MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM

FIRST SEMESTER MGU-UGP (HONOURS)

REGULAR EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2024
Course: Multi-Disciplinary Course - MG1MDCSMG100
Subject: LEADERSHIP SKILLS IN MANAGEMENT
Duration: 1 Hours Maximum Marks: 35
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
 PART A - MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Answer all questions. Each question carries 1 mark (10 × 1 = 10)

1.
Concept of MBO was introduced by:

a) Peter. F. Drucker
b) Mary Parker
c) Henry Fayol
d) Philip Kotler

Answer: a) Peter. F. Drucker

Explanation: Management by Objectives (MBO) was introduced by Peter F. Drucker in his

1954 book "The Practice of Management." MBO is a strategic management model that aims
to improve organizational performance by clearly defining objectives that are agreed upon by
both management and employees. Drucker emphasized that objectives should be specific,
measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART criteria).

2.
What is the role of a team leader?

a) To avoid communication with team members

b) To enforce strict rules and procedures
c) To provide guidance, support, and facilitate team processes
d) To discourage collaboration

Answer: c) To provide guidance, support, and facilitate team processes

Explanation: A team leader's primary role is to provide guidance, support, and facilitate
team processes. This includes coaching team members, removing obstacles, ensuring clear
communication, fostering collaboration, and helping the team achieve its objectives.
Effective team leaders act as enablers rather than controllers, creating an environment where
team members can perform at their best.

3.
Leadership is best defined as ________.

a) the ability to merely project one's abilities in the lack of actual accomplishments
b) the ability to reduce the dependence of team members on each other
c) the ability to induce the team members to focus on individual goals rather than collective
 goals
d) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

Answer: d) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of
goals

Explanation: Leadership is fundamentally about influence and direction. It involves

inspiring and motivating people to work together toward common objectives. True leadership
focuses on collective achievement, vision realization, and goal attainment rather than
individual prowess or creating dependencies.

4.
CSR Stands for

a) Corporate Social Responsibility

b) Company Social Responsibility
c) Corporate Society Responsibility
d) Company Society Responsibility

Answer: a) Corporate Social Responsibility

Explanation: CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility, which refers to a company's
commitment to operating ethically and contributing to economic development while
improving the quality of life for employees, their families, the local community, and society
at large. It encompasses environmental stewardship, ethical business practices, and
community engagement.

5.
Which leadership style involves giving subordinates full authority and responsibility for decision-
making?

a) Autocratic leadership
b) Bureaucratic leadership
c) Laissez-faire leadership
d) Transactional leadership

Answer: c) Laissez-faire leadership

Explanation: Laissez-faire leadership, also known as delegative leadership, involves giving

subordinates complete freedom and authority to make decisions. The leader provides minimal
guidance and allows team members to set their own goals and methods. This style works best
with highly skilled and motivated team members who require little supervision.
6.
In Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which of the following is considered a "hygiene" factor?

a) Achievement
b) Responsibility
c) Salary
d) Recognition

Answer: c) Salary

Explanation: According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, salary is a hygiene factor (also

called maintenance factor). Hygiene factors include salary, company policies, working
conditions, job security, and supervision. These factors don't motivate employees but their
absence can cause dissatisfaction. Motivator factors include achievement, recognition,
responsibility, and advancement opportunities.

7.
___ is the set of forces that energize, direct, and sustain behavior.

a) Motivation
b) Expectancy
c) Empowerment
d) Socialization

Answer: a) Motivation

Explanation: Motivation is defined as the set of forces that energize, direct, and sustain
behavior. It consists of three components: activation (energizing behavior), direction (guiding
behavior toward specific goals), and persistence (sustaining effort over time). Motivation is
crucial for achieving both individual and organizational objectives.

8.
Under ERG theory "R" stands for

a) Rationality
b) Responsibility
c) Remuneration
d) Relatedness

Answer: d) Relatedness

Explanation: In Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory, "R" stands for Relatedness needs. The ERG
theory consists of three categories: Existence (E) - basic material and physiological needs;
 Relatedness (R) - interpersonal relationships and social connections; and Growth (G) -
personal development and self-actualization. This theory is a modification of Maslow's
hierarchy of needs.

9.
What is an effective technique to manage conflict in a team setting?

a) Yelling to express frustration

b) Ignoring the conflict
c) Active listening
d) Taking sides

Answer: c) Active listening

Explanation: Active listening is an effective technique for managing conflict in teams. It

involves fully concentrating on what the other person is saying, understanding their
perspective, and responding thoughtfully. Active listening helps build trust, reduces
misunderstandings, and creates an environment where conflicts can be resolved
constructively.

10.
What does the term "charismatic leadership" primarily focus on?

a) Managerial skills
b) Vision and inspiration
c) Financial rewards
d) Task orientation

Answer: b) Vision and inspiration

Explanation: Charismatic leadership primarily focuses on vision and inspiration.

Charismatic leaders possess exceptional communication skills, emotional intelligence, and
the ability to inspire followers through their vision and personal magnetism. They motivate
others not through authority or rewards, but through their compelling vision of the future and
their ability to inspire commitment to that vision.
 PART B - SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 5 questions. Each question carries 2 marks (5 × 2 = 10)

11.
Briefly explain the scalar chain?

Answer:

The scalar chain is one of Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management, referring to the
hierarchical chain of command that extends from the top management to the lowest level of the
organization.
Key Features:
Establishes clear lines of authority and communication
Defines the formal channel through which orders and instructions flow
Ensures unity of command and eliminates confusion
Provides for orderly flow of information both upward and downward
Importance: The scalar chain ensures organizational discipline, maintains proper coordination,
and prevents bypassing of authority levels, though it may be shortened through direct
communication when necessary for efficiency.

12.
What is Unity of Command?

Answer:

Unity of Command is a fundamental principle of management that states that each employee
should receive orders and instructions from only one superior or manager.
Key Aspects:
Prevents confusion and conflicts in instructions
Ensures clear accountability and responsibility
Eliminates dual subordination problems
Maintains discipline and order in the organization
Benefits: This principle prevents role ambiguity, reduces conflicts, ensures efficient decision-
making, and maintains clear reporting relationships throughout the organizational hierarchy.

13.
Write a short note on a strategic plan?

Answer:
A strategic plan is a comprehensive document that outlines an organization's long-term goals,
strategies, and action plans to achieve its mission and vision.
Components:
 Mission and vision statements
SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
Strategic objectives and goals
Action plans and timelines
Resource allocation and budgeting
Performance measurement criteria
Importance: Strategic planning provides direction, facilitates decision-making, optimizes
resource utilization, and helps organizations adapt to changing environments while maintaining
competitive advantage.

14.
What do you mean by informal group?

Answer:
An informal group is a collection of individuals who come together naturally based on personal
relationships, common interests, or mutual attraction, rather than through formal organizational
structure.
Characteristics:
Spontaneous formation without official mandate
Based on personal relationships and social bonds
No formal hierarchy or structure
Flexible membership and fluid boundaries
Serves social and emotional needs of members
Impact: Informal groups can positively influence morale, communication, and job satisfaction,
but may also create challenges if their goals conflict with organizational objectives.

15.
What is a personal code of conduct?

Answer:

A personal code of conduct is a set of ethical principles, values, and standards that guide an
individual's behavior and decision-making in both personal and professional contexts.
Elements:
Core values and beliefs
Ethical guidelines for decision-making
Professional standards and behavior expectations
Integrity and honesty commitments
Respect for others and diversity
Benefits: A personal code of conduct promotes consistency in behavior, builds trust and
credibility, enhances reputation, and provides a framework for ethical decision-making in
complex situations.
16.
List any four theories of motivation

Answer:
Four prominent theories of motivation are:

Theory Theorist Key Concept

Maslow's Hierarchy of Abraham Five levels of human needs from

Needs Maslow physiological to self-actualization

Herzberg's Two-Factor Frederick

Hygiene factors and motivator factors
Theory Herzberg

McGregor's Theory X and Douglas Two contrasting views of human nature and
Theory Y McGregor motivation

Clayton Three categories: Existence, Relatedness,

ERG Theory
Alderfer Growth

17.
Which are problem solving techniques?

Answer:

Various problem-solving techniques are used in management and leadership contexts:

Analytical Techniques:
Root Cause Analysis - identifying underlying causes
SWOT Analysis - assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
Fishbone Diagram - visual cause-and-effect analysis
Pareto Analysis - focusing on vital few problems
Creative Techniques:
Brainstorming - generating multiple solutions
Mind Mapping - visual representation of ideas
Six Thinking Hats - structured thinking approach
Nominal Group Technique - structured group problem-solving
 PART C - SHORT ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 3 questions. Each question carries 5 marks (3 × 5 = 15)

18.
Why communication is important in leadership

Answer:
Communication is the cornerstone of effective leadership, serving as the primary tool through
which leaders influence, guide, and inspire their teams toward achieving organizational goals.
1. Vision Articulation and Direction:
Leaders must clearly communicate their vision and strategic direction to ensure all team
members understand the organization's goals and their role in achieving them. Without effective
communication, even the most brilliant vision remains meaningless. Leaders use communication
to paint a picture of the future that motivates and inspires action.
2. Building Trust and Relationships:
Open, honest, and transparent communication builds trust between leaders and their teams. When
leaders communicate authentically, share information freely, and demonstrate vulnerability, they
create psychological safety that encourages team members to contribute their best efforts and
innovative ideas.
3. Motivation and Engagement:
Effective communication enables leaders to motivate their teams by recognizing achievements,
providing constructive feedback, and addressing concerns promptly. Regular communication
keeps team members engaged, informed, and connected to the organization's mission and values.
4. Conflict Resolution and Problem-Solving:
Leaders use communication skills to identify, address, and resolve conflicts before they escalate.
Through active listening, empathetic responses, and clear articulation of solutions, leaders can
transform conflicts into opportunities for growth and improvement.
5. Decision-Making and Implementation:
Communication is essential for gathering information, consulting stakeholders, and
implementing decisions effectively. Leaders must communicate the rationale behind decisions,
expected outcomes, and individual responsibilities to ensure successful execution.

19.
What are the importance of conflict resolution

Answer:
Conflict resolution is a critical skill for leaders and organizations, as it directly impacts
productivity, team dynamics, and overall organizational health.
1. Maintains Team Cohesion and Unity:
 Effective conflict resolution preserves team relationships and prevents the formation of factions
or cliques. When conflicts are resolved constructively, team members learn to work together
despite differences, creating a more cohesive and unified work environment that supports
collective achievement.
2. Enhances Productivity and Performance:
Unresolved conflicts drain energy, distract from goals, and reduce overall productivity. When
conflicts are addressed promptly and effectively, teams can refocus their energy on achieving
objectives rather than dealing with interpersonal tensions. This leads to improved performance
and better outcomes.
3. Promotes Innovation and Creativity:
Well-managed conflict can stimulate creative thinking and innovation. When different
perspectives are acknowledged and integrated constructively, they often lead to breakthrough
solutions and improved processes. Conflict resolution skills help leaders harness diverse
viewpoints for organizational benefit.
4. Improves Communication and Understanding:
The conflict resolution process encourages open dialogue, active listening, and empathy. These
skills improve overall communication patterns within the organization, leading to better
understanding between team members and reduced likelihood of future conflicts.
5. Reduces Stress and Improves Well-being:
Chronic conflict creates stress, anxiety, and negative work environments that impact employee
well-being and job satisfaction. Effective conflict resolution creates a healthier workplace culture
where employees feel valued, respected, and supported, leading to higher retention and better
mental health outcomes.

20.
Expand sports social responsibility

Answer:
Sports Social Responsibility (SSR) refers to the ethical obligation of sports organizations,
athletes, and related stakeholders to contribute positively to society while conducting their
sporting activities and business operations.
1. Community Development and Engagement:
Sports organizations have a unique platform to engage with communities and promote social
development. Through grassroots programs, youth development initiatives, and community
outreach, sports entities can address local challenges such as education, health, and social
inclusion. Many sports clubs establish academies and training centers that provide opportunities
for underprivileged youth.
2. Health and Wellness Promotion:
Sports organizations play a crucial role in promoting physical fitness, mental health, and overall
well-being. They organize awareness campaigns about healthy lifestyles, provide access to sports
 facilities, and support public health initiatives. This responsibility extends to promoting safe
sporting practices and injury prevention.
3. Educational Initiatives:
Sports entities often support educational programs, scholarship opportunities, and literacy
campaigns. They leverage their influence to emphasize the importance of education alongside
sports participation, creating balanced development opportunities for young people.
4. Environmental Sustainability:
Modern sports organizations increasingly focus on environmental responsibility through
sustainable stadium operations, waste reduction, carbon footprint minimization, and promoting
environmental awareness among fans and participants.
5. Social Inclusion and Equality:
SSR includes promoting diversity, gender equality, and inclusion in sports. Organizations work to
break down barriers, support underrepresented groups, and ensure equal opportunities for
participation regardless of background, gender, or ability. This includes supporting para-sports
and adaptive programs.

21.
"Is a leader to be empathetic" - write your view on the statement?

Answer:
Yes, empathy is absolutely essential for effective leadership in today's complex and
interconnected world. A leader must be empathetic to truly understand, connect with, and inspire
their team members.
1. Understanding Human Motivation:
Empathetic leaders can better understand what motivates their team members, their fears,
aspirations, and challenges. This understanding allows them to tailor their leadership approach to
meet individual needs, creating more effective and personalized management strategies that drive
better performance and job satisfaction.
2. Building Trust and Psychological Safety:
Empathy creates psychological safety within teams, where members feel heard, valued, and
understood. When leaders demonstrate genuine care for their team's well-being and perspectives,
it builds trust and encourages open communication, innovation, and risk-taking necessary for
organizational growth.
3. Effective Communication and Conflict Resolution:
Empathetic leaders are better communicators because they can see situations from multiple
perspectives. They can anticipate how their messages will be received and adjust their
communication style accordingly. In conflict situations, empathy helps leaders understand all
parties' viewpoints and find mutually acceptable solutions.
4. Emotional Intelligence and Decision-Making:
Empathy is a core component of emotional intelligence, which is crucial for leadership
effectiveness. Empathetic leaders make more informed decisions by considering the human
 impact of their choices, leading to better outcomes and higher team morale.
5. Adaptability in Diverse Environments:
In today's globalized workplace, leaders must work with diverse teams across cultures,
generations, and backgrounds. Empathy enables leaders to understand and appreciate these
differences, fostering inclusive environments where all team members can thrive.
Conclusion:
While empathy must be balanced with decisiveness and objectivity, it is an indispensable quality
for modern leaders. Empathetic leadership creates stronger teams, better outcomes, and more
sustainable organizational success.

22.
Differentiate theory X from theory Y

Answer:
Theory X and Theory Y, developed by Douglas McGregor, represent two contrasting sets of
assumptions about human nature and motivation in the workplace.

Aspect Theory X Theory Y

View of Human Humans inherently dislike work Work is natural and can be a source
Nature and avoid it whenever possible of satisfaction

People are motivated by

People are motivated primarily
Motivation achievement, recognition, and self-
by money and security
actualization

People must be coerced, People can be self-directed and

Control and
controlled, and threatened to self-controlled if committed to
Direction
achieve goals objectives

People seek responsibility and can

People prefer to be directed and
Responsibility exercise creativity in problem-
avoid responsibility
solving

Management Authoritarian, close supervision, Participative, delegation,

Style external control empowerment

Centralized decision-making by Decentralized decision-making

Decision Making
management with employee participation

Implications for Leadership:

Theory X leads to micromanagement, rigid controls, and limited employee development. Theory
Y encourages participative management, employee empowerment, and focuses on creating
conditions where people can achieve their potential while accomplishing organizational goals.
Modern leadership tends to favor Theory Y approaches as they lead to higher job satisfaction,
creativity, and organizational commitment.

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