Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

MEDICO EXPRESS
1st year BDS - BLOCK 1
MODULE 1(FOUNDATION MODULE)
GUIDELINES (NUMS)

GENERAL ANATOMY:
All the examples are important for MCQs

 Anatomical position
 Planes of body(Median, coronal and transverse) definitions
o Coronal
o Sagittal (Median)
o Horizontal (Transverse)
o Parasagittal
 Terms of position (definitions) understand from diagrams(also covers views of skull)

o Anterior /Posterior
o Ventral /Dorsal
o Superior /Inferior
o Caudal / / Cranial
o Medial /Lateral
o Proximal /Distal
o Palmar /plantar
o Superficial/Deep
o Supine /Prone
 Terms of movement (definitions and examples)and understand from diagrams

o Flexion /Extension
o Abduction /Adduction
o Lateral rotation / Medial
rotation
o Pronation /Supination
o Plantar flexion / Dorsal
flexion
o Circumduction
o Eversion /Inversion
 Terms of laterality(definitions and examples) mcqs and understand from diagrams
 Characteristics of compact and spongy bone(in terms of differences)
 Regional distribution of bones(axial and appendicular bones with their numbers)
 Classification of bones(developmental, regional and size and shape) definitions and
examples(mcqs)
 Sesamoid and wormian bones(imp)with examples

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Adult typical long bones(diaphysis from primary centre of ossification and epiphysis
from secondary centres of ossification)
 Epiphysis and its types
 Intra membranous and endochondral ossification (mechanism with examples)
 Rule of ossification (fibula violates rule of ossification MCQ)
 Blood supply of long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones(diagram 3.9
and and nutrient artery in detail)
 Classification of joints SYNARTHROSES (fibrous joints with their sub
classification(sutures ,syndesmosis and gomphosis) with examples and cartilaginous
joints( synchondrosis and symphyses) with examples, distribution and fate)
 DIARTHROSES/SYNOVIAL JOINTS(understanding of structure especially ligaments,
membrane and fluid)
 Movements of synovial joints (definitions with examples for mcqs)
 Classification of synovial joints(v imp) according ti complexity, degree of freedom of
movement and shape of articular surfaces(definitions and examples)
 Pivot and sellar joints(imp)
 Factors for stability (Names and examples)
 Hiltons law( statement ) and blood supply of synovial joints follows Hilton’s law
 Hyaline, fibrous and elastic cartilage(in terms of flexibility/form/functions/distribution)
 Types of muscles(skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles) in terms of differences,
distribution and functions
 Fibres of muscles (red, white and intermediate)
 Connective tissue components of muscles and origin and insertion of muscles
 Classification of skeletal muscles according to shape and fibre architecture (with sub
classifications and examples) Examples are imp for mcqs
 Classification of skeletal muscles according to group action((definitions and
examples imp)

PHYSIOLOGY:
 Definition of physiology
 Human physiology
 Cells are the living units of the body
 Microorganisms living in the body outnumber the human cells
 Organization of human body from cell to multicellular organism

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

BIOCHEMISTRY:
 Definition of biochemistry
 Scope of biochemistry
 Importance of biochemistry

ORAL BIOLOGY:
Structure of oral tissues:

 Definitions and basic structure of enamel, dentin and pulp

 Supporting structures of tooth(PDL and cementum) definitions and basic
structure(cellular and acellular cementum with cells present)
 Oral mucosa( definition and 3 types) masticatory, lining and specialized mucosa
 Salivary glands(parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands) with their ducts
 Bones of jaw(alveolar bone and basal bone)
 TMJ(Structure and type of joint) synovial
 Hard tissue formation (organic matrix and minerals)
 Mineralisation (2 processes such as matrix vesicle and heterogeneous nucleation)
 Hard tissue degradation (cells are odontoclasts) MCQ

General embryology:

The events of development during early weeks of embryogenesis

1. Define gastrulation (formation of three germ layers)

2. Discuss the development, significance, and fate of primitive streak
3. Explain the development of notochordal process, notochord canal and prechordal
plate.
4. List the various derivations of the three germ layers.
5. Explain neural crest cells, their formation, migration, and derivatives

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

Best book for all subjects for Modular System

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

MEDICO EXPRESS
1st year BDS – BLOCK 1
MODULE 2 – CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
GUIDELINES (NUMS)
ANATOMY: (Embryology)
All the clinical correlates are important

 Primordial germ cells(and clinical correlation with teratoma)

 Teratomas
 The chromosomal theory of inheritance (terms like linked genes,
homogeneous, diploid, autosomal, sex chromosomes, oocyte, sperm, haploid
and fertilisation)
 Process of mitosis (stages of mitosis)
 Meiosis (stages, crossover and polar bodies)
 Birth defects(v imp) definition of chromosomal abnormalities
 Terms like diploid, haploid, euploid, aneuploid, trisomy, monosomy, non
disjunction, mosaicism, balanced and unbalanced translocations
 Trisomy 21( Down’s syndrome)
 Trisomy 18, 13, Klinefelter syndrome, Turners syndrome and triple X syndrome
 Structural chromosomal abnormalities like deletion, cri-du-chat syndrome,
microdeletions, contiguous gene syndrome, Angelman’s syndrome, Prader
Willi syndrome and Miller Dieker syndrome and fragile X syndrome
 Oogenesis(maturation of oocytes begins before birth) MCQ and (maturation of
oocytes continues at puberty) MCQs all the numbers are imp for MCQs
 Terms like antral stage, Graffian follicle, primary follicle, zona pellucida, corona
radiata, theca externa and interna and LH hormone are imp
 Spermatogenesis process (maturation of sperms begins at puberty) MCQs
 Diagram of spermatogenesis with stages in transformation of spermatid in
spermatozoa and role of Sertoli cells

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Spermiogenesis process and gametogenesis process diagram(Fig 2.22)

 Clinical of abnormal gametes and time for maturation of spermatozoa is 74
days(MCQ)
 Ovarian cycle and role of hormones(GnRH , FH, LH and progesterone) and its
clinical(mittelschmerz)
 Effects of estrogen and LH surge(mid cycle)
 Process of ovulation, corpus luteum, oocyte transport, corpus albicans
 Fertilisation (capacitation and acrosome reaction) and phases of fertilisation( 3
phases)
 Results of fertilisation(imp)
 Contraceptive methods(barrier methods, hormonal methods, a male pill,
intrauterine devices and emergency contraceptive pills)
 Infertility (IVF, oligozoospermia and azoospermia)
 Cleavage, blastocyst formation through diagrams (clinical of embryonic stem
cells)
 Uterus at time of implantation(walls of uterus) and phases like menstrual,
follicular, progestational and gravid phase with days involved. Layers of
endometrium
 2nd week of development ( day 8,9,11,12 and 13) involving cytotrophoblast,
syncytiotrophoblast, hypoblastic layer, epiblastic layer, formation of primitive
yolk sac, secondary yolk sac, chorionic cavity, embryonic cavity, uteroplacental
circulation and decidua formation, primary villi, connecting stalk and umbilical
cord with diagrams.
 Abnormal implantation (ectopic or abnormal implantation sites with diagram)
 Hyatidiform mole (formation and its clinical significance)
 3rd week of development
 Gastrulation process( 3 germ layers) and formation of notochord with
diagrams
 Fate of primitive streak
 Formation of notochord, prechordal plate and cloacal membrane
 Derivatives of 3 components of intraembryonic mesoderm( paraxial,
intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm)
 Fate map established during gastrulation(paraxial, intermediate and lateral
plate mesoderm) and growth of embryonic disk

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

Best books for all subjects for modular system

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Development of trophoblast during 3rd week(primary, secondary, tertiary and

anchoring villi)
 Teratogenesis associated with gastrulation( holoprosencephaly, sirenomelia or
caudal dysgenesis and situs inversus)
 Tumors associated with gastrulation( sacrococcygeal teratomas)
 Early development of CVS
 Placenta and parts of placenta
 Formation and fate of allantois

HISTOLOGY:
Histological diagrams of all the structures are important (Types of Epithelia, types of
connective tissue, types of cartilages , compact and spongy bone, thymus, spleen, lymph
nodes , tonsils , epidermis and dermis, thick and thin skin)

 Cell membrane/plasma membrane/plasmalemma structure and fluid mosaic

model(Transport across cell membrane, endocytosis and phagocytosis)
 Names of membranous and non-membranous organelles
 Nucleus, nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus and cytoplasm
 Mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomes,
lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrioles and cytoskeleton (structure and functions)
 Classification of cell junctions according to extent and function
 Structure of all types of cell junctions(v imp)
 Classification of epithelia with examples
 Histological structure of different types of epithelium (understand through diagrams)
with their locations and functions(shape of cells in them and number of layers)
 Transitional epithelium in distended and undistended state(imp)
 Microcilia, cilia and stereocilia(structure and functions) fig 3.9
 Stereocilia are non motile other two are motile (MCQ)
 Structure of basement membrane(basal lamina, lamina lucida and densa) with
functions
 Classification of exocrine glands complete with EXAMPLES (imp for mcqs)
 Fig 4.2 and 4.3 for understanding of structure of types of exocrine glands
 Functions of cells of connective tissue(imp are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
and plasma cells)
 Ground substance of connective tissue (names of glycoproteins and proteoglycans)
 Connective tissue fibres(collagen, reticular and elastic fibres) with their types ,
structure and staining properties
 PAS and Gomori’s silver impregnation technique for reticular fibres(mcqs)
 Resorcin fuchsin stain for elastic fibres(mcqs)
 Classification of connective tissues with examples(mcqs)
 Difference between white and brown adipose tissue
 Classification of cartilages(hyaline, fibro and elastic cartilage)

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Nature(flexibility/rigidity), functions, extracellular matrix and distribution(imp) of 3

types of cartilages
 All hyaline cartilages are covered by perichondrium except articular cartilages(MCQ)
 Zones of articular cartilage
 Cells of bones(Names and functions) esp osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes
 Structure of compact and spongy bone
 Process of bone remodelling
 Types of muscles(voluntary/involuntary or striated/unstriated)
 Smooth muscle(structure/locations and examples/caveolae and functions)
 Skeletal muscles(epimysium, perimysium, endomysium) with their fibres, structure of
sarcoplasm, dark and light bands, myofibrils(thick and thin), Z disc , M line, and T
tubules.
 Cardiac muscles (cardiomyocytes, nucleus, sarcoplasm, intercalated disc and T
tubules)

ORAL BIOLOGY AND TOOTH MORPHOLOGY:

 3 functions of dentition
 Classification and dentition(according to form and types, number of dentition and
period)
 Deciduous, mixed and permanent dentition period with their time intervals, initiation
and termination events)
 Dental formula for permanent and deciduous dentition
 Definition of succedaneous teeth and their examples
 Eruption pattern of permanent and deciduous dentition and their shedding pattern
 Universal, FDI and palmer numbering systems
 Anatomical surfaces and landmarks of permanent and deciduous teeth(oral and
dental anatomy) including surfaces and line angles
 Line angles , point angles, elevations and depressions in teeth
 Curve of Spee, curve of Wilson and curve of monsoon
 Types of tooth roots and number of branches of root
 Difference in the crown structures of teeth(triangular, trapezoidal and rhomboidal )
and relationship of shape to function
 General rules for cervical movement of contact point from anterior to posterior teeth

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

Best books for all subjects for modular system

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

PHYSIOLOGY:
Homeostasis:

 Definition of homeostasis
 Internal environment (extracellular fluid) and it’s importance
 Difference between intracellular and extracellular fluids(comparison of concentration
of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium and carbon dioxide)
 Names of control systems of body and their examples(regulation of oxygen, carbon
dioxide and arterial blood pressure)
 Positive feedback mechanism with examples
 Negative feedback mechanism with examples
 Feed forward mechanism and adaptive control with examples

Cell and its functions:

 Organization of cell( water, ions, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates)

 Cell membrane structure and functions(semi permeable) with names of membrane
proteins and carbohydrates (glycocalyx) with their funtions
 Functions of glycocalyx
 Names of membranous organelles(mitochondria , golgi apparatus, endoplasmic
reticulum , lysosomes and peroxisomes)
 Names of non membranous organelles ( ribosomes, cytoskeleton and centrioles)
 Name of self replicating organelles(mitochondria, chloroplasts and centrioles)
 Difference in functions of smooth and rough ER( rough is granular and smooth is
agranular)
 Functions of all organelles(mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes and
peroxisomes and cytoskeleton)
 Difference in functions of lysosomes and persoxisomes
 Cytoskeleton and its filaments

Transport:

 Definition of endocytosis and its types (imp)

 Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
 Names of transport mechanisms(diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport(primary and secondary)
 Comparison of simple and facilitated diffusion (facilitated diffusion requires carrier
proteins) with their examples
 Active transport definition and types with examples
 Primary active transport and secondary active transport (co/counter transport) with
examples
 Functions of sodium potassium pump(imp)

Nerve and muscle physiology:

 Membrane potential caused by ion concentration differences across a selectively

permeable membrane
 Nernst equation and Goldman equation

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Resting membrane potential of neurons with diagram

 Sodium potassium pump and its contributing and function
 Origin of normal resting membrane potential (-90 mv)
 Neuron action potential (resting, depolarisation and repolarisation)
 Voltage gated sodium and potassium channels plus potassium channels(activation
and inactivation)
 Initiation of action potential
 All or none principle
 Plateau in action principle with diagram and causes
 Saltatory conduction and its importance (2 reasons)
 Definitions of myelinated, unmyelinated, axon, axoplasm, myelin sheath, node of
ranvier and Schwann cells
 Velocity of conduction in nerve fibres
 Physiological anatomy of skeletal muscles(sarcolemma, myofibrils, and sarcomere)
 I and A bands, Z disks, titin protein and its role, sarcoplasm composition,
sarcoplasmic reticulum(figure 6.3)
 General mechanism of muscle contraction points
 SSliding filament model of muscle contraction
 Myosin filaments, ATPase activity, actin filament , tropomyosin and troponin structure
 Walk along mechanism of muscle contraction (imp)
 Fenn effect(imp)
 3 sources of energy for muscle contraction ( phosphocreatine, glycolysis and
oxidative metabolism)
 Difference in isometric and isotonic contraction with examples
 Fast vs slow muscle fibres(red vs white) v imp
 Mechanics of skeletal muscle contraction (summation and tetanization process) with
diagram
 Staircase effect(Treppe) , skeletal muscle tone and muscle fatigue
 Muscle hypertrophy and muscle atrophy
 Muscle denervation causes rapid atrophy
 Rigor mortis( imp)
 Duchenne Muscle dystrophy (DMD)
 Definition of NMJ(Neuromuscular junction), motor end plate, synaptic gutter, synaptic
cleft and synaptic vesicles with diagram(fig 7.1)
 Mechanism of acetylcholine secretion by nerve terminals
 Acetylcholine open ion channels on post synaptic membranes and its destruction ny
acetylcholinestrase
 End plate potential and its value( imp)
 Box of acetylcholine formation and release and drugs that enhance or block
transmission at NMJ names only
 Muscle action potential and its values
 Excitation contraction coupling (v v imp) complete topic
 Malignant hyperthermia
 Types of smooth muscles( multi unit and unitary) and their difference
 Contractile mechanism in smooth muscles

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Comparison of smooth and skeletal muscle contraction

 Latch machanism and stress relaxation of smooth muscles
 Regulation of contraction by calcium ions( role of calmodulin)
 Membrane and action potential in smooth muscles(spike potential imp)
 Smooth muscle contraction caused by local tissue chemical factors and hormones
 Role of SER on muscle contraction

BIOCHEMISTRY:
 Cytological techniques like Centrifugation, Ultracentrifugation and Differential
Centrifugation definitions
 Biochemical composition of a cell membrane
 Bioochemical significance of different types of membranes such as RBCs,
Mitochondria, Nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus etc
 Cell Organelles with their biochemical composition, functions and
associated disorders:
1. Nucleus (Replication &
Transcription)
2. Ribosomes (Translation)
Peroxisomes (FA metabolism, antioxidant functions, signaling)
3. Mitochondria (ETC, TCA, B oxidation of FA, Heme biosynthesis, Urea cycle
etc)
4. Golgi Apparatus (post translational modification, Metabolism of FA)
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum(FA synthesis, transport of various secretory
vesicles)
6. Lysosomes (degradation of glycogen and fat)
 Cell surface and intracellular receptors and related signaling mechanism
 Role of signal transduction in health and disease such as Cholera and Pertussis
 Some membrane transport mechanisms
GLUTs
SGLT
Carnitine shuttle
H/K ATPase pump
Cl ion channels(Cystic fibrosis)
Malate shuttle
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Glyceraldehyde phosphate shuttle
Aquaporins
ATP sensitive K Channel Overview of replication, transcription & translation (not the
steps)
 Mutations definition and types
 Role of genetics in cancer development
 Molecular Biology technique-PCR (polymerisation chain reaction)
 Molecular Biology and role in treatment of diseases (cloning, gene therapy)

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

Best books for all subjects for modular system

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

MEDICO EXPRESS
1st year BDS – BLOCK 1
MODULE 3 – HEMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
GUIDELINES (NUMS)

ANATOMY:
Embryology:

 3rd to 8th week(Embryonic period) or period of organogenesis

 Neurulation and neural tube formation and neutal crest cells with their
derivatives
 Derivatives of ectodermal germ layer(neural crest cells) with table 6.1 and
Neural Tube Defects(imp)
 Derivatives of mesidermal germ layer(paraxial and somite differentiation) ,
intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm( Names ) imp for MCQ
 Vasculogenesis( blood and blood vessel formation) with capillary
hemangiomas
 Derivates of endodermal germ layer(Names) imp for MCQ
 Early differentiation of somites
 Development of intraembryonic coelom
 Folding of embryo in median plane and horizontal plane and its consequences
 Formation of umbilical cord by relocation of connecting stalk

Gross anatomy:

 Branchial plexus (formations, divisions and branches)

 Area of supply of axillary, radial, ulnar, median and sciatic nerves.
 The route of main arteries and veins of upper and lower limbs.
 Clinical importance of vessels present in the cubital fossa.
 Names of veins commonly used for cannulation
 Clinical significance of brachial and radial artery with reference to pulse and BP
monitoring.
 Names of arteries forming trochanteric and cruciate anastomoses and their
significance
 Superficial and deep venous drainage of the lower limb.
 Definition of the importance of great saphenous vein in CABG
 Anatomical basis of varicose veins.

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Definition of aneurysm.

PHYSIOLOGY:
Red blood cells:

 Components and functions of blood and types of blood cells

 Names of plasma proteins and their functions
 Erythropoiesis(blood cell formation ) with its stages and sites(yolk sac – liver, spleen,
lymph modes- bone marrow)
 Erythropoietin( site, formation and its function in erythropoiesis)
 Red blood cells(erthrocytes)and their size, shape, concentration in blood, functions of
RBC and the fate of RBC and their life span(120 days)
 Definitions and normal values of MCV, MCH and MCHC
 Role of Vitamin B12 and folic acid in red blood cell maturation
 Haemoglobin( Formation, structure, and its amount in males and females(15 g and
14 g respectively)
 Definition of anemia and its classification (aplastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia,
hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia and hereditary spherocytosis)
 Effects of anemia on circulation
 Polycythemia (Definition, types and its effects on circulation)

White blood cells:

 Leukocytes( white blood cells) and their general characteristics(concentration of

different WBCs)
 Genesis of WBC (leukopoeisis) including myeloblastic and lymphocytic lineage
 Life span of WBC
 Role of neutrophils and macrophages in defence against infection (diapedes,
ameboid motion, chemotaxis and phagocytosis)
 Difference in phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
 Monocyte-macrophage system(Reticuloendothelial system) v imp
 Role of neutrophils and macrophages inflammation
 Wall off effect inflammation and lines of defenses
 Mechanism of necrosis
 Feedback control of macrophage and neutrophil responses
 Eosinophils and their role
 Basophils and their role
 Leukopenia, leukemias and leukocytosis

Immune system:

 Acquired and innate immunity

 Acquired immunity types (humoral and cell mediated)
 Role of B and T lymphocytes in acquired immunity ( their origin and processing in
thymus, liver and bone marrow)
 Origin of clones of lymphocytes and their mechanism of activation

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Memory cells and their role

 Nature of antibodies and types with their function
 Mechanism of action of antibidies
 Complement system of antibody action( extrinsic and intrinsic pathway) v v imp
 MHC proteins I and II complexes
 Different types of T cells and their functions( helper, cytotoxic and suppressor T cells)
and their functions
 Tolerance of acquired immunity
 Immunisation by injection of antigens and passive immunity
 Difference in active and passive immunity
 Allergy and hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis, urticaria, hay fever and asthma)

Blood transfusion:

 OAB blood types ( A and B antigens, genetic determination, frequencies)

 Agglutinins(origin and titre)
 Agglutination process in transfusion reactions
 Blood typing/matching
 Rh blood types( Rh positive and negative antigens and Rh immune response)
 Erythroblastosis fetalis( Hemolytic disease of the newborn) effect, clinical picture,
treatment and prevention (v imp)
 Transfusion reactions and acute kidney failure
 Autografts, allografts, isografts and xenografts
 Prevention of graft rejection by suppressing the immune system
 Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis

BIOCHEMISTRY:
 Globular proteins such as heme( structure and steps in formation)
 hemoglobin formation steps and its functions(Hg is quaternary and has T and R from)
MCQs
 Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin and factors affecting the oxygen binding
capacity
 Degradation of heme and formation of bile pigments( its types, transport and
excretion)
 Hyperbilirubinemia and its causes
 Jaundice and its types
 Hemoglobinopathies (sickel cell anemia and thalassemia)
 Types of hemoglobin (chain composition and percentage) Fetal hemoglobin,
Hemoglobin A2 and HbA1c with their significance
 Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve(imp) with diagram with significance of sigmoid
oxygen dissociation curve
 Oxygen binding to hemoglobin and allosteric effectors
 Porphyria (definition, classification and their oral and dental manifestations) like
erythrodontia, photosensitivity,mucosal lesions and delayed healing
 Bohr effect and mechanism of Bohr effect(2,3 BPG formation)

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 HMP shunt(pentose phosphate shunt pathway) understand through diagrams and

note differences with glycolysis
 G6PD deficiency(v imp) and its role in red blood cells(it leads to hemolytic anemia
and neonatal jaundice)
 PK deficiency and its clinical significance
 Definition of vitamins and classification of vitamins(water and fat soluble vitamins)
 Active form, other names, functions, required daily amount(RDA) and RAE and
disorders of all the vitamins
 Folic acid( other name, relation to anemia and neural tube defects)
 Cobalamin(other name, structure, folate trap hypothesis and relation to pernicious
anemia)
 Ascorbic acid(other name and scurvy)
 Pyrodoxine( other name, collective term for, clinical indications and toxicity)
 Thiamine( other name, disorders (imp) beri beri and wernicke-korsakoff syndrome)
 Niacin(other name and its relation to pallegra)
 Vitamin A(Fig 28.19, structure, absorption and release, functions and disorders(imp)
relation to skin disorders
 Vitamin D(sources, metabolism (fig 28.23), functions and disorders(imp) rickets and
osteomalacia
 Vitamin K( Role, disorders) and vitamin E(sources, indications and toxicity)

ORAL BIOLOGY:
Chapter 3 and 5 of oral histology
 Neural crest cells and head formation(the origin, migration and differentiation of
neural crest cells
 Role of neural crest cells in the formation of bone, cartilage, connective tissue and
associated developmental defects
 Branchial(pharyngeal clefts) and the primitive mouth complete topic
 Table 3.1(derivates of branchial arch system)
 Fate of groove and pouches with diagrams and brachial fistula and
pharyngocutaneous fistula.
 Anatomy of arch with innervation and vascularisation of pharyngeal arches(table 3.2)

 Formation of face(frontonasal, maxillary and mandibular prominences) and(fusion

defects leading to cleft lip and midline facial clefts)
 Formation of secondary palate(formation of primary and secondary palate from
palatine shelves and non fusion leading to cleft palate) plus teratogenic factors
 Formation of tongue (lateral lingual swelling, tuberculum impar and copula)and
association with ankyloglossia

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

 Development of maxilla
 Development of mandible(meckels cartilage) and developmental defects like
micrognathia and macrognathia
 Development of TMJ and defects like condylar hyperplasia and congenital dislocation
 Congenital defects(cleft lip and palate)
 5 major signaling pathways names
 Primary epithelial band and role in tooth development
 Dental lamina and vestibular lamina(fig 5.1)
 Initiation of tooth and molecular signals involved (homeobox lhx-6 and 7, Pax-9, BMP
2 and 4 and Dlx 1 and 2
 Tooth type determination (patterning of dentition) and 2 models(field model and
homeobox code model and clone model)
 Regionalisation of oral and dental epithelium : Wnt – 7b(oral epithelium) and
Shh(odontogenic epithelium) Wnt-7b has reciprocal expression pattern to Shh in oral
ectoderm(MCQ)
 Bud stage of tooth development with diagram
 Bud to cap transition( histological and morphological changes) with diagram
 Cap stage( histological and morphological changes) with diagrams
 Signaling centres( enamel knot and enamel cord) imp
 Bell stage (histological and morphological changes)
 Fine structure of enamel organ at early bell stage and dental papilla and dental
follicle
 Breakup of dental lamina and crown pattern differentiation (enamel pearls and its
clinical importance ) imp
 Nerve and vascular supply during early development (vascular and nerve supply)
 Difference in development of primary and permanent dentition
 Time line of human tooth development (table 5-3)
 Hard tissue formation (in late bell stage) including enamel and dentin(Reciprocal
induction)
 Root formation( Hertwig’s epitheial root sheath and epithelial cell rests of Malassez)
 Reduced enamel epithelium
 Formation of supporting structures (PDL, alveolar bone and cementum)
 Summary of tooth formation (Fig 5.34)

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

Best book for all subjects for modular system

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

MEDICO EXPRESS
1st year BDS - BLOCK 1
MODULE 4 (CVS)
GUIDELINES (NUMS)

ANATOMY:
General anatomy:

 Circulatory system and its components

 Blood (plasma and formed elements such as RBC, WBC and platelets)
 Blood vessels and its 3 concentric coats
 Classfication of blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins)
 Types of CVS capillaries
 Functional classification of blood vessels
 Anastomosis of blood vessels (arterial, venous and AV)
 Glomus bodies
 Circulatory routes( systemic, pulmonary and coronary)
 Portal systems( venous and arterial portal system)
 Lymph, lymph capillaries and lymph vessels and lymph organs

Gross anatomy:

 Nnatomical position, borders, surfaces and external features of heart

 The main internal features of various chambers of heart
 Arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply of heart.
 Definition of dominance of heart
 Definition of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and their anatomical basis in
case of coronary artery disease.
 Anatomical basis of cardiac referred pain in case of ischemic heart disease
 Definition of angioplasty and angiography

PHYSIOLOGY:
 Physiology of cardiac muscle( cardiac anatomy and cardiac muscle as a synctium)
 Action potential in cardiac muscle with diagram and phases
 Velocity of signal conduction in cardiac muscle
 Excitation contraction coupling (v imp)
 Cardiac cycle with diagram (v imp)
 Diastole and systole (imp)

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Relationship between ECG and cardiac cycle

 Pressures changes in atria: a, c and v waves
 Outflow of blood from ventricles during systole( period of isovolumic contraction,
period of ejection, period of isovolumic relaxation, end diastolic volume, end systolic
volume and stroke volume output) imp
 The heart valves that prevent backflow during systole
 Stroke work output
 Preload and afterload
 The frank starling mechanism(imp)
 Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of heart
 Effect of calcium, potassium ions and temperature on heart function

ECG:

 Waveform of the normal ECG

 Cardiac depolarisation vs depolarisation waves
 Relationship of atrial and ventricular contraction to the waves of the ECG
 PQ, PR and QT interval
 ECG leads( imp)
 Einthovens triangle and law
 Precordial leads and augmented limb leads

Local control of blood pressure:

 Local control of blood flow in response to tissue needs

 Difference in acute and chronic control of blood flow
 Concept of active and reactive hyperemia
 Relation of blood flow control to total peripheral resistance

Arterial pressure:

 Determinants of arterial pressure, factors affecting and mechanisms regulating blood

pressure on short- and long-term basis.
 Definition of mean arterial pressure and its significance.
 Role of baroreceptors, chemoreceptor, volume receptors, arterial natriuretic factors
and Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system in regulation of arterial pressure.
 The characteristics of regional circulations(skeletal muscles, pulmonary, coronary &
cerebral) and factors regulating them

Circulatory shock:
 Definition of shock, its types and stages of development
 Differentiate between compensated and uncompensated shock.
 Short term and long-termcompensatory mechanisms in circulatory shock.
 Treatment of various types of shock

Cardiac output and venous return:

 The determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting cardiac output.
 Mechanics of low and high cardiac outputs along with their effects on heart.
 Factors affecting stroke volume, heart rate and total peripheral resistance.
 Functions of veins
 Factors regulating venous return and significance of venous reservoirs.

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 The equality of cardiac output and venous return.

BIOCHEMISTRY:
Lipid metabolism and enzymes:

 Definition and classification of lipids

 Fatty acid structure and de novo synthesis(imp)
 Fat mobilization and fatty acid oxidation
 Fatty acid B oxidation ( carnitine shuttle inhibitor, sources and carnitine deficiencies)
 Oxidation with odd number of carbons
 Succinyl coA synthesis
 Ketone bodies and their synthesis
 Ketogenesis and relationship to DM
 Ketolysis
 Phospholipid structure
 Sphingomyelin structure
 Phospholipid synthesis and phosphatidylcholine as a lung surfactant
 Phosphatidylserine
 Phospholipid degradation (phospholipase A1,A2,C and D
 Niemann pick disease
 Glycosphingolipid structure , synthesis and degradation
 Fig 17.20 all diseases and boxes
 Eicosanoids( PG, TX and LT)
 Cholesterol structure, synthesis and degradation
 Bile acids and bile salts
 Cholelithiasis
 Plasma lipoproteins
 Steroid hormones (synthesis)
 Obesity’s in CVD
 Hypercholestrolemia and relationship to atherosclerosis and Mediterranean diet
 Enzymes and their classification
 Isozymes definition and example
 Properties of enzymes and factors affecting enzyme velocity
 Michaelis menten kinetics
 Role of enzymes in clinical diagnosis
 Isozymes and heart diseases( troponins and creatin kinase in diagnosis of MI)

ORAL BIOLOGY AND TOOTH MORPHOLOGY:

Enamel

 Definition of enamel( hardest calcified matrix of body) MCQ

 Physical characteristics of enamel(colour, thickness and composition)

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Chemical characteristics of enamel

 Structure of enamel(enamel rods, enamel prisms, interrod enamel and rod
sheath) key hole apprearance(MCQs)
 Radiographic identification of enamel through diagrams
 The process and amelogenesis and reciprocal induction
 Amelogenesis has 6 phases and 3 stages(MCQ)
 Functional stages of life cycle of amelobalsts( fig 7.14)
 Light microscopy of amelogenesis (picket fence or saw toothed appearance)
MCQ
 Electron microscopy of amelogenesis including details of all the stages
 Pre secretory stage(morphogenetic, differentiation stage) in detail
 Secretory stage in detail( structure of Tome’s processes)
 Maturation stage in detail (including transitional phase and maturation proper)
including key features of cell death(Box 7.1)
 Difference between smooth and ruffled ended ameloblasts( Fig 7.44)
 Secreted proteins associated with enamel formation ( Table 7.2) including
amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin, enamelysin, kallikrein 4, amelotin,
amelin and tuftelin
 Phases of enamel mineralisation(4) fig 7.49

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

Best book for all subjects for modular system

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Regulation of pH during enamel formation

 Structural and organizational features of enamel( rod interrelationships, striae
of retzius, cross striations, bands of hunter and schreger, gnarled enamel,
enamel tufts and lamellae, dentinoenamel junction and enamel spindles
 Age changes enamel
 Enamel regeneration
 Defects of amelogenesis (amelogenesis imperfecta and mottled enamel)
 Clinical implications like fluoridation and acid etching and their effects on
enamel formation

Dentin pulp complex:

 Basic structure of dentin and dental pulp and root canal

 Composition, formation and structure of dentin(pre dentin formation) including
the proteins involved (DPP, DSP, DGP, osteonectin, BSP, DSPP
 Role of collagen 1 as scaffold
 Radiographic appearance of dentin(radiolucent than dentin) MCQ
 Types of dentin including primary, secondary and tertiary dentin
 Pattern of dentin formation and root dentin
 Process of dentinogenesis including odontoblast differentiation and formation
of mantle dentin (von korff’s fibres)
 Vascular supply of dentin
 Control of mineralisation
 Pattern of mineralisation in mantle dentin and circumpulpal dentin and note
their differences
 Formation of root dentin
 Secondary and tertiary dentinogenesis
 Histology of dentin including structure and function of dentinal tubules(dead
tracts)
 Structure and function of peritubular dentin, sclerotic dentin, intertubular
dentin and intergubular dentin (NOTE THEIR DIFFERENCES)
 Incremental lines of growth(growth lines of Owen)
 Granular layer of Tomes
 Structure of pulp and its 4 zones
 Odotoblasts( morphology and lifecycle of odontoblasts) including Fig 8.42

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

 Functional stages of odontoblasts

 Cell junctions in odontoblasts
 Structure and functions of fibroblasts, undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells,
dental pulp stem cells and inflammatory cells
 Matrix and ground substance of odontoblasts
 Vasculature and lymphatic supply of dentin pulp complex
 Innervation of dentin pulp complex( subodontoblastic plexus of Raschkow)
 Dentin sensitivity and theories of dentin sensitivity with emphasis on
hydrodynamic theory
 Pulp stones (denticles) and their structure including true and false denticles
 Age changes in dentin pulp complex
 Developmental disturbances in the structure of dentin( dentinogenesis
imperfecta and dentin dysplasia)
 Repair and regeneration in dentin pulp complex

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)

Module 1 guidelines – KEY TO BDS

Best books for all subjects for modular system

Join our free WhatsApp guidelines group (03346072846)