk ikfjfLFkfrdh; ?kVd gS tks tho ds dk;ksZa rd
fuokl djrk gSA lhfer gksrk gSA
,d vkokl esa dbZ fudsr gksrs gSA fudsr ds ?kVd ugha gksrsA
vkokl dbZ iztkfr;ksa dk LFkku gksrk gSA fudsr dsoy ,d iztkfr dk LFkku gksrk gSA
vkokl esa dbZ izdkj dh i;kZoj.kh; folaxfr;ka mRiUu gksrh gSA fudsr esa ,d fof'k"V izdkj dh i;kZoj.k fLFkfr gh gksrh gSA
dksbZ iztkfr vius thou pØ dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa ,d
,d iztkfr viuk vkokl ugha cnyrh gSA
ls vf/d fudsr esa jg ldrh gSA
uksV% NksVs fudsr esa ck/kvksa dh laHkkouk,a vf/d gksrh gSa] tcfd cM+k fudsr i;kZoj.kh; ?kVdksa dh {kfriwfrZ vklkuh ls dj ldrk
gS blfy, ;gk¡ (cMs+ fudsr esa) iztkfr;ksa dk foyqfIrdj.k izk;% laHko ugha gSA

tyh; thokse (Aquatic Biome)

LFkyh; thokse dh rqyuk esa tyh; thokse dk oxhZdj.k vis{kkÑr vf/d dfBu dk;Z gSA pwafd LFkyh; thokse esa eq[;r%
ouLifr;ksa dk gh ;ksxnku gksrk gS vkSj ;s ouLifr;k¡ /jkry ij LFkk;h :i ls fuokl djrh gSa] vr% mudk forj.k Li"Vr;k n`f"Vxr
gksrk gSA tcfd tyh; thokse osQ oxhZdj.k esa f=k;keh {ks=k dk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd blesa ty dh xgjkbZ ;k tyh; LrEHk
dh n`f"V ls Hkh thokse osQ forj.k dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gksrk gSA
lkxjh; ([kkjk ty) thokse (Marine Biome)
lkxjh; thokse /jkry ij o`gn~ Lrj ij iSQyk gqvk gSA lkxjh; thokse dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;s fujarjrk esa
cus jgrs gSa vFkkZr~ mudk Li"V foHkktu ugha gks ikrk] cfYd muesa laØe.k {ks=k ik;s tkrs gSaA fiQj Hkh fo'o osQ lkxjh; thokse dks
tyok;oh; n'kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij 9 tSo&HkkSxksfyd izns'kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
BB vkoZQfVd izns'k BB mÙkjh miks".k izns'k BB nf{k.kh 'khrks".k izns'k
BB mi&vkoZQfVd izns'k BB m".kdfVca/h; izns'k BB mi vaVkoZQfVd izns'k
BB mÙkjh 'khrks".k izns'k BB nf{k.kh miks".k izns'k BB vaVkoZQfVd izns'k

osykapyh izHkkx
blosQ varxZr os izdk'kh; izns'k vkrs gSa] tgk¡ egklkxj osQ Åijh tyh; Hkkx esa izdk'k dh miyC/rk cuh jgrh gSA pwafd ty
dh xgjkbZ esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk izdk'k dk vo'kks"k.k c<+rk tkrk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k ,d fuf'pr xgjkbZ ij izdk'kh; izns'k dh lhek
r; gks tkrh gSA fdUrq vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa bldh xgjkbZ vyx&vyx gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] rVorhZ {ks=kksa dk izdk'kh; izns'k
/jkry ls 30 ehVj ls vf/d xgjk ugha gksrk gS] tcfd [kqys lkxj esa ;g 200 ehVj dh xgjkbZ rd gks ldrk gSA
furyLFk izHkko
lkekU;r% egklkxj osQ ryh ;k fury dks gh furyLFk izHkkx vFkok furyLFk {ks=k dgrs gSaA {ks=k osQ varxZr rhu Lrj ik;s tkrs gSa&

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BB furyLFk izns'k%& ;g egk}hih; eXurV ij foLr`r fury {ks=k gSa] tks ioZr osQ ik'oks± osQ le:i lkxjh; izns'k gSaAa ;g
egk}hih; eXurV osQ fdukjksa ij vR;f/d ifjorZu'khy mPpkop okyk izns'k gS] tgk¡ ty rsth ls egklkxjh; xgjkbZ;ksa esas
fxjrk gSA
BB fofuryLFk izns'k%& ;g egklkxj osQ vf/dka'k foLRkkj osQ fury dks n'kkZrk gS] tks 2000 eh- ls 6000 eh- dh xgjkbZ rd
ik;k tkrk gSA
BB m Uueu izns'k%& egklkxj osQ fury ij ikbZ tkus okyh xgjh [kkbZ;ksa dks mUueu izns'k osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA ftldh
xgjkbZ 6000 eh- ls 10000 eh- rd gks ldrh gSA
LoPN ty thokse
ufn;ksa] nynyh Hkwfe] >hy o rkykc vkfn vkarfjd tyk'k;ksa esa ik;s tkus okys tSfod ra=k dks LoPN ty thokse (Freshwater
Biome) osQ varxZr 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA bu thokseksa esa vR;f/d fofo/rk ik;h tkrh gS D;ksafd ;s u osQoy LFkkuh; e`nk ,oa
tyok;fod n'kkvksa] cfYd vius pkjksa vksj osQ LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ls Hkh izHkkfor gksrs gSaA pwafd tyh; thokseksa (fo'ks"k :i
ls >hy ,oa rkykc) dh loZizeq[k fo'ks"krk fLFkj ty gS vkSj muosQ ty esa yEcor~ :i ls izdk'k] rkieku] iks"k.k ,oa thoksa dh
n`f"V ls fLFkjhdj.k ik;k tkrk gSA
Lej.kh; gS fd >hy ;k rkykc ra=k mPp mRiknd gksrs gSa rFkk dbZ ekeyksa esa mudh mRikndrk vTkSfod iks"kdksa_
tSls& iQkWLiQksjl dh miyC/rk }kjk lhfer gks tkrh gSA mRikndrk osQ vk/kj ij >hyksa dks fo'ks"kdj 'khrks".k dfVca/h; >hyksa dks
nks oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%&
## vYiiks"kh (Oligotrophic)
## lqiks"kh (Eutrophic)
vYiiks"kh (Oligotrophic)

bl izdkj dh >hyksa dh xgjkbZ vf/d gksrh gS] fdUrq buesa vis{kkÑr iks"kd rÙo dk vkxe (Input) fuEu gksrk gSA vR;f/d xgjk
gksus osQ dkj.k yacor~ lapj.k vi;kZIr gksrk gS] iQyr% mRikndrk esa deh gks tkrh gSA
lqiks"kh (Eutrophic)

,slh >hysa vis{kkÑr fNNyh ,oa mPPk mRiknd gksrh gSaA buesa izdk'k] >hy dh ryh rd igq¡pus esa l{ke gksrk gSA lkFk gh] ekSle
esa ifjorZu osQ lkFk ty dk yEcor~ ifjlapj.k [kfut iks"kdksa dks /jkry rd okil ykus esa vkSj vkWDlhtu dks xgjkbZ rd ys
tkus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy ,sls ou leqnk; ftlesa phM+ ds o`{k izeq[k gksrs gSa phM+ ou dgykrs gSaA
yy ,sls {ks=k ftuesa o`{k nwj&nwj rd iQSys gksrs gSa] mUgs vj.; Hkwfe leqnk; dgrs gSaA
yy m".kdfVca/h; o"kkZ ou RkFkk izoky fHkfÙk leqnk; vR;f/d tSo fofo/rk okys {ks=k gksrs gSaA
yy fdlh Hkh leqnk; esa tkfr;ksa dh dqy la[;k tkfr le`¼rk dks n'kkZrh gSA

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 h apter
C

3
tyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k
Aquatic Ecosystem
izoky fHkfŸk ikfjra=
çoky ,d pwuk ç/ku tho gS tks eq[;r% dBksj jpuk okys •ksy gksrs gSa ftlesa eqyk;e tho jgrs gSaA çoky eq[; :i ls
m".kdfVca/h; lkxjksa (30° N ls 30° S) esa ik, tkrs gSa] D;ksafd buds thfor jgus ds fy;s 20°C ls 21° C rkieku mi;qÙkQ gksrk gSA
izoky fHkfŸk ds izdkj
BB r Vh; çoky fHkfÙk (Fringing Reef) % egk}hih; ;k }hih; rV ls yxs çoky fHkfÙk;ksa dks rVh;
çoky fHkfÙk dgk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd ;s fHkfÙk;k¡ rV ls lVh jgrh gSa ijUrq dHkh&dHkh buds ,oa LFky
Hkkx ds chp varjky gks tkus ds dkj.k muesa NksVs ySxwuksa dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gS] ftls cksV pSuy dgk tkrk gSA
forj.k % ;g nf{k.kh ÝyksfjMk] vaMeku ,oa fudksckj] eUukj dh •kM+h ds fudV jkes'oje~] lkslkbVh }hilewg vkfn LFkkuksa
ij fn•kbZ nsrh gSaA
BB  ojks/d çoky fHkfÙk (Barrier Reef ) % ;g çoky fHkfÙk vU; nksuksa çdkj dh çoky fHkfÙk;ksa dh rqyuk esa fo'kkyre
v
gksrh gSA budk fodkl rV ds lekukarj gksrk gSA fo'o dh lcls cM+h çoky fHkfÙk vkWLVªsfy;k ds mÙkj&iwohZ rV ij fLFkr
^xzsV&cSfj;j jhiQ* gSA
BB  y;kdkj çoky fHkfÙk (Atoll ) % ;s v¡xwBh
o
;k ?kksM+s ds uky dh vkÑfr okyh gksrh gSa A
buds dsUæ esa ySxwu gksrk gS A buds chp&chp
esa •qys Hkkx ik, tkrs gSa ftl dkj.k •qys lkxj
vkSj ySxwu dk laidZ cuk jgrk gSA oy;kdkj
çoky fHkfÙk ds çeq• mnkgj.k fiQth ,VkWy
rFkk ,fyl }hi esa iQqukiQqVh ,VkWy gSaA y{k}hi
lewg esa Hkh vusd ,VkWy ik, tkrs gSaA
izoky fHkfŸk dks [krjk (Threat to the Coral
Reef)

fo'o dh 26 çfr'kr dksjy jhiQ vfr ladVxzLr

gSaA 35 fefy;u ,dM+ dksjy jhiQ tks fd 93 ns'kksa esa
iQSyh gSa ] fouk'k ds djhc gSaA

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fiNys nks n'kdksa esa fo'o dh 20» dksjy jhiQ lekIr gks pqdh gSA orZeku esa dsoy 30» dksjy jhiQ gh fdlh Hkh izdkj ds ladV
ls ckgj gSaA çoky fHkfÙk;ksa ij •rjs ds çeq• dkj.k çkÑfrd o ekuoh; nksuksa gSaA
izoky fojatu (Coral Bleaching)

çoky ij fuHkZj jgus okys jaxhu twtaSfFkyh 'kSoky (Zooxanthellae Algae) tc i;kZoj.kh; ?kVdksa ds udkjkRed çHkko ds dkj.k muds
Åij ls gV tkrs gSa rks çoky vius okLrfod liQsn jax esa vk tkrs gSaA bls gh çoky fojatu dgrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa izoky fHkfŸk;k¡
Hkkjr esa izoky fHkfÙk eq[;r% 4 {ks=kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSa&
(I) vaMeku ,oa fudksckj }hi lewg (lokZf/d)
(II) dPN dh [kkM+h
(III) eUukj dh [kkM+h
(IV) Yk{k}hi
bu {ks=kksa ds vykok rjdjyh] vafxz;k (Angria Bank) fot;nqxZ (egkjk"Vª)] usVjkuh }hi (dukZVd) vkfn esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
izoky fHkfŸk;ksa dk laj{k.k (Conservation of Coral Reefs)
1- Xykscy dksjy jhiQ ekWfuVfjax usVodZ (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network- GCRMN) % GCRMN] ICRI (In-
ternational Coral Reef Initiative) dks lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA ;g ICRI dks fofHkUu oSKkfud •kst ,oa leUo; }kjk dksjy
ikfjra=k dh lwpuk lk>k djrk gS ,oa mlds laj{k.k ,oa çca/u esa lgk;rk miyC/ djokrk gSA
2- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ç;kl % Hkkjr esa vaMeku o fudksckj }hi lewg] y{k}hi] eUukj dh •kM+h ,oa dPN dh •kM+h esa çoky
fHkfÙk;ksa dk vPNk çlkj gSA çoky fHkfÙk;ka leqæh ikfjra=k dh thou js•k gSaA vaMeku&fudksckj ds leqæh ikfjra=k dks WWF
}kjk oSf'od i;kZoj.kh; LFkku ds :i esa p;fur fd;k x;k gSA vaMeku&fudksckj lokZf/d çoky fHkfÙk;kas okyk LFkku gSA bl
}hi ij rVh; çoky fHkfÙk (Fringing Reef) ikbZ tkrh gSA çokyksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s Hkkjrh; twykWftdy loZs }kjk iksVZ Cys;j
esa us'kuy dksjy jhiQ fjlpZ baLVhVÔwV •ksyk x;k gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vkWLVªsfy;k dh enn ls çf'k{k.k çkstsDV pyk;k x;k]
ftlesa çoky fHkfÙk ds laj{k.k ds mik; crk, x,A

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

laÿe.kdkyhu tyh; ikfjra=

Tokjuneq[k ikfjra=k (Estuaries Ecosystem)

eSaxzkso ifjra=k

Tokjuneq[k ikfjra=k dh leL;k,¡ (Threats to Estuaries Ecosystem)

BB uxjh; ey&ty ,oa vkS|ksfxd dpjs ds bu {ks=kksa esa cgko ds dkj.k gksus okys çnw"k.k ls bu Tokjuneq•ksa dh ikfjfLFkfrdh
ij cqjk çHkko iM+k gSA
BB euksjatu ,oa i;ZVu dk çHkko bl {ks=k ij cgqr vf/d dqizHkko iM+k gSA
BB vfr eRL;uA
BB uohu çtkfr;ksa dk vkxeu ,oa vU; thoksa dh fudklhA
BB canjxkg o ty ifjogu ç.kkyhA
BB tyok;q ifjorZu (ty Lrj esa o`f¼ blls Tokjuneq• ikfjra=k ij foijhr çHkko iM+k gS)A
BB Hkwfe mi;ksx çfr:i esa ifjorZu (leqæh rV ij vfrØe.k) m|ksx] Ñf"k] gksVy] canjxkg fuekZ.k] 'kgjh vfrØe.k vkfnA
BB volknhdj.k dh leL;kA
BB lqukehA
vknzZHkwfe ikfjra=k (Wetland Ecosystem)

jkelj dUosa'ku (1971) us vkæZHkwfe dks

fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS % ^^nyny
(Marsh)] iadHkwfe (Fen)] ihVHkwfe ;k ty]
Ñf=ke ;k çkÑfrd] LFkk;h ;k vLFkk;h] fLFkj
ty ;k xfreku ty rFkk rktk] •kjk o
yo.k;qÙkQ ty {ks=kksa dks vkæZHkwfe dgrs gSaA blds
varxZr lkxjh; {ks=kksa dks Hkh lfEefyr djrs gSa
tgk¡ fuEu Tokj ds le; Hkh xgjkbZ 6 ehVj ls
vf/d ugha gksrh gSA**
vuwi (Swamps) ,oa dPN (Marshes)

vuwi ,slh vkæZHkwfe gS ftlesa o`{k Hkh ik, tkrs

gSa] tcfd dPN (Marsh) esa o`{k ugha ik, tkrs gSaA ;s nksuksa çk;% cgrs ty ls lEcaf/r gSa blfy;s ;gka mPp mRikndrk ikbZ tkrh gSA
jkelj lEesyu ds i{kdkj ns'kksa ds çeq• nkf;Ro fuEufyf•r gSa&
BB viuh vkæZHkwfe;ksa dks ^varjkZ"Vªh; egÙo dh vkæZHkwfe;ksa dh lwph* esa ukfer djukA
BB tgk¡ rd laHko gks lds vkæZHkwfe;ksa dk muds {ks=kksa esa cqf¼ekuhiw.kZ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsukA

16 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

BB  hek {ks=kh; vkæZHkwfe;ksa (nks ;k nks ls vf/d ns'kksa dh lhekvksa ij vofLFkr)] lk>k ikuh O;oLFkkvksa (,d ls vf/d unh
l
?kkfV;ksa ds Hkkx) vkfn ls lacaf/r varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsukA
BB vkæZHkwfe fjtoZ cukukA
fo'o vkæZHkwfe fnol çR;sd o"kZ 2 iQjojh dks euk;k tkrk gSA o"kZ 1971 esa blh fnu jkelj lEesyu dks viuk;k x;k FkkA
gkyk¡fd] igyk fo'o vkæZHkwfe fnol 1997 esa euk;k x;kA o"kZ 2022 ds fy;s vknzHkwfe fnol dh Fkhe gS%& ^yksxkaas vkSj izÑfr
osQ fy, vknzZHkwfe dkjZokbZ*A
Hkkjr esa vkæZHkwfe dk forj.k
Hkkjr esa dqy vkæZHkwfe {ks=kiQy Hkkjr ds HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 4-63 » gSA Hkkjr esa vkarfjd vkæZHkwfe dk dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=k]
rVh; vkæZHkwfe ds HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ls T;knk gSA lcls T;knk {ks=kiQy osEcukM&dksy (dsjy) dk gSA Hkkjr 1982 esa jkelj le>kSrs dk
lnL; cuk] ml le; dsoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku rFkk fpYdk >hy dks vkæZHkwfe esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA vc rd 49 LFkyksa dks jkelj
vkæZHkwfe esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gSA
vkæZHkwfe;ksa dk forj.k
BB buySaM vkæZHkwfe (çkÑfrd) & 43»
BB buySaM vkæZHkwfe (ekuo fufeZr) & 30»
BB dksLVy vkæZHkwfe (çkÑfrd) & 24»
BB dksLVy vkæZHkwfe (ekuo fufeZr) & 3»

vknzZHkwfe esa deh ds dkj.k

ekuoh; dkjd izkÑfrd dkjd
ƒ Ñf"k] okfudh vkSj ePNj fu;a=k.k ds fy;s ty fudklh ƒ leqnzh ty Lrj dk c<+uk
ƒ usfoxs'ku vkSj [kk| lqj{kk ds fy;s Msªftax (Dredging) vkSj /kjk rVhdj.k
ƒ ck<+ o lw[kk
(Stream Channelization)

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

vknzZHkwfe esa deh ds dkj.k

ekuoh; dkjd izkÑfrd dkjd
ƒ Bksl vif'k"V fuiVku ƒ gfjdsu vkfn rwi+Qkuksa ls [krjk

ƒ ck<+ fu;a=k.k ds fy;s cka/ksa] Mkbd o leqnzh nhokj (Sea Walls) dks cukuk ƒ vijnu

ƒ ?kjsyw vif'k"V ls isLVhlkbM] gjfclkbM vkSj iks"kd rÙoksa dk feyuk ƒ tyok;q ifjorZu

ƒ vknzZHkwfe dk [kuu (dks;yk] iQkWLiQsV o vU; [kfut ds fy;s)

ƒ Hkwfe ty dk vfrnksgu

ƒ vfr eRL;u o i;ZVd xfrfof/;k¡

ekWUVªsDl (Montreux) fjdkWMZ

ekWUVªsDl fjdkWMZ esa varjkZ"Vªh; egÙo dh mu vkæZHkwfe;ksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa ekuoh; vfrØe.k vkSj i;kZoj.k
çnw"k.k ds dkj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh; ladV mRiUu gks x;k gSA ;g jkelj dUos'ku ds varxZr dk;Z djrk gS ekWUVªsDl fjdkWMZ ds LFkyksa dks
dsoy COP dh lgefr ls gh gVk;k tk ldrk gSA ekWUVªsDl fjdkWMZ jkelj lwph ds vax ds :i esa j•k x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa orZeku esa nks LFky ekWUVªsDl fjdkWMZ esa 'kkfey gSa] igyk dsoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku (jktLFkku) dks 1990 esa ikuh dh deh o
pkjkxkg esa deh ds dkj.k 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA orZeku esa ljdkj }kjk bl jk"Vªh; m|ku esa ugj ds ekè;e ls ikuh dh O;oLFkk
dh tk jgh gSA nwljk yksdVd >hy (ef.kiqj) dks ekWUVªsDl fjdkWMZ esa 1993 esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vkæZHkwfe laj{k.k ds ç;kl o mik;
jk"Vªh; vkæZHkwfe laj{k.k dk;ZØe (National Wetland Conservation Programme- NWCP)% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 1985&86 esa
jkT; ljdkjksa ds lkFk feydj jk"Vªh; vkæZHkwfe laj{k.k dk;ZØe pyk;k x;kA

18 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk eaSxzkso laj{k.k ds mik;

BB Hkkjrh; eSaxzkso lfefr&1976 ds lafo/ku la'kks/u ds vuqlkj] ^i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k djuk izR;sd Hkkjrh; dk dÙkZO; gSA*
BB ,e-,l- LokehUkkFku 'kks/ laLFkku] psUubZ
BB Hkfo"; ds fy;s eSaxzkso (Mangrove For Future-MFF) [IUCN-UNDP] Hkkjrh; dk;ZØe
BB UNDP/UNESCO }kjk eSaxzkso laj{k.k o tkx:drk
BB eSaxzkso ,D'ku izkstsDV
e:LFkyhdj.k dk izHkko
e#LFkyhdj.k vkt fo'o iVy ij ,d fodjky leL;k ds :i esa mHkjk gSA çkphu dky esa cgqr lh lH;rkvksa ds fouk'k ds fy;s
lw•k vFkok e#LFkyhdj.k çeq• dkj.k FksA e#LFkyhdj.k dk çHkko lHkh çkf.ktkr] i;kZoj.k] tyok;q rFkk e`nk ij iM+rk gSA
Hkkjr esa e#LFkyhdj.k dks jksdus ds mik;
e#LFky ,d cgqvk;keh leL;k gS ftlds tSfod] HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkfn vusd i{k gSaA blfy;s mlls fuiVus ds fy;s
dsaæ o jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk ç;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA
lu~ 1985 esa jk"Vªh; Hkwfe&mi;ksx ,oa ijrh fodkl ifj"kn~ dks mPpre uhfr&fu/kZjd ,oa lek;kstd ,tsalh ds :i esa xfBr fd;k
x;k ;g ifj"kn~ iwjs ns'k esa tehuksa ds çca/u ls tqM+h leL;kvksa ij fopkj djrh gS rFkk uhfr;k¡ cukrh gSA
Hkkjr ou fLFkfr fjiksVZ& 2021
Hkkjrh; ou losZ{k.k izR;sd nks o"kks± eas ns'k ds ou lalk/ukas ds vkdyu dks fØ;kfUOkr djrk gS ftlds Ikfj.kke Hkkjr ou fLFkfr
fjiksVZ eas izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA o"kZ 1987 ls bl rjg ds 16 vkdyukas dks iw.kZ fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr ou fLFkfr fjiksVZ] 2021 dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEu Ikzdkj gS%&
BB ns'k dk dqy oukoj.k 7] 14]514 oxZ fdeh- gS tksfd ns'k ds dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 24-62» gSA ns'k dk dqy o`{kkoj.k
95] 747 oxZ fdeh- vkadfyr fd;k x;k gS tksfd ns'k ds dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 2-89» gSA
BB ns'k dk dqy ou ,oa o`{kkoj.k 8]09]276 oxZ fdeh- gS tksfd ns'k ds dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 24-56» gSA
BB fiNys vkadyu dh rqyuk eas orZeku vkadyu oukoj.k eas 2]261 oxZ fdeh- (0-56») ,oa o`{kkoj.k eas 1]540 oxZ fdeh-
(1-29») rFkk ou ,oa o`{kkoj.k nksukas dks feykdj 4]910 oxZ fdeh- (0-56») dh o`f¼ dks n'kkZrk gSA
BB fiNys vkdyu (2019) dh rqyuk eas vfHkO;Dr ou {ks=k@xzhu ds Hkhrj oukoj.k eas 330 oxZ fdeh- (0-05») dk ekewyh
ßkl n'kkZrk gS tcfd vfHkfyf[kr ou {ks=k eas xzhuokW'k ds ckgj oukoj.k eas 4]992 oxZ fdeh dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
BB o ukoj.k eas o`f¼ dks n'kkZus okys 'kh"kZ ik¡p jkT; dukZVd (1]025 oxZ fd-eh-)] vkU/z izns'k (990 oxZ fdeh-) dsjy (823
oxZ fd-eh-) tEEkw ,oa d'ehj (371 oxZ fd-eh-) rFkk fgekpy izns'k (334 oxZ fd-eh-) gSA
BB fiNys vkadyu dh rqyuk eas ns'k ds dPN ouLifr vkoj.k eas 54 oxZ fdeh- (1-10») dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
BB o rZeku vkadyu eas ou eas dqy dkcZu LVkWd 71-2 fefy;u Vu vkdfyr fd;k x;k gSA fiNys vkadyu 2019 dh rqyuk eas
ns'k ds dqy dkcZu LVkWd eas 48-6 fefy;u Vu dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA okf"kZd o`f¼ 24-3 fefy;u Vu gS tksfd 79-4 fefy;u Vu
CO2 ds lerqY; gSA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

uksV& izLrqr fo'ys"k.k ISFR&2019 ds vuqlkj fd;k x;k gS 2021 dk fo'ys"k.k vkfFkZdh losZ{k.k ls izkIr djsaA
yy dqy ouLifr vkoj.k ds varxZr 4]975 oxZ fd-eh- {ks=k 'kkfey gSA
yy xSj&ou esa o`{kkoj.k 'kkfey gS] tcfd >kafM+;k¡ i`Fkd lewg gSaA oqQy oukoj.k esa eSaxzkso {ks=k Hkh 'kkfey gSaA

lqiks"k.k@;wVªksfiQds'ku (Eutrophication)

?kjsyw dwM+k&djdV (vif'k"Vksa)] ukbVªkstu vkSj iQkWLiQsV dh cgqyrk okys moZjdksa ds va'k] Hkw&lzko vkSj vkS|ksfxd dpjk tc
ty fudk;ksa esa feyrk gS rks ty fudk;ksa esa cM+h rhozrk ls iks"kdksa dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA ty esa vf/d iks"kd&le`f¼ gksus ls MdohM]
okWVj gk;flUFk (tydqEHkh)] iQkbVksIySadVu (ikni Iyod) vkSj nwljh tyh; ouLifr;ksa rFkk lw{e tyh; thoksa dh o`f¼ gksrh gS
ftlds dkj.k ty esa ?kqyh gqbZ vkWDlhtu dh ekax (Biological Demand for Oxygen - BOD) c<+ tkrh gSA iks"kd rÙoksa dh vf/drk
ls 'kSokyksa dh rhoz o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlls lw;Z dk çdk'k tyh; ikS/ksa rd ugha
igq¡p ikrk gS vkSj mudh e`R;q gksus yxrh gSA ejs gq, lM+s&xys ikS/ksa vkSj tSfod
inkFkk±s ds lw{ethoksa }kjk vi?kVu ls ikuh esa ?kqyh gqbZ vkWDlhtu (Dissolved
Oxygen-DO) dh ek=kk de gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa tyh; thoksa
dk fouk'k gksrk gSA
ikS/ksa ds ejus vkSj lM+us&xyus ls ,d vfç; xa/ iSnk gksrh gS vkSj og ty
euq"; ds ç;ksx ;ksX; ugha jgrkA ikni Iyodksa vkSj 'kSokyksa ds cgqr vf/d vkSj
vpkud o`f¼ ls ikuh dk jax ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS ftls okWVj Cywe (Water
Bloom) uke ls tkuk tkrk ;k bls ^,Yxy Cywe* (Algal Bloom) Hkh dgrs gSaA
;g ikS/k ikuh esa fo"kkÙkQ rÙo NksM+rk gS ftlds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa eNfy;k¡
ejrh gSaA tyladk; dh blh ^iks"kd le`f¼* dks lqiks"k.k (Eutrophication)
dgrs gSaA ns'k esa >hyksa vkSj tyladk;ksa esa ;wVªksfiQds'ku dh c<+rh ço`fÙk ds fy;s
ekuo xfrfof/;k¡ mÙkjnk;h gSaA

i;kZoj.k ij izHkko
izkÑfrd lqiks"k.k ekuo fufeZr lqiks"k.k

tc lqiks"k.k çkÑfrd :i ls gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ekuoh; blesa ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa ds dkj.k lqiks"k.k dh xfr esa
gLr{ksi ds fcuk laiUu gksrk gS rks mls çkÑfrd lqiks"k.k o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA ?kjsyw vif'k"V] Ñf"k o 'kgjh vif'k"V ds
dgrs gSaA ;g çfØ;k dbZ o"kks± rd pyrh gSA bl çfØ;k dkj.k iks"kd rÙoksa esa rhoz o`f¼ gks tkrh gS ftlls 'kSoky
esa igys 'kSoky /kjkvksa esa mRiUu gksdj o`f¼ djrs gSa rFkk o`f¼ }kjk lqiks"k.k fØ;k gksrh gSA ;g lqiks"k.k dqN o"kks± esa
/hjs&/hjs >hyksa esa Hkh budh o`f¼ gksrh tkrh gSA iwjk gks tkrk gSA

'kSoky (Algae)
'kSoky (,Yxh) ,d ljy ltho gSA vf/dka'k 'kSoky ikS/ksa dh leku lw;Z ds çdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh
fØ;k }kjk viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cukrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;s Loiks"kh gksrs gSaA ;s ,d dksf'kdh; ls ysdj cgq&dksf'kdh; rd gks ldrs gSa] ijUrq
ikS/ksa ds leku buesa tM+] ifÙk;k¡ bR;kfn ugha gksrh gSaA 'kSokyksa dk oxhZdj.k FkSyksiQkbVk oxZ esa fd;k x;k gSA vf/dka'k 'kSoky rkykcksa]
#ds gq, tyk'k;ksa rFkk leqæksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA

20 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
BB m".kdfVca/h; o"kkZ ou tks fd fo"kqor js[kk ds fudV ik, tkrs gSa ;gk¡ ij tSofofo/rk lokZf/d gksrh gSA
BB izoky fojatu ds dkj.kksa esa Xykscy okfeZax] dksjy [kuu] eNyh idM+us dh voSKkfud i¼fr] volknksa esa o`f¼] ,y fuuks
bR;kfn gSaA
BB Hkkjr esa izoky fHkfRr;k¡ eq[;r% pkj {ks=kksa& v.Meku fudksckj (lokZf/d)] dPN dh [kkM+h (lcls de)] eUukj dh [kkM+h
vkSj Yk{k}hi esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
BB Tokjuneq[k ifjra=k esa tSofofo/rk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh mRikndrk vf/d gksrh gS D;ksfd ;gk¡ ij unh vkSj leqnz nksuksa ds
iks"kd rRoksa dh izkfIr Hkkjh ek=kk esa gksrh gSA

'kSokyksa dk ç;ksx Ñf"k] m|ksx vkSj fpfdRlk esa cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA 'kSoky ok;q (Fixation)
ls ukbVªkstu ysdj feêðh esa ukbVªkstu ds ;kSfxdksa esa ifj.kr dj] mls fLFkj djrs gSaA
'kSoky ukbVªkstu dks fLFkj dj feêðh dh moZjk 'kfÙkQ dks c<+krs gSa vkSj iQly o`f¼
esa lgk;d gSaA tkiku] phu] baMksusf'k;k] vkWLVªsfy;k vkfn ns'kksa esa 'kSoky eq[; •k| (Nitrification)
inkFkZ gSaA 'kSoky eNfy;ksa dk vkgkj Hkh gSA
gkfudkjd 'kSoky Cywe (Harmful Algal Bloom - HAB)
(Ammonification)
tyh; ikfjra=k esa rhoz xfr ls 'kSokyksa dh o`f¼ dks ,Yxh Cywe dgk tkrk gSA
,Yxh Cywe çkÑfrd o vçkÑfrd nksuksa :iksa esa gksrs gSaA fLFkj ,oa xeZ ikuh esa ,Yxh
vius vkidks ek=kkRed :i ls c<+k ysrs gSaA tc ,Yxh Cywe ikfjra=k ij udkjkRed (Denitrification)
çHkko Mkyrk gS rks bls gkfudkjd ,Yxh Cywe (Harmful Algal Bloom) dgk tkrk gSA
jsM VkbM (Red Tide)

tc fdlh tyh; {ks=k ;k leqæ ds iQkbVksIySadVu esa rhoz o`f¼ gks tkrh gS] ftlls leqæ dk jax ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS rks mls lkekU;r%
^jsM VkbM* dgk tkrk gSA

yy e kWUVsªDl fjdkWMZ jkelj dUosa'ku ds varxZr dk;Z djus okyk ,d LoSfPNd ra=k gS ;g mu vknZzHkwfe;ksa dh lwph cukrk gS tks fd
ikfjfLFkfrdh; ladV dk lkeuk dj jgh gSA bl fjdkWMZ esa Hkkjr ds dsoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku vkSj yksdVd >hy 'kkfey gSA
yy l
 qiks"k.k ds dkj.k ty dh ouLifr;kas vkSj lw{e tyh; thokas esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlls ty esa ?kqyh vkWDlhtu dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS
vkWDlhtu dh deh ds dkj.k ty dh ouLifr;ksa ,oa thoksa dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS vkSj og ty ekuo ds iz;ksx ;ksX; ugha jg tkrkA
yy lqiks"k.k ds dkj.k rhoz xfr ls 'kSokyksa dh o`f¼nj dks ^,Yxh Cywe* dgrs gSaA
yy t
 c fdlh tyh; {ks=k ds iQkbVksIySadVu esa rhoz o`f¼ gks tkrh gS rks mlls ikuh dk jax ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS bls ^jsM VkbM* dgrsa
gSaA jsM VkbM fMuksÝysftysV (Dinoflagellate) ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
yy ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dh ÅtkZ dk loZizeq[k L=kksr lw;Z rFkk blls feyus okyk lkSj fofdj.k gSA blds vykok Hkwrkih; ÅtkZ rFkk czãkaMh;
fofdj.k vkfn ÅtkZ ds vU; L=kksr gaSA lkSj ÅtkZ izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k :i ls tSoe.Myh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k es inkFkksZ ds lapj.k]
pØ.k rFkk iquZpØ.k es Hkh lgk;d gSA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

ty pØ (The Water Cycle)

ty thou osQ fy, lcls egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA fdlh tho osQ 'kkjhfjd&Hkkj dk vkSlru 70 izfr'kr Hkkx ty ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gSA
ty ,d egÙoiw.kZ ikfjfLFkfrdh dkjd gS] ftl ij ikfjra=k dh lajpuk ,oa mldh dk;Z iz.kkyh fuHkZj djrh gSA blosQ lkFk gh
ty ij vU; rÙoksa osQ pØ Hkh fuHkZj gksrs gaS] D;ksafd fofHkUu pj.kksa esa vU; rÙoksa dk ifjogu ekè;e Hkh ty gh gS vkSj thoksa
}kjk xzg.k fd, tkus okys rÙoksa osQ fy, Hkh ;g ,d foyk;d ekè;e gSA
dkcZu pØ (Carbon Cycle)

dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa ekStwn dkcZu ikfjra=k osQ vtSfod vkSj tSfod nksuksa ?kVdksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA dkcZu ikS/ksa vkSj izkf.k;ksa] nksuksa osQ
mQrdksa dk fuekZ.kdkjh ?kVd gSA dkcZu&pØ] dkcZu&MkbvkWDlkbM xSl (CO2) ij vk/kfjr gSA i`Foh osQ ikfjra=k esa CO2 dks ok;qe.
My ls vkSj tyh; ikfjra=k esa CO2 dks ty ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
ukbV™kstu pÿ (Nitrogen Cycle)
ukbVªkstu ,ehuks vEyksa] izksVhu ,oa U;wfDyd vEyksa] gkWeksZuksa] DyksjksfiQy ,oa vusd foVkfeuksa dk ,d la?kVd gSA ok;qeaMy esa ekStwn
ukbVªkstu (N2) dks isM+&ikS/s vkSj tho&tarq iks"kd rÙo osQ :i esa izR;{k :i esa iz;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA bls veksfu;k (NH3)] ukbVªsV
;k ukbVªkbV osQ ;kSfxd osQ :i esa cnyuk t:jh gksrk gSA
ukbVªkstu ds HkaMkj
BB ukbVªkstu dk izeq[k Hk.Mkj ok;qeaMy gS] ftlosQ 78.7 izfr'kr Hkkx esa ukbVªkstu xSl (N2) ekStwn gSA
BB ukbVªkstu e`nk osQ lkFk&lkFk >hyksa] ufn;ksa ,oa egklkxjksa osQ fu{ksiksa esa Hkh vkc¼ jgrk gSA
BB vYi ek=kk esa ukbVªkstu /jkryh; ty ,oa HkkSety esa ?kqfyr jgrk gSA
egÙoiw.kZ izfØ;k,a
ukbVªkstu ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa izeq[k :i ls cSDVhfj;ktU; ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k osQ }kjk izos'k djrk gS&
BB cSDVhfj;k veksuhdj.k osQ }kjk tSfod ukbVªkstu dks fo?kfVr dj nsrk gSA
BB ukbVªhdj.k esa cSDVhfj;k veksfu;k dks ukbVªsV~l esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA
BB  eksfu;k ukbVªkslkseksukl ,oa ukbVªksdksdl uked cSDVhfj;k osQ }kjk loZizFke vkWDlhÑr gksdj ukbVªkbV esa cny tkrk gSA ukbVªkbV
v
iqu% ukbVªkscSDVj uked cSDVhfj;k dh lgk;rk ls iqu% vkWDlhÑr gksdj ukbVªsV esa cny tkrk gSA
BB Lej.kh; gS fd ukbVªhdkjd cSDVhfj;k osQeksvkWVksVªkWiQ (Chemoautotrophs) dgykrs gSaA
vkWDlhtu pØ (Oxygen Cycle)
ikS/s 'olu fØ;k osQ nkSjku ok;qe.My ls vkWDlhtu xzg.k djrs gSa vkSj os izdk'k&la'ys"k.k osQ nkSjku ok;qe.My dks vkWDlhtu ykSVk
nsrs gSaA
iQkWLiQksjl&pØ (Phosphorus Cycle)
iQkWLiQksjl rÙo U;wfDyd vEy] iQkWLiQksfyfiM~l ,oa vU; mQtkZ laxzkgd v.kqvksa dk egÙoiw.k vo;o gSA iQkWLiQksjl&pØ tSo&jklk;fud
pØ gS] tks fyFkksfLiQ;j] gkbMªksfLiQ;j vkSj thoeaMy osQ ekè;e ls iQkWLiQksjl osQ pØ dk o.kZu djrk gSA

22 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa ≈tkZ izokg

mQtkZ dk pØ ikfjra=k esa mQtkZ osQ izokg ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA ikS/s lw;Z dh mQtkZ dks o`f¼eku u, inkFkks± esa cny nsrs gSa]
ftuesa ikS/ksa osQ iÙks] iwQy] 'kk[kk,¡] rusa vkSj tM+sa 'kkfey gSaA leLr thou izfØ;kvksa esa ftruh Hkh mQtkZ mi;ksx esa vkrh gS] og lkSj
mQtkZ ls izkIr gksrh gSA lkSj mQtkZ dk izokg ,dfn'kh; gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ;fn lkSf;Zd mQtkZ izokg vo:¼ gks tk;s] rks
ikfjra=k lekIr gks tk,xkA
vkgkj Ja[kyk (Food Chain)
tc izkÑfrd ikfjra=k esa vkgkj iks"k.k laca/ vR;f/d tfVy gks tkrs gSa] rks vkgkj Ük`a[kyk ljy ,oa jSf[kd ugha jg ikrh gS] cfYd
vR;f/d tfVy gks tkrh gSA bl rjg dh vkgkj Üka`[kyk dks vkgkj tky dgrs gSaA
vof'k"V ijthoh ;k lgk;d
fo'ks"krk,¡ vkgkj pj.k e`rthoh vkgkj Ük`a[kyk
vkgkj Ük`a[kyk vkgkj Ük`a[kyk
mQtkZ dk lkSj fofdj.k vof'k"V inkFkZ ijHk{kh vkgkj Ük`a[kyk oqQN tho 'kh"kZ ek¡lkgkjh thoksa esa
çkFkfed Lkzksr osQ foijhr ;gk¡ 'kkfey gksrs gSa_ tSls& flag] fx¼] ckt
miHkksDrk vkdkj esa NksVs vkfn] ftudk dksbZ çko`Qfrd [kk|
gksrs gSaA çfr;ksxh ugha gksrkA
çFke iks"k.k leLr vof'k"V Hkksth (iks"k.k Lrj o`gr~ ls y?kq thoksa dh e`r thoksa ,oa ikniksa osQ tSfod inkFkZ ls
'kkdkgkjh dh n`f"V ls ,d fefJr vksj [kk| mQtkZ dk [kk| mQtkZ dk lw{e&thoksa esa LFkkukarj.k
lewg] tks 'kkdkgkjh] lokZgkjh LFkkukarj.k bl vkgkj gh e`rthoh vkgkj Ük`a[kyk dgykrh gSA
,oa çkFkfed ek¡lkgkjh gks Ük`a[kyk dh yk{kf.kd
ldrk gSA) fo'ks"krk gSA
vkdkj yEcs vkdkj NksVs vkdkj dh Ük`a[kyk µµµµµµµµµµ µµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµ
dh Ük`a[kyk

vkgkj ‹k`a[kyk ds izdkj (Types of Food Chain)

izÑfr esa eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh [kk| Üka`[kyk,a ik;h tkrh gSa&
1- pkj.k [kk| Ük`a[kyk (Grazing food chain)%& os miHkksDrk] tks Hkkstu osQ :i esa ikS/ksa vFkok ikS/ksa osQ Hkkxksa dk mi;ksx
djosQ [kk| Ük`a[kyk vkjEHk djrs gSa] pkj.k [kk| Ük`a[kyk fufeZr djrs gSaA ;g gjs ikS/ksa ls izkjEHk gksrh gS rFkk izkFkfed miHkksDrk
'kkdHk{kh gksrk gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy,&

?kkl fVM~Mk liZ ckt vFkok vU; f'kdkjh

2- vijn [kk| Ük`a[kyk (Detritus food Chain)%& ;g [kk| Ük`a[kyk {k; gksrs izkf.k;ksa ,oa ikni 'kjhj osQ e`r tSfod inkFkZ ls
vkjEHk gksdj lw{e thoksa esa tkrh gSa vkSj fiQj ogk¡ ls vijn [kkus okys thoksa esa tkrh gSa] ftUgas vijnHk{kh vFkok fo?kVd
dgrs gSa vkSj fiQj ogk¡ ls vU; ijHkf{k;ksa esa igq¡prh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,&

dpjk fLizaxVsy (dhV) NksVh edfM+;k¡ (ek¡lHk{kh)

bu nks [kk| Ük`a[kykvksa osQ chp dk varj izFke Lrj ij miHkksDRkkvksa osQ fy, ÅtkZ osQ Lkzksr dk gSA pkj.k [kk| Ük`a[kyk esa ÅtkZ
dk izkFkfed Lkzksr ltho ikni tSolagfr gS] tcfd vijn vkgkj Ük`a[kyk esa ÅtkZ dk Lkzksr e`r tSfod inkFkZ vFkkZr~ vijn gSaA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

vkgkj tky (Food Web)

,d ikfjra=k esa cM+h la[;k esa ijLij lacaf/r Ük`a[kyk,a gksrh gSa] tks feydj [kk|&tky cukrh gSaA oLrqr% [kk| Ük`a[kyk ls ikfjra=k esa
gksus okys [kk| ÅtkZ izokg dk osQoy ,d gh igyw izLrqr gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd thoksa esa ,d lh/k] ljy vkSj fof'k"V
laca/ gksrk gS] tks ikfjra=kksa esa 'kk;n gh dHkh gksrk gSA
[kk| Ja[kyk ,oa [kk| tky esa vUrj (Difference between food chain and food web)
[kk| Ük`a[kyk (Food Chain) [kk| tky (Food Web)

ikfjra=k esa ,d tho nwljs thoksa ij ijLij HkksT; fuHkZjrk fofHkUu [kk| Ük`a[kyk ijLij [kk| inkFkks± dk LFkkukUrj.k dj [kk|
dks çnf'kZr djrs gaSA tky fufeZr djrh gSaA

blosQ vUrxZr mQtkZ çokg ,d fn'kh; gksrk gSA tcfd [kk| tky esa mQtkZ çokg ,d fn'kh; gksrs gq, Hkh fofHkUu
iFkksa ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA
blesa mRiknd] fofHkUu Js.kh osQ miHkksDrk rFkk vi?kVd
 tcfd blosQ vUrxZr vusdksa tho leqnk; osQ miHkksDrk rFkk
gksrs gSaA vi?kVd gksrs gSaA

ikfjfLFkfrdh; fijkfeM (Ecological Pyramid)

,d ikfjra=k esa gjs ikS/s lw;Z ls lh/s ÅtkZ xzg.k djosQ mls HkksT; inkFkZ esa cnyrs gSaA ,sls ikS/s [kk| fijkfeM osQ ,dne cqfu;knh
;k izFke [kk| Lrj ij gksrs gSa vkSj izkFkfed miHkksDrk dgykrs gSaA
la[;k fijkfeM (Pyramid of Numbers)
izkFkfed mRikndksa vkSj fofHkUUk Lrj osQ miHkksDrkvksa dh la[;kvksa osQ eè; varl±ca/ osQ vkjs[kh; fu:i.k dks la[;k fijkfeM dgrs gSaA
blesa ikfjra=k osQ izR;sd iks"k.k Lrj ij fLFkr mu fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dk ys[kkfp=k gksrk gSA blosQ vk/kj ij izkFkfed
mRiknd (la[;k esa lokZf/d) gksrs gSa rFkk 'kh"kZ ij ek¡lHk{kh (la[;k esa lcls de) miHkksDRkk fLFkr gksrs gSaA
tSo Hkkj dk fijkfeM (Pyramid of Bio-Mass)
,d [kk| Ük`a[kyk osQ mÙkjksÙkj iks"k.k esa thoksa osQ laiw.kZ tSo Hkkj osQ vuqikr dks iznf'kZr djus okys fijkfeM dks tSo Hkkj dk fijkfeM
dgrs gSaA ,d LFkyh; ikfjra=k osQ tSo Hkkj osQ fijkfeM LknSo lh/s curs gSa D;ksafd mRikndksa dk tSo Hkkj lcls vf/d gksrk gSA
ÅtkZ dk fijkfeM (Pyramid of Energy)
ikfjra=k esa ÅtkZ dk fijkfeM ges'kk lh/k gh curk gS] D;ksafd mRikndksa ls izR;sd miHkksDrk Lrj ij oqQN ek=kk /hjs&/hjs de gksrh
tkrh gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh; n{krk (Ecological Efficiency)
ikfjra=k esa ikfjfLFkfrdh; n{krk dk rkRi;Z thoksa }kjk ,d iks"k.k Lrj ls nwljs iks"k.k Lrj rd mQtkZ osQ LFkkukarj.k ls gSA ikfjra=k dh
iks"k.k lajpuk esa Øe'k% izR;sd pj.k esa iks"k.k Lrj esa mQtkZ dk ßkl gksrk gSA bl mQtkZ ßkl osQ fy, nks dkjd mÙkjnk;h ekus x,
gSa& izFke ;g gS fd izR;sd iks"k.k Lrj esa miyC/ mQtkZ osQ ,d Hkkx dk 'olu vFkok mikip; fØ;kvksa esa u"V gh tkuk rFkk f}
rh;] iks"k.k :ikarj.k esa mQtkZ dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk dk ßkl gSA

24 @apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902
 h apter
C

4
tSo&fofo/rk
Bio-Diversity
tSo&fofo/krk D;k gS\
oSKkfud 'kCnksa esa tSo&fofo/rk thUl (Genes)] tkfr;ksa (Species) vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kksa (Ecosystems) dh lexzrk gSA lkekU;
'kCnksa esa] tSo&fofo/rk ls vk'k; fdlh fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa ik;h tkus okyh fHkUu& fHkUu iztkfr;ksa osQ tarqvksa rFkk ikS/ksa dh
la[;k vkSj mudh fofo/rk ls gSA tSo&fofo/rk osQ varxZr u fliZQ fdlh iztkfr osQ varxZr ik;h tkus okyh fofo/rk,¡ lfEefyr
dh tkrh gaS] vfirq fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa osQ eè; varj vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; ra=kksa osQ eè; rqyukRed fofo/rk Hkh 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA
oLrqr% TkSo&fofo/rk dks vaaxzsth esa ^Biodiversity* dgrs gaS tks fd ^Biological Diversity* dk gh laf{kIr Lo:i gSA tSo&fofo/rk
(Biodiversity) nks 'kCnksa ^Bio* rFkk Diversity ls feydj cuk gS] ;gk¡ Bio dk vFkZ ^thou* rFkk Diversity dk vFkZ ^fofo/rk*
gSA tSo&fofo/rk (Biodiversity) 'kCnkoyh dk izpyu yxHkx 1980 bZ- ls ekuk tkrk gSA ^tSo&fofo/rk* 'kCn dk loZizFke mi;ksx
FkkWel yotkW; (Thomaus Lovejoy) }kjk 1980 esa fd;k x;k FkkA

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy fdlh fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa ik, tkus okys thoksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa dh la[;k rFkk fofHkUu izdkj osQ ikS/ksa ] izkf.k;ksa ,oa
lw{e thoksa osQ eè; varl±ca/ksa dks tSo&fofof/rk esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
yy tSo&fofo/rk (Biological Diversity) 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZizFke ^okYVj th jkstsu* }kjk 1985 esa fd;k x;kA
yy i`Foh ij lcls vf/d vkFkzksiksMk (dhV oxZ] yxHkx 7]51]000) dh iztkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA
yy jk"Vª la?k (United Nation) us 22 ebZ 2011 ls varjkZ"Vªh; tSo fofo/rk fnol osQ :i esa euk, tkus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA
yy fdlh leqnk; osQ ,d gh iztkfr osQ thoksa osQ thu esa ikbZ tkus okyh fofo/rk dks vkuqoaf'kd fofo/rk dgrs gSaA
yy thu iwy fdlh fuf'pr le; ij tula[;k dh vkuqoaf'kd lkexzh dk ;ksx gSA
yy t
 hu iwy 'kCn dk iz;ksx vkerkSj ij ,d gh iztkfr osQ O;fDr;ksa ls cuh vkcknh osQ lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blesa lHkh
thu vkSj thu osQ la;kstd (;qXed dk ;ksx) 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
yy fdlh fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d iztkfr;ksa dk ik;k tkuk] iztkrh; tSo&fofo/rk dgykrk gSA
yy vc rd yxHkx 17 yk[k iztkfr;ksa dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSA
yy tSo&fofo/rk dk ekiu rhu fof/;ksa vYiQk] chVk rFkk xkek ls fd;k tkrk gSA
yy fo'o dh yxHkx vk/h ls vf/d iztkfr;k¡ m".k dfVca/h; ouksa esa jgrh gSaA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 25
 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

yy t
 So&fofo/rk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh mRikndrk dks c<+krh gS tgk¡ izR;sd iztkfr] pkgs fdruh Hkh NksVh D;ksa u gks] lHkh dh
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
yy t
 So&fofo/rk osQ varxZr izR;sd iztkfr vius vfLrRo dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, vU; iztkfr;ksa }kjk iznku dh xbZ lsokvksa
ij dkiQh gn rd fuHkZj gksrh gSA

;gk¡ ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; rF; gS fd ,d iztkfr nwljh iztkfr osQ lkFk tuu ugha djrhA iztkfr;ksa dk ekiu lh/s x.kuk }kjk
;k mudh la[;k osQ vuqeku }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
tSo&fofo/krk ds Lrj (Stratification of Bio-Diversity)
i`Foh ij thoksa] ouLifr;ksa vkfn esa fofo/rk izÑfr dh vuqie vuqÑfr gSA bldk ckß; Lo:i ,d fof'k"V bdkbZ esa gS]
tcfd vkarfjd Lo:i vusd Lrjksa esa foHkkftr gSA lHkh Lrj ,d tfVy ra=k osQ :i esa vkc¼ gSaA è;krO; gS fd gekjs pkjksa vksj
fofHkUu izdkj osQ tho jgrs gSa tks vkdkj] tuu] O;ogkj vkfn dh n`f"V ls ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA tSo&fofo/rk dks fuEukafdr
rhu egÙoiw.kZ Lrjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
yy vkuqoaf'kd fofo/rk (Genetic Diversity)
yy iztkrh; fofo/rk (Species Diversity)
yy ikfjra=kh; fofo/rk (Ecosystem Diversity)
vkuqoaf'kd fofo/rk (Genetic Diversity)

,d gh iztkfr osQ fofHkUu thoksa esa thuksa osQ Øe dh fHkUurk osQ dkj.k tks fofo/rk mRiUu gksrh gS] mls vkuqoaf'kd tSo fofo/rk
dgrs gSaA
iztkrh; fofo/rk (Species Diversity)

iztkrh; fofo/rk ls rkRi;Z ,d fo'ks"k ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k vFkok lewgksa ls gS] blesa vyx&vyx iztkfr osQ
thoksa esa vkuqoaf'kd vuqØe esa Li"V :i ls fHkUurk gksrh gS vkSj muosQ chp iztuu fØ;k ugha gksrh gSA ;|fi fudV ls lacaf/r
iztkfr;ksa osQ vkuqoaf'kd xq.kksa esa cgqr vf/d lekurk gksrh gSA

iztkfr (Species) D;k gS\

TkSofofo/rk osQ varxZr iztkfr lcls NksVk izkÑfrd lewg gSA iztkfr;k¡ vkil esa 'kkjhfjd cukoV rFkk vkdkj o O;ogkj
osQ vk/kj ij izk;% leku gksrh gaSA ;s iztkfr;k¡ vkil esa iztuu djus gsrq vuqowQfyr gksrh gSaA

ikfjra=kh; fofo/rk (Ecosystem Diversity)

ikfjra=kh; fofo/rk dk vk'k; ,d fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa fufgr tSfod&fofo/rk ls gSA fo'o esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k gSa] ftuesa ou] ?kkl osQ eSnku] e#LFky] ioZr] unh] >hysa] leqnz vkfn izeq[k gaSA
tSo&fofo/krk dk ekiu (Measurment of Bio-Diversity)
iztkrh; laiUurk dk iztkrh; fofo/rk osQ ekiu osQ fy, lokZf/d iz;ksx gksrk gSA lkekU; 'kCnksa esa ns[kas] rks ;g fdlh {ks=k esa
iztkfr;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dh eki gSA iztkrh; laiUurk (Species Richness) dks rhu oxks± esa foHkkftr djrs gSa&
BB  YiQk lEiÂrk ( -Richness)%& bldk rkRi;Z ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k] leqnk; ;k ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k osQ varxZr thoksa osQ ,sls lewg
v
ls gS] tks ,d gh i;kZoj.k osQ varxZr fuokl djrs gSa ;k ,d leku Lkzksrksa osQ fy, ikjLifjd fØ;k vFkok izfrLi¼kZ djrs gSaA
bldk ekiu ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa ekStwn iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k ls fd;k tkrk gSA bls LFkkfud fofo/rk Hkh dgrs gSaA

26 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

BB  hVk lEiÂrk ( -Richness)%& ;g fofHkUu iztkfr] vkoklksa osQ chp iztkfr;ksa osQ laxBu esa ifjorZu dh nj dk |ksrd gSA
c
blosQ varxZr ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k osQ Hkhrj ;k ra=kksa osQ chp] tSo&fofo/rk esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk o.kZu chVk&laiÂrk dgykrk
gSA
BB x kek lEiÂrk ( -Richness)%& ;g fdlh foLr`r Hkw&n`'; izo.krk osQ chp iztkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu dh nj dks n'kkZrh gS vkSj
;g fdlh {ks=k esa fofHkUu ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=kksa dh ldy fofo/rk dk ekiu djrh gSA

gkWVLikWV % tSo&fofo/krk m".kLFky (Bio-Diversity Hotspots)

tSo&fofo/rk m".kLFky ;k gkWVLikWV dh vo/kj.kk izfl¼ i;kZoj.kfon~ ukWeZu ek;lZ }kjk lu~ 1988 esa izfrikfnr dh x;h FkhA
tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV dk vk'k; ,sls egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k ls gS] tgk¡ vR;f/d tSo fofo/rk vkSj ,d NksVs ls {ks=k esa gh mPp Lrjh;
LFkkuh;rk ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk tgk¡ iztkfr;ksa osQ foyksiu ,oa vkoklh; foèoal dk vklUu [krjk ik;k tkrk gSA lkekU; 'kCnksa esa dgsa]
rks tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV ls vk'k; mu {ks=kksa ls gS] tks vU; {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa dh tSo&fofo/rk n`f"V ls le`¼ gksrs gSa rFkk orZeku
esa tgk¡ dh tSo&fofo/rk ladVxzLr gSA

gkWVLikWV
ladYiuk dk mís';

i`Foh ij tSo fofo/rk osQ ,sls vf/d çHkko osQ fy, laj{kdksa
vfr [krjs okys {ks=kksa dh igpku ,oa uhfr&fu/kZjdksa osQ }kjk lhfer
djuk ftudks 'kh?kz lajf{kr fd, tSo fofo/rk osQ vfr {kj.k okys vkfFkZd lalk/uksa osQ mi;qDr
tkus dh vko';drk gSA {ks=kksa dh igpku djukA mi;ksx esa lgk;rk nsukA

o"kZ 2004 esa esVehfj;j }kjk viuh iqLrd ^gkWVLikWV fjfoftVsM* esa bl ladYiuk dk la'kks/u fd;k x;kA

gkWVLikWV ds fy, vko';d n'kk,a

BB  kekU;r% tSo fofo/rk gkWVLikWV os {ks=k gS] tks LFkkuh; iztkfr;ksa dh mPp Lrjh; fofo/rk n'kkZrs gSa vkSj ;s iztkfr;k¡ fo'o
l
osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa ugha ik;h tkrh gSaA
BB de&ls&de 1500 ikS/s LFkkuh; iztkfr osQ gksus pkfg,A
BB ,sls {ks=k] tgk¡ tSo&fofo/rk osQ ewy vkokl dk 70% Hkkx u"V gks x;k gksA
BB  So&fofo/rk Å"e LFky ;k gkWVLikWV dk le;&le; ij ewY;kadu gksrk jgk gSA izkjEHk esa osQoy 12 gkWV&LikWV fpfUgr fd,
t
x,A ijUrq o"kZ 2021 rd laiw.kZ fo'o esa 36 tSo&fofo/rk gkWV&LikWVksa dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSA oLrqr% laiw.kZ fo'o osQ
yxHkx 11-8% {ks=k ij gkWVLikWV iSQys gq, gSaA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 27
i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy d
 atosZ'ku baVjus'kuy osQ vuqlkj] fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk de&ls&de yxHkx 40 izfr'kr vkSj xjhcksa dh vko';drk dk
yxHkx 80 izfr'kr fgLlk tSfod lalk/uksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA
yy ,d leqnk; osQ tho&tUrqvksa vkSj ouLifr;ksa ,oa nwljs leqnk;ksa osQ tho&tUrqvksa o ouLifr;ksa osQ chp ikbZ tkus okyh fofo/rk
dks lkeqnkf;d fofo/rk dgrs gSaA
yy tSo&fofo/rk dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ igyw ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dk fuoZgu djuk gSA
yy t
 So&fofo/rk e`nk fuekZ.k] e`nk vijnu dh jksdFkke rFkk vif'k"V fjlkbdy tSls fØ;kdykiksa osQ ekè;e ls ekuo vfLrRo
osQ fy, vk/kj cuh gqbZ gSA
yy v
 {kka'kksa esa izk;% mPPk v{kka'k ls fuEu v{kka'k dh vksj rFkk ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa Åij ls uhps dh vksj vkus ij iztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k esa varj tSo&fofo/rk dh izo.krk dgykrh gSA
yy /zqoksa ls Hkweè; js[kk dh vksj tkus ij tSo&fofo/rk l?kurk esa o`f¼ gksrh tkrh gSA
yy ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa tSls&tSls ge Å¡pkbZ ij tkrs gSa ogk¡ tSo&fofo/rk esa deh gks tkrh gSA
yy fo"kqor js[kh; izns'k o m".kdfVca/h; o"kkZ ouksa esa lcls vf/d vkS"k/h; ikni ik, tkrs gSaA
yy ^gkWV LikWV* 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx ^ukWeZu ek;lZ* }kjk 1988 bZ- esa fd;k x;k FkkA
yy fo'o esa oqQy 36 gkWV&LikWV okys {ks=k fpfUgr fd, x;s gSaA fo'o dh yxHkx 60% iztkfr;k¡ bUgha {ks=kksa esa ik;h tkrh gSaA
yy fdlh Hkh {ks=k dks tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr djus osQ fy, nks ekun.M fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSaA
yy laoguh; ikS/ksa dh yxHkx 1500 iztkfr;ka LFkkfud gksaA
yy vestu ?kkVh osQ ouksa dk rsth ls fouk'k gks jgk gSA
yy VqaMªk ,oa VSxk tyok;q {ks=kks esa fo"kqorjs[kh; ,oa m".kdfVca/h; o"kkZ ou okys {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa de tSo fofo/rk ikbZ tkrh gSA
yy c <+rk gqvk rkieku leqnzh tSo fofo/rk ds fy;s gkfudkjd gSA
yy Hkkjr esa tSo fofo/rk gzkl dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k ty ,oa ok;q iznw"k.k gSA
yy vkoklksa dk fouk'k tSo fofo/rk gzkl dk izeq[k dkj.k gSA

28 @apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902
 h apter
C

5
Hkkjr dh tSo&fofo/rk
Bio-Diversity of India

Hkkjrh; tSo&fofo/krk dk oxhZdj.k

HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh vofLFkfr ,f'k;k egk}hi esa fof'k"V gSA ;gk¡ fo'o dh yxHkx leLr izdkj dh tyok;q]
ouLifr;ka vkfn fo|eku gSA ¶tho&tUrqvksa o izkf.k;ksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa dh bruh izkphu ,oa vokZphu iztkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ fo|eku gSa] mruh
fdlh vU; ns'k esa ughaA¸
Hkkjrh; tSo&fofo/rk dks pkj oxks± esa oxhÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
1- Hkkjrh;
 LFkkud tSo&fofo/rk%& Hkkjr dh LFkykÑfrd foU;kl ,oa tyok;fod fo"kerk osQ dkj.k fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ
izkÑfrd oklksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA izk;}hih; iBkjh {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ l?ku okuLifrd vkoj.k gS]a ogk¡ Hkkjrh; tSo&fofo/rk fo|eku gSA
2- eyk;u tSo&fofo/rk%& iwohZ fgeky; dh ?kkfV;ksa esa tgk¡ l?ku ouksa dk vkoj.k gS rFkk leqnz rVh; {ks=kksa esa eyk;u tSo&fofo/rk
Li"V gSA
3- bFkksfi;u tSo&fofo/rk%& jktLFkku rFkk mlosQ vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ 'kq"d okrkoj.k gS] ogk¡ bFkksfi;u tSo&fofo/rk ik;h
tkrh gSA
4- ;w  jksfi;u tSo&fofo/rk%& mPp fgeky;h {ks=kksa esa tks o"kZ osQ vf/dka'k le; rd fgekPNkfnr jgrs gS]a ogk¡ ;wjksfi;u tSo&fofo/rk gSA
Hkkjr esa tSo&fofo/krk gkWVLikWV (Bio-Diversity Hotspot in India)
tSo&fofo/rk ls laiUu Hkkjr esa oSf'od iztkfr;ksa dh yxHkx 7 ls 8% iztkfr;k¡ ik;h tkrh gSaA ikS/ksa dh yxHkx 47000 vkSj
tUrqvksa dh yxHkx 91000 iztkfr;ksa dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k Hkkjr tSo&fofo/rk ls laiUu ns'kksa esa fof'k"V LFkku j[krk gSA vc rd
fo'o esa oqQy 36 gkWVLikWV {ks=kksa dh igpku dh x;h gSA bu {ks=kksa esa laiw.kZ fo'o dh 60% iztkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA Hkkjr esa datosZ'ku
baVjus'kuy }kjk tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV osQ pkj osQUnzksa dh igpku dh x;h gS] tks bl izdkj gSa%&
Hkkjr esa fpfUgr fd, x, gkWVLikWV esa de ls de 1-5 yk[k LFkkfud iztkfr;ksa osQ ikS/s gSa] tks fo'o osQ oqQy laoguh; ikS/ksa dk
yxHkx 50» gSA
fgeky;h izns'k
fgeky;h tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV osQ varxZr Hkkjr osQ flfDde] v#.kkpy izns'k ,oa mifgeky;h nkftZfyax] usiky] HkwVku rFkk phu osQ
;wuku izkar osQ le`¼ thoh; leqnk;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 29
 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

b.Mks&E;kaekj tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV

;g xaxk&czãiq=k fuEu Hkwfe osQ iwoZ esa fLFkr gS] ftls 2005 esa i`Fkd gkWVLikWV dk ntkZ iznku fd;k x;kA b.Mks&E;kaekj gkWVLikWV
yxHkx 2]37]3000 oxZ fdyksehVj {ks=k ij iSQyk gqvk gS tks flfDde] HkwVku if'peh E;kaekj rFkk phu osQ ;wÂku izkar esa foLr`r gSA
if'peh ?kkV tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV izns'k
tSo&fofo/rk gkWVLikWV dh n`f"V ls if'peh ?kkV dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ gSA if'peh ?kkV tSo&fofo/rk gkWV&LikWV izns'k esa ik;h tkus okyh
leLr iztkfr;ksa dk 52 izfr'kr Hkkx LFkkfud iztkfr;ksa dk gSA
lqaMkyS.M {ks=k
bldk foLrkj Hkkjr osQ xzsV fudksckj }hi ls ysdj ^fVªuosQV lfgr ukudmjh }hilewg*] b.Mksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj] czqusbZ ,oa
fiQyhihal rd gSA leqnzh ,oa LFkyh; tSo&fofo/rk dh n`f"V ls ;g ,d egÙoiww.kZ {ks=k gSA eSaXkzkso] dksjy jhiQ] lhxzkl osM] Ogsy]
b;wxkWUx] dNqvk] exjePN ,oa izku vkfn ;gk¡ dh izeq[k iztkfr;k¡ gSaA
ladVxzLr vFkok ladVkiUu iztkfr;k°
ladVxzLr iztkfr;ksa ls rkRi;Z ,slh iztkfr;ksa ls gS tks foyqIr gksus osQ Hkkjh [krjs dk lkeuk dj jgh gSa vFkkZr~ ;fn muosQ laj{k.k
osQ fy, rRdky dkjxj dne ugha mBk;s x,] rks ;s 'kh?kz gh foyqIr gks ldrh gSaA bl lanHkZ esa ^bVajus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj oaQtoZs'ku
vkWiQ uspj* (IUCN) }kjk fd, x, oxhZdj.k dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
IUCN dh jsM MkVk cqd (jsM fyLV) esa iztkfr;ksa dks mudh fLFkfr osQ vuqlkj oqQy ukS Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk x;k gSA Lej.kh; gS fd ;g
vkdyu iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa fxjkoV] HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa mudh fLFkfr osQ vk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
IUCN }kjk tSo&fofo/rk osQ varxZr ladVxzLr iztkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k x;k gS%&
foYkqIr (Extinct) % ,slh iztkfr;k¡] ftudk ,d Hkh thfor lnL; 'ks"k ugha gSA ;g foyksiu fdlh izkÑfrd fuokl vFkok lajf{kr
{ks=k esa gks ldrk gSA
oU; foyqIr (Extinct in the wild-EW) % og iztkfr] tks ouksa ls iw.kZr% foyqIr gks pqdh gS vkSj blosQ cps gq, lnL; osQoy
fpfM+;k?kjksa ;k vius ewy LFkku ls vyx fdlh Ñf=ke fuokl LFkku ij gh thfor gSaA
xaHkhj :i ls ladVxzLr (Critically Endangered-CR) % bldk vk'k; ml vOkLFkk ls gS] ftlesa fiNys 10 o"kks± esa 90% oU;
thoksa dh la[;k de gks tkrh gS] o;Ldksa dh la[;k 50 ls de jg tkrh gS rFkk vkus okys 10 o"kks± vFkok 3 ihf<+;ksa esa iztkfr osQ
yqIr gksus dh laHkkouk vf/d izcy gksrh gSA
ladVkxzLr (Endangered- EN) : blosQ varxZr iztkfr;ksa osQ foyqIr gksus dk [krjk cuk gqvk gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa 70 izfr'kr
ls de tula[;k vkSj 250 ls de o;Ld jg tkrs gSaA blosQ lkFk gh 20 o"kks± esa 20 izfr'kr iztkfr;ksa osQ foyqIr gksus dh vk'kadk
gksA
lqHksn~; (Vulnerable- VU) : blosQ varxZr iztkfr;ksa dh ouksa esa ladVxzLr gks tkus dh laHkkouk gks] iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa 10
Ok"kks± esa 50 izfr'kr ls vf/d deh ntZ dh x;h gksA blosQ lkFk gh 1000 ;k mlls de o;Ld lnL;ksa dh la[;k 'ks"k jg x;h gksA
fudV ladV (Near Threatened- NT) % bl oxZ osQ rgr ;g ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gS fd iztkfr;ksa osQ fudV HkfOk"; esa ladVxzLr
gks tkus dk [krjk gSA
U;wure fpark (Least Concern- LC) : ;g oxZ foLr`r :i ls rFkk ?kuk iSQyk gqvk gksrk gSA iztkfr;ksa dks cgqr de [krjk gks
vFkok Hkfo"; esa ladVxzLr gksus dk [krjk u gksA
vkdM+ksa dk vHkko (Data Deficient- DD) : fdlh vakdyu osQ fy, vkadM+ksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA vr% iztkfr;ksa dh okLrfod
fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA
vukdfyr (Not Evaluated- NE) : IUCN osQ ekud osQ vk/kj ij vakdyu ugha fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; ladVxzLr iztkfr;k (Indian Endangered Species)

30 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

d'ehjh gaxqy (Kashmiri Stag Hangul) IUCN Js.kh % Critically Endangered

(izkfIr LFky%& d'ehj ?kkVh ,oa fgeky; izns'k)
 'ehjh LVSx ;k gaxqy uke ls izfl¼ ;g ;wjksih; jsufM;j dh miiztkfr gSA gaxqy osQ
fo'ks"krk,¡% d
nksuksa lhaxksa esa ik¡p&ik¡p milhax ik;s tkrs gSaA blosQ 'kjhj dk vf/dka'k Hkkx [kkdh
jax dk gksrk gSA
BB ;g tho] vkokl fo[k.Mu rFkk vR;f/d f'kdkj osQ dkj.k foyqfIr dh dxkj ij igq¡p
x;k gSA chloha 'krkCnh osQ izkjEHk esa tgk¡ bldh la[;k 5000 Fkha] ogha 1970 rd vkrs&vkrs
osQoy 150 jg xbZA bldh dkj.k bls IUCN dh jsM MkVk cqd esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gSA
BB ,slk vuqeku gS fd d'ehj osQ ^cdjoky* leqnk; }kjk bUgsa lokZf/d {kfr igq¡pkbZ xbZ gSA
BB gaxqy dks 1980 esa d'ehj dk jktdh; i'kq ukfer fd;k x;kA
BB gaxqy Hkkjrh; oU;tho (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1972 dh vuqlwph&1 rFkk tEew&d'ehj oU;tho (lja{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1978
osQ varxZr lwphc¼ gSA
BB gaxqy Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk mPPk izkFkfedrk laj{k.k okyh 15 'kh"kZ iztkfr;ksa dh lwph esa Hkh lwphc¼ gSA
xzsM bafM;u cLVMZ (Great Indian Bastard) IUCN Js.kh % CR
 (izkfIr LFky%& jktLFkku] eè; Hkkjr rFkk iwohZ ikfdLrku)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& ;g mM+us okys lcls otuh if{k;ksa esa ls ,d gSA cM+s vkdkj osQ dkj.k ;g 'kqrqjeqxZ
tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA
BB c hloha 'krkCnh osQ izkjfEHkd n'kdksa rd ;g i{kh yxHkx lEiw.kZ Hkkjr (mÙkj&iwoZ dks
NksM+dj) esa ik;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq vfr'k; f'kdkj rFkk iznw"k.k vkfn dkjdksa us bls jktLFkku
o eè; Hkkjr rd lhfer dj fn;k gSA
BB xaHkhj :i ls ladVxzLr gksus osQ dkj.k bls Hkkjrh; oU;tho (lja{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1972 dh vuqlwph&1 esa j[kk x;k gSA
fiXeh iksLle (Pigmy Possums) IUCN Js.kh % CR
(izkfIr LFky%& xksok vksfM'kk] iwohZ dsjy vkSj mÙkjh rfeyukMq)
fo'ks"krk,¡% vYikbu {ks=kkas esa ik;k tkrk gSA
BB ciQZckjh dk de gksuk vkSj rkieku c<+ukA
BB U;w lkmFk osYl ;wfuoflZVh ds 'kks/dÙkkZ] fiXeh iksLle ds laj{k.k ds fy;s mlds vkokl
LFkkukarj.k dk iz;kl dj jgs gSSA

,f'k;kbZ gkFkh (Elephas maximus) IUCN Js.kh % EN

fo'ks"krk,¡% jk"Vªh; /jksgj i'kq ?kksf"kr

BB gkfFk;ksa dh voS/ gR;k] ekuo gkFkh la?k"kZ
BB IUCN ,f'k;kbZ gkFkh fo'ks"kK lewg (AsESG) ,f'k;kbZ gkfFk;ksa ds vè;;u] fuxjkuh] izca/u
,oa laj{k.k gsrq oSKkfud vkSj xSj&oSKkfud nksuksa izdkj ds fo'ks"kKksa dk ,d oSf'od usVodZ
gS] CMS ifjf'k"Vksa esa lwphc¼ djus ds fy;s izLrko izLrqr fd;k x;kA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 31
i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

caxky Ýyksfjdu (Bengal Florican) IUCNJs.kh % CR

(izkfIr LFky%& iwohZ caxky] mÙkj izns'k] vle rFkk v#.kkpy izns'kA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% caxky ÝyksfjdUl i{kh gcjksifll oxZ dk bdykSrk lnL; gS] tks Hkkjrh; mi egk}hi osQ
vykok nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ oqQN vkSj ns'kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
BB fo'o Hkj esa budh la[;k esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vk;h gSA ,d losZ osQ eqrkfcd fo'o esa osQoy 1000
Ýyksfjdu thfor cps gSa] ftuesa ls 400 Hkkjr esa ik, x, gSaA

fgeky;h cVsj (Himalayan Quail) IUCN Js.kh % CR

(izkfIr LFky%& if'peh fgeky; ,oa mÙkjk[k.M)
fo'ks"krk,¡%&
BB fgeky;h cVsj iQhtSUV oqQy dk i{kh gSA ;g vkokl esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k xaHkhj :i ls
ladVxzLr gSA
BB ;g vkf[kjh ckj lu~ 1976 bZ- esa elwjh vkSj uSuhrky esa ns[kk x;k FkkA
BB gkykafd] 2003 esa iqu% bls ns[kk x;kA
lqek=ku jkbukslsjl (Sumatran Rhinoceros) IUCN Js.kh % CR
(izkfIr LFky%& mÙkj&iwoZ Hkkjr] fgeky; dh rygVh] tkok] lqek=kk rFkk fo;ruke)
fo'ks"krk,¡%&
BB ;g nqyZHk jkbuksfljksfVMh ifjokj dk lnL; gS vkSj ;g xSaMs dh ik¡p iztkfr;ksa esa lcls NksVh
iztkfr gSA blh fy, bls ^cky xSaMk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
BB Hkkjr osQ vle o ef.kiqj esa budh mifLFkfr ns[kh x;h gSA gkykafd] budh vf/dka'k la[;k
b.Mksusf'k;k esa gSA
ukenkiQk mM+u fxygjh (Namdapha Flying Squirrel) IUCN Js.kh % CR
izkfIr LFky%& ukeniQk jk"Vªh; m|ku (v#.kkpy izns'k) esa ik;h tkrh gSA
fo'ks"krk,¡%& mM+u fxygjh (Flying squirrel) dk oSKkfud uke ^Vsjksek;uh* (Pteromayini) gSA ;s
Ñard (jksMsV) ifjokj osQ tarq gSa] tks iky&mM+ku (XykbfMax) dh {kerk j[krs gSaA
BB budh fo'o Hkj esa 44 tho oSKkfud tkfr;k¡ gSa] ftuesa ls 12 iztkfr;k¡ Hkkjr esa ikbZ
tkrh gSaA
BB ;s o`{kksa ij jguk ilan djrh gSa rFkk jkf=kpj gksrh gSaA

uhyxk; (Nilgai Blue Bull)  IUCN Js.kh % LC

(izkfIr LFky%& iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mÙkj izns'k] jktLFkku] eè; izns'k] fcgkj rFkk vkU/z izns'kA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% bldk oSKkfud uke ^ckslsysiQl VªSxksosQesyl* gSA ;g izk;% fNNys taxyksa rFkk EkSnkuh
Hkkxksa esa fuokl djrk gSA

32 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO
?kfM+;ky (Gharial) IUCN Js.kh % CR
(izkfIr LFky%& mÙkj&izns'k (pacy vH;kj.;)] lksu] gqxyh] ?kk?kjk o flU/q unhA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g exjePN tSlk fn[kus okyk ljhl`i gSA ;g eq[;r% eNfy;ksa dk lsou djrk gSA bldk
eq[k yECkk fdarq ldjk gksrk gSA
BB ;g osQoy LoPN ty esa ik;k tkrk gSA
BB unh ty iznw"k.k o ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa us bUgsa xaHkhj {kfr igq¡pkbZ gSA
lkbcsfj;u Øsu (Siberian Crane) IUCN Js.kh % CR
(CR izkfIr LFky%&if'peh :l] jktLFkku (osQoyknso jk"Vªh; ikoZQ)] bZjku vkfnA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% bls lkbcsfj;u OgkbV Øsu ;k Luks Øsu osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;s lfnZ;ksa esa :l
ls izokl dj Hkkjr] bZjku rFkk phu tSls ns'kksa esa igq¡p tkrs gSaA
BB Hkkjr dk osQoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku budk ilanhnk LFky gqvk djrk FkkA
BB iznw"k.k o dhVuk'kdksa osQ dkj.k budh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh xaHkhj gks x;h gSA
BB lkbZcsfj;u Øsu osQoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku esa 2002 esa vafre :i ls ns[kk x;k FkkA
xqykch flj okyh cÙk[k (Pink Headed Duck) IUCN Js.kh] CR
(izkfIr LFky%& xaxk osQ eSnkuh {ks=k] mÙkj&iwoZ Hkkjr] E;kaekj rFkk ckaXykns'kA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ; g xaxk osQ fupys eSnkuh Hkkxksa esa ik;h tkrh FkhA bldk&vkokl fupyh Hkwfe okys taxy] Å¡ps ?kkl
osQ eSnku vkfn gSaA

dLrwjh e`x (Kasturi Deer) IUCN Js.kh] ladVxzLr] Endangered

(izkfIr LFky%& fgekpy izns'k osQ pack ?kkVh] mÙkjk[k.M osQ cnzhukFk vH;kj.; rFkk
flfDde] fgeky;h {ks=kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSaA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g e`xksa osQ vaX;wysVk (Ungulata) dh ekWLde uked iztkfr dk nqyZHk tho gSA
BB dLrwjh e`x osQ fiNys iSj] vkxs osQ iSjksa ls vf/d yEcs gksrs gSaA
BB 'kjhj esa fufgr ^dLrwjh* osQ vkfFkZd egRo osQ dkj.k bldk vR;f/d f'kdkj fd;k x;kA
ftlls budh la[;k foyqfIr dh dxkj ij igq¡p x;hA
fgeky;u rkgj (Himalayan Tahr) IUCN Js.kh % (NT)

(IkzkfIr LFky%& nf{k.kh frCcr] fgekpy izns'k] mÙkjk[k.M] usiky rFkk flfDde] nf{k.k vizQhdk]
U;wthySaMA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g ioZrh; <Ykkuksa ij fuokl djrk gSA fgeky;h rkgj Hkh uhyfxjh rkgj osQ leku gh
fn[krk gSA
;wjsf'k;kbZ Ånfcyko (Eurasian Otter) IUCN Js.kh % (NT)
(IkzkfIr LFky%& ;g Hkkjr esa lriqM+k Vkbxj fjtoZ rFkk eè; izns'k esa ns[kk x;k gSA tcfd vizQhdk
rFkk ;wjksi osQ foLr`r {ks=k esa ik;k tkrk gSA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% Å
 nfcyko ekalkgkjh x.k dk <kbZ fiQV yack Lru/kjh tho gS] tks viuk vf/dka'k le; ikuh
esa gh fcrkrk gSA

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uhyfxfj rkgj (Nilgiri Tahr) IUCN Js.kh % EN

(izkfIr LFky%& rfeyukMq] osQjy rFkk if'peh ?kkV)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g cdjh osQ ln`'k gksrk gSA bls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^lkfdu* dgk tkrk gSA
BB  aiw.kZ fo'o esa rkgj dh rhu iztkfr;k¡&uhyfxfj rkgj (uhyfxfjVªSxl)] fgeky;h rkgj
l
(gSfeVªSx) rFkk vjsfc;kbZ rkgj dh igpku dh x;h gSA
BB mijksDr rhuksa iztkfr;ksa esa uhyfxfj rkgj lcls cM+k gSA
xaxk MkWfYiQu (Gangetic Dolphin) IUCN Js.kh %EN
(izkfIr LFky%& xaxk] fla/q] czãiq=k] pacy] lksu] x.Md] dkslh] ?kk?kjk vkfn unh ra=kksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA)
fo'ks"krk,¡%&
BB 5 vDVwcj] 2009 dks Hkkjr ljdkj us bls jk"Vªh; tho ?kksf"kr fd;kA
BB Hkkjr esa xaxk MkWfYiQu dh 15 iztkfr;ksa dh igpku dh x;h gSA ;g LoPN ty
rFkk [kkjs ty nksuksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA
BB ; s xaxk&czãiq=k] flU/q&es?kuk unh viokg ra=k esa ik;h tkrh gSa ftlesa Hkkjr]
ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky 'kkfey gSaA
BB x axk MkWfYiQu] unh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ,d egÙoiw.kZ tho gSA ijUrq unh ty iznw"k.k] ufn;ksa dk
tyLrj ?kVuk] xkn dk tek gksuk rFkk voS/ f'kdkj vkfn us bUgsa xaHkhj uqdlku igq¡pk;k gSA
BB xqokgkVh vcZu iz'kklu }kjk bls ^'kgj i'kq (vcZu ,fuey)* ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
ekykckj lhosV (Malabar Civet) IUCN Js.kh % CR
(izkfIr LFky%& if'peh ?kkV o dukZVd)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;s jkf=kpj gksrs gSa vkSj i{kh] lkai] eas<+d o v.Ms vkfn [kkrs gSaA
BB ekuo f'kdkj osQ dkj.k budh la[;k rsth ls ?kVh gSA
BB o"kZ 2003 esa IUCN us bUgsa xaHkhj laoQVxzLr tUrq dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA
BB gky gh esa dukZVd osQ oqQN Hkkxksa esa bUgsa ns[kk x;k gSA

fge rsUnqvk (Snow Leopard) IUCN Js.kh % EN

(izkfIr LFky%& Hkkjr] phu] HkwVku] usiky] :l] vkfnA)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& budh iw¡N vU; rsUnqvksa dh vis{kk vf/d yECkh (90-100cm) gksrh gSA budh 'kkjhfjd
lajpuk ciQhZys {ks=kksa esa jgus osQ vuqowQy gksrh gSA
BB Hkkjr esa ;s eq[;r% tEew&d'ehj] fgekpy izns'k] flfDde rFkk mÙkjk[k.M esa ns[ks x, gSaA
BB ;g fgekpy izns'k dk jktdh; i'kq gSA
BB fge] rsUnqvk] fcYYkh iztkfr dk ,dek=k i'kq gS] tks ngkM+ (Roaring) ugha ldrkA ;ss
vf/dka'kr% jkf=k esa lfØ; gksrs gSa blhfy, bUgsa ^igkM+ksa dk Hkwr* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
BB Lej.kh; gS fd bldh 60 iQhlnh ls vf/d vkcknh eè; ,f'k;k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
BB ijUrq tyok;q ifjorZu] voS/ f'kdkj rFkk ekuo leqnk;ksa ls la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k budh la[;k esa rsth ls deh vk;h gSA

34 @apna_pdf
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yky ik.Mk (Red Panda) IUCN Js.kh % EN

(izkfIr LFky%& mÙkjh v#.kkpy izns'k] flfDde rFkk vleA blosQ vfrfjDr
phu] usiky vkSj mÙkjh E;kaekj esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g viuh laiw.kZ tula[;k dk 50% iwohZ fgeky; esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d 'kkdkgkjh
tho gS] tks fd taxyh ckal dks Hkkstu osQ :i esa bLrseky djrk gSA
BB ; g fo'ks"k :i ls iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr osQ flfDde ls ysdj v#.kkpy çns'k rFkk E;kaekj ls yxus
okyh lhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
BB voS/ f'kdkj rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu tSls dkjdksa osQ dkj.k ;g tho yxHkx foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij gSaA
lqugjk yaxwj (Golden Langur) IUCN Js.kh % EN
(izkfIr LFky%& f=kiqjk rFkk if'peh vle)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& blsa MkWx gsM okyk cUnj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
BB ;g lcls çkphu oqQy osQ cUnj ifjokj dk lnL; gSA
BB Ckká çtkfr;ksa osQ ços'k rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu TkSls dkjdksa osQ dkj.k budh la[;k esa rsth ls
deh vk;h gSA
iSaxksfyu (Pangolin) IUCN Js.kh % EN
(izkfIr LFky%& f=kiqjk rFkk if'peh vle)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& ;g iQksfyMksVk oqQy dk ,d Lru/kjh gSA blosQ 'kjhj ij osQjksfVu osQ cus dBksj 'kYd
(LosQy) uqek lajpuk ik;h tkrh gSA ;g vizQhdk rFkk ,f'k;k esa eq[; :i ls ik;k
tkrk gSA
BB ;s jkf=k esa lfØ; gksrs gSaA budk eq[; vkgkj phaVh o nhed gSA
BB iSaxksfyu dk vkS"kf/ mi;ksx gsrq O;kid Lrj ij f'kdkj gqvk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr
lfgr fo'oHkj esa budh la[;k esa rsth ls deh vkbZ gSA
BB 2014 esa
IUCN }kjk bls xaHkhj :i ls ladVxzLr thoksa dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
fpadkjk (Indian Gazelle) IUCN Js.kh % Least Concern
(izkfIr LFky%& Hkkjr osQ 'kq"d eSnkuh {ks=k] ikfdLrku] bZjku rFkk cka Xykns'kA)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& lkekU;r% ;g 'kq"d e#LFkyh; Hkkxksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA ,f'k;kbZ fgj.k dh iztkfr;ksa esa
;g lcls NksVk gSA
BBbldk oSKkfud uke ^xtsyk csusVk@ cusV~Vh* gSA
BBbls jktLFkku dk jktdh; i'kq (oU; Js.kh) ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
BB fpadkjk yacs le; rd fcuk ikuh fi, jg ldrk gSA
BB voS/ f'kdkj] rLdjh rFkk vkokl fouk'k tSls dkjdksa osQ dkj.k ;g tho IUCN osQ U;wure fpark
(Least Concern) dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey gSaA

bafM;u isaVsM izQkWXk (Indian Painted Frog) IUCN Js.kh % LC

(izkfIr LFky%& vkfnykckn (rsyaxkuk) rFkk Jhyadk
fo'ks"krk,¡%& blss csTTkwj (rsyaxkuk) osQ taxyksa esa igyh ckj rsyaxkuk Ñf"k jkT; fo'ofo|ky; osQ izksisQlj
}kjk ns[kk x;kA
BB ;g eas<+d bl iztkfr gsrq fu/kZfjr forj.k {ks=k (Jhyadk ls caxky) osQ ckgj ugha ik;k x;k gSA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 35
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fiQf'kax osQV (Fishing Cat) IUCN Js.kh % VU

(izkfIr LFky%& nf{k.k vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k] iwohZ Hkkjr vkfnA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% lkekU;r% bUgas vknzZHkwfe o eSaxzkso ouksa tSls {ks=kksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g fNNys tyk'k;ksa
ls eNyh dk f'kdkj djus esa l{ke gksrh gSA

LyksFk Hkkyw (Sloth Bear) IUCN Js.kh % VU

(izkfIr LFky%& Hkkjr] HkwVku] usiky] caXykns'k] Jhyadk rFkk ikfdLrkuA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% bls yscsVsM Hkkyw Hkh dgk tkrk gSA voS/ f'kdkj rFkk loZQl esa izn'kZu tSlh otgksa ls budh
la[;k esa Hkkjh deh ns[kh x;h gSA

leqnzh xk; (M~;wxksax) (Dugong) IUCN Js.kh % VU

(izkfIr LFky%& Hkkjr osQ if'peh leqnz rV] fo'ks"k:i ls dPN o eUukj dh [kkM+hA)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& ;g ,d 'kkdkgkjh leqnzh tho gSA ;g ^lkbjsfu;k tho oSKkfud x.k* dk lnL; gSA bldh
lokZf/d la[;k yky lkxj esa gSA
BB rsy dh [kkst] rsy fjlko rFkk leqnzh ?kkl esa deh osQ dkj.k bldh la[;k esa rsth ls deh ns[kh x;h gSA
BB bl oqQy esa Lrsyj leqnzh xk; uked ,d vU; iztkfr Hkh Fkh yssfdu mldk bruk vf/d f'kdkj fd;k
x;k fd 18oha 'krkCnh esa ;g foyqIr gks x;hA
leqnzh dNqvk (Olive Ridley Sea Turtle) IUCN Js.kh&lqHksn~;] Vulnerable
(izkfIr LFky%& fgUn egklkxj rFkk iz'kkUr egklkxj lfgr miks".k dfVca/h; leqnzh {ks=kA)
fo'ks"krk,¡%&
BB bldk jax tSrwuh (Olive) gksrk gS] blhfy, bls ^vkWfyo fjMys* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g
vius thou dk vf/dka'k le; leqnz esa O;rhr djrk gS] fdUrq iztuu osQ fy, o"kZ esa ,d
ckj LFky ij vkrs gSaA blosQ fy, ;s gtkjksa fdyksehVj dh leqnzh ;k=kk dj iztuu osQ fy,
ilanhnk LFky% tSls&mM+hlk (fpYdk >hy) dk rV vkfn ij vkrs gSaA
BB Lej.kh; gS fd mM+hlk dk rV vkWfyo fjMys dNqvksa osQ fy, lkewfgd :i ls fuokl djus
;ksX; lokZf/d fo'kky {ks=k gSA eSfDldks rFkk dksLVkfjdk osQ rV Øe'k% blosQ ckn vkrs gSaA
BB leqnzh iznw"k.k] eRL;u rFkk rsy fjlko tSls dkjdksa osQ dkj.k fiNys oqQN o"kks± esa budh la[;k esa Hkkjh fxjkoV ntZ dh
x;h gSA a
BB Hkkjr ljdkj us bls oU;tho (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e 1972 osQ varxZr 'kkfey fd;k gSA
lkaHkj (Sambar) IUCN Js.kh % VU
(izkfIr LFky%& Hkkjr osQ nf{k.kh rFkk if'peh jkT;ksa o fgeky;h jkT;ksa esaA)

fo'ks"krk,¡% l
 kaHkj Å".kdfVca/h; lw[ks rFkk ekSleh ue lnkcgkj ouksa esa vf/d ik;s tkrs gSaA ;g
fgj.k dh ,d cM+s vkdkj okyh iztkfr gSA
BB vkoklh; vfrØe.k vkSj f'kdkj osQ dkj.k budh la[;k esa fxjkoV ns[kus dks feyh gSA
BB o"kZ 2008 esa bls IUCN dh lqHksn~; Js.kh eas 'kkfey fd;k x;kA

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Ýyse&FkzksVsM cqycqy (Rubigula gularis) IUCN Js.kh % LC

(izkfIr LFky%& xksok vksfM'kk] iwohZ dsjy vkSj mÙkjh rfeyukMq)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g xksok dk jktdh; i{kh gSA
BB izk;n~ohih; Hkkjr esa nf{k.kh vka/z izns'k] iwohZ dukZVd] xksok] vksfM'kk] iwohZ dsjy vkSj mÙkjh
rfeyukMq esa
BB 36osa jk"Vªh; [ksykssa ds 'kqHkadj ds :i esa pquk x;kA
DykmMM fy;ksikMZ (Neofelis nebulosa) IUCNJs.kh % VU
(izkfIr LFky%& es?kky;)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g es?kky; dk jktdh; i'kq gSA
BB fgeky; dh rygVh ls phu dh eq[; Hkwfe ds lkFk nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k rd ?kkl ds eSnku] >kfM+;ksa]
miks".k dfVca/h; vkSj ?kus m".k dfVca/h; taxyksa esa jguk ilan djrs gSaA
BB ouksa dh dVkbZ] o"kkZ ds iSVuZ esa cnyko] ekuo i'kq la?k"kZ] fodkl ifj;kstuk,¡A
BB Hkkjr ds fetksje esa fLFkr Maik ck?k vHk;kj.; dks DykmMsM ysiMZ ds vè;;u LFky ds :i esa pquk x;k gSA blds
vykok bls xaHkhj :i ls yqIrizk; iztkfr;ksa ds fy;s Hkkjr ds iquizkZfIr dk;ZØe esa tksM+k x;k gSA
ckj gsMsM xwt (AnserIndicus)  IUCN Js.kh % LC
(IkzkfIr LFkku%& dsjy)
fo'ks"krk,¡ % dsjy ds iRruefiV~Vk ftyk esa dfjaxyh iqapk ds osVySaM~l esa ckj gsMsM xwt (Bar Headed
Goose) dks ns[kk x;kA
BB ;g eè; phu vkSj eaxksfy;k esa ikbZ tkrh gS vkSj ;s lfnZ;ksa ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; mi&egkn~ohi esa izokl
'kq: djrs gSa rFkk ekSle ds var rd jgrs gSaA
gaicSd eglhj (Tor Remadevii) IUCN Js.kh % CR
(izkfIr LFky%& dkosjh unh csflu esa)
fo'ks"krk,¡ % dkosjh unh csflu esa feyrh gSA
BB unh iznw"k.k] vkokl dh deh
BB gky gh esa bls IUCN ds yky lwph esa vfr ladVxzLr dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
;wjsf'k;u vksVj (Lutra lutra) IUCN Js.kh % VU
(izkfIr LFky%& lokuk)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& lokuk es ik;k tkrk gSA
BB fuokl dh gkfu vkSj vkgkj dh dehA
uhydaB (Indian Roller Bird) IUCN Js.kh % LC
(izkfIr LFky%& mÙkj izns'k] gfj;k.kk] eè; izns'k] egkjk"Vª rFkk nf{k.k HkkjrA)
fo'ks"krk,¡%&
BB ; g izkÑfrd :i ls Ñf"k {ks=kksa] fojy ouksa rFkk ?kkl Hkwfe;ksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA /kfeZd
egÙo dk i{kh gksus osQ dkj.k bldk vfr'k; f'kdkj fd;k x;kA
BB uhydaB dks Hkkjrh; oU;tho (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] (1972) dh pkSFkh vuqlwph osQ rgr
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA blosQ vuqlkj bl i{kh dk f'kdkj djuk ;k idM+uk rFkk iznf'kZr
djuk xSj dkuwuh gSA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 37
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,d lhax okyk xSaMk (Great Indian One Horned Rhinoceros) IUCN Js.kh % VU
(izkfIr LFky%& vle rFkk usikyA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% Hkkjrh; xSaMs osQ :i esa fo[;kr ;g xSaMk vius lHkh iztkfr;ksa esa lcls cM+k gksrk gSA
BB blosQ laj{k.k rFkk la[;k esa o`f¼ osQ fy, bafM;u jkbuksfotu 2020 dk;ZØe pyk;k tk jgk gSA
BB x zsV bafM;u jkbuks dks ekul jk"Vªh; m|ku (vle) dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku (vle)] rFkk ikfcrksjk
oU; tho vH;kj.; (vle) fo'ks"k :i ls laj{k.k izkIRk gSA
ysnj cSd dNqvk (Leatherback Turtle) IUCN Js.kh % VU
(izkfIr LFky%& vksfMlk] rfeyukMq rFkk xqtjkr osQ rVh; {ks=k)
fo'ks"krk,¡%& ;g VVZy (Turtle) oxZ dh lcls cM+h iztkfr gSA bldk 'kjhj yxHkx 900kg rd otuh
gksrk gSA
BB leqnzh çnw"k.k rFkk c<+rh ekuo xfrfof/;ksa osQ dkj.k ysnj cSd dNq, dh bl çtkfr dks 2013 esa
IUCN dh lqHksn~; Js.kh esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
BB gky osQ fnuksa esa blosQ laj{k.k dks ysdj vksfMlk ljdkj }kjk O;kid Lrj ij iz;kl fd;s tk jgsa gaSA
rsanqvk (Leopard) IUCN Js.kh % VU
(IkzkfIr LFky%& Hkkjr lfgr nf{k.k&if'pe ,f'k;kA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% Hkkjrh; rsanqvk iSaFksjk ikM~ZLk iztkfr dk izk.kh gSA ;g Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ lkFk&lkFk phu]
tkok] vizQhdk egk}hi osQ lokuk {ks=kksa esa foLr`r :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA
BB ijUrq vkokl fo[k.Mu] voS/ f'kdkj rFkk ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa osQ dkj.k budh la[;k esa fxjkoV
ns[kh x;h gSA
BB o"kZ 2008 esa bls IUCN dh jsM fyLV esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
CySd usDM lkjl (Black-necked Crane/Grus Nigricollis) Js.kh % VU
IUCN
(izkfIr LFky%& v#.kkpy izns'k] yn~nk[k vkSj HkwVku)
fo'ks"krk,¡% v
 #.kkpy izns'k ds eksuikl leqnk; n~okjk bls if{k;ksa ds nykbZ ykek ds ,d vorkj ds
:i esa ije iwtuh; ekuk tkrk gSA
BB gj lky lfnZ;ks ds ekSle esa frCcr vkSj phu ds f'akft;kax (Xinjiang) Ikzkar ls Hkkjr ds
v#.kkpy izns'k esa izokl djrs gS] yn~nk[k vkSj HkwVku esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA
BB ifjogu vkSj lsok xfy;kjs] tyok;q ifjorZu iznw"k.k vkfn blds izeq[k ladV gSaA

flLikjk Ms fNidyh (Sispara Day Gecko) IUCN Js.kh] laoQV osQ utnhd (Near Threatend)
(izkfIr LFky%& fLkLikjk (osQjy)] dkokykbZ] uhyfxjhA)
fo'ks"krk,¡% ;g if'peh ?kkV dh LFkkfud iztkfr gSA ;g uhyfxjh igkfM+;ksa ij ik;h tkus okyh ^xhdks*
iztkfr dh fNIkdyh gSA bldk oSKkfud uke ^usekfLil fllikjsfUll* (Cnemaspis Sisparensis) gSA

38 @apna_pdf
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egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy Hkkjr eas yxHkx 47000 ikS/ksas dh iztkfr;ka ikbZ x;h gSaA
yy Hkkjr eas oqQy tSoeaMy fup;kas (Biosphere Reserve) dh la[;k 18 gS ftueas ls 12 dks varjkZ"Vªh; ekU;rk izkIr gSA
yy o "kZ 2016 esa UNESCO }kjk daputaxk ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ dks fo'o fojklr LFkykas dh lwph eas 'kkfey fd;k x;kA ;g Hkkjr
dk igyk ^fefJr /jksgj* LFky cu x;k gSA
yy Hkkjr eas 15 Ñf"k tyok;qfod izns'k gSaA
yy if'peh ?kkV Hkkjr dk lokZf/d tSo&fofo/rk lai {ks=k gSA
yy Hkkjr osQ if'peh ?kkV osQ {ks=k eas lnkcgkj ou ls yssdj 'kq"d i.kZikrh ou rd ik, tkrs gSaA
yy dhVksa dh lcls vf/d iztkfr;ka e:LFkyh; izns'kkas eas ik;h tkrh gaSA
yy CySd cd Hkkjrh; e:LFky dh ,d fof'k"V iztkfr gSA
yy Hkkjrh; e:LFky eas fpadkjk] e:LFkyh; ykseM+h] ÝySfeaxks] xzsV bafM;u cLVMZ vkfn tho LFkkfud fof'k"Vrk dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
yy t
 cfd if'peh ?kkV eas Ýykabx fxygjh] yk;u VsYM esdkWd] uhyfxjh yaxwj] Vkbxj] ,f'k;kbZ gkFkh rFkk ekykckjh gkuZfcy
fof'k"V LFkkfud iztkfr;ka gaSA
yy blh izdkj iwohZ ?kkV eas lqUnjou o eSaxzkso osQ :i eas ouLifr;kas vFkok iknikas dk foLr`r {ks=k gSA
yy x axk unh izokg ra=k eas] xaxk MkWfYiQu o ?kfM+;kykas dh fof'k"V iztkfr;ka vkJ; ikrh gSaA Lej.kh; gS fd xaxk MkWfYiQu dks Hkkjr
dk jk"Vªh; tyh; tho ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
yy Hkkjr osQ oqQy gkWVLikWV {ks=kkas eas if'peh ?kkV {ks=k dk (64-95»)] fgeky;h {ks=k dk (44-3»)] b.Mks&oekZ dk (5-13») rFkk
lq.MkySaM gkWVLikWV dk (1-28») {ks=k vkrs gaSA
yy Hkkjr eas fo'o dh yxHkx 8-1» tSo fofo/rk ikbZ tkrh gSA
yy Hkkjr eas fo'o dh 1200 if{k;kas dh iztkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSa] bl n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk fo'o eas 8ok¡ LFkku gSA
yy ljhl`i vFkkZr~ jsaxus okys thoksa osQ laCka/ eas Hkkjr dk fo'o eas 5ok¡ LFkku gSA
yy ,d vuqeku osQ eqrkfcd Hkkjr eas 18» ikS/s ;gk¡ osQ LFkkuh; gSa] tks fo'o osQ vU; fdlh Hkh {ks=k eas ugha ik, tkrs gSaA
yy Hkkjr eas fNidfy;kas dh 153 iztkfr;k¡ vc rd fpfUgr dh tk pqdh gSaA
yy fgeky; osQ fxfjikn {ks=k eas lky] cpZ] iQuZ] ikbu vkfn osQ isM+ rFkk lkaHkj] Hkkyw] yky ikaMk] canj] ydM+cX?kk] xksYMsu
yaxwj vkfn ik;s tkrs gSaA
yy eSu ,.M ck;ksLiQh;j (MAB) us thoeaMy osQ varxZr gh {ks=kh; foHkktu 1976 eas lq>k;k FkkA
yy ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ osQ varxZr dksj {ks=k eas fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vkfFkZd o lkaLÑfrd fØ;k&dykiksa dh vuqefr ugha gksrhA
yy ciQj {ks=k eas i;kZoj.kh; 'kks/] f'k{kk] izf'k{k.k vkfn dh vuqefr gksrh gSA
yy tcfd laØe.k {ks=k eas i;ZVu dh vuqefr gksrh gSA
yy iUuk ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ dks ;wusLdks ds eSu ,aM ck;ksfLiQ;j (MAB) izksxzke ds rgr ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ dh oSf'od lwph eas
'kkfey fd;k x;k gS ;g bl bl lwph es 'kkfey Hkkjr dk 12oka ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ gSA

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 h apter
C

6
tSo&fofo/rk dk laj{k.k
Conservation of Bio-Diversity

tSo&fofo/rk laj{k.k

Lo&LFkkus laj{k.k ckg~;&LFkkus laj{k.k

(In-Situ Conservation) (Ex-Situ Conservation)

yy oU;tho vH;kj.; [Wildlife Sanctuaries] yy ouLifr m|ku [Botanical Garden]

yy jk"Vªh; ikoZQ [National Park] yy fpfM+;k?kj [Zoo]
yy lajf{kr tSoeaMy [Bio-Sphere Reserve] yy tarq m|ku [Animal Park]
yy ifo=k miou [Sacred Groves] yy cht cSad [Seed Bank]
yy lajf{kr leqnz {ks=k [Protected Sea Area] yy thu cSad [Gene Bank]

laj{k.k dh fof/k;k° (Methods of Conservation)

tSofofo/rk osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, nks fof/;k¡ lexz :i ls iz;ksx dh tk jgh gSa&
Lo&LFkkus laj{k.k [In-situ Conservation]
ckg~;&LFkkus laj{k.k [Ex-situ Conservation]
laoS/kfud izko/ku (Constitutional Provisions)
BB Hkkjr esa laj{k.k ç;klksa dh nh tkus okyh çkFkfedrk ij ç'ufpÉ yxk;k tkrk gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esa xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh tSlh
leL;k,¡ O;kIr gSaA

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 RO/ARO

BB Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 48 ds vUrxZr ;g laoS/kfud çko/ku gS fd& ^jkT; i;kZoj.k dh j{kk vkSj mlesa lq/kj djsxk
rFkk ns'k ds ouksa rFkk oU; thoksa dh j{kk djsxk* rFkk vuqPNsn 51 (d) ds vuqlkj ^Hkkjr ds çR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO;
gksxk fd og ouksa] >hyksa] ufn;ksa rFkk oU; thou lfgr çkÑfrd i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djs rFkk mlesa lq/kj djs vkSj thoksa ds
çfr d#.kk dk lapkj djsA*
Lo&LFkkus laj{k.k (In-Situ Conservation)
lajf{kr {ks=k (Protected Areas)
IUCN osQ vuqlkj] tSo&fofo/rk gsrq lajf{kr {ks=k HkkSxksfyd :i ls fpfUgr fd, x, ,sls {ks=k gSa] ftUgsa dkuwuh vFkok fdlh
vU; izHkkoh rjhosQ ls ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA ftlosQ tfj, ikfjra=k dh lsokvksa rFkk mlosQ lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dks oSèkkfud ,oa vU; mik;ksa
ls yach vof/ osQ fy, lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy Hkkjrh; ou vf/fu;e&1927 fczfV'k dky eas o`{kkas dh dVkbZ dks izfrcaf/r djus osQ fy, yk;k x;k FkkA bl vf/fu;e osQ
rgr xzkeh.k ou {ks=kkas dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
yy oU; thokas dks izHkko'kkyh laj{k.k iznku djus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us oU; tho lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 1972 ikl fd;kA
yy ou (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e&1980 Hkkjr esa ouksa dh dVkbZ rFkk ouh; {ks=kkas eas ekuoh; xfrfof/;kas dks lhfer djrk gSA
yy t
 So&fofo/rk ,DV&2002%& laln eas bl ,DV dks ikfjr djus dk mn~ns'; Hkkjr osQ tSo fofo/rk lalk/ukas dk U;k;laxr
mi;ksx djuk FkkA
yy t
 utkfr vkSj vU; ikjaifjd ouoklh (ou vf/dkj dh ekU;rk) vf/fu;e&2006 ou eas jgus okyh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;kas
rFkk vU; ijaijkxr yksxkas osQ fgrkas dks è;ku eas j[kdj cuk;k x;k gSA
yy jk"Vªh; ou uhfr&1998 dk eq[; mn~ns'; i;kZOkj.k eas LFkkf;Ro rFkk ok;qeaMy lfgr ifjfLFkfr;kas esa larqyu cuk, j[kuk gSA
yy jk"Vªh; i;kZOkj.k uhfr& 2006 osQ vUrxZr fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ eè; larqyu LFkkfir djuk gSA
yy vknzZ Hkwfe;kas rFkk muosQ lalk/ukas osQ U;k;laxr mi;ksx osQ fy, o"kZ 1971 eas jkelj (bZjku) eas lEEksyu gqvkA
yy t
 So&fofo/rk dh ekWfuVfjax rFkk ekuoh; izHkko dk vkdyu] vknzZHkwfe;kas osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, dkuwukas eas lq/kj] tSo fofoèkrk
osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, vkfFkZd vk/kj dh etcwrh rFkk LFkkuh; lgHkkfxrk dks izksRlkfgr djuk jkelj dUosa'ku osQ izeq[k y{; gSA
yy Hkkjr us o"kZ 1981 bZ- eas jkelj dh lnL;rk izkIr dhA Hkkjr eas vc rd 49 vknzZHkwfe (jkelj ySaM) fpfUgr fd, x, gSaA

lajf{kr tSoeaMy@tSoeaMy vkxkj@fup; (Biosphere Reserve)

lajf{kr tSoeaMy ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk vkjf{kr {ks=k gksrk gS] ftlesa ekuo ,oa oU;tho leqnk; ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk
lkgp;Ziw.kZ okrkoj.k esa jgrs gSaA fdlh vkxkj {ks=k dk fuekZ.k yk[kksa fofo/ izdkj osQ thoksa] ouLifr;ksa rFkk vU; rRoksa }kjk gksrk
gSA ;g mPpdksfV dh fofo/rk rFkk LFkkuh;rk ls le`¼ {ks=k gSA tSoeaMy vxkj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ;wusLdks osQ ekuo ,oa tSoleqnk;
(MAB) fjtoZ dk;ZØe osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA
tSoeaMy fup;@vkxkj dh lajpuk
;wusLdks }kjk 1976 bZ- esa tSoeaMy fup; dks fuEufyf[kr rhu Hkkxksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;kA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

dksj {ks=k (Core Area)

;g tSoeaMy fup; dk og Hkkx gS tgk¡ ij fdlh izdkj dh vkfFkZd vFkok lkaLÑfrd fØ;k dh vuqefr ugha gksrh gS vFkkZr~ ;g
tSo fofo/rk osQ laj{k.k gsrq lcls lqjf{kr {ks=k gSA
ciQj {ks=k (Buffer Zone)

izk;% dksj {ks=k dks ?ksjrs gq, ;k mlls layXu {ks=k] ftldk ç;ksx xgu ikfjfLFkfrd xfrfof/;ksa ls lEcaf/r lgdkjh fØ;kdykiksa osQ
fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk] euksjatu rFkk O;kogkfjd o vk/kjHkwr 'kks/ 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
laØe.k {ks=k (Transitional Zone)

ciQj {ks=k dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjrs gq, ;g ,d laØe.k {ks=k ;k Vªkaft'kuy tksu gksrk gSA ;g fdlh Hkh tSoeaMy dk lcls ckg~; {ks=k
gksrk gSA blesa vusd izdkj dh d`f"k xfrfof/;k¡] vf/okl ,oa vU; fØ;kdyki gks ldrs gSa] ftuesa LFkkuh; leqnk;] izca/u ,tsafl;k¡]
oSKkfud] xSj ljdkjh laxBu] lkaLÑfrd lewg] vkfFkZd :fp ,oa vU; fgr/kjd (Stake holders) feydj {ks=k dh lEiks"k.kh;rk osQ
fodkl ,oa izca/u osQ fy, dk;Z djrs gSaA

jk"Vªh; m|ku] oU;tho vHk;kj.; ,oa tSo e.Myh; vkjf{kr {ks=k@vkxkj esa varj
ƒ blesa fdlh Hkh çdkj ds vf/okl vkSj ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa dh vuqefr ugha gksrh gSA ;gk¡ rd
dh tkuojksa dks pjkus ;k taxyh mRiknksa dks bdêòk djus dh eatwjh Hkh ugha gSA
jk"Vªh; m|ku
ƒ jk"Vªh; m|kuksa dk xBu fo'ks"k çdkj dh 'kj.kLFkyh ds laj{k.k ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~
bl fo'ks"k 'kj.kLFkyh {ks=k esa jgus okys lHkh thoksa dk laj{k.k leku :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA
ƒ t
 kuojksa dks pjkus ;k ydM+h vkfn bdêòk djus dh vuqefr rks gksrh gS ijarq dqN vioknksa dks
NksM+dj ekuoksa dk cluk çfrcaf/r gksrk gSA
ƒ i;ZVu dh vuqefr gksrh gSA
ƒ o U;tho vHk;kj.;ksa dk xBu fdlh ,d çtkfr vFkok dqN fof'k"V çtkfr;ksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s
oU;tho vHk;kj.; fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ;s fof'k"V çtkfr vk/kfjr lajf{kr {ks=k gksrs gSaA
ƒ o U;tho vHk;kj.; vkSj jk"Vªh; m|ku nksuksa dh ?kks"k.kk jkT; ljdkj dsoy vkns'k@funZs'k nsdj dj
ldrh gS tcfd lhek esa ifjorZu ds fy;s jkT; fo/kueaMy dks ,d ladYi ikfjr djuk gksrk gSA
ƒ , d vHk;kj.; dks jk"Vªh; m|ku esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS ij ,d jk"Vªh; m|ku dks
vHk;kj.; ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

tSoeaMyh; vkjf{kr {ks=k ƒ blds ckgjh {ks=k (Outer zone) esa ekuoksa dks clus vkSj ijaijkxr dk;ks± dks djus dh vuqefr
;k tSoeaMy vkxkj gksrh gSA

ikfjfLFkfrd laosnu'khy tksu (Eco Sensitive Zone - ESZ)

ikfjfLFkfrd laosnu'khy tksu (ESZ) lajf{kr {ks=k ds vkl&ikl ds os {ks=k gSa tks us'kuy ikdZ o vHk;kj.; {ks=k esa fodkl
dk;ZØe ls u"V gks jgh tSo fofo/rk dks cpkus gsrq cuk, x, gSaA ESZ lajf{kr {ks=k esa 'kkWd ,CtkWcZj (Shock-absorber) dk dk;Z
djrk gSA
oU;tho laj{k.k j.kuhfr (Wild Life Conservation Strategy, 2002) ds vuqlkj ESZ lajf{kr {ks=k ds vkl&ikl 10 fdeh- rd iQSy

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ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh tSo fofo/rk ds egÙo dks ns•rs gq, bl {ks=k dks 10 fdeh- ls vf/d nwjh rd Hkh iQSyk;k tk ldrk gSA
bdks lsaflfVo tksu i;kZoj.k (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1986 ds varxZr ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA

Hkkjr dk tSoeaMy fup; dk;Zÿe

tSoeaMy lja{k.k osQ fy, Hkkjr us O;kid dne mBk, gSa tks fd ;wusLdks rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; ekudksa ds vuqowQy gSaA tSoeaMy
vkxkj ds vUrxZr ge jk"Vªh; m|ku] oU;tho vH;kj.;] ljaf{kr {ks=k rFkk lkeqnkf;d {ks=kkas dks ns[k ldrs gSaA orZeku (tuojh 2021)
Hkkjr eas oqQy 104 jk"Vªh; m|ku] 566 oU;tho vH;kj.;] 66 lajf{kr {ks=k rFkk 26 lkeqnkf;d {ks=k gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh;
oU;tho dk;ZØe o"kZ 1986 bZ- esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr eas oqQy 18 thoeaMy fup; gSa] ftueas ls 12 dks ;wusLdks }kjk ekU;rk
iznku fd;k x;k gSA

Ø- uke jkT; o"kZ

1- uhyfxjh ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ rfeyukMq] dsjy] dukZVd 1986

2- uUnk nsoh jk"Vªh; m|ku ,oa ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ mÙkjk[k.M 1988

3- eUukj dh [kkM+h fjtoZ rfeyukMq 1989

4- uksdjsd ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ es?kky; 1988

5- lqUnjou ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ if'pe caxky 1989
6- ekul ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ vle 1989
7- fleyhiky ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ vksfM'kk 1994

8- fngkax&fnckax ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ v#.kkpy izns'k 1998

9- ipe<+h ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ eè;izns'k 1999

10- vpkudekj&vejd.Vd ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ eè;izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+ 2005

11- dPN dk ju ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ xqtjkr 2008
12- 'khr e:LFky ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ fgekpy izns'k 2009
13- daputaxk ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ flfDde 2000
14- vxLR;eykbZ ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ dsjy] rfeyukMq 2001
15- o`gn~ fudksckj ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ v.Meku ,oa fudksckj }hi 1989
16- fMczw&l[kksok ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ vle 1997
17- 'ks"kkpye ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ vkU/z izns'k 2010
18- iUuk ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ eè;izns'k 2011

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

 Note

mijksDr 18 ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ esa ls 12 ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ ;wusLdks ds ,e,ch dk;ZØe (MAB Programme) dk fgLlk gS (ftUgsa
cksYM dj iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS) ;s gaS& uhyfxfj (2000)] eUukj dh [kkM+h (2001)] lqUnjou (2001)] uUnk nsoh
(2004)] uksdjsd (2009)] iape<+h (2009)] fleyhiky (2009)] o`gn~ fudksckj (2013)] vpkudekj vejd.Vd
(2012)] vxLR;eykbZ (2016)] daputaxk (2016) rFkk iUuk ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ (2020)
leqnz lajf{kr {ks=k (Marine Protected Areas)

lajf{kr {ks=k ;k jf{kr {ks=k fdlh ,sls {ks=k dks dgrs gSa ftlls mlosQ izkÑfrd] i;kZoj.kh; ;k lkaLÑfrd egÙo osQ dkj.k ifjorZu
;k gkfu ls j{kk dh tk losQA lajf{kr leqnzh {ks=k] leqnz dk og {ks=k gksrk gS tgk¡ ekuo xfrfof/;k¡ vkSj gLr{ksi] l[rh ls jk"Vªh;
m|kuksa] vH;kj.;ksa vkSj thoeaMy fjtoZ dh rjg fu;af=kr dh tkrh gSaA
orZeku Hkkjr esa ik°p izeq[k leqnzh {ks= gSa] tks bl izdkj gSa&
Hkkjr osQ lajf{kr leqnzh {ks=k LFkku fo'ks"krk,¡
µ 1986 esa jk"Vªh; m|ku osQ :i esa vf/lwfprA
µ 1989 esa thoeaMy fjtoZ dk ntkZ izkIr fd;kA
µ bl {ks=k esa leqnzh xk;ksa (M~;qxksax)] leqnzh ,uheksu] leqnzh ?kksM+k vkSj
eUukj dh [kkM+h rfeyukMq MkWfYiQu ik, tkrs gSaA
µ ;gk¡ leqnzh ?kkl dh 11 iztkfr;k¡ ik;h tkrh gSaA
µ bl {ks=k esa Liat dh 70 iztkfr;ksa] ewaxk dh 52 iztkfr;ksa] >haxk eNyh
dh 27 iztkfr;ksa rFkk osQdM+ksa dh 30 iztkfr;ksa dh igpku dh x;h gSA

µ ; g Hkkjr dk igyk jk"Vªh; leqnzh m|ku gSA ;gk¡ vusd izdkj osQ leqnzh
dPN dh [kkM+h esa fLFkr
xqtjkr tho rFkk oUkLifr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa ftuesa&vkWDVksil] LVkjfiQ'k] gkWuZ
leqnzh jk"Vªh; m|ku
eNyh] fo'kkydk; dNq,] eawxk vkfn izeq[k gSaA

dPN dh [kkM+h esa fLFkr µ blesa ik¡p }hiksa vkSj lkFk gh uoyk[kksyh ls vks[kk rd varj&Tokjh;
xqtjkr
vH;kj.; {ks=k 'kkfey gSaA

µ ; g {ks=k dksjy jhiQ rFkk dNq, osQ iztuu LFky osQ fy,
egkRek xka/h leqnzh jk"Vªh; v.Meku ,oa izfl¼ gSA
m|ku fudksckj µ ; gk¡ jaxhu izoky fHkfÙk;k¡] eksyLd] fofo/ jax dh eNfy;k¡] LVkjfiQ'k]
dNq, vkfn ik, tkrs gaSA

µ ;g vksfyo fjMys (leqnzh dNqvksa) osQ fy, izfl¼ gSA

xfgjekFkk vH;kj.; vksfM'kk
µ ;g fo'o osQ loZizeq[k dNqvk iztuu osQUnzksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA

44 @apna_pdf
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Hkkjr osQ vU; leqnz lajf{kr {ks=k

lajf{kr leqnzh {ks=k LFkku
[kstkfM+;k leqnzh vH;kj.; (1981 esa LFkkfir) xqtjkr
Fkkus Øhd Ýysfeaxks vH;kj.; (2015) egkjk"Vª
ekyou leqnzh vH;kj.; (1987 bZ-) egkjk"Vª
dksjko leqnzh vH;kj.; xksok
dMkyaqMh osfYyDoqQUuqde vH;kj.; (2007) osQjy
IokWbaV oSQyhesjh vH;kj.; (1967) rfeyukMq
iqfydV >hy vH;kj.; (1980) vkU/z&izns'k] rfeyukMq
Ñ".kk leqnzh vH;kj.; (1989) vkU/z&izns'k
dksfjaxk leqnzh vH;kj.; (1978) vkU/z&izns'k
cky[k.M dks.kkoZQ vH;kj.; (1989) vksfM'kk
lqUnjou jk"Vªh; m|ku (1984) if'pe caxky
if'peh lqUnjou vH;kj.; (2013) if'pe caxky
yksfFk;u }hi vH;kj.; (1976) if'pe caxky
ltuk[kkyk leqnzh vH;kj.; (1976) if'pe caxky
jkuh >k¡lh jk"Vªh; m|ku v.Meku
yksgkcjkZd leqnzh vH;kj.; nf{k.kh v.Meku
nknj ,oa ukxj gosyh vH;kj.; (2000) nknj ,oa ukxj gosyh
iqQnke leqnzh vH;kj.; (1991 bZ-) neu ,oa nho

ckg~;&LFkkus laj{k.k (Ex-Situ Conservation)

blosQ varxZr ikniksa rFkk tarqvksa dk laj{k.k muosQ izkÑfrd vkokl ls vyx ,d fo'ks"k LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gaSA tarq m|ku]
ouLifr m|ku rFkk vU; oU; tho liQkjh ikdks± dh LFkkiuk dk mís'; ;gh gksrk gS fd ftu tho&tUrqvksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa osQ
vkokl {ks=kksa esa izkÑfrd vkinkvksa] iznw"k.k rFkk vkØked iztkfr;ksa osQ izos'k vkfn osQ dkj.k ladV mRiUu gks tkrk gS] mUgas lajf{kr
fd;k tk losQA

ouLifr m|ku (Botanical Garden)

;g ,d vk/qfud vo/kj.kk gS ftlosQ varxZr cgqr lh ladVkiUu ,oa nqyZHk iztkfr;ksa osQ laj{k.k ,oa fodkl dh O;oLFkk
dh tkrh gSA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

Hkkjr ds izeq[k ouLifr m|ku

LFkku jkT; ouLifr m|ku
xqokgkVh vle µ vle jkT; tw&de cksVsfudy xkMZu
f'koiqj if'pe caxky µ vkpk;Z txnh'k pUnz cksl Hkkjrh; ckWVsfudy xkMZu
mÙkjh caxky fo'ofo|ky; if'pe caxky µ ckWVsfudy xkMZu] xkMZu vkWiQ esfMdy IykaV
nkftZfyax if'pe caxky µ ykMZl ckWVsfudy xkMZu
uks,Mk mÙkj izns'k µ ckWVsfudy xkMZu vkWiQ bafM;u fjifCyd
lgkjuiqj mÙkj izns'k µ lgkjuiqj ckWVsfudy xkMZu
vyhx<+ mÙkj izns'k µ vyhx<+ ckWVsfudy xkMZu
iVuk fcgkj µ lat; xka/h tSfod m|ku
gSnjkckn rsyaxkuk µ ,u Vh vkj xkMZu
lkjaxiqj paMhx<+ µ lkjaxiqj ckWVsfudy xkMZu
liqrkjk xqtjkr µ o?kkbZ ckWVsfudy xkMZu
ykSVsfye xksok µ n xkdh czkUdk vk;qosZfnd ckWVsfudy xkMZu
csxayq# dukZVd µ dwcksu ikdZ
eSlwj dukZVd µ fj”kuy E;wf”k;e vkWiQ uspqjy fgLVªh
csxayq: dukZVd µ ykyckx ckWVsfudy xkMZu
fr:vuariqje osQjy µ osYYkk;.kh Ñf"k fo|ky; ckWVsfudy xkMZu
psUUkbZ rfeyukMq µ lsEeks>h iqaxk ckWVsfudy xkMZu
>kalh mÙkj izns'k µ >kalh ckWVsfudy xkMZu
eqEcbZ egkjk"Vª µ fttkekrk m|ku
oRlziqj xqtjkr µ vkj-ch- ckWVsfudy xkMZu ,oa ,eql~esUV
fpfM+;k?kj (Zoo)

cká&LFkkus laj{k.k (Ex-Situ Conservation) osQ rgr fpfM+;k?kj og LFkku gS tgk¡ nqyZHk ,oa ladVxzLr i'kq&if{k;ksa rFkk vU; thoksa
dks muosQ ewy LFkku ls i`Fkd Ñf=ke vkokl {ks=k esa j[kk tkrk gSA
osQUnzh; fpfM+;k?kj izkf/dj.k (Central Zoo Authority)

Hkkjr fo'o osQ mu pqfuank ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gS tks fofHkUu i{kh iztkfr;ksa osQ lkFk tkuojksa dh nqyZHk iztkfr;ksa dks ,d lqjf{kr vkJ;
iznku djrk gSA tho&tarqvksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, ;gk¡ dbZ jk"Vªh; m|kuksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k gSA
thu cSad (Gene Bank)
cká&LFkkus laj{k.k osQ varxZr thu cSadksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA thu cSad ,d izdkj dk tho dks"k gS] tgk¡ vkuqokaf'kd inkFkks±
dks lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA

tSo&fofo/krk ds laca/k esa oS/kkfud iz;kl bl izdkj gSa&

BB Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn&48(A) BB jk"Vªh; fu;e o dkuwu

46 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

BB Hkkjrh; ou vf/fu;e&1927 BB i;kZoj.k lqj{kk vf/fu;e&1986

BB oU;tho lqj{kk vf/fu;e&1972 BB eRL;ikyu vf/fu;e&1897 o 1984
BB ou laj{k.k vf/fu;e&1980 BB tSo&fofo/rk vf/fu;e&2002
Hkkjrh; ou vf/kfu;e&1927 (Indian Forest Act-1927)
Hkkjrh; ou v/fuf;e& 1927 fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk Hkkjr esa ou {ks=k dk laj{k.k rFkk oU; thoksa dh lqj{kk vkfn mn~ns'; osQ fy,
yk;k x;k FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr bl ,DV esa fjtoZ iQkWjsLV dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dk Hkh izko/ku gSA
vkjf{kr iQWkjsLV (Reserved Forest)

blosQ varxZr osQUnz vFkok jkT; }kjk cuk, x;s ou vf/fu;e dk mYya?ku n.Muh; gksrk gSA blesa ljdkj dh vuqefr osQ fcuk fdlh
Hkh izdkj dh xfrfof/ izfrcaf/r gksrh gSA
lajf{kr ou (Protected Forest)

lajf{kr ouksa esa vkjf{kr ouksa dh vis{kk fdlh Hkh izdkj dh fØ;k djuk vklku gksrk gSA gkykafd] ljdkj }kjk fdlh o`{k vFkok
Hkwfe ds laca/ esa vko';drkuqlkj izfrca/ yxk;k tk ldrk gSA blosQ [kuu] ou mRiknksa osQ fujkdj.k (Removal) vkfn ij Hkh
izfrca/ yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
xzkE; ou (Village forest)

blosQ varxZr ljdkj xzkeh.k leqnk; dks og tehu ns ldrh gS ftl ij lajf{kr ou ugha gSA ;g Hkwfe leqnk; }kjk iz;ksx dh tk ldrh
gSA xzkeh.k ou dks Hkkjrh; ou vf/fu;e&1927 osQ varxZr vf/lwfpr fd;k x;k gSA izk;% ;g xzkeh.k Hkwfe dk pkjkxkg gksrk gSA

 Note
o"kZ 2018 esa izkjEHk fd;k x;k jk"Vªh; ckal fe'ku Hkkjrh; ou vf/fu;e&1927 esa la'kks/u djosQ yk;k x;kA ftlosQ rgr ckal
dks o`{k dh Js.kh ls fudkydj ?kkl dh Js.kh esa j[k fn;k x;kA
oU;tho (laj{k.k) vf/kfu;e&1972 [Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972]
Hkkjr ljdkj us ns'k osQ oU; thou dh j{kk djus vkSj izHkkoh <ax ls voS/ f'kdkj] rLdjh vkSj oU; thoksa ds voS/ O;kikj
dks fu;af=kr djus osQ mís'; ls oU; tho (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e ykxw fd;kA bl vf/fu;e dks vkSj vf/d l'kDr cukus osQ fy,
tuojh] 2003 esa la'kks/u fd;k x;kA ftlosQ rgr vijk/ksa osQ fy, ltk vkSj tqekZuksa dks vkSj vf/d dBksj cuk fn;k x;kA ;g
vf/fu;e ns'k dh ikfjfLFkfrdh; vkSj i;kZoj.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus osQ mís'; ls oU; izkf.k;ksa] if{k;ksa vkSj ikniksa osQ laj{k.k osQ
fy, rFkk muls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dks js[kkafdr djus osQ fy, yk;k x;k gSA
ou (laj{k.k) vf/kfu;e&1980 [Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980]
Hkkjr esa fLFkr ouksa osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, fufeZr ;g vf/fu;e] fcuk ljdkj dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ ouksa esa izos'k dks fuf"k¼ djrk
gSA ou (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1980 dk eq[; mís'; ouksa dks fouk'k vkSj ou&Hkwfe dks xSj&okfudh dk;ksZa esa mi;ksx ls jksduk FkkA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e&1986 (Environment Protection Act-1986)
la;qDr jk"Vª dk izFke ekuo i;kZoj.k lEesyu 5 twu] 1972 dks LVkWdgkse esa laiUu gqvkA blh ls izHkkfor gksdj Hkkjr us
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, i;kZoj.k (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e& 1986 ikl fd;kA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

tSo&fofo/krk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e&2002

tSo&fofo/rk laj{k.k gsrq osQUnz ljdkj us 2002 esa ,d jk"Vªh; tSo&fofo/rk laj{k.k fØ;kUo;u ;kstuk 'kq: dh] ftlesa xSj
ljdkjh laxBuksa] oSKkfudksa] i;kZoj.kfonksa rFkk vke ukxfjdksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;kA blh izfØ;k esa ljdkj us tSo&fofo/rk
laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 2002 ikfjr fd;kA
ou vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e&2006
ou vf/dkj vf/fu;e&2006] ou esa jgus okyh vuqlwfpr&tutkfr;ksa rFkk vU; ijaijkxr yksxksa osQ fgrksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj
fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA ;g dkuwu ouksa esa jgus okys yksxksa osQ Hkwfe rFkk izkÑfrd lalk/uksa ij vf/dkjksa ls tqM+k gqvk gS ftuls]
vkSifuosf'kd dky ls gh mUgas oafpr fd;k gqvk FkkA bldk mís'; tgk¡ ,d vksj ou laj{k.k gS] ogha nwljh vksj ;g txyksa esa jgus
okys yksxksa dks muosQ lkFk lfn;ksa rd gq, vU;k; dh HkjikbZ dk Hkh iz;kl gSA
egÙoiw.kZ rF; (Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; m|ku@Vkbxj fjtoZ)
uke jkT; ppkZ dk dkj.k
fHkrjdfudk us'kuy ikdZ vksfM'kk pØokr ;kl (YAAS) ds dkj.k m|ku dks dkiQh uqdlku gksus ds dkj.k
ppkZ esaA
fte dkWcZsV us'kuy ikdZ mÙkjk•aM bldk uke cnydj jkexaxk us'kuy ikdZ djus dh ;kstuk dks ysdj ppkZ esaA

dkthjaxk us'kuy ikdZ vle lsVsykbV iQksu ls ySl gksus okyk Hkkjr dk igyk jk"Vªh; m|kuA

j.kFkaHkkSj Vkbxj fjtoZ jktLFkku jktLFkku ljdkj bu rhuksa Vkbxj fjtoZ dks ,d lkFk tksM+dj ,d Vkbxj
dkWfjMksj dks fodflr djsxhA
jkex<+ fo"k/kjh Vkbxj fjtoZ
eqdqanjk Vkbxj fjtoZ
iUuk ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ eè; çns'k ;wusLdks ds lajf{kr tSoeaMyksa ds oSf'od usVodZ esa 'kkfey gksus okyk Hkkjr
dk 12 oka ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZA
cka/ox<+ Vkbxj fjtoZ eè; çns'k Hkkjr dk igyk gkWV ,;j cSywu okbYMykbiQ liQkjh dh 'kq#vkr blesa dh xbZA

ihyhHkhr Vkbxj fjtoZ mÙkj izns'k ck?kksa dh vkcknh dks nksxquk djus ds fy, TX2 varjjk"Vªh; iqjLdkj feykA

iDds Vkbxj fjtoZ v#.kkpy çns'k ^iQkWjsLV LVkiQ* dks dksfoM &19 ds f•ykiQ chek doj nsus ds fy, ppkZ esa
jgkA
fte dkWcZsV Vkbxj fjtoZ mÙkjk•aM igyh ckj efgykvksa dh xkbM ds rkSj ij fu;qÙkQ djus dks ysdj ppkZ esaA

dkthjaxk us'kuy ikdZ vle Hkkjr dk ,dek=k xksYMu Vkbxj&dkth 106 F bl us'kuy ikdZ esa ns•k x;kA

isap Vkbxj fjtoZ eè; çns'k ck?k dh vR;f/d ekSrksa ds dkj.k ppkZ esa jgkA

okYehfd Vkbxj fjtoZ fcgkj tqykbZ 2021 esa ;gka 150 fx¼ksa dks iqu% dbZ o"kks± ckn ns•s tkus ds dkj.k
ppkZ esaA

48 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

egÙoiw.kZ rF; (Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; m|ku@Vkbxj fjtoZ)

uke jkT; ppkZ dk dkj.k
vejkckn Vkbxj fjtoZ rsyaxkuk tqykbZ 2021 esa fuxjkuh loZs{k.k ds nkSjku 14 u;s ck?kksa dh igpku dh xbZ

lriqM+k Vkbxj fjtoZ eè; çns'k usVosLV xzqi vFkZ ghjkst vokMZ fn;k x;kA

nsfgax iVdkbZ us'kuy ikdZ vle vle ljdkj us nsfgax iVdkbZ dks jkT; dk 7 oka jk"Vªh; m|ku ds :i esa
vf/lwfpr fd;kA
jk;eksuk us'kuy ikdZ vle bls vle ds 6oka jk"Vªh; m|ku ds :i esa vf/lwfpr fd;k x;kA

djykiV oU;tho vHk;kj.; vksfM'kk gsefjt lsIVhlhfe;k ds dkj.k bl oU;tho vH;kj.k esa 6 gkfFk;ksa dh ekSr

iUuk Vkbxj fjtoZ eè; çns'k UNESCO dks eSu ,aM ck;ksLiQh;j çksxzke ds fgLlk cuus ds dkj.k ppkZ esa

jk"Vªh; ck?k laj{k.k izkf/dj.k Xykscy Vkbxj bfuf'k,fVo

µ ; g Ok"kZ 2006 eas MoEF&CC ds v/hu LFkkfir ,d µ ;g oSf'od Lrj ij ck?k laj{k.k dh igy gS ftldk 'kqHkkjaHk
lkafof/d fudk; gSA o"kZ 2008 eas gqvk gSA
µ ; g vU; tho lja{k.k vf/fu;e 1972 eas izko/kfur dk;ks± µ bldk mís'; taxyh ck?kksa dks foyqIr gksus ls cpkuk gSA
dk fu"iknu djrk gSA

µ o rZeku eas ;g ck?k ifj;kstuk ck?k laj{k.k ;kstuk] vkfn tSls µ o"kZ 2013 eas] Luks ysiMZ dks Hkh lfEEkfyr dj bldk dk;Z
egÙoiw.kZ ck?k laj{k.k igykas dk dk;kZUo;u djrk gSA {ks=k c<+k fn;k x;kA
µ ;g ,d varj&ljdkjh varjkZ"Vªh; fudk; gSA µ ;g ck?k laj{k.k izca/u dk ,d u;k lk/u gSA
µ bldk mís'; ck?kkas dh j{kk ds fy, bPNqd ns'kksa }kjk oSf'od µ ;g ekunaMksa dk leqPPk; gS tks ck?k LFkykas }kjk izca/u ls
vfHk;ku vkajHk djuk gSA ck?k laj{k.k dh liQyrk ds laca/ eas tk¡p djus dh vuqefr
iznku djrk gSA
µ ;g TX2 dk;ZØe dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA

Hkkjr ds izeq[k izkstsDV Vkbxj vH;kj.;

Øekd ck?k vHk;kj.; jkT;

1- ukxktZqu lkxj& Jh lSye vH;kj.; rsyaxkuk
2- ekul ck?k vH;kj.; vle
3- dkthjaxk ck?k vH;kj.; vle
4- ukesjh ck?k vH;kj.k; vle
5- ueniQk ck?k vH;kj.; v#.kkpy izns'k
6 ik[kqbZ ck?k vH;kj.; v#.kkpy izns'k
7- okYehfd ck?k vH;kj.; fcgkj

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i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

Øekd ck?k vHk;kj.; jkT;

8- banzkorh ck?k vH;kj.; NÙkhlx<+
9- xq: ?kklhnkl jk"Vªh; ikdZ NÙkhlx<+
10- iykew ck?k vH;kj.; >kja[kM
11- ckanhiqj ck?k vH;kj.; dukZVd
12- ukxj gksy ck?k vH;kj.; dukZVd
13 Hknzk ck?k vH;kj.; dukZVd
14- isfj;kj ck?k vH;kj.; dsjy
15- vUukeykbZ&ijkfEcdqye dsjy&rfeyukMq
16- cka/ox<+ ck?k vH;kj.; eè; izns'k
17- cksjh&lriqM+k ck?k vH;kj.; eè; izns'k
18- dkUgk ck?k vH;kj.; eè; izns'k
19- iUuk ck?k vH;kj.; eè; izns'k
20- iasp ck?k vH;kj.; eè; izns'k&egkjk"Vª
21- rMksck&va/sjh ck?k vH;kj.; egkjk"Vª
22- lg~;knzh ck?k vH;kj.; egkjk"Vª
23- MEik ck?k vH;kj.; fetksje
24- fleyhiky ck?k vH;kj.; mM+hlk
25- lqukosnk ck?k vH;kj.; mM+hlk
26- j.kFkaHkkSj ck?k vH;kj.; jktLFkku
27- lkfjLdk ck?k vH;kj.; jktLFkku
28- dyDdM+&eqaMuFkqjbZ ck?k vH;kj.; rfeyukMq
29- eqnqeykbZ jk"Vªh; ikdZ rfeyukMq
30- nq?kok jk"Vªh; ikdZ mÙkj izns'k
31- ihyhHkhr ck?k vH;kj.; mÙkj izns'k
32- fte dkcZsV jk"Vªh; ikdZ mÙkjk[kaM
33- cqDlk ck?k vH;kj.; if'pe caxky
34- lqanjou ck?k vH;kj.; if'pe caxky
35- lrdksfl;k ck?k vH;kj.; mM+hlk
36- vpkudekj ck?k vH;kj.; NÙkhlx<+
37- lat;&nqcjh jk"Vªh; ikdZ eè; izns'k
38- ckUusj?kV~Vk ck?k vH;kj.; dukZVd
39- MkaMsyh&va'kh ck?k vH;kj.; dukZVd
40- mnarh ,oa lhrkunh ck?k vH;kj.; NÙkhlx<+
41- jkrkikuh ck?k vH;kj.; eè; izns'k
42- esy?kkV ck?k vH;kj.; egkjk"Vª

50 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

Øekd ck?k vHk;kj.; jkT;

43- veux<+ ck?k vH;kj.; mÙkj izns'k
44- lR;eaxye ck?k vH;kj.; (2013) rfeyukMq
45- eqdqanjk fgYl (2013) jktLFkku
46- uosxkao&ukxkftjk Vkbxj (2013) egkjk"Vª
47- cksj ck?k vH;kj.; (2014) egkjk"Vª
48- jktkth ck?k vH;kj.; mÙkjk[kaM
49- vksjax ck?k vH;kj.; (2016) vle
50- deykax ck?k vH;kj.; (2016) v#.kkpy izns'k
51- Jh foYyhiqFkqj&esxkeykbZ Vkbxj fjtoZ (2021) rfeyukMq
52- jkex<+ tgjhyk vHk;kj.; (2021) jkTkLFkku
53- reksj fiaxyk oU;tho vH;kj.k (2021) NRrhlx<+
Tx2 dk;Zÿe
BB ; g GTI (Xykscy Vkbxj bfuf'k,fVo) ds varxZr ck?k laj{k.k ij lsaV ihVlZoxZ ?kks"k.kk dks viuk;k x;k gSA rFkk Xykscy
Vkbxj fjdojh izksxzke (;k Tx2) dk leFkZu fd;k x;k gSA
BB bldk y{; muds HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa esa taxyh ck?kks dh la[;k dks nksxquk djuk gSA
BB ;g dk;ZØe WWF }kjk 13 Vkbxj jsat daVªht esa dk;kZfUoÙk fd;k tk jgk gSA
ns'k esa Vkbxj fjtoZ dh lwph
jkT; Vkbxj fjtoZ
dukZVd ckanhiqj] Hkæ] nkaMsyh&va'kh] ukxjgksy] fcyfxfj jaxukFk eafnj
eè; çns'k iUuk] dkUgk] isap] cka/ox<+] lriqM+k] lat;&nqcjh
egkjk"Vª eky?kkV] rMksck&va/sjh] isap] lákfæ] uoxk¡o&uxthjk] cksj
rfeyukMq dyDdM eqaMuFkqjbZ] vUukeykbZ] eqnqeykbZ] lR;eaxye
vle ekul] ukesjh] dkthjaxk] vksjsax
jktLFkku j.kFkaHkkSj] lfjLdk] eqdqUæk fgYl
mÙkjk•.M dkWcZsV] jktkth Vkbxj fjtoZ
mÙkj çns'k nq/ok] ihyhHkhr
>kj•.M iykew
vksfM'kk fleyhiky] lrdksfl;k
if'pe caxky lqanjcu] cqDlk
NÙkhlx<+ baækorh] mnUrh&lhrkunh] vpkudekj

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i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

ns'k esa Vkbxj fjtoZ dh lwph

jkT; Vkbxj fjtoZ
v#.kkpy çns'k ukeniQk] ikDds] deykax
fcgkj okYehfd
fetksje nEiQk
dsjy isfj;kj] isjkfEcdqye
rsyaxkuk doky] vejkckn
vka/z çns'k ukxktZqu lkxj&Jh'kSye

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy jk"Vªh; MWkfYiQu vuqla/ku dsUnz iVuk es LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
yy Hkkjr dk igyk ^ijkx d.k ikdZ* (ikWyhusV ikdZ) mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa [kksyk x;kA
yy jk"Vªh; leqnzh dNqvk dk;Z ;kstuk 2021&26 i;kZoj.k ou vkSj tyok;q ifjoRkZu ea=kky; }kjk tkjh fd;k x;kA
yy o"kZ 2020 dks tSo fofo/rk dk lqij o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA
yy mRrjk[k.M ds mRrjdk'kh es Hkkjr dk igyk fge rsanqvk laj{k.k dsUnz LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
yy orZeku es Hkkjr esa 18 ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ gSa] ftlesa ls fliQZ 12 dks ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ ds fo'o usVodZ es 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
yy Hkkjrh; oU;tho vijk/ fu;a=k.k C;wjks (WCCB) dks ,f'k;k i;kZoj.k izorZu iqjLdkj 2020 ls UNEP us lEekfur fd;kA
yy y
 anu fLFkr izkÑfrd bfrgkl laxzgky; }kjk tkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj dksyafc;k esa nqfu;k dh lokZf/d frrfy;ksa dh iztkfr;ka
ikbaZ tkrh gSaA
yy m Rrjk[k.M ds gY}kuh es Hkkjr dk igyk ikWyhusVj ikdZ [kksyk x;k gSA bl ikdZ es frrfy;ksa] e/qefD[k;ksa] if{k;ksa vkfn dh
40 iztkfr;ka 'kkfey gSaA
yy m Ùkjk[k.M ds nsgjknwu es Hkkjr ds igysa fØIVkseSfed xkMZu dk mn~?kkVu fd;k x;kA bl xkMZu es ykbdsu] 'kSoky] dod
vkfn dh fofHkUu iztkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSaA
yy egkjk"Vª Lo;a dh oU;tho dk;Z;kstuk dks eatwjh nsus okyk igyk jkT; cu x;k gSA

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 h apter
C

7
i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,oa izca/u
Environment Pollution and
Management

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k gok] ty ;k e`nk osQ ,sls fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ HkkSfrd] jklk;fud ;k tho oSKkfud ifjorZu dk |ksrd gS]
tks thfor thoksa osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSaA vr% iznw"k.k dk rkRi;Z&tSoeaMy osQ fdlh Hkh vo;o esa izR;{k ;k vizR;{k ifjorZu ls gS]
tks thfor vo;oksa osQ fy,] fo'ks"k :i ls ekuo osQ fy, vokafNr gSA oLrqr% i;kZoj.k osQ fdlh Hkh rRo esa gksus okyk vokaNuh;
ifjorZu] ftlls tho&txr ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gS] iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA
iznw"kd (Pollutant)
,sls dkjd] tks iznw"k.k dh n'kk,a mRiUu djrs gSa] iznw"kd dgykrs gSaA vr% iznw"k.k osQ vUrxZr og dksbZ Hkh Hkw&jklk;fud
;k jklk;fud inkFkZ] tSfod vo;o ;k blosQ mRikn ;k HkkSfrd dkjd] tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekuo }kjk i;kZoj.k esa bruh ek=kk
esa NksMs+ tkrs gSa fd mudk foijhr o gkfudkjd izHkko gksrk gS] 'kkfey gSaA çkFkfed çnw"kdksa esa dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM (CO)] dkcZu
MkbvkWDlkbM (CO2)] lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM (SO2)] ukbfVªd vkWDlkbM (NO)] ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM (NO2) vkfn vkrs gSa] tcfd f}
rh;d çnw"kdksa esa lYiQj VªkbvkWDlkbM (SO3)] lYÝ;wfjd vEy (H2SO4)] ukbfVªd vEy (HNO3)] gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbM (H2O2) tSls
çnw"kd vkrs gSaA
iznw"kdksa dh lEiw.kZ fØ;kfof/ dks ge fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSa&
BB iznw"k.k dh varfoZzQ;k;sa (vU; inkFkks± osQ lkFk HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud)] ;gk¡ iznw"kdksa osQ izkFkfed ,oa xkS.k izdkjksa dk vUrj
le>uk vko';d gSA izkFkfed iznw"kd (Primary Pollutant) os gSa] ftudk izHkko vifjgk;Z gksrk gS] tcfd xkS.k iznw"kd os gSa]
tks fdlh vU; iznw"kd ;k i;kZoj.k osQ lkFk vUr%fØ;k osQ iQyLo:i mRiUu gksrs gSaA
BB iznw"kd dk LFkkf;Ro vFkkZr~ mldk ml voLFkk esa cus jgus dh {kerk] tks {kfr dkjd gksA
BB iznw"kd dh thou vk;q vFkkZr~ og fdruh vof/ rd lfØ; jgrk gSA
BB tSolap;u dh {kerk& ;g fdlh iznw"kd dh fdlh i;kZoj.kh; {ks=k ;k fdlh y{; ij fVosQ jgus dh {kerk dk |ksrd gSA
fu;a=k.k dh lgtrk % fdlh iznw"kd dks lekIr djosQ i;kZoj.k dks mlls eqDr djuk fdruk vklku gS] ,d lk/kj.k Bksl fjlko
dks gVkuk lcls vklku gS] rjy dks mlls de vkSj xSlh; fjlko dk fu;a=k.k yxHkx vlEHko gSA ;gk¡ oqQN xksiuh; eqn~ns Hkh gksrs
gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 1967 esa tc igyh rsy VSadj nq?kZVuk gqbZ (fllyh }hi osQ fudV)] rks ;gh lkspk x;k fd bl fjlko dks
vklkuh ls fu;af=kr dj fy;k tk,xk] ijUrq nqHkkZX;o'k ;g ty ugha ik;k vkSj mls fMVts±V dh lgk;rk ls lkiQ djus osQ iz;kl us

@apna_pdf
ftruh vf/d leL;k,¡ mRiUu dh] bruh rsy us Hkh ugha dh FkhA
DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 53
 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

iznw"kd ds izdkj
mRifr rFkk lzksr osQ vk/kj ij iznw"kdksa dks nks oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&
BB izkÑfrd iznw"kd BB ekuo fufeZr iznw"kd
iznw"kdksa dh izÑfr ,oa voLFkk osQ vk/kj dks N% Hkkxksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS&
BB n zOk vif'k"V%& buesa ?kjksa ls fudys ty] eyew=k o blosQ lkFk cgdj vk;s e`r d.kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg
osQ lkUnz.k esa ?kqfyr vkWDlhtu ls dkcZu inkFkks± dk vkWDlhdj.k gks tkrk gSA fofHkUu m|ksx cM+h ek=kk esa vEyh; ,oa {kkjh;
nzo fu%l`r djrs gSaA
BB B ksl vif'k"V (Solid Wasters)%& Bksl vif'k"V osQ vUrxZr ?kjsyw rFkk vkS|ksfxd vif'k"V vFkkZr~ owQM+k&djdV (Garbage)
vkrs gSaA ;g dpjk jlksbZ] ekalkgkjkas] fMCck] cksry] m|ksx vkfn ls fu%l`r gksrk gSA m|ksxksa o ?kjksa ls izkIr jk[k] bekjrsa rksM+us osQ
mijkUr miyC/ eyck] IykfLVd] e`r tUrqvksa osQ dadky] [kfut [kkuksa ls fudys vif'k"V vkfn buesa 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA
BB x Slh; vif'k"V (Gases Wastes)%& blosQ jk"Vªh; O;kid ok;qq xq.koÙkk (NAAQS) dks uoacj 2009 esa
vUrxZr thok'e b±/uksa osQ ngu ls dkcZu la'kksf/r dj 12 iznw"kdksas dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
MkbZvkWDlkbM] lYiQj rFkk ukbVªkstu osQ lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM (SO2) lhlk (Pb)
vkWDlkbM vkfn ls fudyus okys vif'k"V vkrs
gSaA ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM (NO2) dkcZu eksuksvkDlkbM (CO)

BB Hkkjghu vif'k"V (Weightless Wastes)%& PM&10 veksfu;k (NH3)

buesa vn`'; ÅtkZ vif'k"V dks 'kkfey fd;k
PM 2-5 csathu (C6H6)
tkrk gS] ftuesa rki] èofu rFkk jsfM;ks/ehZ
vif'k"V lekfgr gSaA vkstksu (03) vklZsfud (As)
BB r ki vif'k"V (Heat Wastes)%& blesa fofHkUu fudsy (Ni)
vkS|ksfxd laLFkkvksa ls fu%l`r vR;ar xeZ ty] nzo
vif'k"V] rIr xSlsa 'kkfey gSaA
BB èofu vif'k"V (Noise Wastes)%& vokafNr èofu bl oxZ dk izeq[k vif'k"V gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh n`f"Vdkss.k ls vksMe us iznw"kdksa dks nks oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k gS&
BB  So fuEuhdj.kh; iznw"kd (Biodegradable Pollutants)%& ;s ,sls iznw"kd gSa] tks tSfod thoksa fo'ks"kdj fo;kstdksa
t
}kjk miHkksx dj fy, tkrs gSa vFkok fdUgha izkÑfrd inkFkks± (tSls CO2 ,oa ty) esa rks rksM+ fn, tkrs gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
?kjsyw ey&ty] vUu] 'kkd o iQyksa osQ vif'k"V vkfnA budk vuqikr fo?kVu nj ls vf/d gksus ij ;s iznw"k.k dk dk;Z djus
yxrs gSaA

BB  fo?kVuh; iznw"kd (Non-Degradable Pollutants)%& ,sls iznw"kd] tks lw{ethoksa }kjk miHkksx ugha fd, tkrs ;k vU;
v
izkÑfrd inkFkks± }kjk rksM+sa ugh tkrs] mUgsa tSo&vfuEuhdj.kh; iznw"kd dgrs gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] IykfLVd ,oa m|ksxksa o Ñf"k
esa iz;qDr vusd jlk;u_ tSls& Mh-Mh-Vh-A ;s izkÑfrd :i ls ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa pfØr ugha gksrsA ,sls iznw"kd u fliZQ ,df=kr
;k laxzghr gksrs gSa] cfYd tho oSKkfud :i ls vkgkj Ük`a[kyk esa ijorhZ xfr'khyrk osQ lkFk vkSj tho&oSKkfud jlk;uksa osQ
lkFk vkSj of¼Zr gks tkrs gSaA

54 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

ok;q iznw"k.k
fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO) osQ vuqlkj] ok;q iznw"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,slh n'kk osQ :i esa dh tkrh gS] ftlesa ckg~; (Outdoor) ifjos'kh
ok;qeaMy esa ,sls inkFkks± dk laosQUnz.k ik;k tkrk gS] tks ekuo ,oa mldks ?ksjs gq, i;kZoj.k osQ fy, gkfudkjd gaSA

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
BB i`Foh dh ikfjfLFkfrdh esa HkkSfrdh; vkSj tSfod la?kVdkas dk iznw"k.k bl lhek rd dj nsuk fd] lkekU; i;kZoj.kh; izfØ;k
izfrowQy :i ls izHkkfor gks tk,] iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA
BB i;kZoj.k eas ekStwn vokafNr la?kVd (lanw"k.k) dh mifLFkfr izk;% vif'k"Vksa osQ dkj.k gksrs gSaA
BB lhlk (Pb) ,d Hkkjh /krq vkSj&U;wjks VkWfDlu gS] tks i;kZoj.k eas izkÑfrd rkSj ij ik;k tkrk gSA
BB jsfM;ksU;qDykbZM~l izkÑfrd rkSj ij feV~Vh vkSj iRFkjkas ls feyrk gSA bleas vR;f/d ukfHkdh; mQtkZ gksrh gSA mnkgj.k&
Fkksfj;e] iksVSf'k;eA
BB jsfM;ksU;qDykbZM~l ekuo dksf'kdkvkas dks uqdlku igqapkrk gS] ftlls oSaQlj jksx vFkok vkuqoaf'kd jksx gksus dk vSkj [krjk
c<+ tkrk gSA
BB ikjk (Hg) ,d Hkkjh /krq gS tks izkÑfrd rkSj ij Hkh ik;h tkrh gS] lkFk gh jklk;fud mRIkkn_ tSls& vtSfod vFkok
tSfod osQ :i eas Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA
BB feFkkby ikjs ls feukekVk uked jksx gksrk gS] tksfd ,d xaHkhj raf=kdk laca/h jksx gSA
BB  ksfe;e
Ø (Cr) ,d izkÑfrd :i ls ik;h tkus okyh Hkkjh /krq gS] tks vkerkSj ij vkS|ksfxd dk;ksaZ osQ fy, bLrseky dh
tkrh gSA
BB Øksfe;e gekjs 'olu ra=k ,oa ikpu ra=k dks izHkkfor djrk gS] tks oSaQlj jksx dkjd osQ :i eas Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
BB CySd dkcZu thok'e b±/u] ydM+h vkSj ijEijkxr b±/ukas osQ viw.kZ ngu ls fufeZr ikfVZoqQysV eSVj dk izHkkoh tyok;q&rkiu
?kVd gSA
BB czkmu dkcZu] dkcZfud ck;ksekl osQ ngu osQ nkSjku mRiUUk gksrk gS vkSj CYkSd dkcZu osQ lkFk ik;k tkrk gSA
BB Cyw dkcZUk ls rkRi;Z leqnzh ?kkl] var% Tokjh; yo.kh; nyny] eSaxzkso ou tSls rVh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k eas laxzghr vkSj
izPNkfnr dkcZu ls gSA
BB isV dksd dks ¶ckWVe vkWiQ n cSjy¸ b±/u osQ :i es oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS tks ,d Bksl dkcZUk le`¼ inkFkZ gSA ;g rsy
'kks/u dh izfØ;k osQ nkSjku izkIr gksrk gSA
BB tSoksipkj.k izÑfr esa ?kfVr gksus okyh tSo fuEuhdj.k izfØ;k dk gh lao¼Zu dj iznw"k.k dks LoPN djus dh rduhd gSA

ok;q iznw"k.k osQ dkj.k

oqQN lzksrksa osQ vk/kj ij ok;q iznw"k.k dks nks oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
izkÑfrd dkj.k%& yEch izfØ;kvksa osQ i'pkr~ nh?kkZof/ ls ok;qeaMy esa NksMs+ tkus okys jklk;fud iznw"kd bl Js.kh osQ vUrxZr
lfEefyr gaSA ok;q esa izkÑfrd iznw"k.k] vka/h&rwiQku osQ nkSjku mM+rh gqbZ /wy] Tokykeq[kh ls fudyk /qavk o jk[k] ouksa esa yxh
vkx] nyny o dhpM+ Hkjs {ks=kksa esa gksus okyh tSfod o jklk;fud fØ;kvksa osQ nkSjku fudyus okyh xSlksa o iQlyksa ls mRikfnr

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

ijkxd.kksa ls gksrk gSA gkykafd buls vis{kkÑr iznw"k.k dkiQh de ek=kk esa gksrk gS] ftldk funku Hkh izkÑfrd :i ls gh oqQN le;
i'pkr~ Lor% gks tkrk gSA
ekuoh; dkj.k%&
ok;q iznw"k.k eq[; :i ls ekuoh; Lkzksrksa ls gh gksrk gSA bu lzksrksa esa gSa&

?kjsyw dk;ks± esa ç;qDr b±/u%& ?kjsyw dk;ks± esa iz;qDr gksus okys b±/uksa osQ ngu ls dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM] dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM] lYiQj
MkbZvkWDlkbM vkfn xSlsa mRiUu gksrh gSa] tks ok;q dks iznwf"kr djrh gSaA ok;q iznw"k.k dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k gS& ngu dh izfØ;kA ekuo
osQ gj fØ;kdyki esa ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj ÅtkZ osQ fy, fdlh u fdlh b±/u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ngu ls vusd
xSlsa rFkk inkFkZ mRiUu gksdj ok;q dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA blosQ vUrxZr okguksa esa thok'e b±/uksa dk ngu] rki fo|qr xzgksa esa ngu]
owQMs+&dpjs osQ fuLrkj.k osQ fy, ngu rFkk vU; NksVs cM+s m|ksxksa esa ngu vkfn 'kkfey gSaA

m|ksxksa dh fpeuh ls fudyus okys vif'k"V inkFkZ%& ekuo tfur iznw"k.k dk nwljk izeq[k dkj.k vkS|ksxhdj.k gSA lexz fodkl
dh n`f"V ls uohu m|ksxksa dks yxkuk vko';d gS] fdUrq muls fudyus okys /q,a ls lHkh izdkj dh gkfudkjd xSlas] gkbMªksdkcZu
vif'k"V o vU;&gkfudkjd inkFkZ] fu;fer :i ls ok;q esa feydj iznw"k.k iSQykrs gSaA

HkkSfrd lk/uksa ls%& orZeku esa] miHkksDrkoknh izo`fÙk osQ pyrs ekuo us fofHkUu HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dk l`tu fd;k vkSj budk cM+s iSekus
ij iz;ksx Hkh gks jgk gSA bu HkkSfrd lalk/uksa osQ vUrxZr izQht] ,;j daMh'ku vkfn vkrs gSaA buesa iz'khrd osQ :i esa DyksjksÝyksjks
dkcZu dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu vkstksu {kj.k osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA

foyk;dksa dk iz;ksx%& iQuhZpjksa dh ikWfyl] Lisz isUV vkfn esa dkcZfud foyk;dksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA ;s de rki ij okf"ir gksus
okys nzo gkbMªksdkcZu gksrs gSaA mi;ksx osQ le; Hkh ;s okf"ir gksdj ok;q esa feydj mls iznwf"kr djrs gSaA

Ñf"k dk;ks± }kjk%& Ñf"k dk;ks± esa dhVuk'kd jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx yxkrkj c<+rk tk jgk gSA mRikndrk o`f¼ osQ fy, vktdy dhVuk'kd
cgqr ckjhd iQqgkjksa ls fNM+osQ tkrs gSaA MhMhVh] ch,plh vkfn ikmMj Hkh fNM+osQ tkrs gSaA ;s lHkh gkfudkjd inkFkZ ok;q esa feydj
ok;q dks tgjhyk cuk jgs gSaA

ijekf.od foLiQksVksa ls%& f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ le; ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj us ,d ,sls egknkuo dks tUe fn;k_ ftlus vkf.od gfFk;kjksa
dh izkfIr osQ fy, vizR;kf'kr nkSM+ izkjEHk dj nhA bl rduhdh dks gkfly djus osQ fy, fo'o osQ dbZ ns'kksa us gtkjksa ijek.kq ijh{k.k
fd;sA ijek.kq foLiQksVdksa ls ok;q esa gkfudkjd jlk;u o /wyd.k fu%l`r gksdj fey tkrs gSaA

ok;q iznw"k.k (Air Pollution)

ok;q iznw"kd osQ vusd lzksr crk, x, gSaA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM] lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM] ukbMªkstu osQ
vkWDlkbM] lLisaMsM ikfVZD;wysV eSVj] gkbMªksdkcZu vkSj /krq rRo vkfn [kfut b±/u_ tSls& dks;ys osQ tyus ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA blosQ
vfrfjDr jklk;fud [kkn cukus ls ;wfj;k dh /wy] isVªksy ngu ls lhlk] ,Y;qehfu;e mRiknuksa ls ÝyksjkbZM~l] vkf.od ÅtkZ la;a=kksa
ls jsfM;ks/feZrk vkfn mRIkUu gksrs gSaA

56 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM
dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM dks;ys osQ ngu ,oa xSlksfyu batuksa ls fudyrk gSA okLro esa dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM dh cM+h ek=kk uxjh;
{ks=kksa esa pyus okys yk[kksa vkWVkseksckby okguksa osQ vkUrfjd ngu osQ }kjk ok;qeaMy esa NksM+h tkrh gSA ;g rkih; fo|qr la;a=kksa
esa dks;ys osQ ngu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i cM+h ek=kk esa mRiUu gksrk gSA
BB dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM jDr esa vkWDlhtu /kj.k {kerk dks de dj nsrk gSA
BB ; g ekuo jDr esa gheksXyksfcu osQ lkFk layXu gksdj dkcksZDlh gheksXyksfcu cukrk gS] tksfd vkWDlhtu osQ ifjogu dks uqdlku
igq¡pkrk gSA
BB jDr esa 2&5 izfr'kr dkcksZDlh gheksXyksfcu dh mifLFkfr Hkh 'kjhj osQ raf=kdk ra=k dh lkekU; fØ;kfof/ dks izHkkfor dj nsrh
gS vkSj ,slk fliZQ 30ppm dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM ;qDr gok dks 'okl esa ysus osQ i'pkr~ gh gksus yxrk gSA
lYiQj MkbZvkWDlkbM
dks;yk rFkk thok'e b±/uksa osQ ngu ls cM+h ek=kk esa lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM fu%l`r gksrh gSA lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM lw;Z osQ izdk'k
osQ LkkFk fØ;k djosQ lYiQj VªkbvkWDlkbM (SO3) dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA fiQj lYiQj VªkbvkWDlkbM ueh osQ lkFk fØ;k djosQ
lYÝ;wfjd vEy (H2SO4) dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] tks /krqvksa osQ {kj.k] ;gk¡ rd fd laxejej osQ {kj.k osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
lYÝ;wfjd vEy o"kkZ ty osQ lkFk ?kqydj mls vkSj vEyh; cuk nsrk gSA
 Note
lYiQj MkbZvkWDlkbM ,d jaxghu xSl gS] ftldh ,d mÙkstd xa/ gksrh gSA bldk vf/dka'k Hkkx lYiQj&;qDr dks;ys osQ ikoj
IykaVksa esa mRiknu ls rFkk rsy fjiQkbujh ,oa lYiQkbM v;Ld osQ fi?kyus ls izkIr gksrk gSA
BB  Eyh; o"kkZ ouLifr;ksa osQ fy, vR;ar ?kkrd gSA blls ufn;ka vkSj >hyas vEyh; gks tkrh gaS] ftuosQ ifj.kkeLo:i muesa
v
fuokl djus okys tho u"V gks tkrs gSaA
BB lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM xys vkSj vk¡[kksa esa mÙkstuk] lhus esa tdM+u] flj nnZ] mYVh ,oa e`R;q dk dkj.k curk gSA
BB lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM Ñf"k] fo'ks"kdj ckxkuh iQlyksa dks Hkkjh {kfr igq¡pkrh gSA
ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM
fofHkUu thok'e b±/uksa osQ ngu ls xSlh; ukbVªkstu (N2) vkWDlhtu (O2) osQ lkFk vfHkfØ;k djosQ ukbfVªd vkWDlkbM (NO)
cukrk gS] tks 'kh?kz gh ,d Hkwjs jax dh ,d xSl] ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbMksa dk izeq[k lzksr okguksa ls fudyus okyk /q¡vk] dks;ys dk ngu vkSj vEy fuekZ.k gSA blosQ vfrfjDr
ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM (NO2) moZjdksa o eosf'k;ksa osQ vif'k"V ls Hkh fudyrh gSA
gkbMªksdkcZUl
thok'e b±/uksa osQ viw.kZ ngu ls vusd izdkj osQ gkbMªksdkcZu mRlftZr gksrs gSaA oqQN gkbMªksdkcZu iQksVksosQfedy LekWx osQ fuekZ.k
esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa] tcfd muesa ls oqQN vU; oSaQlj tfur Hkh ekus tkrs gSaA
iQksVksdsfedy vkWDlhMsUV~l
ok;q esa mi;qZDr izkFkfed iznw"kdksa dh lw;Z izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa izfrfØ;k osQ iQyLo:i oqQN xkS.k iznw"kdksa dh mRifÙk gksrh
gSA bu izfrfØ;kvksa dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ ifj.kke izdk'k jklk;fud LekWx (Photochemical Smog) gSA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k lHkk dk pkSFkk l=k&2019

gky gh esa la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k lHkk osQ pkSFks l=k dh cSBd 11 ls 15] ekpZ osQ eè; osQU;k osQ uSjksch esa vk;ksftr dh xbZA
bl lEEksyu dh Fkhe ¶i;kZoj.kh; pqukSfr;ksa rFkk lrr~ miHkksx o mRiknu gsrq vfHkuo lek/ku¸ (Innovative Solution for
Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production) FkhA

Hkkjr us ^lrr~ ukbVªkstu izca/u* ls lacaf/r egÙoiw.kZ ladYi dh vxqokbZ dhA

lrr~ ukbVªkstu izca/u
BB cSBd osQ nkSjku la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k lHkk (UNEA-4) us ^lrr~ ukbVªkstu izca/u* ls tqM+k ,d izLrko ikfjr fd;kA
BB Hkkjr osQ usr`Ro esa igyh ckj izLrkfor fd;k x;k ;g ladYi fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa dks ;g Hkjkslk fnykus esa liQy jgk fd
dkcZu dh rjg gh ukbVªkstu osQ fy, Hkh ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEkUo; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
BB ;g ladYi LFkyh;] tyh; vkSj leqnzh okrkoj.k ij izfrfØ;k'khy ukbVªkstu osQ ekuoh; mRltZu osQ dkj.k mRiUu iznw"k.k osQ
[krjksa dh igpku djrk gSA gkykafd blus [kk| vkSj ÅtkZ mRiknu osQ fy, ukbVªkstu osQ mi;ksx osQ ykHkksa dks Hkh js[kkafdr
fd;kA
BB Lej.kh; gS fd izfrfØ;k'khy ukbVªkstu (Reactive Nitrogen) dk oSf'od mi;ksx csgn voqQ'ky gS] D;ksafd mi;ksx fd,
x, lHkh ukbVªkstu dk 80% Hkkx i;koZj.k esa vo'kksf"kr gks tkrk gS] ftlls ekuo LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus okys iznw"k.k
ls ysdj xzhu gkml xSl mRltZu tSls izHkkoksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

ukbVªkstu iznw"k.k (Nitrogen Pollution)

la;qDr jk"Vª (UN) }kjk çdkf'kr okf"kZd ÚafV;j fjiksVZ 2019 us vius uohure laLdj.k esa ukbVªkstu çnw"k.k ij ,d vè;k;
lfEefyr fd;k gSA ;g fjiksVZ uSjksch esa gqbZ la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.kh; lHkk (United Nation Environmental Assembly) esa tkjh dh
xbZA
ok;q iznw"k.k ds izHkko
izdk'k jklk;fud /wez dksgjk (Photochemical Smog)

BB bls ^ykWl ,aftYl LekWx* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

BB çdk'k jklk;fud /wez dksgjk ,sls uxjh; {ks=kksa esa lokZf/d mRiUu gksrk gS] tgk¡ eksVj okguksa dh la[;k cM+h ek=kk esa gksrh gS
(eksVj okguksa }kjk çkFkfed mRltZu ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM dk gksrk gS)A
BB çdk'k jklk;fud /wez dksgjs (Summer Smog) dk fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS] tc ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM (çkFkfed çnw"kd) rFkk tSo
;kSfxd (çkFkfed çnw"kd)] tSls çnw"kd lw;Z] çdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa ijLij vfHkfØ;k djrs gSa] rks vkstksu (f}rh; çnw"kd)
xSl dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM $ lw;Z çdk'k $ gkbMªksdkcZUl ¾ vkstksu

(vkstksu xSl lerkieaMy esa i`Foh o blds lthoksa gsrq ykHknk;d gksrh gS] ijarq i`Foh /jkry ds lehi ;g oSf'od rkiu esa ;ksxnku
djrh gS] D;ksafd ;g ,d xzhu gkml xSl gSA

58 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

Hkkjr esa /wez dksgjk

Hkkjr dh jkt/kuh ne?kksaVw 'kgj (Choke City) cu x;k gS] D;ksafd ;gk¡ ij uoacj o fnlacj ekg esa /wez dksgjk vR;f/d ?kuk gks
tkrk gSA bl ?kus /wez dksgjs esa •rjukd Lrj ij PM 2-5 rFkk PM 10 ik, tkrs gSa] tks yk•ksa yksxksa dh ftanxh dks •rjs esa Mky
nsrk gS A gky gh esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fnYyh rFkk jk"Vªh; jkt/kuh {ks=k esa /wez dksgjs dh leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, Js.khc¼ çfrfØ;k
dk;Zokgh ;kstuk (Graded Response Action Plan) rS;kj dh gSA
/wez dksgjs ds izHkko (Effects of Smog)
/wez dksgjk gkfudkjd gksrk gS blds çHkko muds led{k gksrs gSa] ftuls feydj ;g curk gSA
;g ekuo] tkuojksa] la;a=kksa rFkk çÑfr ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrk gSA cgqr lkjs yksxksa dh e`R;q 'olu laca/h chekfj;ksa (Brounchial
Disease) ds dkj.k gks tkrh gSA
vkstksu ij izHkko
blosQ vfrfjDr ok;qeaMy esa DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu dh vf/drk osQ dkj.k vkstksu ijr dk {kj.k gks jgk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k ijkcSaxuh
fdj.kksa osQ c<+us ij Ropk dk tyuk] eksfr;kfcUn o Ropk oSaQlj tSls jksx mRiUu gks tkrs gaSA
tyok;q ij izHkko
iznw"k.k ls gksus okys ok;qeaMyh; ifjorZu fo'oO;kih m".krk osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA ;g ,slh ifj?kVuk gS tks dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM]
ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbMksa] ehFksu vkSj DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu tSlh oqQN xSlksa dk laosQUnz.k c<+us ls mRiUu gksrh gSA i`Foh ij fd, x, vuqla/kuksa
osQ :i ls irk pyrk gS fd ok;qeaMy osQ tyok"i] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ehFksu] ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM vkSj DyksjksÝyksjksdkcZu tSls
?kVd i`Fohry osQ fudV vojDr (Infrared) fofdj.k osQ :i esa xehZ lks[krs gSaA
vEy o"kkZ
vEy o"kkZ izkÑfrd rFkk ekuo fufeZr nksuksa lzksrksa ls gksus okyh ifj?kVuk gSA vEy o"kkZ dk fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS tc oqQN
ok;qeaMyh; xSlsa] tSlsfd dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM] okrkoj.k esa ;k /jkry ij ikuh osQ lkFk laca¼ gksrh gSaA ckfj'k esa ?kqyus okyh
dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM (CO2) dks detksj ,flM (dkcksZfud ,flM) esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd lYiQj vkSj ukbVªkstu osQ
vkWDlkbM lqn`<+ ,flM (Solid Acid) lYÝ;wfjd vkSj ukbfVªd ,flM gksrs gaSA vEy (Acid) osQ nks lzksr egÙoiw.kZ gS] tks bl izdkj gSa
izkÑfrd izfØ;k,a] Tokykeqf[k;ksa vkSj tSfod izfØ;kvksa ls Hkwfe ij] ue vkSj egklkxjksa esa gksus okys mRltZuA ,sls mRltZu ek=kk esa
vis{kkÑr NksVs gksrs gSa vkSj izÑfr mUgsa vo'kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA
ekuo xfrfof/;k¡ vkS|ksfxd vkSj ÅtkZ mRiknu la;a=kksa rFkk ifjogu okguksa ls mRltZuA okLro esa dks;ys] rsy vkSj (oqQN gn rd)
izkÑfrd xSl osQ tyus ls lYiQj] ukbVªl vkWDlkbM rFkk lkWfyM ,flM tSls xSlksa dk mRiknu gksrk gSA ekuo tfur fofHkUu lzksrksa ls
lYiQj rFkk dkcZu tSls rRoksa dh ek=kk yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA
gky osQ n'kdksa esa u osQoy ;g ,d xaHkhj leL;k cudj mHkjh] vfirq blus ,d oSf'od :i Hkh /kj.k fd;k gSA vEyh; volkn]
osQ gkfudkjd izHkko gksrs gSa] [kkldj tc Hkw&LFkyh; izkf.k;ksa osQ fy, pH 5.1 osQ ctk, 5-5 ls uhps fxj tk,A blls euq";ksa dks
czksadkbfVl vkSj vLFkek tSls jksx gks ldrs gSaA
ok;q iznw"k.k LOkkLF; osQ fy, rhljk lcls cM+k [krjk cu x;k gSA vesfjdk fLFkr gsYFk biQsDV baLVhV~;wV (,pbZvkbZ) vkSj baLVhV~;wV
vkWiQ gsYFk esfVªDl ,.M bosY;w,'kal (vkbZ,p,ebZ) dh vksj ls tkjh LVsV vkWiQ Xykscy ,;j] 2020 fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] nwf"kr ok;q
/weziku ls Hkh T;knk ekSrksa dk dkj.k cu jgh gSA ok;q iznw"k.k osQ dkj.k 2020 esa nqfu;kHkj esa 50 yk[k ekSrsa gqbZ gSaA oqQy ekSrksa esa 9
izfr'kr ;ksxnku ok;q iznw"k.k dk jgkA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

ok;q çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k osQ mik;

okguksa dk foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx o çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k esa lgk;d csly

muosQ b±/u ngu dh uohure ekudksa dk n`<+rk ls ç;ksx csly&VI
rduhd dk ç;ksx dks ;Fkk'kh?kz ykxw djuk vkfnA

b±/u osQ :i esa xSj ikjEifjd lzksr

bysfDVªd clksa] dkjksa rFkk vU;
tSls& xkscj xSl] ck;ksxSl] çko`Qfrd
;krk;kr lalk/uksa dks c<+kok nsdjA
xSl] LPG vkfn viukdjA

çnw"k.k jksdFkke o fuokj.k

ouksa dks lqjf{kr j[kdj o vf/fu;e&1981 osQ
o`{kkjksi.k djosQA fu;eksa esa orZeku t:jrksa
,uthVh osQ vuqns'kksa dk osQ vuq:i la'kks/u djukA
l[rh ls ikyu djuk rFkk
tkx:drk dk çlkjA

ok;q iznw"k.k dk fu;a=k.k nks vUrlZaCkaf/r Lrjksa oS/kfud vkSj izkS|ksfxdh; ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA oS/kfud mikxe osQ vUrxZr
ok;q dh xq.koÙkk lacaf/r ekudksa dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa Hkkjr ekud C;wjks (The Bureau of India Standards), tks iwoZ
esa bafM;u LVSaMMZ baLVhV~;wV (ISI) osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] bl izdkj osQ ekudksa dk fu/kZj.k djrk gSA bl ekud dk fu/kZZj.k {ks=k
foLr`r ,oa lekos'kh fodkl dh vko';drk osQ vuq:i gh gksuk pkfg,A
 Note
okguksa }kjk dkcZu mRltZu 'kgjh iznw"k.k dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gSA o"kZ 2020 dh ,d fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj fnYyh (NCR) osQ oqQy
ok;q iznw"k.k esa eksVj okguksa dk yxHkx 40% ;ksxnku gSA

mipkjh mik; (Remedial Measures)%& ok;q iznw"k.k dks mRltZd xSlksa ls ?kkrd inkFkks± dks nwj djosQ rFkk mRltZu xSlksa esa ls ?kkrd
iznw"kdksa dks gkfu jfgr cukdj ;k de ?kkrd inkFkks± esa ifjofrZr djosQ Hkh ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA buesa ls izFke mikxe vFkkZr~ mRltZu
lzksr ls gkfudkjd inkFkks± dks nwj djus dh fof/ LFkSfrd ngu lzksrksa (Static Combustion Sources) osQ fy, vkSj nwljh fof/ vFkkZr~
gkfudkjd inkFkks± dks de gkfudkjd inkFkks± esa ifjofrZr dj nsus dh fof/ xfr'khy ngu lzksrksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh gSA
izkÑfrd mik; (Natural Measures)%& o"kkZ o fgeikr Hkh ok;q iznw"k.k dks LoPN djus esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

60 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

BB izcy iousa iznw"kdksa dks nwj gVk nsrh gSa ;k mUgsa LoPN gok osQ lkFk fefJr dj iznw"kdksa dks de dj nsrh gSaA
BB egklkxjksa }kjk yo.kh; ty rjaxksa }kjk Hkh gok esa fuyafcr d.kksa yVosQ fofoDrksa ,oa ty esa ?kqfyr iznw"kdksa dks nwj dj fn;k
tkrk gSA

Ëofu iznw"k.k (Noise Pollution)

fodkl osQ Øe esa ekuo us ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka mRiUu dh gSa] tks vkt mlosQ gh thou dks ladV esa Mky jgh gSaA ok;q iznw"k.k]
ty iznw"k.k vkfn dh rjg Hkys gh èofu iznw"k.k dh Hk;kogrk Li"V utj u vkrh gks] ijUrq bldk izHkko fdlh vkink ls de ugh
gSA oLrqr% og izfØ;k ftlesa vfr rhoz èofu;k¡ ckj&ckj o yxkrkj lqukbZ ns] èofu iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA
dB fnu osQ dB jkf=k osQ
/ofu iznw"k.k ds lzksr {ks=k
le; le;
mn~Hko osQ vk/kj ij èofu iznw"k.k dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr
'kkar {ks=k 50 40
fd;k x;k gS&
izkÑfrd lzksr vkoklh; {ks=k 55 45
O;kolkf;d {ks=k 65 55
cgqr lh izkÑfrd fØ;k,a Hkh èofu iznw"k.k osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSaA
tSls& Tokykeq[kh foLiQksV] cknyksa dk xjtuk] fctyh dk dM+duk] vkS|ksfxd {ks=k 75 70
HkwdEi o rhoz pØokr vkfnA gkykafd ;s dkjd LFkkuh; gksrs gSa rFkk
budk izHkko Hkh vYikof/d gksrk gSA
ekuo tfur ;k Ñf=ke lzksr
ekuo lH;rk osQ mn~Hko osQ lkFk&lkFk ,sls mikxeksa dk l`tu gksrk x;k] tks ,d rjiQ thou dks ljy vkSj lqfo/ktud cukus osQ
lkFk&lkFk xaHkhj ladV Hkh mRiUu dj jgs gSaA vkS|ksfxd vkSj ;krk;kr lk/uksa dk fujarj fodkl] bysDVªkWfud midj.kksa }kjk èofu
foLrkj] fofHkUu izdkj osQ JO; midj.kksa dk fodkl rFkk vusd ekuoh; fØ;kvksa ls mRiUu vkoktsa èofu iznw"k.k dk dkj.k cu
tkrh gaSA
èofu iznw"k.k dk izHkko
90 Mslhcy ls vf/d èofu okyk okrkoj.k cgjkiu] ekufld ruko] fpM+fpM+kiu] ân; jksx esa o`f¼ ,oa l`tukRed {kerk dks
izHkkfor djrk gSA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 1986 dh /kjk&6 osQ v/hu èofu iznw"k.k (fofu;eu ,oa fu;a=kd) fu;e] 2000 ikfjr fd;k x;kA
blosQ varxZr fofHkUu mRloksa rFkk /kfeZd lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa osQ nkSjku mRiUu gksus okys èofu iznw"k.k dk ekiu djuk rFkk fu;a=k.k
gsrq fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh djuk vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
ty iznw"k.k (Water Pollution)
ty osQ izkÑfrd Lo:i esa ckg~; rRoksa (ekuo tfur rFkk izkÑfrd nksuksa) osQ fefJr gks tkus ls tc foÑfr vk tkrh gS rks
og thotxr osQ fy, gkfudkjd gks tkrk gS] ;g fLFkfr ty iznw"k.k dgykrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ¶ty dh jklk;fud] HkkSfrd vkSj
tSfod fof'k"Vrkvksa esa eq[;r% ekuoh; fØ;kvksa ls tks voufr vkrh gS] mls gh ty iznw"k.k dgk tkrk gSA
ty iznw"k.k ds lzksr
ty iznw"k.k fdlh ,d iznw"kd osQ }kjk mRiUu ugha gksrk] vfirq blosQ fy, vusd dkjd mÙkjnk;h gSaA ;|fi dgha ,d lzksr ;k dkj.k
izeq[k gks tkrk gS] rks dgha ,d ls vf/dA vf/dka'kr% ty iznw"k.k dk dkj.k ekuo }kjk fofHkUu inkFkks± dk ty esa fuLrkj.k gS]

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

fdUrq oqQN izkÑfrd lzksr Hkh ty iznw"k.k osQ dkjd gksrs gSaA ty iznw"k.k osQ lzksr fuEufyf[kr gSa&
izko`Qfrd lzksr (Natural Sources of Water Pollution)

fofHkUUk izkÑfrd vUrfozZQ;kvksa }kjk Hkh ty iznw"k.k gksrk gSA tSls& ck<+] lqukeh rFkk Hkwadi vkfn }kjk cMs+ iSekus ij ty iznw"k.k gksrk
gSA ;g iznw"k.k ean vkSj dHkh&dHkh lkef;d gksrk gSA tSls& o"kkZ dky esa ufn;ksa] rkykcksa dk ty e`nk osQ d.kksa osQ feJ.k ls vR;f/d
eVeSyk gks tkrk gS] tks oqQN le; i'pkr~ Lor% Bhd gks tkrk gSA ty esa izkÑfrd :i ls 'kq¼ gksus dh fØ;k gksrh jgrh gSA
ekuoh; lzksr (Human Sources of Water Pollution)
## ?kjsyw cfg%lzko (Domestic Effluent)
## okfgr ey (Sewage)
## vkS|ksfxd cfg%lzko (Industrial Effluent)
## 'kgjh cfg%lzko rFkk vif'k"V (Urbon Effluent and Wastes)
## jsfM;ks/ehZ vif'k"V }kjk (Radioactive Wastes)
## Ñf"k cfg%lzko (Agricultural Effluent)
## rkih; iznw"k.k (Thermal Effluent)
## rsy vf/Iyko (Oil Spills)

jsfM;ks/kehZ vif'k"V }kjk ty iznw"k.k (Radioactive Wastes)

orZeku le; esa ÅtkZ izkIr djus esa ,oa gkfFk;kjksa osQ fuekZ.k esa jsfM;ks/ehZ inkFkks± dk mi;ksx gks jgk gSA ,d vksj U;wfDy;j gfFk;kjksa
dk fuekZ.k gks jgk gS] rks nwljh vksj U;wfDy;j ÅtkZ gsrq ijek.kq fj,DVjksa osQ fuekZ.k dks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gSA jsfM;ks,fDVo inkFkZ lnSo
fo[k.Mu dh izfØ;k ls xqtjrs gSa rFkk buosQ vif'k"V inkFkZ Hkh de ;k vf/d jsfM;ks,fDVo gksrs gSaA ;s inkFkZ 'kh?kz lekIr u gksdj
lSdM+ksa ls gtkjksa o"kks± rd cus jgrs gSaA ;fn os fdlh izdkj ekuo 'kjhj esa izos'k dj tkrs gSa] rks vR;f/d gkfu dk dkj.k curs gSaA
rkih; iznw"k.k
ÅtkZ la;a=kksa esa cM+h ek=kk esa vR;f/d xeZ ty fu%l`r gksrk gS tks cgrk gqvk fofHkUu tyk'k;ksa esa tkrk gSA blls lEiw.kZ tyh; ikfjra=k
osQ u"V gksus dk [krjk mRiUu gks tkrk gSA blh izdkj leqnz esa U;wfDy;j ijh{k.k osQ nkSjku ml tyh; {ks=k dk rkieku vR;f/d xeZ
gks tkrk gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i cM+h ek=kk esa eNfy;k¡] dksjy vkfn u"V gks tkrs gSaA

62 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

Bksl vif'k"V@cfg%lzko

vkS|ksfxd vif'k"V volajpukRed uxjh; vif'k"V [kuu vif'k"V o`Qf"k vif'k"V

xfrfof/;ksa }kjk
mRiUu vif'k"V
isVªksfy;e vif'k"V vkfn dksy vif'k"V
[kk| inkFkks± osQ fofHkUu iQlyksa
iSosQV dk MaBy (iqvky]
Hkwlk vkfnA)

jklk;fud jkWd vif'k"V

m|ksxksa ls fudyk IykfLVd cksry o
cfg%lzko (effluent) FkSys fofHkUu iQlyksa dh
/kfRod vif'k"V tMs+aA

/kfRod m|ksxksa ls dkap dk lkeku

fudyk vif'k"V
[kjkc iQy]
lfCt;k¡ vkfnA

okgu o
phuh o dkxt bysDVªkWfuDl
m|ksxksa dk vif'k"V vif'k"V

peM+k m|ksx ls fpfdRldh; cfg%lzko o

fudyk cfg%Ïko vif'k"V

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 63
i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

Bksl vif'k"V dk çHkko

i;kZoj.k ij çHkko tyh; ikfjra=k ij çHkko ekuo rFkk tho&tUrqvksa ij

çHkko

Bksl vif'k"V ehFksu xSl osQ Bksl vif'k"V ufn;ksa] >hyksa]

mRltZu dk ,d cM+k lzksr gSA rkykcksa rFkk leqnz vkfn osQ çk;% [krjukd vif'k"V lkbV osQ
vkarfjd o cká nksuksa ikfjra=k vkl&ikl jgus okyksa esa
ij ?kkrd çHkko Mkyrk gSA e/qesg jksx dh leL;k ns[kh x;h gSA
ehFksu xzhu gkml xSl gS tks fd
oSf'od Å"eu osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h
ekuh tkrh gSA tyh; tho Bksl vif'k"V osQ 'olu fozQ;k rFkk ân;
NksVs d.kksa dks [kk| lkexzh jksxA
le>dj xzg.k dj ysrs gSaA blls
Bksl vif'k"V [kqys esa lM+dj mudk thou laoQV esa iM+
vkl&ikl dh ok;q xq.koÙkk ij tkrk gSA vklsZfud] ;wjsfu;e] ysM o ikjk
çfrowQy çHkko Mkyrk gSA vkfn Bksl vif'k"V osQ ekè;e
ls ty esa ?kqydj ekuo rFkk
thoksa ij ?kkrd çHkko Mkyrs gSaA
Bksl vif'k"V tyh; thoksa osQ
;g ty çnw"k.k osQ fy, Hkh 'olu ra=k ij Hkh çfrowQy çHkko
mÙkjnk;h gSA Mkyrk gSA
;s oSaQlj] efLr"d laca/h rFkk
tUetkr foo`Qfr;ksa osQ fy, Hkh
mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA

bZ&vif'k"V dk oxhZdj.k

lisQn inkFkZ Hkwjs inkFkZ LysVh inkFkZ

ç'khrd ;a=k&fizQt vkfnA blosQ vUrxZr dEI;wVj midj.k]

blosQ vUrxZr Vsyhfotu]
okaf'kx e'khu eksckby midj.k vkfn vkrs gaSA
V~;wcykbV~l] ia[kk o oSQejk
fM'kokW'kj vkfn
bR;kfn vkrs gSaA

64 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

fofHkUu iznw"k.kksa ds lzksr] izHkko ,oa fu;a=.k

iznw"kd lzksr izHkko fu;a=kd mik;

dkcZu µt
 hok'e b±/uksa osQ ngu] µv
 R;f/d laoasQnz.k c<+us ls oSf'od µt
 hok'e b±/uksa dk iz;ksx
MkbZvkWDlkbM oukfXu] thfor izkf.k;ksa }kjk rkiu o`f¼ }kjk tyok;q ifjorZuA lhfer] uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ osQ
'olu vkfnA iz;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k tk,
rFkk oukoj.k esa o`f¼ dh
tk,A
dkcZu µ o ukfXu] vkWVkseksckby µ jDr dh vkWDlhtu /kj.k {kerk dks µv
 kWVkseksckby o m|ksxksa dh
eksuksvkWDlkbM vkS|ksfxd izfr"BkuA ?kVkrk gSA ngu iz.kkyh esa lq/kjA

µt  Sfod inkFkks± dk viw.kZ µ ekufld FkdkoV] ân; ,oa 'olu µ ?kjksa esa tykou rFkk oukfXu
ngu] flxjsV dk /qvk¡ vkfnA laca/h chekfj;ksa dks c<+krk gSA ij fu;a=k.k LFkkfir fd;k
tk;sA
µ lcls cM+k ;ksxnku ifjoguA µ gYosQ laosQUnz.k (50 ls 100 PPM)
gksus ijA µ flxjsV&rEckowQ ij jksdA

DyksjksÝyksjks µ jsfizQtjsVj] ,;jkslkWy µ vkstksu {kj.kA µ iz'khrd osQ midj.kksa dks

dkcZu ,;jdaMh'kuj] iQkse vkfnA CFC mRiknu jfgr cukukA
µ ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa osQ
µl
 cls cM+k lzksr jsfizQtjs'ku& /jrh ij igq¡pus osQ dkj.k oSaQlj o
26» rFkk ,;jkslkWy 25-6»A peZ jksx vkfnA

lYiQj µ Tokykeq[kh mn~xkj] µl

 YiQj MkbvkWDlkbM ty osQ lkFk µ fuEu lYiQj okys thok'e
MkbvkWDlkbM lYiQj;qDr dks;ys dk ngu vfHkfØ;k djosQ lYkÝ;wfjd vEy b±/uksa dk ç;ksxA
(SO2) (m|ksx o ÅtkZ la;a=kksa esa)] dk
?kjsyw b±/u dk iz;ksxA fuekZ.k djrh gS] tks vEy o"kkZ osQ
µ bldk lcls cM+k lzksr& fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA
µ uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lalk/uksa dks
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k (65») rFkk µ 'olu laca/h chekfj;ksa dks xaHkhj dj c<+kokA
ÅtkZ (25»)
djrk gSA nsrh gSA Hkouksa] dkxt o peM+k vkfn
dks {kfrxzLr djrk gSA

ukbVªkstu µ e ksVj okguksa ,oa m|ksxksa esa µ 'olu ,oa ân; jksxksa dks rhoz djrk µv  kW V ks e ks c kby o thok'e
MkbvkWDlkbM mPp rkieku ij b±/uksa dk gSA b± / uA
nguA
µ vEy o"kkZ dk dkj.k curk gSA µ lkoZtfud ;krk;kr dks
µ dks;yk vk/kfjr ÅtkZ la;a=kA c<+kokA
µ izdk'k jklk;fud LekWx dk fuekZ.k
µ blesa 45» rd ;krk;kr dk djrk gSA
;ksxnku gSA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 65
i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

iznw"kd lzksr izHkko fu;a=kd mik;

gkbMªksdkcZu µv  kWVkseksckby ,oa vkS|ksfxd µ jklk;fud LekWxA µ m Uur izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl

HkfV~V;kaA djuk ftlls vkWVkseksckby
µ oqQN oSaQlj tudA
µ thok'e b±/uksa dk rFkk vkS|ksfxd osQUnzksa esa
viw.kZ nguA µ mPp lkanz.k ikS/ksa vkSj izkf.k;ksa osQ
fy, fo"kSyk gks ldrk gSA iz;qDr b±/uksa dh ngu izfØ;k
µ oukfXu rFkk ?kjsyw ikjaifjd dks lq/kjk tk losQA
tykouA
µ uxjh; rFkk Ñf"k vif'k"Vksa
dk leqfpr izca/uA
ehFksu vknzZHkwfe
µ izkÑfrd lkalk/uksa (rsy] µ x zhu gkml izHkko mRiUu djus esa µ  uxjh; rFkk Ñf"k
xSl] dks;yk) dk [kuuA lgk;dA vif'k"Vksa dk leqfpr izca/uA

µ /ku dh Ñf"kA
µ Ñf=ke tyk'k;@cka/ vkfnA
µ i'kqikyuA
µfd.ou (vif'k"Vksa dks
lM+kuk vFkok tSfod [kkn)
jsfM;ks,fDVo µ izkÑfrd lzksr 'kSy ,oa e`nkA µ jDr o Ropk oSaQljA µ ukfHkdh; vL=kksa osQ ijh{k.k
inkFkZ ij iw.kZ izfrca/A
µ ukfHkdh; vL=k ijh{k.kA
µ vkuqoaf'kd =kqfV;k¡A
µ ukfHkdh; ÅtkZA

ikjk µv  kS|ksfxd vif'k"VA µ fo'ks"kdj ekuo LokLF; osQ fy, µv

 if'k"V ty dk leqfpr
vR;ar fo"kSykA izlaLdj.kA
µ izkÑfrd pV~Vkusa rFkk
ok"ihdj.kA
lhlk µ v
 kWVkseksckby ,oa fofHkUu µ e kuo raf=kdk ra=k o ikpu ra=k ij µl
 hlk;qDr xSlksfyu ,oa
vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa esa izfrowQy izHkkoA dhVuk'kdksa dks izfrcaf/r
thok'e b±/uksa dk nguA fd;k tk;sA
µ lhlk ;qDr xSlksfyuA µ IySadVu dh fodkl izfØ;k ij
µ dhVuk'kdA udkjkRed izHkkoA
fMVts±V µ ?kjsyw ,oa vkS|ksfxd cfg%lzkoA µ tyh; ikfjra=k ij fouk'kdkjh izHkkoA µv  if'k"V ty dk VªhVesaVA
(iQkWLiQsV~l) µ is;ty nwf"krA µ fMVts±V osQ iz;ksx dks lhfer
djukA
µ ty esa ?kqfyr vkWDlhtu esa dehA

66 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy vkuqoaf'kd bathfu;jh dk mi;ksx tSoksipkj.k osQ fy,] fo'ks"kr% vfHkdfYir lw{e thokas dks l`ftr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
yy ekuoh; ;k izkÑfrd dkj.kkas ls ok;qeaMy eas mifLFkr xSlkas osQ fuf'pr vuqikr eas vokaNuh; ifjorZu dks ok;q iznw"k.k dgrs gSaA
yy ÝykbZ ,s'k ,d lw{e ikmMj gksrk gS tks ok;q osQ lkFk nwj rd mM+k djrk gSA bleas lhlk] vklsZfud] dkWij tSlh tgjhyh]
Hkkjh /krqvkas osQ d.k Hkh gksrs gSaA
yy vkW;ytSij rsyh; iad rFkk fc[kjs gq, rsy osQ mipkj gsrq ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ vuqowQy fodflr izkS|ksfxdh gSA
 YiQj MkbZvkWDlkbM dks ozSQfoaQx xSl Hkh dgrs gSa] D;kasfd ;g yxkrkj iRFkj ij izokfgr dh tk,] rks iRFkj {kr&fo{kr gks
yy l
tkrk gSA
yy Hkkjr eas c<+rs ok;q iznw"k.k dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us (BS-IV) fu;e ls lh/s (BS-VI) ekud dks ykxw djus dk fopkj
fd;k gSA
yy /wez dksgjk (Smog) /q,a vkSj dksgjs dk feJ.k gksrk gS bleas eq[; rRo vkstksu gksrk gSA
yy Hkksiky xSl =kklnh (3 fnlacj] 1984) feFkkby vkblkslkbusV xSLk yhd gksus osQ dkj.k ?kfVr gqbZA
yy oSQMfe;e iznw"kd ls bVkbZ&bVkbZ jksx rFkk gfMM~;kas ,oa tksM+ksa eas rhoz nnZ gksrk gS] ;Ñr ,oa isQiQM+s dk oSQalj Hkh gks tkrk gSA
yy ukbMªkstu vkWDlkbM izdk'k&jklk;fud /wez dksgjs osQ cuus osQ le; mRiUUk gksrk gSA
yy isjkWfDly ewyd ;k rks vkWDlhtu osQ v.kqvksas ;k vkstksu (O3) rFkk ukbVªkstu MkbZvkWDlkbM (NO2) ls feydj isjkWDlh,lhfVy
ukbVªsV dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
yy isjkWDlh,lhfVy ukbVªsV euq";kas dh vk[kkas eas cgqr T;knk tyu ;k mÙkstuk iSnk djus okyk inkFkZ gSA
yy ty eas tSfod rFkk vtSfod nksukas izdkj osQ iks"kd rRokas dh o`f¼ gksus dh ?kVuk dks lqiks"k.k dgrs gSaA
yy ,DykgkWfDlu eas ,d oSaQlj tud inkFkZ ^dkjflukstsu* gksrk gS tks ;Ñr oSaQlj mRiUUk djrk gSA
yy varjkZ"Vªh; vEy o"kkZ lwpuk osaQnz eSupsLVj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
yy ^ukWd&uh lay{k.k* DykssjkbM osQ iznw"k.k }kjk mRiUUk gksrk gSA
yy jsMku ,d jaxghu] xa/ghu jsfM;ks,fDVo vfozQ; xSl gSA
yy flxjsV osQ /q,a ls ^dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM* o csUthu xSl fudyrh gSA
yy fo'o LokLF; laxBu osQ vuqlkj] èofu dh mPPkrk dk Lrj fnu ,oa jkf=k eas 45 db] 35 db fuf'pr fd;k gSA
yy is;ty eas DykssjkbM vf/d gksus osQ dkj.k nk¡r ,oa gfM~M;k¡ detksj gks tkrh gSaA
yy ,uhfe;k] flj nnZ] ek¡lisf'k;ksa dh detksjh ,oa elwM+kas eas uhykiu vkfn lhlk;qDr ty osQ lsou osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
yy uotkr f'k'kqvksa eas Cyw csch flaMªkse (feFkseksXykschusfe;k) is;ty eas ukbVªsV dh vf/drk gksus osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
 yh; ra=k eas DO (Dissolved Oxygen) dh ek=kk 4-0
yy t mg/L ls de gks tkus ls] tyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ij izfrowQy izHkko
iM+rk gS rFkk tSo fofo/rk dk ßkl gksrk gSA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 67
 h apter
C

8
Hkwe.Myh; rkiu
Global Warming

Hkwe.Myh; rkiu vFkok oSf'od Å"eu ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu ,d&nwljs ls vUrl±caf/r gSa] D;ksafd oSf'od rkiu dk vafre
ifj.kke tyok;q esa LFkkuh;] izknsf'kd ,oa Hkwe.Myh; Lrj ij Hkkjh ifjorZu osQ :i esa gks ldrk gS] ftldk izHkko u osQoy ekuo
thou vfirq leLr ikfjra=k ij iM+sxkA
oSf'od ≈"eu (Global Warming)
oSf'od m".krk i`Foh vkSj leqnz osQ okrkoj.k osQ vkSlr rkiu esa o`f¼ dks dgrs gSaA oSf'od Å"eu osQ vaxszth 'kCn 'Global
Warming' dk loZizFke iz;ksx fczfV'k i;kZoj.kfon~ czks,dj }kjk 1970 osQ n'kd esa fd;k x;k FkkA oSf'od m".krk vkS|ksfxd Økafr
ls xzhu gkml xSlksa esa o`f¼ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i i`Foh osQ fupys ok;qe.My osQ vkSlr rkieku esa Øfed c<+ksÙkjh gSA
oSf'od ≈"eu ds dkjd
oLrqr% oSf'od Å"eu osQ dkjdksa dks nks oxks± esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS%&
izkÑfrd dkjd
oSf'od Å"eu ,d izkÑfrd ifj?kVuk Hkh gS] tks yk[kksa o"kks± ls i`Foh ij gksrh jgh gSA izkÑfrd dkjdksa }kjk oSf'od rkiu rFkk
'khryu vR;Ur ean xfr ls gksrk gS vkSj Å"eu ,oa 'khryu dh ;s izkÑfrd izfØ;k,¡ mRØe.kh; gksrh gaSA
ekuoh; dkjd
vk/qfud ;qx esa ekuo dbZ ,slh fØ;k,¡&izfØ;k,¡ viukrk pyk x;k] ftlls i;kZoj.k rFkk tyok;q osQ lEeq[k tfVy leL;k,¡ mRiUu
gksrh pyh x;haA Lej.kh; gS fd ekuo tfur Hkwe.Myh; rkiu rsth ls gksrk gS rFkk mRØe.kh; ugha gksrk vFkkZr~ ,d fuf'pr lhek
izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ og nksckjk okil ugha gksrk gSA ekuo izsfjr oSf'od Å"eu ls tyok;q esa LFkkuh;] izknsf'kd rFkk oSf'od Lrj ij
vYidkfyd ls ysdj nh?kZdkfyd ifjorZu gks ldrs gSaA
oSf'od ≈"eu dh izfÿ;k
oSf'od Å"eu rFkk oSf'od vkSlr rkieku esa o`f¼ osQ izeq[k lzksrksa] dkjdksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u fuEufyf[kr :iksa
esa fd;k tkrk gS%&
gfjr x`g izHkko (Green House Effect)

68 @apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902
 RO/ARO

lkekU; ok;qeaMyh; izfØ;k ;g gS fd i`Foh osQ /jkry ij rkieku dk vuqj{k.k] i`Foh ij vkus okyh lw;Z fdj.kksa dh ÅtkZ vkSj
ogk¡ ls varfj{k esa okil tkus okyh Å"ek osQ ÅtkZ larqyu }kjk gksrk gSA
gfjr x`g xSlksa osQ mRizsjd dkjdksa dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
tSo b±/uksa dk iz;ksx%& fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/;k¡] ;krk;kr osQ lk/uksa rFkk ?kjsyw mi;ksx gsrq o`gn~ iSekus ij thok'e
b±/uksa dk ngu fd;k tkuk] ftlls cM+h ek=kk esa dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM vkfn xSlsa mRlftZr gksrh gSaA ,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj] o"kZ 2018
esa ok;qeaMy osQ Hkhrj CO2 dk Lrj yxHkx 410 ppm rd igq¡p x;k FkkA
ouksUewyu (Deforestation)%& vkS|ksfxd rFkk uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k osQ pyrs LFkkiukvksa osQ fodkl gsrq cM+s iSekus ij ouksa dks
dkVk x;kA blosQ lkFk gh Ñf"k {ks=k osQ foLrkj gsrq ou {ks=kksa dk fouk'k fd;k x;kA
vk/qfud thou 'kSyh (Modern Lifestyle)%& vkS|ksfxd Økafr ls iwoZ rFkk i'pkr~ ekuo thou i¼fr esa vusd cnyko ns[kus dks
feys] tgk¡ ,d rjiQ oSKkfud izxfr osQ ekè;e ls mlus thou dks lqfo/kiw.kZ cukus osQ fy, vusd vkfo"dkj fd,] ogha nwljh rjiQ
mldh miHkksDRkkoknh izo`fÙk rFkk izkÑfrd lalk/uksa osQ miHkksx osQ izfr nks"kiw.kZ /kj.kk us leLr ikfjra=k dks IkzHkkfor djus okys rRoksa
dks tUe fn;kA orZeku esa bldk nq"izHkko oSf'od Å"eu osQ :i esa gesa ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA
i'kqikyu ,oa Msjh iQkfe±x (Animal Husbandry and Dairy Farming)%& i'kqikyu ,oa Msjh iQkfe±x esa o`f¼ ls ehFksu mRltZu esa Hkh
o`f¼ gksrh gS] D;ksafd xk;] HksM+] HkSal vkfn osQ isV esa ekbØksfc;y (Microbial) [kehjhdj.k osQ nkSjku mi&mRikn osQ :i esa ehFksu
mRlftZr gksrh gSA
tyok"i (Water Vapour)%& ;g lcls egÙoiw.kZ gfjr x`g xSl gSA ;g izkÑfrd 'olu rFkk ok"ihdj.k }kjk mRiUu gksrh gSA tyok"i
dh ek=kk esa LFkkfud rFkk dkfyd ifjorZu gksrs gSa] ijarq ok;qeaMy osQ rkieku esa vkaf'kd o`f¼ ls bldh oqQy ek=kk c<+ tkrh gSA
bldh ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksus ls gfjr x`g xSlksa dh ek=kk Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA
fuEuLrjh; vkstksu (Tropospheric Ozone)%& ;g Hkh ,d gfjrx`g xSl gSA vkstksu] okguksa osQ /q,¡ rFkk vU; tSo b±/uksa dh xSlksa ij
lw;Z dh fdj.kksa osQ izHkko ls mRiUu gksrh gSA

Hkwe.Myh; rkiu dk izHkko

oSf'od rkiu osQ dkj.k ok;qeaMy esa Å"ek dk vf/d laosQUnz.k gks ldrk gS] ftlls okrkoj.k osQ rkieku esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
blosQ iQyLo:i fuEufyf[kr ifj?kVuk,¡ ifjyf{kr gks ldrh gSa&
## ok"ihdj.k dh ek=kk esa o`f¼A
## pØokrksa dh ckjackjrk esa o`f¼A
## ,yuhuks dh ckjackjrk ,oa rh{.krk esa o`f¼A
## nksuksa xksyk¼ks± esa xzh"e Írq dh rh{.krk esa o`f¼A
## o"kkZ dh ek=kk rFkk le;kof/ esa vlarqyuA
## tSo pØ esa O;o/kuA
LFkyeaMy ij izHkko
BB LFkyh; 'kq"drk esa o`f¼A

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

gfjrx`g çHkko osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h xSlksa

osQ mRltZu dks fu;af=kr djukA
thok'e b±/uksa dk mi;ksx lhfer
vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/;ksa dh ngu
djukA
ç.kkyh dks mUur cukukA
ouksUewyu dks jksduk rFkk o`{kkoj.k
dks c<+kok nsukA
xzhugkml xSlksa
;krk;kr lalk/uksa dks lhfer mQtkZ osQ oSdfYid vFkkZr~
dks fu;af=kr djus
djuk rFkk bysfDVªd okguksa o uohudj.kh; lalk/uksa osQ ç;ksx dks
osQ mik;
CNG okguksa dks c<+kok nsukA c<+kok nsukA

xzhu flVh] xzhu fcfYMax tSlh DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu osQ çfrLFkkid

vo/kj.kkvksa dks c<+kok nsukA inkFkks± dk fodkl djukA
o`Qf"k mRiknu esa moZjdksa (ukbVªkstu
vk/kfjr) osQ ç;ksx dks lhfer djukA
tye.My ij izHkko
BB Xysf'k;jksa osQ rhoz fi?kyko osQ iQyLo:i leqnzh ty LRkj esa o`f¼A
BB leqnzh tyLrj esa o`f¼ ls ,d cM+h tula[;k osQ lEeq[k iyk;u dh leL;kA
BB NksVs }hih; ns'kksa osQ Mwcus dk ladVA
BB izokyksa dk fouk'kA
rVh; i;ZVu ij dqizHkko
BB eRL;u ls tqM+s m|ksxksa o yksxksa osQ lEeq[k jkstxkj dh leL;k vkfnA
d̀f"k mRiknu ij izHkko
BB rkieku esa o`f¼ ls tyok;fod fØ;kfof/;ksa esa leL;k ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ekSle laca/h le;kof/ esa cnyko eglwl fd;k
tk jgk gSA ,sls esa fofHkUu ekSleksa osQ vuqowQy iQly izk:i ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+uk LokHkkfod gSA
BB o Sf'od Å"eu osQ iQyLo:i e#LFkyhdj.k esa o`f¼ osQ pyrs Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe esa deh vk,xhA vr% [kk|kUUk ladV mRiUu
gks ldrk gSA
tho&tUrqvksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa ij izHkko
BB ; fn ok;qe.My 2ºC ls 5ºC rd xeZ gks tkrk gS] rks /jkry fo'ks"k:i ls 'khrks".k ou rFkk o"kkZ ou osQ ikfjra=k ij foijhr
izHkko iM+sxkA
BB vusd tho&tUrqvksa dh iztkfr;k¡ foyqIr gks ldrh gSa ;k mudk izoklu gksxkA
BB tylzksrksa osQ lw[kus ls Hkh cgqr ls oU;tho ladV esa iM+ ldrs gSaA

70 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

IykfLVd vif'k"V izca/ku fu;e] 2011] 2016 vkSj 2018 (Plastic Waste Management Rules] 2011] 2016 & 2018)
IykfLVd fofuekZ.k rFkk mi;ksx vf/fu;e] 1999
Hkkjr ljdkj us IykfLVd dh xSj&tSo fuEuhdj.kh; çÑfr ds dkj.k iqupZfØr IykfLVd fofuekZ.k rFkk mi;ksx fu;e] 1999 ikfjr
fd;kA IykfLVd gekjs 'kjhj rFkk i;kZoj.k nksuksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gSA bl vf/fu;e dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gS%
(i) lkeku j•us okyh FkSyh (carry bags) ;k fMCcs iqupZfØr IykfLVd ls cus gksaxs
(ii) u;k IykfLVd] çkÑfrd 'ksM (Natural Shade) ls cuk gksxkA
(iii) iqupZfØr IykfLVd rFkk o.kZdksa] jaxksa ds bLrseky okyk fofufeZr IykfLVd fu;eksa ds vuq:i gksxkA
(iv) IykfLVd ds iqupZØ.k esa Hkkjrh; ekud fofunZs'k C;wjks ds funZs'kksa dk ikyu l[rh ls fd;k tk,xkA
(v) fofuekZrk lkeku j•us okyh FkSfy;ksa (Carry Bags) ds çR;sd iSdsV ij blds ^iqupZfØr inkFkZ* vFkok ^uohu IykfLVd* gksus
dh tkudkjh NkisaxsA
IykfLVd vif'k"V çca/u (la'kks/u) fu;e] 2018
BB i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kky; us 27 ekpZ] 2018 dks IykfLVd dpjk çca/u (la'kks/u) fu;e] 2018 dks
vf/lwfpr fd;k gSA
BB la'kksf/r fu;eksa esa çko/ku gS fd cgqLrjh; IykfLVd (MLP) dks pj.kc¼ :i ls çpyu ls ckgj djus ds çko/ku mUgha
MLP ij ykxw gksrs gSa] tks ^xSj&iqupZØ.k ;k xSj&ÅtkZ iquçkZIr gS ;k ftudk oSdfYid mi;ksx ugha gSA

BB ; s la'kksf/r fu;e] fuekZrk@ vk;krd@ czk.M ekfyd ds iathdj.k ds fy, ,d dsaæh; iathdj.k ç.kkyh Hkh fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA
buesa ;s çko/ku Hkh gSa fd iathdj.k ra=k Lopkfyr gksuk pkfg, vkSj mRikndksa] fjlkbZdylZ vkSj fuekZrkvksa ds fy, vklku
gksuk pkfg,A fuekZrk @ vk;krd @ czk.M ekfyd ds iathdj.k ds fy, dsaæh; çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ (CPCB) }kjk dsaæhÑr
iathdj.k ç.kkyh fodflr dh tk,xhA tgk¡ nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa esa mifLFkfr okys mRikndksa ds fy, ,d jk"Vªh; iathdj.k
fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gS] ogha ,d ;k nks jkT;ksa ds Hkhrj ifjpkyu djus okys NksVs mRikndksa @ czk.M ekfydksa ds fy, ,d
jkT;Lrjh; iathdj.k fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
ƒ blds vykok] dSjh cSx ds Li"V ewY; fu/kZj.k ij IykfLVd dpjk çca/u (la'kks/u) fu;e ] 2018 ds fu;e 15 dk yksi
dj x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq oS/kkfud izko/kku (Legal Provision in India for Environmental Protection)
Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djus gsrq oS/kfud çko/ku Lora=krk iwoZ Hkh ekStwn Fks] ijarq bUgksaus i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkbZA
laoS/kfud çko/ku
1970 ds n'kd esa] LVkWdgkse lEesyu ds nkSjku çR;sd jk"Vª us i;kZoj.k ds egRo dks le>kA blfy, mUgksaus vU; igyksa ds lkFk&lkFk
fofHkUu laoS/kfud çko/ku Hkh djus vkjaHk dj fn,A Hkkjr esa vuqPNsn 48&A (jkT;ksa gsrq uhfr&funZs'kd fl¼kar) rFkk vuqPNsn
&51(g) i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls lacaf/r gSaA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 71
i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy HkweaMyh; rkiu ls vk'k; i`Foh osQ vkSlr lrgh rkieku eas o`f¼ gksuk gSA
yy tyok;q ifjorZu dk vFkZ i`Foh vFkok i`Foh osQ fdlh vkx dh tyok;q eas nh?kZ vof/ osQ fy, ifjorZu gksuk gSA
yy gfj x`g izHkko dh tkudkjh lcls igys 1827 eas izQkal osQ oSKkfud thu csIVhLVh iQksfj;j us nh FkhA
yy gfjr x`g xSlkas eas dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkstsu] ehFkssu Dyksjks&Ýyksjks dkcZUk tyok"i gsykWu ukbVªl vkWDlkbM] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
yy dkyk dkcZu (PM) ikVhZdy dk ,d vo'; gksrk gS] tks thok'e b±/u] tSo b±/u ,oa ck;ksekl osQ ngu ls mRiUUk gSA
yy Hkwjk dkcZUk ,d izdkj dk ,jkslksy gS] tks ck;ksekl osQ tyus osQ dkj.k mRlftZr gksrk gSA
yy , jkslkWy ,d lw{e d.k gksrs gSa tks /wy] jk[k] ty] [kfut] vEyh; cwanksas osQ cus gksrs gSaA budk mRltZu Tokykeq[kh;] thok'e
b±/ukas osQ ngu] oukas vkfn osQ tykus osQ dkj.k mRlftZr gksrs gSA
yy dkcZUk ØsfMV ,d vkKk izHkko ra=k gS] tksfd fdlh ns'k dks n{k mQtkZ izkS|ksfxdh osQ bLrseky ij iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
yy ikfjfLFkfrdh; infpUg ,d o"kZ eas i`Foh osQ HkweaMy ,oa tyeaMy osQ tSfod mRiknkas }kjk euq"; osQ fdlh fo'ks"k thou Lrj
dk iks"k.k djus osQ eki dh x.kuk gSA
yy fdlh laxBu vFkok O;fDr }kjk fdlh mRiknu ;k lsok osQ nkSjku mRlftZr oqQy dkcZu& MkbZvkDlkbM rFkk gfjr x`g xSlkas
osQ ;ksx dks dkcZu infpUg dgrs gSaA
yy dkcZu infpUg osQ izHkko dks oSf'od Lrj ij de djus osQ iz;kl dks dkcZu gLr&fpUg dgrs gaSA
yy dkcZUk flad dkcZu ;qDr ;kSfxd dk izkÑfrd HkaMkj gS] tks vius }kjk mRlftZr dkcZu ls vf/d ek=kk esa dkcZu dks lks[krk gSA
yy dkcZUk futZuu (Carbon Request Eaffiaon) ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlosQ }kjk dkcZu flad ok;qeaMy ls dkcZUk lks[krk gSA
yy dkcZu osQ mRltZUk dks fu;a=k.k djus vkSj i;kZoj.k dks ykHk igq¡pkus dh izfØ;k dks dkcZu dk izca/u dgrs gSA
yy x zhu fctyh dk vk'k; ,slh fctyh ls gS tks i;kZoj.k {kfr ,oa tSo bZ/ukas ij fuHkZjrk dks de djrh gSA mnkgj.k& iou
mQtkZ] lkSj mQtkZ] Tokjh; mQtkZ] Hkwrkih; mQtkZ bR;kfnA

72 @apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902
 h apter
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vkstksu {kj.k
Ozone Depletion

vkstksu D;k gS\

vkstksu lerkieaMy eas ik;k tkus okyk vkWDlhtu dk VªkbZ ,VkWfed Lo:i gSA ;|fi ;g lerki eaMy eas 12 ls 35 fdyksehVj
dh Å¡pkbZ rd foLr`r gS] ijUrq ;fn bls lkxj ry ij yk;k tk,] rks bldh eksVkbZ osQoy 0-1 fdyksehVj jg tkrh gSA fiQj Hkh ;g
i`Foh ij fLFkr leLr thokas osQ fy, vR;fèkd egÙoiw.kZ xSLk gS] D;kasfd&
yy ;g lw;Z ls fudyus okyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kkas dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gS] ftlls i`Foh ij jgus okys thokas dks gkfu ugha igq¡prhA
yy ; g {kksHkeaMy osQ Åij vkSj lerkieaMy osQ uhps ,d rkieku O;qRØe.krk dh ijr cukrk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k lHkh ekSleh
ifj?kVuk,¡ {kksHkeaMy rd gh lhfer jg tkrh gSaA
vkstksu {k;@ßkl D;k gS\
vkstksu osQ fuekZ.k] vkstksu osQ fouk'k rFkk vkstksu osQ iqufuZekZ.k dks vkstksu {kj.k dh fØ;kfof/ osQ varxZr 'kkfey djrs gSaA tSlk
fd vki tkurs gSa vkstksu dks i`Foh dk j{kk dop ;k Nrjh dgrs gSa] D;kasfd ;g lkSf;Zd fofdj.k dks i`Foh ij vkus ls jksdrh gSA
ijURkq 70 rFkk 80 osQ n'kd eas gq, vuqla/kukas ls ;g rF; lkeus vk;k gS] fd fofHkUUk ekuoh; rFkk izkd`frd ?kVUkkvkas osQ pyrs
vkstksu dk {kj.k gks jgk gSA
vkstksu fNnz D;k gS\
vkstksu ijr eas vkstksu jfgr Hkkx dks vkstkssu fNnz (Ozone Hole) dgrs gSaA lerkieaMyh; vkstksu dh ek=kk ?kVrh tk jgh gSA ?kVus
dh ;g izfØ;k Dyksjks&Ýyksjks&dkcZu] feFkkby DyksjksiQkeZ] dkcZu VsªVk DyksjkbM] gSykstu vkfn }kjk gks jgk gSA ;s lHkh rRo Dyksjhu
;k czksehu ls cus gq, gSa] tks lerkieaMy eas igq¡pus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA
vkstksu fNnz cuus dh izfÿ;k rFkk mŸkjnk;h dkjd
vkstksu {kj.k osQ fy, nks izfØ;kvkas dh igpku dh xbZ gS&
BB i zkd`frd izfØ;k (Natural Process)%& izkd`frd izfØ;k osQ varxZr lkSj fØ;k] ukbVªl vkWDlkbM] izkd`frd Dyksjhu]
ok;qeaMyh; lapj.k] i`Foh osQ jpukRed IysV fdukjksa ls fudyus okyh xSl rFkk osQUnzh; Tokykeq[kh mn~xkj ls fudyus okyh
xSlas izeq[k gSaA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 73
 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

BB e kuo tfur fØ;k%& vkstksu {kj.k eas lokZf/d ;ksxnku ekuo tfur fØ;kvkas dk gSA ekuo }kjk vkS|ksfxd fØ;kvkas rFkk
?kjsyw mi;ksx gsrq fofHkUUk midj.kkas osQ ekè;e ls vkstkssu ßkl osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h xSlkas dk mRltZu fd;k tk jgk gSA vkstksu
fo?kVudkjh xSlas bl izdkj gSa&
## DyksjksÝyksjksdkcZu (CFCs)
## gkbMªksDyksjksÝyksjksdkcZu (HCFCs)
## dkcZu VªsVkDyksjkbM (CCl4)
## feFkkby DyksjksiQkWeZ (CH3CCl3)
## gkbMªksczkseksÝyksjksdkcZu (HBFCs)
## feFkkby czksekbV (CH3Br)
## gSykWu (Halon)
## czkseksDyksjks ehFksu (CH2BrCl)

ekWf.V™;y izksVksdkWy (Montrieal Protocol)

ekWf.Vª;y izksVksdkWy vkstksu ijr osQ {kj.k dks jksdus gsrq ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laf/ gSA bl izksVksdkWy osQ ekè;e ls mu inkFkks± osQ
mRiknu dks de djuk gS] tks vkstksu {kj.k osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA
BB ekWf.Vª;y izksVksdkWy ij 16 flrEcj] 1987 dks gLrk{kj fd;k x;k vkSj ;g 1 tuojh] 1989 ls izHkkoh gqvkA
BB ekWWf.Vª;y izksVksdkWy dks izHkkoh cukus eas la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe (UNEP) us Hkh izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA
BB bl laf/ us vkstksu {k;dkjh inkFkks± ;k rÙokas osQ oqQy oSf'od mRiknu vkSj miHkksx osQ fxjkoV eas mYYks[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gS]
ftldk iz;ksx fo'o Hkj eas d`f"k miHkksDrk vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=kkas eas iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
BB 2010 osQ ckn ls] izksVksdkWy osQ ,tasMs dk eq[; iQksdl gkbMªksDyksjksÝyksjksdkcZu (HCFCs) dks de djus ij osQfUnzr gS] ftudk
eq[; :i ls BaMs vkSj iz'khru vuqiz;ksxkas vkSj iQkse mRiknkas osQ fuekZ.k eas iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
BB e kWf.Vª;y izksVksdkWy osQ rgr gh fodkl'khy ns'kkas dks CFC dk mRiknu 2010 rd can djus dk le; fn;k x;k FkkA gkykafd
ckn eas bleas oqQN ns'kkas (fodkl'khy) dks NwV nsus gsrq la'kks/u fd;k x;kA
BB e kWf.Vª;y izksVksdkWy laokn osQ ekè;e ls dk;kZfUor dh xbZ vc rd dh lcls liQy vkSj izHkkoh i;kZoj.kh; laf/;kas eas ls
,d gSA blls lac¼ lHkh 142 fodkl'khy ns'k 2010 rd CFCs gSyksu oxZ osQ ;kSfxdkas osQ iz;ksx dks pj.kc¼ rjhosQ ls
'kr&izfr'kr lekIRk djus gsrq l{ke gqbZ gSA
fdxkyh lEesyu&2016
ekWf.Vª;y izksVksdkWy eas la'kks/u gsrq jokaMk dh jkt/kuh fdxkyh eas vDVwcj] 2016 dks ,d lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA blosQ
varxZr 2040 osQ mÙkjk¼Z rd gkbMªksDyksjksÝyksjksdkcZu (HCFCs) dks pj.kc¼ rjhosQ ls lekIr djuk gSA la'kksf/r ekWf.Vª;y izksVksdkWy
2019 ls lHkh lnL; ns'kkas osQ fy, ckè;dkjh gSA
vEy o"kkZ (Acid Rain)

vEy o"kkZ 'kCn dk loZizFke mi;ksx jkWcVZ ,axl fLEkFk (Robert Angus Smith) us 1872 esa fd;kA thok'e b±/u ydM+h] dks;yk ;k
isVªksfy;e mRiknksa ds ngu ls ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu] lYiQj rFkk ukbVªkstu dk mRltZu gksrk gSA ;s rhuksa rRo tc ok;qeaMyh; vkWDlhtu

74 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

dh ekStwnxh esa tyrs gSa rks ;s vius&vius vkWDlkbM esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSa] tksfd ty esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSaA ;s vkWDlkbM ok;qeaMy
dh tyok"i ls vfHkfØ;k djds Øe'k % dkcZfud vEy ] lYÝ;wfjd vEy rFkk ukbfVªd vEy cukrs gSaA
vEy o"kkZ ds çHkko
vEy o"kkZ ekuo dh raf=kdk ç.kkyh] 'olu ç.kkyh rFkk ikpu ç.kkyh dks çHkkfor djrs gq, Luk;q fo"k;d jksxksa (Neurological
Diseases) ds çfr vf/d laosnu'khy cuk nsrh gSA bldk dkj.k vEy o"kkZ }kjk mRikfnr mPp Lrj ds fo"kkDrh; ;kSfxd gSa] tks
is; ty dks lanwf"kr djrs gSa rFkk ekuo 'kjhj esa ços'k dj tkrs gSaA ok;q çnw"kdksa ls ;qÙkQ vEy o"kkZ fofHkUu çdkj ds •rjs mRiUu
djrh gSa] tSls& /q,a ds dkj.k n`';rk esa deh vkfnA
Ñf"k ij vEy o"kkZ ds çHkko
1- e`nk ls dSfY'k;e] iksVsf'k;e] ykSg rFkk eSXusf'k;e tSls iks"kd rRo vEy o"kkZ ds dkj.k fu{kkfyr (Leached) gks tkrs gSaA ;s
iks"kd ikS/ksa dh o`f¼ gsrq vko';d gSaA
2- ikniksa ij vEyh; fu{ksi.k ls mudh çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh {kerk de gks tkrh gSA
3- ;g e`nk moZjrk dks de dj nsrh gSA
4- eVj] iQyh] ewyh] VekVj] ikyd] czksdyh rFkk xktj vkfn iQlyksa dh o`f¼ esa ck/dA
5- vEy o"kkZ ikbu] Lçwl (Spruce)] ,'kst (Ashes)] cpZ (Birch) vkfn o`{kksa dks detksj dj nsrh gSaA blls ;s jksxdkjdksa rFkk
lw•s dk f'kdkj vklkuh ls gks tkrs gSaA

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
yy vkstksu dh [kkst loZizFke iszQap HkkSfrd 'kkL=kh pkYlZ isQcjh vkSj Vsujh cq'ku us dh FkhA
yy vkstksu dks ekius dh bdkbZ MkWclu (Dobson) gSA
yy izR;sd o"kZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkstksu fnol 16 flarcj dks euk;k tkrk gSA
yy vkstksu i`Foh osQ ok;qeaMy lerkieaMy eas ikbZ tkrh gSA
yy o"kZ 1985 eas ^tkslsiQ iQkWjeSu* osQ usr`Ro esa fczfV'k vaVkoZQfVd losZ{k.k ny us vkstksu osQ ?kkl osQ Bksl izek.k fn,A
yy tslsiQ iQkWjesu osQ vuqlkj vaVkoZQfVdk osQ Åij calr dky eas vkstksu ijr eas 40 izfr'kr dh deh gksrh gSA
yy vkstksu dk ál eq[;r% gSyksutfur (F,Cl, Br) xSlkas] DyksjksÝywjks dkcZu] gSykbal] rFkk ukbVªkstu vkDlkbM osQ }kjk gksrk gSA
yy o k;qeaMy osQ vkstksu ijr eas ekStwn vkstksu xSl egÙoiw.kZ gS] D;kasfd ;g lw;Z osQ ijkcSaxuh fdj.kkas osQ ,d cM+s vuqikr dks
vo'kksf"kr djosQ ikS/ksa osQ fodkl eas enn djrk gSA
yy DyksjksÝyksjks ehFksu vkstksu dks u"V djus osQ vfrfjDr ok;qeaMy eas dkcZUk&MkbZvkWDlkbM dh ek=kk c<+krh gS] ftlls gfjr
x`g izHkko (Green House Effect) eas o`f¼ gksrh gSA
yy vkstksu osQ ál gksus ij lerkieaMy eas gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbM eas o`f¼ gksrh gS] ftlls vEy o"kkZ dh laHkkouk,a c<+rh gSaA

@apna_pdf DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | For Any Query : 9654349902 75
 h apter
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tyok;q ifjorZUk
Climate Change
tyok;q ifjoRkZu ds ladsrd
HkkSfrd ladsrd fgeh; ladsrd
## ck<+ tfur vfHkys[k ## fge;qx
## lw[kk tfur vfHkys[k ## varj fge;qx
## e:LFky vofLFkfr vfHkys[k foorZfud ladsrd
## foyqIr ufn;ksa ds vo'ks"k ## lkxj ry esa foorZu

tSfod ladsrd ## IysV foorZu

## tarqvksa dk forj.k ,oa izlkj ## /zqoksa ,oa lkxj fury
## ikS/ksa ds thok'e ## iqjkpqEcdRo ,oa lkxj fury
## vkWDlhtu vkbZlksVksi
## o`{kksa ds ruksa esa fufgr oy; esa o`f¼

tyok;fod n'kkvkas eas gksus okys nh?kZdkfyd mrkj&p<+kokas dks oSf'od Lrj ij tyok;q ifjorZu dh laKk nh tkrh gSA i`Foh
dk vkSlr rkieku vHkh yxHkx 150C gSA gkykafd] Hkw&xfHkZd izek.k crkrs gSa fd iwoZ eas i`Foh dk rkieku cgqr vf/d ;k cgqr de
jgk gS] ysfdu fiNys oqQN o"kks± eas vpkud rsth ls cnyko gks jgk gSA ekSle dh viuh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa] ysfdu vc bldk <ax
(iSVuZ) cny jgk gSA xfeZ;k¡ yach gksrh tk jgh gaS vkSj lfnZ;k¡ NksVh] ,slk lEiw.kZ fo'o eas gks jgk gSA
tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k
i`Foh osQ mn~Hko dky ls ns[kas] rks Kkr gksrk gS fd tyok;q ifjorZu ,d izkd`frd rFkk lrr~ izfØ;k gSA izkjaHk esa i`Foh dh tyok;q
vR;ar xeZ FkhA dkykarj eas ;g fge&;qx eas ifjofrZr gks x;hA vrhr eas ,sls ifjorZu gksus eas yack le; yxk] ijUrq orZeku eas ifjorZukas
dh nj vR;ar rhoz gS vkSj ifjorZukas osQ fy, izkd`frd rFkk ekuoh; nksukas dkjdkas dh Hkwfedk gSA
tyok;q ifjorZu dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdkas dks [kxksyh; vkSj ikfFkZo dkjdkas eas Hkh oxhd`r fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgas ge
fuEufyf[kr :ikas eas ns[k ldrs gSa&

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tyok;q ifjorZu dh ladYiuk,°

dkcZu infpUg (Carbon Footprint)
dkcZu infpUg dk vFkZ fdlh ,d laLFkk] O;fDr ;k mRikn }kjk fd;k x;k oqQy dkcZu mRltZu gSA ;g mRltZu dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM
;k xzhu gkml xSlkas osQ :i eas gksrk gSA tyok;q fo'ks"kKkas osQ vuqlkj] ekuo dh lHkh vknras] ftueas [kkuiku ls ysdj igus tkus okys
diM+s rd 'kkfey gSa] dkcZu infpUg osQ dkj.k curs gSaA
dkcZu iqQVfizaV
dkcZu iQqVfçaV fdlh fn, x, le; esa fdlh O;fDr] laxBu] daiuh] ?kVuk] mRikn ;k vU; laLFkk }kjk fd;s x, dqy xzhugkÅl xSl
mRltZu dh eki gksrh gSA dkcZu iQqVfçaV dh x.kuk ,d tfVy ç.kkyh gS] D;ksafd blesa cM+h ek=kk esa vkadM+ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
CySd dkcZu
CySd dkcZu thok'e b±/u] ydM+h vkSj vU; b±/ukas osQ viw.kZ ngu ls fufeZr ikfVZoqQysV eSVj dk izHkko'kkyh tyok;q rkiu ?kVd gSaA
xzhu dkcZu
o`{kkas dh izdk'k la'ys"k.k fØ;k }kjk ok;qeaMy osQ dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ls tks dkcZu fudydj ikS/kas rFkk e`nk eas laxzfgr gks tkrk gS]
og xzhu dkcZu dgykrk gSA xzhu dkcZu osQ fuekZ.k rFkk lapj.k eas mrkj&p<+ko gksrk jgrk gSA ekSle osQ vuq:i ck;ksekl eas bldk
lkanz.k de&T;knk gksrk jgrk gSA
Cyw dkcZu
okrkoj.k eas lapfjr vFkok mifLFkr dkcZu tc rVh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kkaas ,oa leqnzh ikfjra=k eas laxzfgr gks tkrk gS] rks bls Cyw dkcZu
dgk tkrk gSA
czkmu dkcZu
;g eq[; :i ls dkcZfud ck;ksekl osQ ngu ls mRiUUk gksrk gS vkSj CySd dkcZu osQ lkFk ik;k tkrk gSA
dkcZu ØsfMV
dkcZu ozsQfMV ,d O;kikj ;ksX; lk[k&i=k ;k izek.k&i=k gS] tks /kjd dks 1 Vu dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM osQ oSf'od rkiu {kerk osQ
cjkcj vU; gfjrxzg xSlkas (ftudh ek=kk 1 Vu CO2 osQ cjkcj gks) osQ mRltZu dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA
dkcZu VªsfMax ;k dkcZu O;kikj
dkcZu VªsfMax varjkZ"Vªh; m|ksx eas dkcZu mRltZu fu;a=k.k dh ;kstuk gSA dkcZu ØsfMV lgh ek;us esa fdlh ns'k }kjk fd, x, dkcZu
mRltZu dks fu;af=kr djus dk iz;kl gSA dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM vkSj vU; xzhu gkml xSlkas osQ mRltZu dks de djus osQ fy, D;ksVks
izksVksdkWy osQ rgr izfØ;kvkas dk fu;eu fd;k x;k Fkk] ftls dkcZu VªsfMax dk uke fn;k x;kA

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 h apter
C

11
lrr~ fodkl
Sustainable Development

lrr~ fodkl dk vk'k; vkfFkZd fodkl dh ,d ,slh ladYiuk ls gS] ftlosQ varxZr lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx fodkl osQ fy,
orZeku ekuo vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus gsrq bl izdkj ls fd;k tk, fd izkÑfrd lalk/uksa] i;kZoj.k dk iw.kZ laj{k.k rFkk Hkfo";
esa vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa osQ fgrksa ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk orZeku ekuo tkfr vko';drk dks iwjk fd;k tk losQA
¶gesa foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh osQ vuqiz;ksx osQ ekè;e ls ikuh] mQtkZ] fuokl LFkku] dpjk izca/u] ,oa i;kZoj.k osQ {ks=kksa esa Hkh
i`Foh }kjk >syh tkus okyh leL;kvksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, dk;Z djuk gksxkA¸
MkW-,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke
^,tsaMk 2030 osQ ihNs dh gekjh lksp ftruh mQ¡ph gS gekjs y{; Hkh mrus gh lexz gSA buesa mu leL;kvksa dks izkFkfedrk nh
xbZ gS tks fiNys dbZ n'kdksa ls vulqy>h gaS vkSj bu y{;ksa ls gekjs thou dks fu/kZfjr djus okys lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
i;kZoj.kh; igyqvksa ls gekjh fodflr gksrh le> dh >yd feyrh gS ekuork osQ 1@6 fgLls osQ lrr~ fodkl dk fo'o vkSj
gekjh lqanj i`Foh osQ fy, xgjk vlj gksxk*A
Hkkjrh; iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh
^2015 esa vuqeksfnr 2030 ,tsaMk vkSj mlosQ 17 lrr~ fodkl y{; bu pqukSfr;ksa ,oa blosQ varlZaca/ksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy,
laiw.kZ ,oa lkeatL;iw.kZ izsQeooZQ iznku djrs gSA blosQ varxZr lnL; jk"Vªksa dks lrr~ fodkl osQ lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
i;kZoj.kh; igyqvksa dk lek/ku larqfyr <ax ls djuk gksxk] bu ij vEky djrs gq, lekos'ku vkSj ,dhdj.k rFkk fdlh dks
ihNs NwVus u nsus osQ fl¼karksa dk ikyu vfuok;Z gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª egklfpo ,aVksfu;ks xqVsjsl
i;kZoj.k osQ ßkl dks jksdus rFkk Hkw&eaMyh; rkiu dh leL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, fVdkmQ fodkl vfuok;Z gSA o"kZ 1992 dh i`Foh
f'k[kj lEesyu esa lrr~ fodkl vkSj mlls gksus okys lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd ykHkksa ij yEch ifjppkZ gqbZA i`Foh f'k[kj lEesyu osQ
oqQN izeq[k fcUnqvksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEu esa fd;k x;k gSA
lrr~ fodkl dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a
BB fodkl dh ,slh {kerk ftlls ifjra=k mRiknu nsrk jgs rFkk Hkfo"; osQ fy, LokLFk ,oa fVdkmQ voLFkk esa cuk jgsA
BB ,slk fodkl ftlls ekuo thou lq[kh cuk jgs rFkk thou osQ vuqowQy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk i;kZ; cuk jgsA
BB izkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk ,d ,slk lnqi;ksx ftlls Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, Hkh lalk/u miyC/ jgs vkSj lcdk thou lq[ke;
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cuk jgs lrr~ fodkl orZeku dh ije vko';drk gS] rkfd ifjra=k dh mRikndrk cuk;s j[kk tk losQA okLrfodrk ;g gS
fd ekud thou dk vk/kj ifjra=k ,oa i;kZoj.k gh gS] ftlosQ varxZr rhu izeq[k LrEHk gSa%&
## lkekftd fodkl
## vkfFkZd fodkl
## i;kZoj.k laj{k.k
lrr~ fodkl dh ladYiuk dk mn;
lrr~ fodkl dh ladYiuk dh mRifÙk lu~ 1962 esa oSKkfud vkj- dkjlu }kjk fyf[kr iqLrd ^n lkbysaV fLizax* ls gqbZA o"kZ 1962
esa xSj ykHkdkjh laLFkk ^izQsaM~l vkWiQ n vFkZ* cukbZ xbZA ftls i;kZoj.k dh iru ls lqj{kk vkSj fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa ukxfjdksa osQ Hkkx ysus
gsrq rFkk l'kDr cukus gsrq lefiZr fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1971 c<+rh i;kZoj.k xfrfof/;ksa osQ dkj.k vkfFkZd lg;ksx rFkk fodkl osQ fy,
lEiUu ^iznw"k.k [kpkZ nas* fl¼kar dk izfriknu gqvk rFkk ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd iznw"k.k iQSykus okys jk"Vªksa dks mldh dher vnk
djuh gksxhA o"kZ 1972 LVkWd gkse esa ekuo i;kZoj.k la;qDr jk"Vª lEesyu dk vk;kstu gqvk rFkk fu"d"kZ fn;k x;k fd i;kZoj.k]
fodkl ls lacaf/r ,d vfr egÙoiw.kZ eqík gS rFkk la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k fodkl dk;ZØe dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
lrr~ fodkl ds varxZr ewy rRo
uohdj.kh; (Renewability)

lrr~ fodkl osQ bl vo/kj.kk dk rkRi;Z mu uohdj.kh; mQtkZ lalk/uksa ls gS ftudk igys gh vfrnksgu gks pqdk gS rFkk muosQ
mi;ksx dks iw.kZ:i ls lqjf{kr dj rHkh iz;ksx esa ykus dh vuqefr gks tc mldh ek=kk esa iw.kZ :i ls o`f¼ gks pqdh gksA
vuqdwyu (Adaptability)

vuqowQyu esa ,d lEiks"k.kh; ls xfr'khy i;kZoj.k dh {kerk gksrh gSA mlesa orZeku izkÑfrd lalk/uksa dks fcuk gkfu igq¡pk, gh ncko
iw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk rsth ls lkeuk djus dh mPp izfrjks/d {kerk gksrh gSA
vkRefuZHkZjrk (Self-Reliance)

,d lEiks"k.kh; lekt vkRefuHkZj lekt gksrk gS] vr% ;g fdlh jk"Vª osQ lekt dks {kfr igq¡pkdj lalk/uksa osQ vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr
dks izfrcaf/r djrk gSA
izfrLFkkiu (Substitution)
blosQ varxZr ,d xSj uohdj.kh; lalk/uksa dks izfrLFkkfir djosQ uohdj.kh; lalk/uksa dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS] tks lrr~
fodkl esa lgk;d fl¼ gksxkA
laLFkkxr izfrc¼rk (Instiutional Commitment)
blosQ varxZr laoS/kfud izko/ku] fof/d lajpuk rFkk jktuSfrd Lrj ij lEiks"k.kh; fodkl dh vko';drkvksa dks le>us dh {kerk
'kkfey gksrh gSA lekt osQ lHkh oxks± osQ fy, lEiks"k.kh; fodkl osQ fy, izf'k{k.k nsuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA
lrr~ fodkl dh vko';d ikfjfLFkfrdh
lrr~ fodkl osQ varxZr vkus okys vko';d n'kk,a fuEuor gSa%&
BB tula[;k Lrj dks i;kZoj.k dh /kj.kk {kerk osQ Lrj rd lhfer djukA
BB uohdj.kh; lalk/uksa dks mR[kuu /kj.kh; vk/kj ij gks] rkfd iqul`Ztu dh nj] fu"d"kZ.k dh nj ls vf/d jgsA

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

BB xSj&uohdj.kh; llka/uksa dh vi{k; nj uohÑr izfrLFkkiuksa ls vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A

BB iznw"k.k ls mRiUu leL;kvksa dk lek/ku rFkk v{kerkvksa esa lq/kj djosQA
BB  rr~ lekt dh izkfIr gsrq LFkkuh; ,oa oSf'od nksuksa Lrjksa ij uhfrxr ,oa laLFkkxr nksuksa izdkj osQ ifjorZu djus dh vko';drk
l
gS] lkFk gh n`f"Vdks.k dks oSf'od lksp ,oa dk;kZUo;u cukus dh vko';drk gSA
lrr~ d̀f"k
lrr~ Ñf"k osQ varxZr iQly mRiknu osQ lkFk i'kqikyu dk Hkh leUo; gS] tks ,d fefJr Ñf"k iz.kkyh gSA ;g i;kZoj.kh;
fl¼karksa osQ fgr esa dh tkrh gS] rkfd i;kZoj.kh; {kfr dks fuEu Lrj ij j[kk tk,A ;g ,d yEch izfØ;k gksrh gS rFkk ekuo
vko';drkvksa osQ vuqowQy gksrh gSA vko';drk osQ vuqlkj mQtkZ n{krk dk vf/dre osQ lkFk gh lkFk fuEure mi;ksx djsxh rFkk
Ñf"k dk;k±s dks vkfFkZd :i ls fuHkZj cuk,xhA
lrr~ d̀f"k esa gksus okys ykHk
lrr~ Ñf"k i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy dh tkrh gS] vr% blosQ gksus okys ykHk fuEuor gSa%&
BB feV~Vh dh moZjk dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gS rFkk mRiknu 'kfDr esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
BB  wafd] ;g ,d izdkj dh tSfod Ñf"k osQ Hkkafr gS] vr% blosQ iks"k.k rRoksa esa larqyu lnSo cuk jgrk gS ftldk iz;ksx iQlyksa
p
esa nh?kZdkyhu rd lgk;d gSA
BB i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQyu gksus osQ dkj.k o"kZ.k dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] tks Hkwfexr ty Lrj dks cuk, j[kus eas lgk;d gS e`nk
dh tSo fofo/rk dk laj{k.k osQ lkFk&lkFk iznw"k.k osQ gkfudkjd izHkkoksa dks fuEu djus esa lgk;d gSA

lrr~ fodkl y{; (Sustainable Development Goals )

lrr~ fodkl y{; (SDG) lu~ 2012 esa fj;ks$20 lEesyu esa çLrkfor fd;k x;kA bldk vkSipkfjd uke gS&
^VªkaliQkWfe±x vkWoj oYMZ% n 2030 ,tsaMk iQkWj MsoyiesaV* (Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Development)A
19 tqykbZ] 2014 dks la;qDr jk"Vª lHkk us lrr~ fodkl y{;ksa (SDGs) dks çLrkfor djus ds fy, ,d dk;Z lewg dk
çkjaHk fd;kA blesa lrr~ fodkl eqíksa dks O;kid :i ls ns•k x;k] ftuesa xjhch rFkk Hkq•ejh dk var] LokLF; rFkk f'k{kk dk
lq/kj vkfn Hkh 'kkfey FksA lrr~ fodkl y{; twu 2016 ls lu~ 2030 rd ds fy, gSA bUgksaus vkt lgL=kkfCn fodkl
y{;ksa (Millennium Development Goal) dk LFkku ys fy;k] tks 2016 esa lekIr gks x, FksA
lu~ 2015 esa 17 lrr~ fodkl y{; rFkk 169 vU; y{;ksa dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA lrr~ fodkl y{; la;qDr jk"Vª ds lHkh lnL;ksa
ij ykxw gksrs gSa ijarq ;s xSj&ckè;dkjh gSaA ;s fodflr rFkk fodkl'khy nksuksa çdkj ds jk"Vªksa ds fy, gSaA lHkh y{;] lHkh jk"Vªksa }kjk
çkIr ugha fd, tk ldrs] blfy, ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj jk"Vª vius&vius lacaf/r jk"Vªh; y{;ksa dh çkfIr djsaxsA

y{;&1 laiw.kZ fo'o ls fu/Zurk osQ lHkh :iksa dh lekfIrA

y{;&2 Hkw[k dh lekfIr] [kk| lqj{kk vkSj csgrj iks"k.k ,oa lk/kj.kh; o`Qf"k dk çksRlkguA

y{;&3 lHkh vk;q osQ yksxksa esa LokLF; lqj{kk vkSj LoLFk thou dks c<+kokA

y{;&4 lekos'kh vkSj U;k;laxr xq.koÙkk ;qDr f'k{kk lqfuf'pr djus osQ lkFk gh lHkh dks lh[kus dk volj nsukA

y{;&5 ySafxd lekurk çkIr djus osQ lkFk gh efgykvksa vkSj ckfydkvksa dk l'kfDrdj.kA

80 @apna_pdf
 RO/ARO

y{;&6 lHkh osQ fy, LoPNrk vkSj ty dh miyC/rk vkSj la/kj.kh; çca/u lqfuf'pr djukA

y{;&7 lLrh] fo'oluh;] la/kj.kh; vkSj vk/qfud ÅtkZ rd igqap lqfuf'pr djukA
lHkh osQ fy, fujarj lekos'kh vkSj lrr~ vkfFkZd fodkl] iw.kZ vkSj mRiknd jkstxkj vkSj csgrj dk;Z dks
y{;&8
çksRlkgu djukA
y{;&9 yphys cqfu;knh <k¡ps] lekos'kh vkSj lrr~ vkS|ksxhdj.k dks c<+kokA

y{;&10 ns'kksa osQ Hkhrj vkSj muosQ chp vlekurk dks de djukA

y{;&11 lekos'kh] lqjf{kr yphys vkSj la/kj.kh; 'kgj vkSj ekuo cfLr;ksa dk fuekZ.kA

y{;&12 la/kj.kh; mi;ksx vkSj mRiknu iSVuZ lqfuf'pr djukA

y{;&13 tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj mlosQ çHkkoksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, rRdky dkjZokbZ djukA

y{;&14 la/kj.kh; fodkl gsrq egklkxjksa] leqnzksa vkSj leqnzh lalk/uksa dk laj{k.k vkSj la/kj.kh; mi;ksxA
LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh; ra=kksa dk laj{k.k] iquLFkkZiu ,oa lrr~ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus] ouksa dk la/kj.kh; çac/u]
y{;&15 e#LFkyhdj.k ls lqj{kk] Hkw&fuEuhdj.k dks jksduk ,oa Hkwfe dh iqu%çkfIr ,oa tSo fofo/rk dh {kfr dks jksoQus
dk ç;kl djukA
la/kj.kh; fodkl osQ fy, 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lekos'kh lfefr;ksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ lkFk gh lHkh Lrjksa ij bUgsa
y{;&16
çHkkoh] tokcnsg cuuk] rkfd lHkh osQ fy, U;k; lqfuf'pr gks losQA
la/kj.kh; fodkl gsrq oSf'od Hkkxhnkjh dks iquthZfor djus osQ vfrfjDr dk;kZUo;u osQ lk/uksa dks lqn`<+ cukuk]
y{;&17
tSls% foÙk] çkS|ksfxdh] {kerk fuekZ.k] O;kikj] uhfr vkSj laLFkkxr llatu] vkadM+k fuxjkuh ,oa ys[kkoaQu vkfnA

gfjr laLFkku@igyas
(I) bdksekdZ ;kstuk% bdksekdZ ,d izek.ku fpUg gksrk gS] ftls Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks }kjk mRiknksa gsrq tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
ekudksa dk lewg lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,oa ikfjra=k ij U;wure izHkko Mkyus ds fy, gksrk gSA ;g lu 1991 ls vkjaHk fd;k
x;kA
(II) gfj;kyh ;kstuk% bl dk;ZØe esa xzkeh.k {ks=k es foÙkh; fodkl xfrfof/;ks dh rS;kjh] vuqiz;ksx rFkk i;Zos{k.k esa iapk;rh
jkt laLFkkvks dks vf/d vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
jk"Vªh; ikni vkuqoaf'kd lalk/u C;wjks (NBPGR) ([kk| ,oa Ñf"k lacaf/r vuqla/ku)
## ou vkuqoaf'kd rFkk o`{k iztuu laLFkku dks;acVwj] rfeyukMq
## m".kdfVca/h; ou vuqla/ku laaLFkku tcyiqj] eè;izns'k
## Hkkjrh; oU;tho laLFkku Hkksiky] eè;izns'k
## Hkkjrh; oU;tho laLFkku nsgjknwu] mRrjk[k.M
## Hkkjrh; oU;tho dks"k uks,Mk] mRrj izns'k

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## Hkkjrh; i;kZoj.k lkslk;Vh (IES)] ubZ fnYyh

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

## fo'o oU;tho dks"k (WWF) Hkkjr% bldk fe'ku gS lrr~ rFkk U;k;iw.kZ fodkl gsrq izÑfr laj{k.k rFkk i;kZoj.k
lqj{kk dks izksRlkfgr djukA
## i;kZoj.k laj{k.k izf'k{k.k rFkk vuqla/ku laLFkku (EPTRI) gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk
## jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.kh; vfHk;kaf=kdh vuqla/ku laLFkku (NEERI) ukxiqj] egkjk"Vª

bldk mís'; i;kZoj.kh; rFkk izkÑfrd lalk/ukas laca/h leL;kvksa dk uoksUes"kh rFkk izHkkoh lek/ku iznku djrs gq, Lo;a
dks ekuork dh lsok es lefiZr djuk gSA ;g yksxksa rFkk laxBuksa dks ,sls izkÑfrd lalk/uksa] ftu ij lHkh thoksa rFkk ekuokas dh
xfrfof/;k¡ fuHkZj djrh gS] ds mRiknu rFkk lrr~ mi;ksx gsrq izsfjr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA

egÙoiw.kZ rF;
 rr~ fodkl ,slk fodkl gS tks vkus okyh ihf<+;kas osQ fgrkas ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvkas dks iwjk
yy l
djrk gSA
yy lrr~ fodkl dh ladYiuk 1987 eas ^czSMySaM fjiksVZ* osQ lkFk izHkkoh gqvkA
yy lrr~ fodkl osQ ewyHkwr fopkj uohdj.kh;rk] izfrLFkkiu] varfuZHkZjrk] laLFkkxr izfrc¼rk] vkSj vuqowQyu'khyrk gSaA
yy lrr~ fodkl osQ pkj ekud gSa& ySafxd vlekurk] varj ih<+hxr lerk] varjkih<+hxr lerk vkSj ewyHkwr fopkjA
yy ^n Ý;wpj oh okaV* fj;ks $ 20 lEEksyu ls lacaf/r nLrkost gSA blosQ varxZr lrr~ fodkl y{;kas (SDG) dks MDG dh
lekfIr osQ lkFk ykxw djus dk izko/ku gSA
yy ^,tsaMk&21* izFke i`Foh f'k[kj lEEksyu (1992) eas 21oha 'krkCnh eas lrr~ fodkl dh izkfIr osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ dk;Z;kstuk
gSaA
yy l
 rr~ iks"k.kh; fodkl 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx lcls igys 1970 eas i;kZoj.k rFkk fodkl ij dksdks;ksd ?kks"k.kk osQ le; fd;k
x;k FkkA
yy fj;ks$ 10 (tksgkalcxZ lEEksyu)] dks i`Foh lEEksyu& 2002 ^osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bls lrr~ fodkl ij fo'o lEEksyu*
dk Hkh uke fn;k x;k gSA
yy U;w;kWoZQ es vk;ksftr (2015) 70oas la;qDr jk"Vª f'k[kj lEEksyu eas MDG osQ LFkku ij 5DG] 2030 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA
yy Xykscy okfe±x dks 1-5 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd lhfer djus ds fy, oSf'od xzhugkml xSl mRltZu es rsth ls] xgjh vkSj fujarj
deh dh vko';drk gS] ftlesa 2010 ds Lrj ds lkis{k 2030 rd oSf'od dkcZu MkbvkDWlkbM mRltZu dks 45 izfr'kr
rd djus vkSj eè; 'krkCnh ds vklikl 'kq¼ :i ls 'kwU; djuk 'kkfey gS] lkFk gh vU; xzhugkml xSlks esa xgjh dehA
yy l
 a;qDr jk"Vª us 2021 dks ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh cgkyh ij la;qDr jk"Vª n'kd dh 'kq:vkr ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k] ftldk
mís'; nqfu;k Hkj esa ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ds {kj.k dks jksdus vkSj myVus ds iz;klksa dk leFkZu vkSj Ldsfyax djuk vkSj blds
egRo ds ckjs es tkx:drk c<+kuk gSA

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foxr o"kks± esa iwNs x, iz'u

2021 5- ?kVrs mRikndrk osQ Øe esa v/ksfyf[kr esa dkSu&lk
ikfjra=k Øe lgh gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021
1- Hkkjr esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls ,d tSo&fofo/rk
(a) lkxj] >hy] ?kkl dk eSnku vkSj eSaxzkso
¶gkWVLikWV¸ ekuk tkrk gSA
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021 (b) eSaxzkso] lkxj] ?kkl dk eSnku vkSj >hy
(a) vjkoyh igkfM+;k¡ (c) eSaxzkso] ?kkl dk eSnku] >hy vkSj lkxj
(b) if'peh ?kkV (d) lkxj] eSaxzkso] >hy vkSj ?kkl dk eSnku
(c) iwohZ ?kkV mÙkj (c)
(d) flU/q&xaxk eSnku
6- unh dk ty iznw"kd ekik tkrk gS&
mÙkj (b)
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021
2- gkbMªkstu lYiQkbM iznw"kd dk eq[; L=kksr gS& (a) ty esa ?kqyh Dyksfju dh ek=kk ls
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021 (b) ty esa ?kqyh vkst+ksu dh ek=kk ls
(a) lM+rs gq, ouLifr ,oa i'kq inkFkZ
(c) ty esa ?kqyh ukbVªkstu dh ek=kk ls
(b) vkWVkseksckbZy
(d) ty esa ?kqyh vkWDlhtu dh ek=kk ls
(c) rsy fjiQkbujh
mÙkj (d)
(d) rki fo|qr la;a=k
mÙkj (a) 7- thok'e b±/u osQ ckn Hkkjro"kZ dh mQtkZ vko';drkvksa
3- ¶Hkkjr ou fLFkfr fjiks V Z 2019¸ os Q vuq l kj] dh iwfrZ osQ fy, nwljk lcls egÙoiw.kZ L=kksr gS&
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa tutkrh; ftyksa dh U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021
la[;k lcls vf/d gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021 (a) tyfo|qr mQtkZ
(a) ukxkyS.M (b) ok;q mQtkZ
(b) es?kky; (c) ijek.kq mQtkZ
(c) fetksje (d) lkSj mQtkZ
(d) ef.kiqj mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (a&b)
8- oSf'od tyok;q tksf[ke lwpdkad fdl laxBu }kjk
4- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lgh lqesfyr ugha gS\ izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021
(a) la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe
(a) izkFkfed mQtkZ & Tokjh; 'kfDr
(b) teZuokWp
(b) okf.kfT;d mQtkZ & rsy vkSj xSl
(c) fo'o ekSle foKku laxBu
(c) xSj&okf.kfT;d mQtkZ & tkuojksa dk xkscj
(d) xSj&ikjaifjd mQtkZ & lkSj mQtkZ (d) fo'o cSad
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (b)

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9- lwph&I dks lwph&II ls lqesfyr dhft, rFkk uhps fn, owQV%&

x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,& (a) osQoy 1
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2021 (b) osQoy 2
lwph&I (Hkkjro"kZ esa vf/fu;eksa osQ uke) lwph&II (o"kZ) (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
A. ou laj{k.k vf/fu;e 1- 1980 (d) u rks 1 vkSj uk gh 2
B. i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/fu;e 2- 1986 mÙkj (c)
C. ok;q (iznw"k.k fuokj.k ,oa fu;U=k.k) 3- 1981 13- ^bafM;k LVsV vkWiQ iQkWjsLV fjiksVZ 2021* osQ vuqlkj]
vf/fu;e fdrus jkT;ksa@osQUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa esa muosQ HkkSxksfyd
D. ty iznw"k.k fu;U=k.k vf/fu;e 4- 1974 {ks=k dk 33» ls vf/d {ks=kiQy ou vkPNkfnr gS\
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021
A B C D
(a) 07
(a) 3 1 4 2
(b) 13
(b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 17
(c) 4 3 2 1
(d) 23
(d) 1 2 3 4
mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (d)
14- ^fjaxsyeSu LosQy* dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr osQ ?kuRo ekiu
10- fuEufyf[kr ck?k vH;kj.; (Vkbxj fjt+oZ) esa ls
esa gksrk gSa& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021
dkSu&lk eè;izns'k esa fLFkr ugha gSA
(a) dksgjk
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021
(b) èofu
(a) veux<+
(c) iznwf"kr ty
(b) cka/ox<+
(d) /qvk¡
(c) dkUgk
mÙkj (d)
(d) lat;&nqcjh
mÙkj (a) 15- MkWclu bdkbZ ls fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k ekik tkrk
gSA U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021
11- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ,d LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k (a) vkst+ksu lkUnzrk
dk miHkkx ugha gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021 (b) mQ"eh; pkydrk
(a) ioZr ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k (c) Hkwfe ueh
(b) lkxjh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k (d) fofdj.k
(c) fuEu LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k mÙkj (a)
(d) v/Z&'kq"d ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k 16- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk jkelj vknzZHkwfe LFky Hkkjr
mÙkj (b) osQ fdlh jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021
12- ^ikoZrh vjxk* jkelj LFky osQ lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf[kr
(a) gksosQjk vknzZHkwfe
esa ls dkSu&lk@ls ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\
(b) IokbaV oSQfyesjs oU;tho vkSj i{kh vH;kj.;
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021
(c) Rlks eksjhjh >hy
1- ;g mÙkj izns'k osQ xks.Mk ftys esa fLFkr gSA
(d) oqyj >hy
2- ;g ,d i{kh vH;kj.; gSA
mÙkj (b)
uhps fn, x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A

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17- fuEufyf[kr ?kVukvksa ij fopkj dhft, rFkk mudks 2017

dky Øekuqlkj O;ofLFkr dhft,&
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021 21- i`Foh dk lokZf/d o`gn~ ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k fuEufyf[kr
1- izkstDV gkFkh esa ls dkSu gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017
2- tSo fofo/rk vf/fu;e (a) tyeaMy (b) thokse
3- oU; tho (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e (c) LFkyeaMy (d) tSoeaMy
mÙkj (d)
4- izkstsDV VkbZxj
uhps fn, x, owQV ls lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,& 22- ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k osQ lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
owQV& fopkj dhft,& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017
(a) 3] 4] 1 vkSj 2 (b) 3] 2] 4 vkSj 1 1- Loiks"kh (Loiks"k.k) Lrj ij mRiknu dks izkFkfed
(c) 4] 3] 2 vkSj 1 (d) 4] 3] 1 vkSj 2 mRikndrk dgk tkrk gSA
2- f}rh;d mRikndrk dk lanHkZ ijiks"kh (fo"keiks"k.kt)
mÙkj (a)
Lrj osQ mRiknu ls gSA
18- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; m|kuksa ,oa oU;tho vH;kj.;ksa osQ lanHkZ mi;qZDr esa ls lgh dFku gS@gSa&
esa] fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
1- jk"Vªh; m|kuksa dh lcls vf/d la[;k eè;izn's k esa gSA mÙkj (c)
2- oU;tho vH;kj.;ksa dh lcls vf/d la[;k v.Meku
23- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ns'k us xzhu gkml xSl osQ mRltZu
,oa fudksckj }hi lewg esa gSA
esa deh djus gsrq 2019 esa ^dkcZu VSDl* yxkus dh
uhps fn, x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,& ?kks"k.kk dh gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017
owQV (a) FkkbZySaM (b) phu
(a) osQoy 1 (c) flaxkiqj (d) eysf'k;k
(b) osQoy 2 mÙkj (c)
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
24- ,d ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa mQtkZ dh ek=kk ,d iks"k.k Lrj
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
ls vU; Lrj esa LFkkukarj.k osQ i'pkr~&
mÙkj (c) U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017
19- ikWyhFkhu cukus esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl xSl dk (a) c<+rh gSA
mi;ksx gksrk gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021 (b) ?kVrh gSA
(a) ,fFkyhu (c) fLFkj jgrh gSA
(b) dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbM (d) c<+ ldrh gS ;k ?kV ldrh gSA
(c) ukbVªkstu mÙkj (b)
(d) dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM 25- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl izdkj osQ ouksa esa vf/dre
mÙkj (a) ikni fofo/rk ik;h tkrh gS\
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017
20- Hkkjr osQ izFke tyok;q ifjorZu ij jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk
dks dc ykxw fd;k x;k\ (a) m".kdfVca/h; vknzZ ir>M+ ou
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2021 (b) miks".kdfVca/h; ioZrh; ou
(a) 2012 (b) 2015 (c) 'khrks".k vknzZ ou
(c) 2008 (d) 2000 (d) m".kdfVca/h; lnkcgkj ou
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (d)

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26- ^bafM;k LVsV vkWiQ iQkWjsLV fjiksVZ] 2017* osQ vuqlkj] owQV%&
ns'k osQ oqQy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk fdruk izfr'kr (a) ( A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgh gSa vkSj (A) dk lgh
oukPNkfnr gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017 LIk"Vhdj.k (R) gSA
(a) 21-04 (b) (A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgha gSa] fdarq (A) dk lgh
(b) 21-54 Li"Vhdj.k (R) ugha gSA
(c) 20-54 (c) (A) lgh gS] fdarq (R) xyr gSA
(d) 20-04 (d) (A) xyr gS] fdarq (R) lgh gSA
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (c)
27- lwph&I dks lwph&II ls lqesfyr dhft, rFkk uhps fn, 30- tSfod ,oa vtSfod la?kVdksa osQ eè; fcpkSfy;k dk
x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,& dk;Z djrs gSa& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017 (a) ijthoh
lwph&II (jkT;) (b) fo;kstd
lwph&I (jk"Vªh; m|ku)
(c) mRiknd
A. bUrkudh 1- >kj[kaM
(d) miHkksDrk
B. csryk 2- rfeyukMq
mÙkj (c)
C. fljksgh 3- ukxkyS.M
D. xqb±nh 4- ef.kiqj 31- Hkkjr ljdkj us ukWosZ ljdkj osQ lkFk feydj ,d
owQV% tSo fofo/rk uhfr ,oa dkuwu osQ osQanz dh LFkkiuk dh
A B C D gS& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017

(a) 2 1 3 4 (a) nsgjknwu esa

(b) 4 3 2 1 (b) psUubZ esa
(c) 3 1 4 2 (c) f'kykax esa
(d) 3 4 1 2 (d) ubZ fnYYkh esa
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (b)
28- lkS iQhlnh lkSj mQtkZ ij pyus okyk Hkkjr dk igyk 32- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ,d gfjr x`g xSl ugha gS\
osQanz&'kkflr izns'k gS& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2017 U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017
(a) paMhx<+ (a) vkWDlhtu
(b) nho (b) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
(c) vaMeku&fudksckj (c) DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu
(d) iqMqpsjh (d) ehFksu
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (a)
29- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,& 33- mQijh ok;qeaMy dh vkstksu ijr dk {kj.k fuEufyf[kr
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017 esa ls fdlls gks jgk gS\
dFku (A)% toS eaMy ,d [kqyk (foo`r) ra=k dk mnkgj.k gSA U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017
dkj.k (R)% thoeaMy esa inkFkZ osQ izkjafHkd fuos'k osQ ckn (a) lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM
iqu% u, inkFkks± dk fuos'k ugha gks ldrk] ijarq mQtkZ (b) iQksVk osQfedy vkWDlhMsaV~l
osQ fuos'k ,oa cfgxZeu ij dksbZ izfrca/ ugha gksrk gSA (c) DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu
uhps fn, x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A (d) LekWx
mÙkj (c)

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34- 2016 esa dk;kZfUor uohu jk"Vªh; ou lwph fMtkbu osQ 2016
varxZr ou lwph leh{kk dk le; ?kVkdj fd;k x;k
38- viuh iqLrd ¶bUVªksM~;wflax dYpjy T;kWxzkiQh¸ esa
gS& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017
ts-bZ- LisUlj ,oa MCY;w-,y-VkWel us fo'o dks fdrus
(a) 5 o"kZ lkaLo`Qfrd fo'o esa foHkkftr fd;k gS\
(b) 2 o"kZ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
(c) 6 ekg (a) 9 (b) 10
(d) 10 o"kZ (c) 11 (d) 12
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (c)
39- fuEufyf[kr lH;krkvksa dk mÙkj ls nf{k.k dk lgh
35- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 'kq: fd, x, izkstsDV ,fyisQaV ls
Øe dkSu&lk gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
lacaf/r fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk dFku xyr gS\ (a) ek;k&,tVsd&eqbLdk&badk
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017 (b) ek;k&eqbLdk&badk&,tVsd
(a) ;g 1991&92 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA (c) ,tVsd&eqbLdk&ek;k&badk
(b) ;g ekuo vkSj gkFkh osQ chp Vdjko dh leL;k ij (d) ,tVsd&ek;k&eqbLdk&badk
dke djrk gSA mÙkj (d)
(c) ;g osQoy taxyh gkfFk;ksa osQ dY;k.k ij osQafnzr gSA 40- ikfjfLFkfrdh; inNki osQ eki dh bdkbZ gS&
(d) bls osQanz }kjk izk;ksftr ;kstuk osQ :i esa vkjaHk U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
fd;k x;k FkkA (a) HkweaMyh; gsDVs;j
mÙkj (c) (b) uSuksehVj
(c) gkWil D;wfcd iwQV
36- ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dk mi;ksx izk;% dkjd gS& (d) D;wfcu Vu
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017 mÙkj (a)
(a) ok;q iznw"k.k
41- jk"Vªh; ou uhfr (1952) osQ vuqlkj] fuEufyf[kr esa
(b) ty iznw"k.k ls dkSu&lk ou dk laoxZ ugha gS\
(c) mQ"eh; iznw"k.k U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
(d) èofu iznw"k.k (a) jk"Vªh; ou
mÙkj (c) (b) jk"Vªh; m|ku
(c) lajf{kr ou
37- Hkkjr ,oa ,f'k;k dk izFke MkWfYiQu 'kks/ osQanz ,u-Mh- (d) xzke ou
vkj-lh- dh LFkkiuk xaxk unh osQ rV ij fdl 'kgj mÙkj (b)
esa dh tk jgh gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2017
42- i;kZoj.k ea=kky; }kjk tkjh fd, x, bafM;u LVsV
(a) gfj}kj vkWiQ iQkWjsLV fjiksVZ&2015 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr osQ iwjs
(b) iVuk HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk fdruk izfr'kr {ks=k ouksa vkSj isM+ksa
(c) okjk.klh ls vkPNkfnr gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
(d) Hkkxyiqj (a) 22-48 (b) 23-00
(c) 24-16 (d) 24-48
mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (c)

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 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

43- Hkkjrh; ou losZ{k.k dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr osQ 46- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vHk;kj.; lgh lqesfyr
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk ugha gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016

lokZf/d izfr'kr ou {ks=k gS\ i{kh fogkj LFkku

U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016 (a) leliqj & jk;cjsyh
(b) uokcxat & bykgkckn
(a) ef.kiqj
(c) c[khjk & lar dchj uxj
(b) es?kky; (d) laMh & lar dchj uxj
(c) fetksje mÙkj (b)
(d) ukxkyS.M 47- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu NÙkhlx<+ esa fLFkr gS\
mÙkj (c) U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
(a) va'kh jk"Vªh; m|ku
44- ;wusLdks us tqykbZ] 2016 esa Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr fdl (b) csryk jk"Vªh; m|ku
jk"Vªh; m|ku dks fo'o /jksgj LFky ?kksf"kr fd;k\ (c) banzkorh jk"Vªh; m|ku
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016 (d) xwxkey jk"Vªh; m|ku
mÙkj (c)
(a) dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku
(b) daputaxk ([kkaxpsax tksaxk) jk"Vªh; m|ku 48- fuEufyf[kr jk"Vªh; m|kuksa dks loZizFke ls lcls ckn
osQ dkyØekuqlkj O;ofLFkr dhft, vkSj ikoZQ osQ uhps
(c) dkcsZV jk"Vªh; m|ku fn, x, owQV ls lgh mÙkj pqfu,&
(d) iwQyksa dh ?kkVh jk"Vªh; m|ku U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
mÙkj (b) 1- lkbysaV oSyh
2- fte dkcsZV
45- lwph&I dks lwph&II ls lqesfyr dhft, rFkk uhps fn, 3- dkthjaxk
x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,& 4- dkUgk
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016 owQV%
(a) 1] 3] 2] 4
lwph&I (tSoeaMy vkjf{kr {ks=k) lwph&II (jkT;)
(b) 4] 2] 1] 3
A. flfeyhiky 1- fgekpy izns'k
(c) 3] 1] 4] 2
B. fngkax&fnckax 2- mÙkjk[kaM
(d) 2] 4] 3] 1
C. ukssdjsd 3- v#.kkpy izns'k
mÙkj (d)
D. dksYM Mst+VZ 4- vksfM'kk
- & 5- es?kky; 49- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2016
A B C D
dFku (A)%& Hkkjr esa ou{ks=k dk ßkl Hkkjr osQ tukafddh;
(a) 1 3 5 4 laØe.k ls izR;{kr% lacaf/r jgk gSA
(b) 1 5 2 4
dkj.k (R)%& ou {ks=k ,oa tula[;k o`f¼ esa izk;% udkjkRed
(c) 4 5 2 1 laca/ gksrk gSA
(d) 4 3 5 1
uhps fn, x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u
mÙkj (d) dhft,A

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owQV%& 55- ¶jkelj lEesyu¸ lacaf/r gS&

(a) ( A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgh gSa vkSj (A) dk lgh U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.)(Re-Exam), 2016
LIk"Vhdj.k (R) gSA (a) tyok;q ifjorZu ls (b) dhVuk'kd iznw"kd ls
(b) ( A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgha gSa] fdarq (A) dk lgh (c) vkstksu ijr {kj.k ls (d) vknzZHkwfe laj{k.k ls
Li"Vhdj.k (R) ugha gSA mÙkj (d)
(c) (A) lgh gS] fdarq (R) xyr gSA 56- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&
(d) (A) xyr gS] fdarq (R) lgh gSA U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2016
dFku (A)%& ikfjfLFkfrd osQ fofo/ vo;o vkil esa
mÙkj (a) ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj ugha gSaA
50- ikfjfLFkfr ra=k dk izsjd cy gksrk gS& dkj.k (R)%& ekuo fØ;kvksa ls okrkoj.k izHkkfor gksrk gSA
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.)(Re-Exam), 2016
uhps fn, x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u
(a) dkcksZgkbMªsV (b) ck;ksekl dhft,A
(c) dkcZu (d) lkSj mQtkZ owQV%&
mÙkj (d) (a) ( A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgh gSa vkSj (A) dk lgh
LIk"Vhdj.k (R) gSA
51- Hkkjr dk ¶vks'kfud us'kuy ikoZQ¸ fLFkr gS&
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.)(Re-Exam), 2016 (b) (A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgha gSa] fdarq (A) dk lgh
Li"Vhdj.k (R) ugha gSA
(a) lqanjcu
(c) (A) lgh gS] fdarq (R) xyr gSA
(b) fpYdk >hy
(d) (A) xyr gS] fdarq (R) lgh gSA
(c) fudksckj vkbySaM
(d) dPN mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (d) 57- lwph&I dks lwph&II ls lqesfyr dhft, rFkk uhps fn,
52- thok'eh&b±/uksa esa ,dek=k mQtkZ dk pje L=kksr gS& x, owQV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,&
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2016
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.)(Re-Exam), 2016
(a) i`Foh (b) lw;Z lwph&I (fe'ku) lwph&II
(c) leqanz (d) panzek (izkjaHk djus osQ o"kZ)
mÙkj (b) A. jk"Vªh; lao`f¼ mQtkZ {kerk 1- 2009
fe'ku
53- jk"Vªh; ouhdj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrd fodkl cksMZ (NAEB) B. jk"Vªh; ty fe'ku 2- 2011
dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ Fkh&
C. jk"Vªh; fgeky;h ikfjfLFkfrdh 3- 2014
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.)(Re-Exam), 2016 laiks"k.k
(a) 1987 esa (b) 1992 esa D. jk"Vªh; lrr o`Qf"k fe'ku 4- 2008
(c) 1995 esa (d) 1998 esa owQV%&
mÙkj (b)
A B C D
54- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk gfjr vf/dj.k (,u-th-Vh-) dh (a) 1 3 2 4
LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh& (b) 1 2 3 4
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.)(Re-Exam), 2016 (c) 2 3 1 4
(a) 2007 esa (b) 2008 esa (d) 1 3 4 2
(c) 2009 esa (d) 2010 esa mÙkj (*)
mÙkj (d)

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58- [ksrh osQ fy, iQly&pØ dk D;k egRo gS\ 63- Hkksiky xSl =kklnh ls lacaf/r ;kSfxd dk uke Fkk&
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2016 U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014
(a) blls mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA (a) esFkkby ,sYdksgkWy
(b) e`nk dh moZjrk lajf{kr jgrh gSA (b) iQkWLiQkthu
(c) e`nk dVko de gksrk gSA (c) esFkkby vkblkslk;usV
(d) mi;qZDr lHkh (d) esFkkby,ekbu
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (c)
2014 64- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk tSo fuEuhdj.kh; gS\
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014
59- ikfjfLFkfrdh fuEufyf[kr osQ chp ikjLifjd laca/ksa
(a) IykfLVd
dk vè;;u gS& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014
(b) ikWyhfFku
(a) tho vkSj okrkoj.k
(c) ikjk (eoZQjh)
(b) euq"; vkSj ou
(d) jcj
(c) e`nk vkSj ty
mÙkj (d)
(d) ifr vkSj iRuh
mÙkj (d) 65- ^,tsaMk&21* fdl {ks=k ls lacaf/r gS\
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014
60- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh xSl vkst+ksu ijr osQ ßkl
(a) lrr fodkl
osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014
(b) ijek.kq fu%'kL=khdj.k
(a) ukbVªl vkWDlkbM
(c) isVsaV laj{k.k
(b) DyksjksÝyksjksdkcZu
(d) o`Qf"k&laca/h ifjnku
(c) dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM
mÙkj (a)
(d) dkcZu eksuksDlkbM
mÙkj (b) 66- izfrf"Br ^Vk;yj iqjLdkj* fdl {ks=k esa iznku fd;k
61- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl egk}hi esa m".kdfVac/h; tkrk gSA U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014
i.kZikrh ouksa dk foLrkj vf/d gS\ (a) ukVd
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014 (b) efgykvksa dk vf/dkj
(a) vizQhdk (b) ,f'k;k
(c) vkWLVªsfy;k (d) nf{k.kh vesfjdk (c) cPpksa dk vf/dkj
mÙkj (b) (d) i;kZoj.k lqj{kk
mÙkj (d)
62- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jk"Vªh; m|ku us oU;tho izca/u
osQ fy, Mªksu ;k ekuojfgr gokbZ okgu dk mi;ksx 67- fuEufyf[kr uxjksa esa ls fdlesa ^bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ
djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k gS\
bdksykWth ,aM buokuZesaV* fLFkr gS\
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Pre.), 2014
U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2014
(a) ckanhiqj Vkbxj fjt+oZ
(b) dkWcsZV Vkbxj fjt+oZ (a) ubZ fnYyh
(c) j.kFkaHkkSj Vkbxj fjt+oZ (b) fr#ouariqje
(d) isfj;kj Vkbxj fjt+oZ (c) dksydkrk
mÙkj (a) (d) tks/iqj
mÙkj (a)

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68- tSo&fofo/rk dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS& 2013

U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2014
(a) fdlh i;kZoj.k esa fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa dh Js.kh 71- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ,d ;wusLdks }kjk izekf.kr
(b) fdlh i;kZoj.k esa jkstkuk vkSj ekSleh ifjorZu ({ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls) Hkkjr dh o`gÙke tSoeaMyh;
(c) ,d iztkfr dh nwljh iztkfr ls fHkUurk fuf/ gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2013
(d) HkkSfrd ?kVdksa dk fdlh i;kZoj.k ij izHkko (a) uhyfxfj
mÙkj (a) (b) uank nsoh
(c) laqnjcu
69- ^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; tSfod&fofo/rk izkf/dj.k* LFkkfir (d) eUukj dh [kkM+h
fd;k x;k& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2014
mÙkj (d)
(a) 2003] psUUkbZ esa
(b) 2003] caxyq: esa 72- Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu uxj o`{kkjksi.k esa
(c) 2003] gSnjkckn esa fof'k"Vrk j[krk gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2013
(d) 2003] osQjy esa (a) fot;okM+k
mÙkj (a) (b) paMhx<+
(c) f'kykax
70- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ok;q izn"w kd lokZf/d gkfudkjd (d) okyijkbZ
gS\ U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2014
mÙkj (d)
(a) vkst+ksu
(b) gkbMªkstu lYiQkbM 73- okVj (izosU'ku ,aM daVªksy vkWiQ ikWY;w'ku) lsl ,DV
(c) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ykxw fd;k x;k& U.P.R.O./ARO. (Mains), 2013
(d) dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM (a) 1973 esa
(b) 1975 esa
mÙkj (d)
(c) 1977 esa
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl gfjosQu us lu~ 2012 esa ;w-,l- (d) 1979 esa
,- osQ mÙkj&iwoZ ,oa iwohZ rVh; izkarksa dks nq"izHkkfor
mÙkj (c)
fd;k\ U.P.R.O./ARO.
(Mains), 2014
(a) oSQVjhuk
(b) foYek
(c) jhVk
(d) lSaMh
mÙkj (d)

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i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh

Student's Notes
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