Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials

Vol. 33, No. 4 (2024) 2350058 (13 pages)

.c World Scienti¯c Publishing Company
#
DOI: 10.1142/S0218863523500583

Optical ¯bers to model pulses of ultrashort via generalized third-

order nonlinear Schr€odinger equation by using extended and
modi¯ed rational expansion method

Naila Nasreen*, Aly R. Seadawy†, Dianchen Lu* and Muhammad Arshad*,‡

*Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University
Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
†
Mathematics Department
Faculty of Science, Taibah University
Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
‡
Drm [email protected]

Received 16 October 2022

Revised 14 December 2022
Accepted 27 December 2022
Published 13 May 2023

In nonlinear Schr€odinger equations (NLSEs), the third-order generalized NLSE is a signi¯cant

sculpture which is utilized for modeling ultrashort pulses in ¯ber optics. In this study, we
obtained wave and soliton solutions by using new extended and modi¯ed Rational expansion
method to get several types of soliton such as bright solitons, dark solitons, perodic solitons and
traveling waves. In three-dimensional and two-dimensional plots, we present graphical repre-
sentations in dissimilar structures of some solutions to understand the phenomena physically.
The development and achievements of computing show the power and e®ectiveness of current
technology. In addition, we are able to resolve various other high-order NLSEs with the as-
sistance of e®ortless and e®ectual technique.

Keywords: Extended and modi¯ed Rational Expansion method; generalized third-order non-
odinger equation; solitons solution.
linear Schr€

1. Introduction
Dissimilar types of wave results play an imperative task in the realization of non-
linear physical and mathematical phenomena.1–4 These phenomena exist in di®erent
scienti¯c ¯elds such as °uid dynamic, plasmas physics, elastic media, nonlinear
optics, hydrodynamics, biological models, engineering and optical ¯bers.5–22
Amongst these nonlinear equations, nonlinear Schr€ordinger equations (NLSEs) ap-
pear in many scienti¯c and engineering ¯elds, such as elastic media, hydrodynamics,
optics, quantum mechanics, Biology, magnetostatic rotating wave and optical
¯ber.9–12,23–25 Generalized NLSE of third order26,27 is an important equation,
‡ Corresponding author.

2350058-1
N. Nasreen et al.

which has been exploited for modeling of ultrashort in ¯ber optics. Commonly, this
equation also clutches the second term of derivative. But, formerly the third-order
expression of derivative is realized, the second-order derivative idiom can be left out
via gauge transform. This equation will be illustrated as a complex sort equation of
Hirota or modi¯ed KdV, when
1 ¼
3 ¼ 0, which is integrated by scattering of
Inverse transformation. Pelinovsky26 constructed the embedded solitons result
of this equation. The soliton results are attained through utilizing exp-expansion and
simple equation (SE) techniques and examined the stability of the model.27
In optical ¯ber, the proliferation of solitons in dynamical system is one of the
many gorgeous and elegant research pastures. In optical ¯ber, the mainstream of
such systems are typically explained in the occurrence domain, with grooves in the
frequency domain at unlike frequencies throughout the ¯bers. The systems of dy-
namics are mainly indicated by diverse kinds of complex nonlinear partial di®erential
equation.10–12,23–29 Many authors have made immense compensation for the medi-
tation of optical ¯bers communications systems. Also, the prologue of ¯ber ampli¯ers
and the nonlinear results broadcasted by loss ¯ber optics and submarine are the marks
of all-round enlargement in recent decades. Lately, breather's waves of discrete touch
are also associated to the embedded solitons. Breather waves are also the basic cate-
gory of NLSEs solutions. These wave results have been con¯rmed to be of immense
implication in the interpretation of a series of complex nonlinear phenomenon series,
and have concerned the precious consideration of the technical society.
Since the urbanization, the construction of wave results of various NLSEs has
been widely studied. In recent years, the authors have done more research on the
solitary waves and other e®ective solutions of NLSEs via utilizing commanding and
e®ectual methods such as Ref. 30 which utilized the extended SE scheme, researchers
in Refs. 31–33 utilized extended and modi¯ed forms of algebraic scheme, Arshad
et al.8,34 utilized modi¯ed mapping technique, Seadawy et al.12,13 utilized modi¯ed
F-expansion scheme, Nasreen et al.35 utilized Riccati mapping scheme, Lu et al.36
utilized auxiliary equation scheme. In Refs. 37–39, the researchers explored the
dynamic concerts of NLSEs.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The mathematical model is explained
in Sec. 2. The main steps of the planned technique are given in Sec. 3. The imple-
mentation of the anticipated technique is o®ered in Sec. 4. Results and discussions
about the structures are illustrated in Sec. 5, and ¯nally Sec. 6 concludes.

2. Mathematical Model
The third-order generalized NLSE27 is



@u @ 3 u @u @ðjuj2 Þ
i þ 3 þ juj2
1 u þ i
2 þ i
3 u ¼ 0; ð1Þ
@t @x @x @x
where the parameters
1 ;
2 and
3 are real and whilst the uðt; xÞ is complex. This
model has been exploited for modeling pulses of ultrashort in ¯bers optic. Usually,

2350058-2
 odinger equation
Optical ¯bers to model pulses of ultra-short via gernalized third-order nonlinear Schr€

the model also includes second-order derivatives. Yet, once the phrase of the third-order
derivative is realized, the second-order derivative expression can be left out through
gauge transform. This equation will be illustrated as a complex sort equation of
Hirota or modi¯ed KdV, when
1 ¼
3 ¼ 0, which is integrated through transfor-
mation of inverse scattering.

3. Methodology of Extended and Modi¯ed Rational Expansion Method

The algorithm of projected technique will be described for ¯nding the soliton solu-
tions of GTNLSE. We consider NLPDE containing independent variables t and x as
follows:
F ðq; qt ; qx ; qtx ; qxxx ; . . .Þ ¼ 0; ð2Þ
where F is the polynomial having unknown functions qðx; tÞ. The key stages of the
projected approach are as follows:
Step I: Consider transformation in wave form for altering independent variables
into one variable as follows:
qðt; xÞ ¼ ðÞ;  ¼ kx þ !t ð3Þ
above ! and k are frequency and length of wave. By using (2), Eq. (1) is reduced into
ODEs as follows:
P ðV ; V 0 ; V 00 ; V 000 ; . . .Þ ¼ 0; ð4Þ
where \ð0 Þ" signi¯es derivative of V with respect to  and P is polynomial of V .
Step 2: We consider the solution of Eq. (4) as follows:
Xn
ai ððÞÞi þ bi ððÞÞi1 0 ðÞ
V ðÞ ¼ a0 þ
i¼1
ððÞ þ 1Þi
Xn Xn
0 i
i2 0  ðÞ
þ ci ððÞÞ  ðÞ þ di ; ð5Þ
i¼2 i¼1
ðÞ

where ai ; bi ; ci and di are reals and ðÞ satis¯es the equation as follows:
0 2 3
ðÞ ¼ c0 þ c1 ðÞ þ c2 ðÞ þ c3 ðÞ; ð6Þ
where c0 ; c1 ; c2 and c3 are arbitrary reals.
Step 3: Via homogeneous balancing principle on (4), the n is determined which is
a positive integer, and the coe±cients in aN ; aNþ1 ; . . . ; a0 ; a1 ; . . . ; aN ; k; !; n can be
achieved.
P i ðÞ
Step 4: Substituting Eqs. (5) and (6) in Eq. (4) and taking the powers of ðnþP ðÞÞj
to zero, yield a equations set, which is resolved via Mathematica, then the parameter
values can be obtained.
Step 5: Putting these values into Eq. (5) then solutions of Eq. (4) can be
obtained.

2350058-3
N. Nasreen et al.

4. Soliton Formation of Generalized Third-Order NLSE by

Extended and Modi¯ed Rational Expansion Method
As Eq. (1) is also complex, therefore assuming wave transformation as follows:

uðx; tÞ ¼ ðÞeiP ; P ¼ x þ t þ ; ð7Þ

where  and  are wave number and frequency of solitons, respectively.  is the
constant of phase of solitons. Putting Eq. (7) into Eq. (1) and separating into parts
yield ODEs as follows:

3k2 00
þ ð  3 Þ þ ð
2  
1 Þ 3
¼ 0; ð8Þ

k3 000
þ ð!  3k2 Þ 0
þ
2 kð2
3 þ
2 Þ 2 0
¼ 0: ð9Þ
Integrating Eq. (9) and taking the integration constant as zero, we get

k
k3 00
þ ð!  3k2 Þ þ
ð
þ 2
3 Þ 3
¼ 0: ð10Þ
3 2 2

Equations (8) and (10) are alike, therefore the relation among coe±cients are as
follows:

3!  83 k

1 ¼ 2
3 ; ¼ : ð11Þ
k

By utilizing the principle of homogeneity in Eq. (8), we consider the following

solutions

a1 ðÞ þ b1 0 ðÞ 0 ðÞ

ðx; tÞ ¼ a0 þ þ d1 : ð12Þ
ðÞ þ 1 ðÞ

Putting Eqs. (12) and (6) into Eq. (8) and taking the coe±cients of i ðjÞ to \0",
we achieved a system of equations in a1 ; a0 ; b1 ; k; ; ; !;  and c0 ; c1 ; c2 ; c3 . Via
Mathematica, this system is cracked. We conquered the following result cases.
Family 1: c0 ¼ c3 ¼ 0
Set 1:
pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðc1   c2 Þð2a0 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1 þ 6 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 ÞÞ 1
a1 ¼  2
; ! ¼ 32 k  c 21 k3 ;
2ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 1 2
pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4
6 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 1 ðk Þ  2a0 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1
2
d1 ¼ ;
2ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 21
pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð2a0 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1 þ 6 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 ÞÞ
b1 ¼ :
2ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 21
ð13Þ

2350058-4
 odinger equation
Optical ¯bers to model pulses of ultra-short via gernalized third-order nonlinear Schr€

Set 2:
pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
6 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 Þðc2  c1 Þ2  2a0 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1 ðc1   c2 Þ 1
a1 ¼ ; ! ¼ 32 k  c 21 k3 ;
2ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 21 2
pffiffiffip ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 Þ  2a0 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1
d1 ¼ ;
2ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 21
pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð2a0 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1  6 ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 ÞÞ
b1 ¼ :
2ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 21

ð14Þ
The soliton-like solutions from Set 1st of Eq. (1) are conquered as follows:
0 qffiffiffi 1
3 3 2 c1 ðdþÞ þ 1Þ
2 c 1 k ðc2 e
u11 ðx; tÞ ¼ @ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi AeiðxþtþÞ ; c1 > 0; ð15Þ
ðc2 ec1 ðdþÞ  1Þ ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 Þ
0 qffiffiffi 1
3 3 2 c1 ðdþÞ  1Þ
2 c 1 k ðc2 e
u12 ðx; tÞ ¼ @ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi AeiðxþtþÞ ; c1 < 0: ð16Þ
ðc2 ec1 ðdþÞ þ 1Þ ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 Þ

More solitons of Eq. (1) from Set 2 are conquered as follows:

0 qffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
3 c1 ðdþÞ
2 ðe ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 Þðc2  c1 Þ2 þ ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 ÞÞ
u13 ðx; tÞ ¼ @ A
ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1 ðc1 ec1 ðdþÞ  c2 ec1 ðdþÞ þ 1Þ

 eiðxþtþÞ ; c1 > 0; ð17Þ

0 qffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
3 c1 ðdþÞ
2 ðe ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 Þðc2  c1 Þ2  ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc 41 ðk2 ÞÞ
u14 ðx; tÞ ¼ @ A
ð
2 þ 2
3 Þc1 ðc1 ec1 ðdþÞ  c2 ec1 ðdþÞ  1Þ

 eiðxþtþÞ ; c1 < 0: ð18Þ

Family 2: c1 ¼ c3 ¼ 0
Set 1:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
6c0 k 6kðc0 2 þ c2 Þ
a0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ; a1 ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; b1 ¼ 0;

2  2
3 
2  2
3 ð19Þ
d1 ¼ 0; ! ¼ 2c0 c2 k3 þ 32 k:
Set 2:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
6c0 k 6c0 k2 6c2 k
a0 ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; a1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ;

 2
3 
2  2
3 
2  2
3
pffiffiffi 2 ð20Þ
6k
b1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; d1 ¼ 0; ! ¼ 2cc0 k3 þ 32 k:

2  2
3

2350058-5
N. Nasreen et al.

The solitary wave solutions from Set 1 of Eq. (1) are achieved as follows:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !
6c2 kðc0   c0 c2 tanð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞÞ
u21 ðx; tÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eiðxþtþÞ ; c0 c2 > 0:

2  2
3 ðc2 þ  c0 c2 tanð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞÞ
ð21Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !
6c2 kð c0 c2 tanhð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞ þ c0 Þ
u22 ðx; tÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eiðxþtþÞ ; c0 c2 < 0:

2  2
3 ðc2 þ  c0 c2 tanð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞÞ
ð22Þ
Further, solitary wave results of Eq. (1) from Set 2 are achieved as follows:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !
6c2 k tanð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞðc0  tanð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞ þ c0 c2 Þ
u23 ðx; tÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2  2
3 ð c0 c2  tanð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞ þ c2 Þ
 eiðxþtþÞ ; c0 c2 > 0; ð23Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !
6c2 k tanhð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞðc0  tanhð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞ þ c0 c2 Þ
q24 ðx; tÞ ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2  2
3 ðc2  c0 c2  tanhð c0 c2 ðd þ ÞÞÞ
 eiðkxþ
tþ Þ ; c0 c2 < 0: ð24Þ

Family 3: c3 ¼ 0
Set 1:
2a0 ðc0 2  c1  þ c2 Þ
a1 ¼  ; b1 ¼ 0; d1 ¼ 0;
2c0   c1
1
! ¼  c 21 k3 þ 2c0 c2 k3 þ 32 k; ð25Þ
2
2a 2
þ 12c 20 k2 2  12c0 c1 k2  þ 3c 21 k2

3 ¼  0 2 :
4a 20
Set 2:
b1 ðc1  2c0 Þ b ðc 2  c1  þ c2 Þ
a0 ¼ ; a1 ¼ 1 0 ; d1 ¼ 0;
2 
ð26Þ
1 3k2 2

! ¼  c 21 k3 þ 2c0 c2 k3 þ 32 k;
3 ¼  2  2 :
2 b1 2
The soliton-like results of Eq. (1) from above sets are achieved as follows:
0

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4c0 c2 c 21
2ðc0 2  c1  þ c2 Þ c1  4c0 c2  c 21 tan ðd þ Þ
B 2 C
u31 ðÞ ¼ a0 B
@1 

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
 CAe
ðiðkxþ
tþ ;
2 4c0 c2 c 1
ð2c0   c1 Þ 2c2  4c0 c2  c 1  tan 2 ðd þ Þ þ c1 
4c0 c2 > c 21 ;
ð27Þ

2350058-6
 odinger equation
Optical ¯bers to model pulses of ultra-short via gernalized third-order nonlinear Schr€

0

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4c0 c2 c 21
2ðc0 2  c1  þ c2 Þ c1  4c0 c2  c 21 tan ðd þ Þ
B 2 C ðiðkxþ
tþ
u32 ðÞ ¼ a0 B
@1 

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
 C
Ae ;
4c c c
ð2c0   c1 Þ  4c0 c2  c 21 tan 0 2
2
1
ðd þ Þ þ c1   2c 2

4c0 c2 > c 21 :
ð28Þ

Family 4: c0 ¼ c2 ¼ 0
Set 1:
pffiffiffi
6c 1 k
a0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ; a1 ¼ 0; b1 ¼ 0;

2  2
3
pffiffiffi ð29Þ
2 6k
d1 ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; ! ¼ 32 k  2c 21 k3 :

2  2
3
Set 2:
pffiffiffi
6c1 k
a0 ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; a1 ¼ 0; b1 ¼ 0;

2  2
3
pffiffiffi ð30Þ
2 6k
d1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; ! ¼ 32 k  2c 21 k3 :

2  2
3
The solitary wave solutions from Set 1 are attained as follows:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi !
6c1 kðð2 c1  3Þc3 e2c1   2 c1 þ 1Þ ðiðkxþ
tþ
u41 ðx; tÞ ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e ; c1 > 0; ð31Þ

2  2
3 ðc3 e2c1   1Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !
6c1 kðð2 c1  1Þe2c1   ð2 c1 þ 1Þc3 Þ ðiðkxþ
tþ
u42 ðx; tÞ ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e ; c1 < 0:

2  2
3 ðe2c1   c3 Þ
ð32Þ
Solutions achieved from Set 2 are as follows:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi !
6c1 kðð2 c1  3Þc3 e2c1   2 c1 þ 1Þ ðiðkxþ
tþ
u43 ðx; tÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e ; c1 > 0; ð33Þ

2  2
3 ðc3 e2c1   1Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !
6c1 kðð2 c1  1Þe2c1   ð2 c1 þ 1Þc3 Þ ðiðkxþ
tþ
u44 ðx; tÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e ; c1 < 0: ð34Þ

2  2
3 ðe2c1   c3 Þ

5. Discussion of Graphs
The results assembled from this method are important and power full to existing
techniques used by other researchers. The exact results are accomplished via Ex-
tended and modi¯ed Rational expansion Method. We obtained di®erent families of
solitons and other wave results with unknown parameters. These solutions depicted

2350058-7
N. Nasreen et al.

di®erent structures of solitons when speci¯c values are allotted to unknown con-
stants, such as bright-dark, combined waves, bistable and other solitary waves.
Pelinovsky26 constructed the embedded solitons result of this equation. The soliton
results are attained through utilizing exp(ðÞ)-expansion and SE methods and ex-
amined the stability of model.27
The three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) con¯gurations of some
accomplished outcome of Eq. (1) are established. The physical con¯gurations of some
obtained results of Ref. 6 are depicted by assigning appropriate values to parameters.
Figures 1–3 revealed the waves in unlike forms. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) are the bright-
dark soliton in 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional of result (15). Figures 1(c) and 1(d)
show periodic waves of solutions (18) in 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional forms.
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) reveal 3D and 2D periodic waves of result (21). Figures 2(c)
and 2(d) show combined waves of result (23). Figures 3(a) and 3(b) in 3D and 2D

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 1. Di®erent structures of wave are plotted from solutions of Family 1.

2350058-8
 odinger equation
Optical ¯bers to model pulses of ultra-short via gernalized third-order nonlinear Schr€

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 2. Di®erent structures of waves are plotted from solutions of Family 2.

(a) (b)

Fig. 3. Di®erent structures of wave are plotted from solutions of Family 3.

2350058-9
N. Nasreen et al.

(c) (d)

Fig. 3. (Continued )

give graphical presentation of Bright soliton from solution (31), where Figs. 3(c)
and 3(d) depict 3D and 2D graph for lump type wave of result (32).

6. Conclusion
In this paper, we have e±ciently utilized the new technique extended and modi¯ed
rational expansion technique for getting solitons and other wave solutions to the
generalized third-order NLSE. The achieved wave results are widely used in optics,
quantum mechanics, °uid dynamics, magnetostatic rotating wave, plasma physics,
optical ¯ber and other ¯elds. Generalized third-order NLSE is an essential model
in NLSEs which is exploited to model ultrashort pulses in ¯ber optics. In three-
dimensional and three-dimensional plots, we present graphical representations in
dissimilar structures of some solutions to understand the phenomena physically. All
the accomplished results are narrative and do not subsist in previous study. This con¯rms
that the projected method is succinct and e®ective, and can be used for other NLSEs.

Ethical Approval
I hereby declare that this paper is the result of my independent creation under the
reviewers' comments. Except for the quoted contents, this paper does not contain any
research achievements that have been published or written by other individuals or groups.

Competing Interests
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.

Funding
Not applicable.

2350058-10
 odinger equation
Optical ¯bers to model pulses of ultra-short via gernalized third-order nonlinear Schr€

Con°icts of Interest
The authors declare no con°ict of interest.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

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