CompTIA Network Study Guide Sixth Edition Exam

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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Third Edition Robert
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Practicing Organization Development A Guide for Leading
Change J B O D Organizational Development 3rd Edition
William J. Rothwell

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Table of Contents
1. Cover
2. Table of Contents
3. Title Page
4. Copyright
5. Acknowledgments
6. About the Authors
7. About the Technical Editor
8. Table of Exercises
9. Introduction
1. What Is the Network+ Certification?
2. Why Become Network+ Certified?
3. How to Become Network+ Certified
4. Tips for Taking the Network+ Exam
5. Who Should Read This Book?
6. What Does This Book Cover?
7. What's Included in the Book
8. Interactive Online Learning Environment and Test Bank
9. How to Use This Book
10. N10-009 Exam Objectives
11. Objective Map
12. Assessment Test
13. Answers to Assessment Test
10. Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks
1. First Things First: What's a Network?
2. Physical Network Topologies
3. Topology Selection, Backbones, and Segments
4. Summary
5. Exam Essentials
6. Written Lab
7. Review Questions
11. Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
1. Internetworking Models
2. Introduction to Encapsulation
3. Modulation Techniques
4. Summary
5. Exam Essentials
6. Written Lab
7. Review Questions
12. Chapter 3: Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards
1. Physical Media
2. Cable Properties
3. Wiring Standards
4. Installing Wiring Distributions
5. Summary
6. Exam Essentials
 7. Written Lab
8. Review Questions
13. Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications
1. Network Basics
2. Ethernet Basics
3. Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
4. Ethernet at the Physical Layer
5. Ethernet over Other Standards (IEEE 1905.1-2013)
6. Summary
7. Exam Essentials
8. Written Lab
9. Review Questions
14. Chapter 5: Networking Devices
1. Common Network Connectivity Devices
2. Other Specialized Devices
3. Networked Devices
4. Planning and Implementing a Basic SOHO Network Using
Network Segmentation
5. Summary
6. Exam Essentials
7. Written Lab
8. Review Questions
15. Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol
1. Introducing TCP/IP
 2. Data Encapsulation
3. Summary
4. Exam Essentials
5. Written Lab
6. Review Questions
16. Chapter 7: IP Addressing
1. IP Terminology
2. The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
3. IPv4 Address Types
4. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
5. Summary
6. Exam Essentials
7. Written Labs
8. Review Questions
17. Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and
Introduction to NAT
1. Subnetting Basics
2. Troubleshooting IP Addressing
3. Introduction to Network Address Translation (NAT)
4. Summary
5. Exam Essentials
6. Written Lab
7. Review Questions
18. Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing
 1. Routing Basics
2. The IP Routing Process
3. Testing Your IP Routing Understanding
4. Static and Dynamic Routing
5. Summary
6. Exam Essentials
7. Written Lab
8. Review Questions
19. Chapter 10: Routing Protocols
1. Routing Protocol Basics
2. Distance-Vector Routing Protocols
3. Link-State Routing Protocols
4. High Available Routes
5. Advanced IPv6 Concepts
6. IPv6 Routing Protocols
7. Summary
8. Exam Essentials
9. Written Lab
10. Review Questions
20. Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs
1. Networking Before Layer 2 Switching
2. Switching Services
3. Spanning Tree Protocol
4. Virtual LANs
 5. VLAN Trunking Protocol
6. Advanced Features of Switches
7. Summary
8. Exam Essentials
9. Written Lab
10. Review Questions
21. Chapter 12: Wireless Networking
1. Introduction to Wireless Technology
2. Cellular Technologies
3. The 802.11 Standards (Regulatory Impacts)
4. Comparing 802.11 Standards
5. Wireless Network Components
6. Installing a Wireless Network
7. Site Survey
8. Wireless Security
9. Summary
10. Exam Essentials
11. Written Lab
12. Review Questions
22. Chapter 13: Remote Network Access
1. Site-to-Site VPN
2. Client-to-Site VPN
3. Remote Desktop Connection
4. Virtual Network Computing
 5. Connection Methods
6. Jump Box/Host
7. In-Band vs. Out-of-Band Management
8. Summary
9. Exam Essentials
10. Written Lab
11. Review Questions
23. Chapter 14: Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network
Availability
1. Performance Monitoring/Metrics/Sensors
2. SNMP
3. Application Programming Interface Integration
4. Protocol Analyzer/Packet Capture
5. Flow Data
6. Log Aggregation
7. Summary
8. Exam Essentials
9. Written Lab
10. Review Questions
24. Chapter 15: Organizational Documents and Policies
1. Plans and Procedures
2. Hardening and Security Policies
3. Common Documentation
4. IP Address Management
 5. Common Agreements
6. Summary
7. Exam Essentials
8. Written Lab
9. Review Questions
25. Chapter 16: High Availability and Disaster Recovery
1. Load Balancing
2. Multipathing
3. Network Interface Card (NIC) Teaming
4. Redundant Hardware/Clusters
5. Facilities and Infrastructure Support
6. Redundancy and High Availability Concepts
7. Backups
8. Testing
9. Summary
10. Exam Essentials
11. Written Lab
12. Review Questions
26. Chapter 17: Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts
1. Cloud Computing
2. Infrastructure as Code
3. Software-Defined Networking
4. Virtual Extensible Local Area Network
5. Zero Trust Architecture
 6. Secure Access Secure Edge/Security Service Edge
7. Summary
8. Exam Essentials
9. Written Lab
10. Review Questions
27. Chapter 18: Network Troubleshooting Methodology
1. Narrowing Down the Problem
2. Troubleshooting Steps
3. Troubleshooting Tips
4. Summary
5. Exam Essentials
6. Written Lab
7. Review Questions
28. Chapter 19: Network Software Tools and Commands
1. Software Tools
2. Using traceroute
3. Using ipconfig, ifconfig, and ip
4. Using the ifconfig Utility
5. Using the ip Utility
6. Using the iptables Utility
7. Using the ping Utility
8. The Address Resolution Protocol
9. Using the arp Utility
10. Using the nslookup Utility
 11. Resolving Names with the Hosts File
12. Using the mtr Command (pathping)
13. Using the Nmap Utility
14. Using the route Command
15. Using the netstat Utility
16. Using tcpdump
17. Basic Networking Device Commands
18. Hardware Tools
19. Summary
20. Exam Essentials
21. Written Lab
22. Review Questions
29. Chapter 20: Network Security Concepts
1. Common Security Terminology
2. AAA Model
3. Regulatory Compliance
4. Summary
5. Exam Essentials
6. Written Lab
7. Review Questions
30. Chapter 21: Common Types of Attacks
1. Technology-Based Attacks
2. Human and Environmental
3. Hardening Security
 4. Implementing Network Segmentation
5. Physical Security Concepts
6. Summary
7. Exam Essentials
8. Written Lab
9. Review Questions
31. Appendix A: Answers to Written Labs
1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks
2. Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
3. Chapter 3: Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards
4. Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications
5. Chapter 5: Networking Devices
6. Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol
7. Chapter 7: IP Addressing
8. Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and
Introduction to NAT
9. Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing
10. Chapter 10: Routing Protocols
11. Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs
12. Chapter 12: Wireless Networking
13. Chapter 13: Remote Network Access
14. Chapter 14: Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network
Availability
 15. Chapter 15: Organizational Documents and Policies
16. Chapter 16: High Availability and Disaster Recovery
17. Chapter 17: Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts
18. Chapter 18: Network Troubleshooting Methodology
19. Chapter 19: Network Software Tools and Commands
20. Chapter 20: Network Security Concepts
21. Chapter 21: Common Types of Attacks
32. Appendix B: Answers to Review Questions
1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks
2. Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
3. Chapter 3: Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards
4. Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications
5. Chapter 5: Networking Devices
6. Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol
7. Chapter 7: IP Addressing
8. Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and
Introduction to NAT
9. Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing
10. Chapter 10: Routing Protocols
11. Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs
12. Chapter 12: Wireless Networking
13. Chapter 13: Remote Network Access
 14. Chapter 14: Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network
Availability
15. Chapter 15: Organizational Documents and Policies
16. Chapter 16: High Availability and Disaster Recovery
17. Chapter 17: Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts
18. Chapter 18: Network Troubleshooting Methodology
19. Chapter 19: Network Software Tools and Commands
20. Chapter 20: Network Security Concepts
21. Chapter 21: Common Types of Attacks
33. Appendix C: Subnetting Class A
1. Subnetting Practice Examples: Class A Addresses
2. Subnetting in Your Head: Class A Addresses
3. Written Lab C.1
4. Written Lab C.2
5. Answers to Written Lab C.1
6. Answers to Written Lab C.2
34. Index
35. End User License Agreement

List of Tables

1. Chapter 3
1. TABLE 3.1 Coaxial cable specifications
2. Chapter 4
1. TABLE 4.1 Binary values
 2. TABLE 4.2 Binary-to-decimal memorization chart
3. TABLE 4.3 Hex-to-binary-to-decimal chart
4. TABLE 4.4 Common Ethernet cable types
3. Chapter 5
1. TABLE 5.1 Additional DNS record types
4. Chapter 6
1. TABLE 6.1 Severity levels
2. TABLE 6.2 Key features of TCP and UDP
3. TABLE 6.3 Key protocols that use TCP and UDP
4. TABLE 6.4 Possible protocols found in the Protocol field of
an IP header
5. Chapter 7
1. TABLE 7.1 Reserved IP addresses
2. TABLE 7.2 Reserved RFC 1918 IP address space
3. TABLE 7.3 Special IPv6 addresses
6. Chapter 8
1. TABLE 8.1 Default subnet masks
2. TABLE 8.2 CIDR values
3. TABLE 8.3 Advantages and disadvantages of implementing
NAT
4. TABLE 8.4 NAT terms
7. Chapter 10
1. TABLE 10.1 Default administrative distances
2. TABLE 10.2 RIPv1 vs. RIPv2
 3. TABLE 10.3 OSPF and RIP comparison
8. Chapter 12
1. TABLE 12.1 Wireless agencies and standards
2. TABLE 12.2 Cellular comparisons
3. TABLE 12.3 802.11 committees and subcommittees
4. TABLE 12.4 Range and speed comparisons
9. Chapter 14
1. TABLE 14.1 Syslog severity levels
10. Chapter 15
1. TABLE 15.1 Uptime for nines of an SLA
11. Chapter 18
1. TABLE 18.1 Rollover cable pinouts
2. TABLE 18.2 EIA/TIA 568 crossover cabling
12. Chapter 19
1. TABLE 19.1 Options for ping switches
2. TABLE 19.2 arp options
3. TABLE 19.3 pathping options
4. TABLE 19.4 route command options
5. TABLE 19.5 netstat options
6. TABLE 19.6 Output of the show cdp neighbors
command

List of Illustrations

1. Chapter 1
 1. FIGURE 1.1 A basic network
2. FIGURE 1.2 Two separate LANs (workgroups)
3. FIGURE 1.3 A router connects LANs
4. FIGURE 1.4 A network populated with servers and
workstations
5. FIGURE 1.5 An internetwork
6. FIGURE 1.6 Multiprotocol Label Switching layout
7. FIGURE 1.7 A peer-to-peer network
8. FIGURE 1.8 A client-server network
9. FIGURE 1.9 A typical bus network's physical topology
10. FIGURE 1.10 Typical star topology with a switch
11. FIGURE 1.11 A typical ring topology
12. FIGURE 1.12 A typical mesh topology
13. FIGURE 1.13 Three point-to-point connections
14. FIGURE 1.14 A point-to-multipoint network, example 1
15. FIGURE 1.15 A point-to-multipoint network, example 2
16. FIGURE 1.16 A hybrid network
17. FIGURE 1.17 Backbone and segments on a network
18. FIGURE 1.18 Three-tier versus collapsed-core model
19. FIGURE 1.19 A typical spine-leaf network
20. FIGURE 1.20 Understanding traffic flow in your network
2. Chapter 2
1. FIGURE 2.1 Layer functions
2. FIGURE 2.2 The upper layers
 3. FIGURE 2.3 The lower layers
4. FIGURE 2.4 Establishing a connection-oriented session
5. FIGURE 2.5 Transmitting segments with flow control
6. FIGURE 2.6 Windowing
7. FIGURE 2.7 Transport layer reliable delivery
8. FIGURE 2.8 Routing table used in a router
9. FIGURE 2.9 A router in an internetwork
10. FIGURE 2.10 Data Link layer
11. FIGURE 2.11 Data encapsulation
3. Chapter 3
1. FIGURE 3.1 A stripped-back thinnet cable
2. FIGURE 3.2 Male and female BNC connectors
3. FIGURE 3.3 Cat 5e UTP cable
4. FIGURE 3.4 RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors
5. FIGURE 3.5 The pin-outs in an RJ-45 connector, T568B
standard
6. FIGURE 3.6 An ST connector
7. FIGURE 3.7 An SC connector
8. FIGURE 3.8 A sample MT-RJ fiber-optic connector
9. FIGURE 3.9 A sample LC fiber-optic connector
10. FIGURE 3.10 An MPO connector
11. FIGURE 3.11 APC and UPC connectors
12. FIGURE 3.12 Bidirectional communication
13. FIGURE 3.13 Single-mode fiber to Ethernet
 14. FIGURE 3.14 Multimode fiber to Ethernet
15. FIGURE 3.15 Fiber to coaxial
16. FIGURE 3.16 Single-mode to multimode fiber
17. FIGURE 3.17 RS-232 cable ends
18. FIGURE 3.18 A USB port
19. FIGURE 3.19 A USB plug
20. FIGURE 3.20 T568A wired standard
21. FIGURE 3.21 T568B wired standard
22. FIGURE 3.22 Straight-through Ethernet cable
23. FIGURE 3.23 Crossover Ethernet cable
24. FIGURE 3.24 An inexpensive cable tester
25. FIGURE 3.25 UTP gigabit crossover Ethernet cable
26. FIGURE 3.26 Rolled Ethernet cable
27. FIGURE 3.27 A T1 crossover cable
28. FIGURE 3.28 A 110 block
4. Chapter 4
1. FIGURE 4.1 The basic network
2. FIGURE 4.2 CSMA/CD
3. FIGURE 4.3 Shorter and longer wavelengths
4. FIGURE 4.4 Ethernet addressing using MAC addresses
5. FIGURE 4.5 802.3 and Ethernet frame formats in bytes
6. FIGURE 4.6 Ethernet Physical layer specifications
7. FIGURE 4.7 Powerline adapter sets
8. FIGURE 4.8 Basic BPL installation
 9. FIGURE 4.9 Ethernet over HDMI
5. Chapter 5
1. FIGURE 5.1 Network interface card
2. FIGURE 5.2 A typical hub
3. FIGURE 5.3 Bridges break up collision domains.
4. FIGURE 5.4 Typical Ethernet switch
5. FIGURE 5.5 Router connected to the Internet, providing
access for multiple h...
6. FIGURE 5.6 Example of firewalls with a screened subnet or
DMZ
7. FIGURE 5.7 Example of an AP in a network
8. FIGURE 5.8 DHCP client sends broadcasts looking for a
DHCP server.
9. FIGURE 5.9 A Windows DHCP server's scope options
10. FIGURE 5.10 DHCP client request to a DHCP server
11. FIGURE 5.11 DHCP client parameter request list
12. FIGURE 5.12 DHCP server response
13. FIGURE 5.13 Configuring a DHCP relay
14. FIGURE 5.14 DNS resolution example
15. FIGURE 5.15 A Windows DNS server
16. FIGURE 5.16 A DNS query to www.lammle.com
17. FIGURE 5.17 The DNS answer to our query
18. FIGURE 5.18 Internal and external DNS
19. FIGURE 5.19 A proxy server
 20. FIGURE 5.20 Encryption appliances
21. FIGURE 5.21 Content filtering appliance
22. FIGURE 5.22 Analog modem
23. FIGURE 5.23 Packet shaper
24. FIGURE 5.24 VPN headend
25. FIGURE 5.25 Media converter
26. FIGURE 5.26 A switch can replace the hub, breaking up
collision domains
27. FIGURE 5.27 Routers create an internetwork.
28. FIGURE 5.28 Internetworking devices
29. FIGURE 5.29 Switched networks creating an internetwork
30. FIGURE 5.30 A router in an internetwork
31. FIGURE 5.31 A switch in an internetwork
32. FIGURE 5.32 A hub in a network
6. Chapter 6
1. FIGURE 6.1 The DoD model and OSI model
2. FIGURE 6.2 The TCP/IP protocol suite
3. FIGURE 6.3 File Transfer Protocol
4. FIGURE 6.4 SSH
5. FIGURE 6.5 Telnet
6. FIGURE 6.6 Domain Name System
7. FIGURE 6.7 DHCP client four-step process
8. FIGURE 6.8 Trivial FTP
9. FIGURE 6.9 HTTP
 10. FIGURE 6.10 Network Time Protocol
11. FIGURE 6.11 Network Management Station
12. FIGURE 6.12 TCP segment format
13. FIGURE 6.13 UDP segment
14. FIGURE 6.14 Port numbers for TCP and UDP
15. FIGURE 6.15 IPv4 header
16. FIGURE 6.16 The Protocol field in an IP header
17. FIGURE 6.17 An ICMP error message is sent to the sending
host from the remot...
18. FIGURE 6.18 Local ARP broadcast
19. FIGURE 6.19 RARP broadcast example
20. FIGURE 6.20 Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnel
structure
21. FIGURE 6.21 Data encapsulation
22. FIGURE 6.22 PDU and layer addressing
23. FIGURE 6.23 Port numbers at the Transport layer
7. Chapter 7
1. FIGURE 7.1 Summary of the three classes of networks
2. FIGURE 7.2 IPv6 address example
3. FIGURE 7.3 EUI-64 interface ID assignment
4. FIGURE 7.4 A 6to4 tunnel
8. Chapter 8
1. FIGURE 8.1 Implementing a Class C /25 logical network
2. FIGURE 8.2 Implementing a Class C /26 logical network
 3. FIGURE 8.3 Basic IP troubleshooting
4. FIGURE 8.4 IP address problem 1
5. FIGURE 8.5 IP address problem 2
6. FIGURE 8.6 Find the valid host
7. FIGURE 8.7 Find the valid host #2.
8. FIGURE 8.8 Find the valid host address #3.
9. FIGURE 8.9 Find the valid subnet mask.
10. FIGURE 8.10 Where to configure NAT
11. FIGURE 8.11 Basic NAT translation
12. FIGURE 8.12 NAT overloading example (PAT)
9. Chapter 9
1. FIGURE 9.1 A simple routing example
2. FIGURE 9.2 IP routing example using two hosts and one
router
3. FIGURE 9.3 Frame used from Host_A to the Lab_A router
when Host_B is pinged...
4. FIGURE 9.4 IP routing example 1
5. FIGURE 9.5 IP routing example 2
6. FIGURE 9.6 Routing options
7. FIGURE 9.7 Dynamic routing options
8. FIGURE 9.8 DV and LS routing protocols
9. FIGURE 9.9 Hybrid routing
10. Chapter 10
1. FIGURE 10.1 Routing flow tree
 2. FIGURE 10.2 The internetwork with distance-vector
routing
3. FIGURE 10.3 Converged routing tables
4. FIGURE 10.4 Typical classful network
5. FIGURE 10.5 Classless network design
6. FIGURE 10.6 A discontiguous network
7. FIGURE 10.7 EIGRP tables
8. FIGURE 10.8 Border Gateway Protocol
9. FIGURE 10.9 OSPF design example
10. FIGURE 10.10 IS-IS network terminology
11. FIGURE 10.11 Typical HSRP setup
12. FIGURE 10.12 FHRP and firewalls
13. FIGURE 10.13 First two steps to IPv6 autoconfiguration
14. FIGURE 10.14 IPv6 autoconfiguration example
15. FIGURE 10.15 IPv6 neighbor discovery: neighbor
solicitation message
11. Chapter 11
1. FIGURE 11.1 A network before switching
2. FIGURE 11.2 The first switched LAN
3. FIGURE 11.3 The typical switched network design
4. FIGURE 11.4 Switches create private domains
5. FIGURE 11.5 Empty forward/filter table on a switch
6. FIGURE 11.6 How switches learn hosts' locations
7. FIGURE 11.7 Forward/filter table
 8. FIGURE 11.8 Broadcast storm
9. FIGURE 11.9 Multiple frame copies
10. FIGURE 11.10 Distributed switching
11. FIGURE 11.11 A switched network with switching loops
12. FIGURE 11.12 An optimal hierarchical switch design
13. FIGURE 11.13 Flat network structure
14. FIGURE 11.14 The benefit of a switched network
15. FIGURE 11.15 Physical LANs connected to a router
16. FIGURE 11.16 Switches removing the physical boundary
17. FIGURE 11.17 Access and trunk links in a switched
network
18. FIGURE 11.18 IEEE 802.1Q encapsulation with and without
the 802.1Q tag
19. FIGURE 11.19 Router connecting three VLANs together for
inter-VLAN communica...
20. FIGURE 11.20 Router on a stick: single router interface
connecting all three...
21. FIGURE 11.21 With IVR, routing runs on the backplane of
the switch, and it a...
22. FIGURE 11.22 VTP modes
23. FIGURE 11.23 Port security on a switch port restricts port
access by MAC add...
24. FIGURE 11.24 Flood guard process
25. FIGURE 11.25 Before and after port channels
 26. FIGURE 11.26 Non-PoE switch versus a PoE switch
27. FIGURE 11.27 An external power injector used for PoE
28. FIGURE 11.28 Wireless bridge power injector
29. FIGURE 11.29 Switches send frames out the destination
port only.
30. FIGURE 11.30 Place a hub between two hosts to
troubleshoot.
31. FIGURE 11.31 Port spanning/mirroring
12. Chapter 12
1. FIGURE 12.1 Unlicensed frequencies
2. FIGURE 12.2 Wireless LAN history
3. FIGURE 12.3 802.11b CSMA/CA
4. FIGURE 12.4 ISM 2.4 GHz channels
5. FIGURE 12.5 U-NII 5 GHz band has 12 non-overlapping
channels (US)
6. FIGURE 12.6 Comparing Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6
7. FIGURE 12.7 Current standards for spectrums and speeds
8. FIGURE 12.8 A wireless access point
9. FIGURE 12.9 A wireless NIC
10. FIGURE 12.10 A wireless network in ad hoc mode
11. FIGURE 12.11 A wireless network in infrastructure mode
12. FIGURE 12.12 Extended service set identifier (ESSID)
13. FIGURE 12.13 Stand-alone and controller-based wireless
networks
 14. FIGURE 12.14 LWAPP
15. FIGURE 12.15 Mobile hot spot
16. FIGURE 12.16 iPhone hot spot
17. FIGURE 12.17 Basic coverage
18. FIGURE 12.18 Enterprise design
19. FIGURE 12.19 A multifloor installation
20. FIGURE 12.20 A heat map of a building
21. FIGURE 12.21 RADIUS authentication server
13. Chapter 13
1. FIGURE 13.1 Site-to-site and client-to-site VPN
2. FIGURE 13.2 Clientless VPN
3. FIGURE 13.3 Split and full tunnels
4. FIGURE 13.4 Clientless VPN
5. FIGURE 13.5 Rolled Ethernet cable
6. FIGURE 13.6 Configuring your console emulation program
7. FIGURE 13.7 A Cisco 2960 console connections
8. FIGURE 13.8 Where a jump box is implemented
14. Chapter 14
1. FIGURE 14.1 Network management system/station
availability
2. FIGURE 14.2 SNMP components
3. FIGURE 14.3 SNMP monitor graph
4. FIGURE 14.4 SNMP get and trap methods
5. FIGURE 14.5 Protocol analyzer of a TCP packet
 6. FIGURE 14.6 Event Viewer Security log
7. FIGURE 14.7 Syslog collector
8. FIGURE 14.8 Anatomy of a Syslog message
15. Chapter 15
1. FIGURE 15.1 A common screened subnet configuration
2. FIGURE 15.2 Simple network physical diagram
3. FIGURE 15.3 Network diagram with firewalls from
SmartDraw
4. FIGURE 15.4 A floor plan drawing
5. FIGURE 15.5 A rack diagram
6. FIGURE 15.6 MDF and IDFs
7. FIGURE 15.7 Logical network diagram
8. FIGURE 15.8 Typical wiring diagram
9. FIGURE 15.9 Typical site survey report
16. Chapter 16
1. FIGURE 16.1 Multipathing
2. FIGURE 16.2 Static teaming
3. FIGURE 16.3 Switch-independent setup
4. FIGURE 16.4 Switch stacking
5. FIGURE 16.5 Switch cluster
6. FIGURE 16.6 FHRPs use a virtual router with a virtual IP
address and virtual...
7. FIGURE 16.7 RAID-1 (mirroring)
8. FIGURE 16.8 RAID-5 (striping with parity)
 9. FIGURE 16.9 RAID-6 (striping with two parity schemes)
10. FIGURE 16.10 Rack-mounted PDU
11. FIGURE 16.11 Cloud recovery site
12. FIGURE 16.12 Path redundancy
13. FIGURE 16.13 ISP redundancy
14. FIGURE 16.14 Path and ISP redundancy
15. FIGURE 16.15 HSRP active and standby routers
16. FIGURE 16.16 HSRP active and standby routers
17. FIGURE 16.17 HSRP active and standby routers
17. Chapter 17
1. FIGURE 17.1 A private cloud
2. FIGURE 17.2 A public cloud
3. FIGURE 17.3 A hybrid cloud
4. FIGURE 17.4 SDN controller schematic
18. Chapter 18
1. FIGURE 18.1 A router/switch console connection
2. FIGURE 18.2 Multimode and single-mode fibers
3. FIGURE 18.3 Cannot connect
4. FIGURE 18.4 Host could not be found.
5. FIGURE 18.5 Successful ping
6. FIGURE 18.6 Port Security on a switch port restricts port
access by MAC addr...
7. FIGURE 18.7 Rogue DHCP
8. FIGURE 18.8 Certificate error
 9. FIGURE 18.9 Netstat -a output
10. FIGURE 18.10 Service dependencies
11. FIGURE 18.11 Output from ipconfig /all
12. FIGURE 18.12 Ethernet connection
13. FIGURE 18.13 DNS properties
14. FIGURE 18.14 Obtaining a DNS server address
automatically
15. FIGURE 18.15 ipconfig /all output
19. Chapter 19
1. FIGURE 19.1 DHCP capture
2. FIGURE 19.2 Throughput
3. FIGURE 19.3 Quick Assist
4. FIGURE 19.4 Elevating your command prompt
5. FIGURE 19.5 TCP flags
6. FIGURE 19.6 route print output
7. FIGURE 19.7 Sample output of the netstat –a command
8. FIGURE 19.8 A toner probe
9. FIGURE 19.9 An inexpensive cable tester
10. FIGURE 19.10 An inexpensive visual fault locator
20. Chapter 20
1. FIGURE 20.1 The CIA triad
2. FIGURE 20.2 Data and encryption
3. FIGURE 20.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical encryption
4. FIGURE 20.4 Encryption with PKI
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
product measure 1000 mils fold form 2 pints]. Mix the whole
thoroughly. This mixture should not be dispensed unless it has been
recently prepared. Average dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils).
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 367 MISTURA GUAIACI. N. F.
Mixture of Guaiac [Mist. Guaiac] Metric Old form Tincture of Guaiac
125 mils 4 fl. oi. Clarified Honey 250 mils 8 fl. oi. Cinnamon Water, a
sufficient quantity, To make 1000 mils 2 pints Place the honey in a
mortar and gradually add the tincture of guaiac with brisk trituration.
Then add sufficient cinnamon water, in portions, to make the
product measure 1000 mils [old form 2 pints], mixing each portion
thoroughly by trituration before adding the next. Shake this mixture
well before it is dispensed. Average dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils).
MISTURA MAGNESI/E, ASAFOHTID/E ET OPII. N. F. Mixture of
Magnesia, Asafetida and Opium [Mist. Mag., Asafoet. et Opii Mistura
Magnesia et Asafcetid.*:, N. F. Ill Dewees' Carminative] Metric Old
form Magnesium Carbonate 50 Qm. l 0«. av. 293 gr. Tincture of
Asafetida 75 mils 2 fl. oz. 192 min. Tincture of Opium 10 mils 154
min. Sugar 1 00 Qm. 3 oz. av. 148 gr. Water, a sufficient quantity, To
make 1 000 mils 2 pints Rub the magnesium carbonate and sugar in
a mortar, with the tincture of asafetida and the tincture of opium.
Then gradually add sufficient water to make the product measure
1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Average dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8
mils). MISTURA OLEI PICIS. N. F. Mixture of Oil of Tar [Mist. 01. Pic.
Mistura Picis Liquid.*: Tar Mixturb] Metric Old form Rectified Oil of
Tar 35 mils l fl. oz. 58 min. Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza 65 Qm. 2 oz.
av. 74 gr. Sugar 250 Gm. 8 or. av. 151 gr. Chloroform 10 mils 23^ fl.
dr. Oil of Peppermint 3 mils 46 min. Alcohol 1 60 mils 5 fl. oz. 58
min. Water, a sufficient quantity. To make 1 000 mils 2 pinta Add the
pure extract of glycyrrhiza and sugar to 500 mils [old form 1 pint] of
water, contained in a covered vessel, and heat the mixture until the
extract and sugar are dissolved. Cool and add the rectified oil of tar,
the chloroform and the oil of peppermint, previously dissolved in the
alcohol, and, lastly, sufficient water to make the product measure
1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Shake this mixture before it is
dispensed. Average dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils).
 368 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS MISTURA OLEO-BALSAMICA. N.
F. Oleo-Balsamic Mixture [Mist. 01. -Balsam.] Metric Old form Oil of
Lavender 4 mils l fl. dr. Eugenol 4 mils 1 fl. dr. Oil of Cinnamon 4 mils
1 fl. dr. Oil of Thyme 4 mils 1 fl. dr. Oil of Lemon 4 mils 1 fl. dr. Oil of
Myristica 4 mils 1 fl. dr. Balsam of Peru 16 mils 4 fl. dr. Alcohol, a
sufficient quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2 pints Dissolve the oils,
eugenol and balsam of Peru in 900 mils [old form 28 fl. oz. 384
minims] of alcohol, filter, and add sufficient alcohol, through the
filter, to make the product measure 1000 mils [old form 2 pints].
MISTURA OPII ET CHLOROFORMI COMPOSITA. N. F. Compound
Mixture of Opium and Chloroform [Mist. Opii et Chlorof. Co. Squibb's
Diarrhcea Mixture] Metric Old form Tincture of Opium 200 mils 6 fl.
oz. 192 min. Spirit of Camphor 200 mils 6 fl. oz. 192 min. Tincture of
Capsicum 1 00 mils 3 fl. oz. 96 min. Chloroform 80 mils 2 fl. oz. 269
min. Alcohol, a sufficient quantity, To make 1000 mils 2 pints Mix
them. Average dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). MISTURA OPII ET RHEI
COMPOSITA. N. F. Compound Mixture of Opium and Rhubarb [Mist.
Opii et Rhei Co. Sun Cholera Mixture] Metric Old form Tincture of
Capsicum 1 00 mils 3 fl. oi. 96 min. Tincture of Rhubarb 1 00 mils 3
fl. o«. 96 min. Tincture of Opium 200 mils 6 fl. or. 192 min. Spirit of
Camphor 200 mils 6 fl. oz. 192 min. Spirit of Peppermint 200 mils 6
fl. oz. 192 min. Alcohol, a sufficient quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2
pints Mix them. Average dose. — 30 minims (2 mils).
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 369 MISTURA OPII ET SASSAFRAS.
N. F. Mixture of Opium and Sassafras [Mist. Opii et Sassaf. Mistura
Sassafras et Opii, N. F. Ill Mistura Opii Alkalina Godfrey's Cordial]
Metric Old form Tincture of Opium 35 mils 1 fl. 0«. 58 min. Oil of
Sassafras 1 mil 15 min. Alcohol 50 mils 1 fl. 01. 288 min. Potassium
Carbonate 8 Gm. 1 17 gr. Syrup 325 mils 10 fl. 01. 192 min. Water, a
sufficient quantity. To make 1 000 mils 2 pints Mix the tincture of
opium with the alcohol containing the oil of sassafras. Dissolve the
potassium carbonate in 500 mils [old form 1 pint] of water, mix this
with the syrup, then add the mixture first prepared, and, lastly,
sufficient water to make the product measure 1000 mils [old form 2
pints]. Allow the mixture to stand during twenty-four hours and then
filter. Average dose. — Infants, 5 minims (0.3 mil). MISTURA
PECTORALIS, STOKES. N. F. Stokes' Expectorant [Mist. Pect. Stokes]
Metric Old form Ammonium Carbonate 1 7.5 Om. 255 gr. Fluidextract
of Senega 35.0 mils 1 fl. ot. as min. Fluldextract of Squill 35.0 mils l
fl. 01. 58 min. Camphorated Tincture of Opium 1 75.0 mils 5 fl. oz.
288 min. Water 85.0 mils 2 fl. 01. 346 min. Syrup of Tolu, a
sufficient quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2 pints Mix the fluidextract of
squill with the fluidextract of senega, the camphorated tincture of
opium, and the ammonium carbonate, previously dissolved in the
water; then add sufficient syrup of tolu to make the product
measure 1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Average dose. — 1 fluidrachm
(4 mils). MISTURA RHEI ALKALINA. N. F. Alkaline Mixture of Rhubarb
[Mist. Rhei Alk. Syrupus Rhei et Potassii Compositds, N. F. Ill
Neutralizing Cordial] • Metric Old form Fluidextract of Rhubarb 10
mils 246 min. Fluidextract of Hydrastis 8 mils 2 fl. dr. Potassium
Carbonate 16 Qm. 234 gr. Tincture of Cinnamon 64 mils 2 fl. 01. 23
min Spirit of Peppermint 8 mils 2 fl. dr. Syrup 250 mils 8 fl. oi.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2 pints
Dissolve the potassium carbonate in the syrup, and add the solution
to the fluidextracts, tincture and spirit, previously mixed with 500
mils [old form 1 pint] of diluted alcohol. Mix well, add sufficient
diluted alcohol to make the product measure 1000 mils [old form 2
pints] and filter. Average dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 24
 370 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS MISTURA RHEI COMPOSITA. N.
F. Compound Mixture of Rhubarb (U. 8. P. VIII) [Mist. Rhei Co.
Mistura Rhei et Sod.e, U. S. P. VIII Mixture ok Rhubarb and Soda]
Metric Old form Fluidextract of Rhubarb IS mils 230 min. Fluidextract
of Ipecac 3 mils 46 min. Sodium Bicarbonate 35 Gm. 1 ox. av. 74 gr.
Glycerin 350 mils 11 fl. ox. 96 min. Spirit of Peppermint 35 mils 1 fl.
ox. 58 min. Water, a sufficient quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2 pints
Dissolve the sodium bicarbonate in about 400 mils [old form 12 fl.
oz. 384 minims] of water. Add the fluidextracts, the glycerin, and the
spirit of peppermint, and, lastly, sufficient water to make the product
measure 1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Average dose. — 1 fluidrachm
(4 mils). Magmae Magmas This title has been introduced into the U.
S. P. IX for the first time as a Latin title and is applied to a class of
preparations closely related to the mixtures. The suspended,
insoluble constituents are of inorganic chemical origin and are
freshly precipitated in a fine state of subdivision. There are two
preparations in the U. S. P. and one in the N. F. A brief outline will be
given in the table below but the formulas and tests will be found in
Part III. Magmas of the U. S. P. IX and N. F. IV Title Magma
Bismuthi, U. S. P. Magnesias i - r Ferri II ydroxidi N. F. Ingredients 80
Gm. Bismuth Subnitrate; 120 mils Nitric Acid; 10 Gm. Ammonium
Carbonate, Ammonia Water and Distilled Water, each, enough to
make 1000 mils 125 Gm. Magnesium Carbonate; 80 Gm. Sodium
Hydroxide; Distilled Water, enough to make 1000 mils 100 mils
Solution of Ferric Sulphate; 138 mils Ammonia Water; Water, enough
to make 300 Gm. Method of Preparation Dissolve the Bismuth
Subnitrate, with the aid of heat, in 60 mils of Nitric Acid, diluted with
an equal volume of Water. Pour this solution with stirring into 5000
mils of Water containing 60 mils of Nitric Acid. Dilute 480 mils of
Ammonia Wuter with 4000 mils of Water, dissolve the Ammonium
Carbonate in the liquid and immediately add the Bismuth solution
with active stirring. Wash the precipitate with Water until the
washings no longer react with phenolphthalein and adjust the
volume to measure 1000 mils Mix the Magnesium Carbonate with
about 500 mils of Water and add the Sodium Hydroxide, dissolved in
400 mils of Water, with constant stirring, and agitate frequently
during l.r> minutes. Wash the precipitate until practically free from
alkali, as determined by a test, and adjust the volume to measure
1000 mils Dilute the Solution of Ferric Sulphate with 1000 mils of
cold water and add it to the Ammonia Water, which has been diluted
with 500 mils of cold water, stirring 0O&stantly. Wash the precipitate
until the washings show only a slight cloudiness with Barium
Chloride T.Bi and adjust the volume to weigh 300 Gm.
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 371 Gargarismae Gargles Only one
representative of this class of preparations is found in the official
books. It is as follows: GARGARISMA GUAIACI COMPOSITUM.
Guaiac [Garg. Guaiac. Co.] Metric Ammoniated Tincture of Guaiac 1
00 mils Compound Tincture of Cinchona 1 00 mils Clarified Honey
200 mils Potassium Chlorate 40 Gm. Oil of Peppermint 2 mils Water,
a sufficient quantity, To make 1000 mils N. F. Compound Gargle of
Old form 3 fl. oi. 96 ruin. 3 fl. oz. 96 min. 6 fl. ot. 192 min. 1 oz. av.
147 gr. 31 min. 2 pints Place the clarified honey in a bottle
graduated to 1000 mils [old form 2 pints] and gradually add the
previously mixed oil of peppermint and the tinctures, shaking the
bottle after each addition. Dissolve the potassium chlorate in 500
mils [old form 1 pint] of warm water, and add this solution to the
honey mixture in divided portions, shaking continuously, and finally
add sufficient water to make the product measure 1000 mils [old
form 2 pints]. Mix thoroughly. Lotiones Lotions Representatives of
this class of preparations are official only in the N. F.,four being
recognized. They are largely aqueous, usually contain insoluble,
suspended matter, and are intended for use as a wash or injection.
Lotions of the N. F. IV Title Lotio AmmoniacalisCamphorata Flava
Nigra Plumbi et Opii Ingredients 60 Gm. Sodium Chloride; 60 mils
Ammonia Water; 10 mils Spirit of Camphor; Water, enough to make
1000 mils 3 Gm. Corrosive Mercuric Chloride; 35 mils Boiling Water;
Solution of Calcium Hydroxide (Lime Water), enough to make 1000
mils 8.75 Gm. Mild Mercurous Chloride; 15 mils Water; Lime Water,
enough to make 1000 mils 17.5 Gm. Lead Acetate; 35 mils Tincture
of Opium, and enough water to make 1000 mils Method of
Preparation Dissolve the Sodium Chloride in 900 mils of Water, add
the Spirit, then the Ammonia Water and enough Water to make
1000 mils Dissolve the Mercuric Chloride in the Boiling Water and
add the solution gradually, with constant stirring, to enough Lime
Water to make 1000 mils Triturate the Calomel with the Water and
gradually add enough Lime Water to make 1000 mils Dissolve the
Lead Acetate in 650 mils of Water, add the Tincture and enough
Water to make 1000 mils
 372 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS LOTIO AMMONIACALIS
CAMPHORATA. N. F. Ammoniated Camphor Wash [Lot. Ammon.
Camph. Aqua Sedativa, N. F. Ill Sedative Water Eau Sedative de
Raspail] Metric Old form Sodium Chloride 60 dm. 2 o«. av. 1 gr.
Ammonia Water 60 mils 1 fl. os. 442 min. Spirit of Camphor 1 0 mils
154 min. Water, a sufficient quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2 pints
Dissolve the sodium chloride in about 900 mils [old form 28 fl. oz.
384 minims] of water, add the spirit of camphor, then the ammonia
water, and finally sufficient water to make the product measure 1000
mils [old form 2 pints]. Keep it in well-stoppered bottles and shake
the lotion before it is dispensed. LOTIO FLAVA. N. F. Yellow Lotion
[Lot. Flav. Yellow Wash Aqua Phaged^enica Flava] Metric Old form
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride 3 Gm. 44 gr. Boiling Water 35 mils 1 fl.
os. 58 min. Solution of Calcium Hydroxide, a sufficient quantity, To
make 1 000 mils 2 pints Dissolve the corrosive mercuric chloride in
the boiling water, and add the solution gradually, with constant
agitation, to sufficient solution of calcium hydroxide to make the
product measure 1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Shake the lotion
thoroughly before it is dispensed. LOTIO NIGRA. N. F. Black Lotion
[Lot. Nigr. Black Wash Aqua Phaged.enica Nigra] Metric Old form
Mild Mercurous Chloride 8.75 Gm. 128 Kr Water 1 5.00 mils 4 fl. dr.
Solution of Calcium Hydroxide, a sufficient quantity, To make 1 000
mils 2 pints Triturate the mild mercurous chloride with the water, and
gradually add sufficient solution of calcium hydroxide, with
trituration, to make the product measure 1000 mils [old form 2
pints]. Shake the lotion thoroughly before it is dispensed. LOTIO
PLUMBI ET OPII. N. F. Lotion of Lead and Opium [Lot. Plumb, et Opii
Lead and Oium Wash] Metric Old form Lead Acetate 1 7.5 Gm. 255
gr. Tincture of Opium 35.0 mils l fl. oi. 58 min. Water, a sufficient
quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2 pints Dissolve the lead acetate in
about 650 mils [old form 20 fl. oz. 384 minims] of water, add the
tincture of opium, and sufficient water to make the product measure
1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Shake the lotion thoroughly before it is
dispensed.
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 373 Glycerita Glycerites Glycerites
are mixtures of medicinal substances with glycerin. Glycerin is a
valuable solvent, and one of the principal advantages of the
glycerites is that they afford a rapid and simple method of making
aqueous solutions of substances which are not otherwise easily
soluble. The solutions of phenol, gallic acid, tannic acid, tar, etc., in
glycerin are permanent preparations, and they could be made very
concentrated if necessary; the ease with which they can be diluted
with water or alcohol, without precipitation, renders such glycerites
especially useful at the prescription counter. Five glycerites are
official in the U. S. P. IX and six in the N. F. IV. Glycerites of the U. S.
P. IX Title Ingredients Glyceritum 20 Gm. Tannic Acid; 80 Gm. Acidi
Tan- Glycerin nici Amyli 10 Gm. Starch; 80 Gm. Glycerin; 10 mils
Water Boroglycerini, 310 Gm. Boric Acid; Glycerin, enough to make
1000 Gm. Hydrastis Phenolis Method of Preparation From 1.12 Gm.
to 1.37 Gm. of ether-soluble Alkaloids in each 100 mils of Glycerite.
lOOOGm. Hydrastis; Glycerin, Alcohol, and Water, enough to make
1000 mils 20 mils Liquefied Phenol; 80 mils Glycerin Add the Tannic
Acid to the hot Glycerin, agitate the mixture until the Acid is
dissolved and strain Mix the Starch with the Water, add the Glycerin,
and heat below 144° C. (291.2° F.) until a translucent jelly is formed
Heat 460 Gm. of Glycerin on a eand bath, between 140° to 150° C.
(284o;to 302° F.), add the Boric Acid, and continue the heat, stirring
frequently until the mixture weighs 500 Gm. Then add 500 Gm. of
Glycerin and mix thoroughly Exhaust the drug by percolation with
Alcohol, distil the Alcohol from the percolate, pour the thick liquid
into 450 mils of ice water and cool for 24 hours. Then filter, assay
filtrate, add Water to make each 100 mils contain 2.5 Gm. of
Alkaloids, and finally add an equal volume of Glycerin Mix them
Glycerites of the N. F. IV Title Glyceritum Bismuthi Guaiaci Pepsini
Picie Liquids Tragacanthee Vitelli IngredientB Each 100 mils yields
not less than 12.8 Gm. Bismuth Oxide. 160 Gm. Bismuth Subnitrate;
150 mils Nitric Acid; 238 Gm. Tartaric Acid; 334 Gm. Sodium
Bicarbonate, Glycerin and Distilled Water, each, enough to make
1000 mils 85 Gm. Guaiac; 65 mils Solution of Potassium Hydroxide;
600 mils Glycerin; Water, enough to make 1000 mils 85 Gm. Pepsin;
10 mils Hydrochloric Acid; 15 Gm. Purified Talc; 500 mils Glycerin,
Distilled Water, enough to make 1000 mils 63 Gm. Tar; 125 Gm.
Magnesium Carbonate; 250 mils Glycerin; 125 mils Alcohol, water,
enough to make 1000 mils 125 Gm. Tragacanth; 775 mils Glycerin;
185 mils Water 45Gm.Egg Yolk; 55 Gm. Glycerin Method of
Preparation A soluble Bismuth and Sodium Tartrate in formed
through chemical reaction and the solution mixed with an equal
volume of Glycerin. The final volume is adjusted by assay Add the
powdered Guaiac to the Potassium Hydroxide Solution and macerate
during 24 hours. Then filter, add the Glycerin and enough Water to
make 1000 mils Dissolve the Pepsin in 350 mils of Distilled Water
and the Hydrochloric Acid, incorporate the Talc, filter, and add
enough Distilled Water to make 1000 mils Wash the Tar with cold
water until the washings are only slightly acid. Then odd the Alcohol
to the Tar, incorporate the MiigQemum Carbonate and Glycerin, add
625 mill of Water and filter. Finally add through the filter enough
Alcohol, 1 volume, Water, 7 volume*, to make 1000 mils Mix the
Tragacantli :ind Glycerin, add the Water and stir until a thick paste
results Mix the Yolk of Egg and the Glycerin in a mortar and strain
the product
 374 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Unofficial Glycerites Title
Ingredients Glycerinum 20 Gm. Purified Alum; 7.5 mils Alumiais.
Distilled Water; Glycerin, Br.« enough to make 120 mils Boracis. Br.
20 Gm. Borax; 120 mils Glycerin Plumbi Sub500 mils Strong Solution
of Lead ace tatis. Subacetate; 500 mils Glycerin; Br. Distilled Water,
enough to make the specific gravity 1.48 Glyceritum 80 Gm. Soluble
Ferric Phosphate; Ferri, Qui104 Gm. Quinine; 0.8 Gm. niaffi et
Strychnine; 200 mils PhosStrychninse phoric Acid; 500 mils Glycerin;
PhosphaWater, enough to make 1000 tum, U. S. mils P. VIII (Dilute
with three volumes of Syrup to make Syrupus Ferri, Quininceet
StrychnincePhotphatum, U. S. P. VIII) Method of Preparation Effect
solution, warming slightly if necessary, set aside and pour off the
clear liquid Triturate together in a warmed mortar until the Borax is
dissolved Evaporate the Strong Solution of Lead Subacetate to
dryness on a water bath, add the Glycerin, warm gently until
dissolved, cool, add enough Distilled Water to make the specific
gravity 1.48 and filter if necessary Dissolve the Soluble Ferric
Phosphate in 200 mils of hot Water, add the Phosphoric Acid, the
Strychnine and Quinine and enough Water to make. 500 mils. Stir
until solution is effected and then add the Glycerin GLYCERITUM
ACIDI TANNICI. [Glycer. Acid. Tann. U. S. Glycerite of Tannic Acid
Glycerite of Tannin] ♦Tannic Acid... Glycerin To make. Metric 20 Om.
80 Qm. 100 am. Old form 4 oz. av. 16 oz. av. 20 oz. av. Weigh the
glycerin into a tared, wide-mouthed bottle with a capacity of about
125 mils [old form 2 pints]. Place the bottle and contents in a water
bath, heat the water until it boils, and continue the heat for a few
minutes; add the tannic acid to the hot glycerin in small, successive
portions, agitate the mixture until the tannic acid is dissolved and
strain the solution while warm through purified cotton. Average
dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). GLYCERITUM AMYLI. U.S. Glycerite of
Starch [Glycer. Amyl.] ♦Starch . Water . . Olycerln Metric 10 am. 10
mils 80 Om. Old form 290 gr. 5 fl. dr. 4 fl. oi. Triturate the starch
with the water, until a homogeneous mixture is produced. Then
gradually add this to the glycerin, contained in a •The Hritish
Pharmacopoeia (1914) uses the clu character. title " Glycerinum " for
preparations of this
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 375 porcelain dish, and heated to
about 140° C. (284° F). Continue the heat, with constant stirring,
keeping it below 144° C. (291.2° F.), until a translucent jelly is
formed. Transfer the product to suitable vessels, provided with well-
fitting covers. GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI. U.S. Glycerite of
Boroglycerln [Glycer. Boroglyc] Metric Old form *BorIc Acid, in fine
powder 310 Qm. 5 oz. av. 76 gr. Glycerin, a sufficient quantity, To
make 1000 dm. 16 o*. av. Heat 460 Gm. [old form 7 oz. av. 374
grains] of glycerin, in a tared porcelain dish on a sand bath, to a
temperature between 140° C. and 150° C. (284° and 302° F.), and
add the boric acid in portions, constantly stirring. When all is added
and dissolved, continue the heat at the same temperature,
frequently stirring, and breaking up the film which forms on the
surface until the mixture has been reduced to the weight of 500 Gm.
[old form 8 oz. av.], then add to it 500 Gm. [old form 8 oz. av.] of
glycerin, mix thoroughly, and immediately transfer it to bottles and
stopper them tightly. When glycerin and boric acid are heated
together in the proportion given in the formula, water is given off,
the product thickens, requiring frequent stirring to break up the film
which forms, and finally produces a hard, partially transparent, and
very hygroscopic mass. This substance is called " boroglycerin " and
when dissolved in an equal weight of glycerin constitutes the official
Glycerite of Boroglycerin. Care must be observed throughout the
operation to avoid an excess of heat which would cause a yellowish
or brownish color. N. F. Preparation. — Suppositoria Boroglycerini.
GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS. U. 8. Glycerite of Hydrastis [Glycer.
Hydrast. Glycerite of Golden Seal] One hundred mils of glycerite of
hydrastis yields not less than 1.12 Gm. nor more than 1.37 Gm. of
the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis. ♦Hydrastis, in No. 60 powder
Metric 1000 Om. Old form 25 oi. »T. Olycerin, Alcohol, Water, each, a
sufficient quantity, 1000 mils 24 fl. oi. Moisten the hydrastis with 350
mils [old form 8^ fl. oz.] of alcohol, pack it firmly in a cylindrical
percolator, and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid
 376 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS begins to drop from the
percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the
percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation
to proceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, until the drug is
exhausted. Remove nearly all of the alcohol by distillation or
evaporation, pour the thick concentrated liquid into 450 mils [old
form 10 fl. oz. 384 minims] of ice-cold water, and set it aside, in a
cold place, for twenty-four hours. Then filter and assay a portion of
this filtrate by the process given below, and, from the result thus
obtained, ascertain by calculation the amount of ether-soluble
alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid. Add to this enough cold
water to make each 100 mils [old form 2 fl. oz. 192 minims] of the
product contain 2.5 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis.
Finally add an equal volume of glycerin, and mix. Assay. — Proceed
as directed under Fluidextractum Belladonna Radicis, first line of the
assay, modifying the process there given by using 5 mils of glycerite
of hydrastis instead of 10 mils of fluidcxtract of belladonna root and
using only ether as the immiscible solvent throughout the assay.
Wash the final ether extractions with 10 mils of distilled water, draw
off the water and^discard it. Then filter the ether solution through a
pledget of purified cotton, wash the cotton with ether, evaporate the
filtrate and washings, and^dry the residue at 100° C. (212° F.) to
constant weight instead of titrating it. The weight represents the
amount of ether-soluble alkaloids in 5 mils of the glycerite of
hydrastis. Average dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). GLYCERITUM
PHENOLIS. U.S. Glycerite of Phenol [Qlycer. Phenol. Glycerite of
Carbolic Acid] Metric Old form ♦Liquefied Phenol 20 mils 2 fl. u.
Glycerin 80 mils 8 fl. o». To make 1 00 mils 10 fl. oi. Add the
liquefied phenol to the glycerin and thoroughly mix. Average dose.
— 5 minims (0.3 mil). GLYCERITUM BISMUTHI. N. F. Glycerite of
Bismuth [Glycer. Bism.j One hundred milliliters of glycerite of
bismuth yields not less than 12.8 Gm. of bismuth oxide. Metric Old
form Bismuth Subnltrate 1 60 Qm. 5 oi. »v. 140 *r. Nitric Acid 1 50
mils i fl. or. 3S4 min. Tartaric Acid 238 Qm. 7 os. av. 413 gr. Sodium
Bicarbonate 334 Qm. 11 oi. av. 65 gr. Glycerin, Distilled Water, each,
a suflkrienl quantity, To make about 1000 mils 2 pints Mix the nitric
acid with 300 mils [old form 9 fl. oz. 288 minims] of distilled water,
in a bottle haying a capacity of about 4000 mils [old form 1 gallon],
and dissolve the bismuth Bllbnitrate in the mixture. Then slowly add
000 mils [old form 19 rl. oz. 90 minims] of distilled
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 377 water and dissolve 119 Gm.
[old form 3 oz. av. 425 grains] of tartaric acid in the mixture. Now
add, in small portions, 200 Gm. [old form 6 oz. av. 296 grains] of
sodium bicarbonate, shaking frequently and avoiding loss by
effervescence, and when all is added fill the bottle with distilled
water and mix well. Allow the magma to settle and decant the clear
liquid. Again fill the bottle with distilled water and wash the magma
by decantation as before, repeating the process until the wash-liquor
has but a slightly saline taste. Then pour the magma upon a filter
and allow it to drain, rinsing the bottle with a little distilled water.
Transfer the moist magma to a porcelain evaporating dish, add 119
Gm. [old form 3 oz. av. 425 grains] of tartaric acid and then slowly,
and in small portions, 134 Gm. [old form 4 oz. av. 207 grains] of
sodium bicarbonate. Heat the mixture on a steam bath until solution
is effected and the total volume is reduced to 475 mils [old form 15
fl. oz. 96 minims]. Then add 475 mils [old form 15 fl. oz. 96 minims]
of glycerin, and, if necessary, enough distilled water to make the
solution measure 950 mils [old form 30 fl. oz. 192 minims] of
solution, and filter. Estimate the amount of bismuth oxide in the
liquid by the process given below and from the result thus obtained
adjust the strength by evaporation or the addition of equal volumes
of glycerin and water so that each 100 mils [old form 3 fl. oz. 183
minims] of the finished Glycerite will yield not less than 12.8 Gm.
[old form 198 grains] of bismuth oxide. This preparation provides a
soluble form of bismuth which is more permanent than the official
salt, bismuth and ammonium citrate. In this solution the bismuth is
combined with sodium tartrate and the volatile ammonia is thus
eliminated. The glycerite is used chiefly as a stock preparation from
which the Solution and Elixirs of Bismuth are prepared. A scaled salt
of bismuth and sodium tartrate has also become a commercial
article. For a description and tests for this Solution see Part III. N. F.
Preparations. — Elixir Bismuthi; Elixir Cinchonae Alkaloidorum, Ferri,
et Bismuthi; Elixir Pepsini et Bismuthi; Liquor Bismuthi. GLYCERITUM
GUAIACI. N. F. Glycerite of Guaiac [Glycer. Guaiac] Metric Old form
Qualac, in powder 85 Om. 2 o». av. 366 gr. Solution of Potassium
Hydroxide 65 mils 2 fl. o». 38 min. Olycerin 600 mils 19 fl. oi. 96
min. Water, a sufficient quantity, To make 1 000 mils 2 pints Mix the
solution of potassium hydroxide with 300 mils [old form 9 fl. oz. 288
minims] of water, add the powdered guaiac, and macerate the
mixture during twenty-four hours with occasional agitation. Then
filter, add the glycerin and sufficient water to make the product
measure 1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Average dose. — 30 minims
(2 mils).
 378 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS GLYCERITUM PEPSINI. N. F.
Glycerite of Pepsin [Glycer. Pepsin.] Metric Old form Pepsin 85 (3m. 2
oz. av. 366gr. Hydrochloric Acid Hi mils 2H A- dr. Purified Talc 15 Om.
219 gr. Glycerin 500 mils 1 pint Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make 1 000 mils 2 pints Mix the pepsin with 350 mils [old form
11 fl. oz. 96 minims] of distilled water and the hydrochloric acid, and
agitate the mixture until solution has been effected. Then
incorporate the purified talc, filter, returning the first portions of the
filtrate until it passes through clear, and add enough distilled water
through the filter to make the product measure 500 mils [old form 1
pint]. To this add the glycerin and mix. N. F. Preparations. — Elixir
Cinchonse Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Pepsini; Elixir Pepsini; Liquor
Pepsini; Succus Citri et Pepsinum; Vinuru Pepsini. Average dose. —
45 minims (3 mils). GLYCERITUM PICIS LIQUID/E. N. F. Glycerite of
Tar [Glycer. Pic. Liq.] Metric Old form Tar 63 Qm. 2 os. av. 45 gr.
Magnesium Carbonate 125 Qm. 4 oz. av. 76 gr. Glycerin 250 mils 8
fl. oz. Alcohol 125 mils 4 fl. oz. Water, a sufficient quantity, To make
1 000 mils 2 pints Pour 200 mils [old form 6 fl. oz. 192 minims] of
cold water upon the tar, contained in a mortar, mix them together
thoroughly, allow the mixture to settle, and pour off the water.
Repeat this operation until the washings show only a slightly acid
reaction with litmus. Now triturate the washed tar with the alcohol,
gradually incorporate the magnesium carbonate and glycerin, and
then add 625 mils [old form 20 H. oz.] of water. Pour the mixture
upon a filter of loose texture, and, after the liquid portion has passed
through, wash the residue on the filter with a mixture of one volume
of alcohol and seven volumes of water, until the product measures
1000 mils [old form 2 pints]. Average dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils).
GLYCERITUM TRAGACANTH/E. N. F. Glycerite of Tragacanth [Glycer.
Trag.] Metric Old form Tragacanth, in fine powder 125 Gm. 4 os. av.
170 gr. Glycerin 775 mils 26 fl. oz. 99 min. Water 1 85 mils 6 fl. oa.
133 min. Mix the tragacanth and glycerin thoroughly, add the water
and stir the mixture until u homogeneous, thick paste results.
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 379 GLYCERITUM VITELLI. N. F.
Glycerite of Egg Yolk [Qlycer. Vitell. Glyconin] Metric Old form Egg
Yolk 45 Gm. 787.5 gr. Glycerin 55 Gm. 962.5 gr. To make 1 00 Gm. 4
oz. av. Rub the yolk of egg in a mortar, with the glycerin, gradually
added, until they are thoroughly mixed, and then strain the product.
N. F. Preparation. — Emulsum Olei Morrhuae cum Vitello.
QUESTIONS ON AQUEOUS PREPARATIONS CONTAINING SWEET,
VISCID, OR INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES What are syrups? (See page
317.) What kinds of sugar should be used in making syrups? How
many methods of making syrups are recognized by the U. S. P.?
Describe the details for making syrups with the aid of heat. For
making syrups by agitation without heat. What objection is there to
making syrups by the addition of fluid extracts, tinctures, etc., to
syrup? Name several official syrups which were formerly made by
digestion? Is this method a satisfactory one? What method is
preferable? How is the process of percolation in making syrups
conducted? What precautions are necessary to percolate a syrup
successfully? What is the objection to using a sponge in this
process? How may syrups be made by percolation on a large scale?
How may syrups be preserved? Is the addition of alcohol or
chemicals objectionable? Why? What is the best disposition to make
of fermented syrups? How may fruit juices be effectually preserved?
How many syrups are official in the U. S. P. ? How many in the N. F.?
WThich of the U. S. P. syrups involve a chemical reaction during their
preparation? How many of the U. S. P. syrups are made by the
simple addition of medicating liquid to syrup? Name them. Which of
these are made from acid? Which from tinctures? Which from
fluidextracts? Name the official syrups made by the agitation of
sugar with medicating liquid without heat. Which of these contains
acetic acid? Which one is made by cold aqueous infusion? Which
from medicated water from tincture? Which from medicated water
from fluidextract? How many are made by maceration or digestion?
Name them. What U. S. P. syrups are made with the aid of heat?
Name the N. F. syrups made by the direct addition of a medicating
liquid or solid to simple syrup. Those made by the solution of sugar
by agitation without heat. Those in which heat is required to dissolve
the sugar. Give the formula and official methods for preparing
Syrupus. What is its specific gravity? How is syrup of acacia made?
What is the object of heating this syrup? Does this syrup keep well?
Give the formula and mode of making syrup of citric acid. What is
the formula in symbols of hydriodic acid? What IB its molecular
weight? How is syrup of hydriodic acid made? How much hydriodic
acid should it contain? Give the process for making syrup of orange.
Syrup of orange flowers. What are the ingredients used in making
syrup of calcium laotophosphatef Give an outline of the process for
making it. Write out in full the Latin name. What is the formula in
symbols of ferrous iodide? What is its molecular weight? How is
syrup of ferrous iodide prepared? How much ferrous iodide should it
contain?
 380 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS What hypophosphites are used
in syrup of hypophosphites? How is the syrup prepared? How is
syrup of ipecac made? How much ipecac is represented by two and
a half troy ounces of the syrup? About how much in a fiuidounce?
Write out the Latin name in full. Give the formula for syrup of
lactucarium. Write out in full the Latin name for syrup of tar How
much tar is used to make one hundred parts of the syrup? How is
the syrup made? Write out in full the Latin name of syrup of wild
cherry. How much wild cherry is used to make one hundred parts?
What degree of fineness is directed for the powder? How is the
syrup made? How much glycerin does it contain? Why is this syrup
made without heat? What is the object of maceration for twenty-four
hours prior to percolation? Give the formula for syrup of rhubarb.
How is the syrup made? Give the formula and method for preparing
aromatic syrup of rhubarb. What are the ingredients of compound
syrup of sarsaparilla? How is the syrup prepared? Give the formula
and method for preparing syrup of squill. What are the ingredients
of compound syrup of squill? How is this syrup prepared ? How
much antimony and potassium tartrate is there in a troy ounce of
the syrup? What is its synonym? What is its dose? Give the formula
and method for making syrup of senega. What aromatic is used in
making syrup of senna? Why? How is syrup of senna made? How
much senna is there in one hundred parts of syrup? Give the formula
and method for making syrup of tolu. How is syrup of ginger made?
What is its strength? How is syrup of garlic of the N. F. made? Name
all U. S. P. and N. F. syrups containing hypophosphites. What
bromides are used in syrup of the bromides? What is the dose in
grains, per teaspoonful, of the combined bromides, in this syrup?
How is syrup of calcium iodide prepared? What amount of codeine is
present in each teaspoonful of syrup of codeine? Describe the
process for making aromatic syrup of eriodictyon. Why is solution of
potassium hydroxide used? How is syrup of iron and manganese
iodide prepared? Why is potassium citrate used in making syrup of
ferric hypophosphite? Name the ingredients in compound syrup of
figs. How is syrup of glycyrrhiza made? Name the ingredients in
compoimd syrup of hypophosphites. What is the synonym for syrup
of iron, quinine and strychnine; for syrup of ipecac and opium; for
syrup of morphine and acacia; for compound syrup of the
phosphates. Name the ingredients in compound syrup of white pine.
What is the English title for syrup of buckthorn berries? Describe the
process for making syrup of raspberry; for making syrup of
blackl>erry fruit. Name the N. F. medicated syrups prepared by
mixing fluidextracts with syrup. What acid is used in syrup of
sanguinana and why? In syrup of rose? What are official honeys?
How many are there in the U. S. P? How many in the N. F.? Name
them. Give the Latin name and official method for preparing
commercial honey; clarified honey; honey of rose. Name and give
the ingredients in the N. F. honeys. What is oxymel of squill? What
are official mucilages, and how many are official in die r. S. p.? In
the N. F.? Bow many mucilages an' prepared without beat? Name
them. How is mucilage of acacia prepared? Give the Latin name,
formula, and mode of making mucilage of sassafras pith; mucilage
of tragacanth; mucilage of chondrua. What are emulsions? How
many are official in the U. 8. P.? In the N. F.? Name them. What
were these | irep.ir.it ions culled in the lr. S. I'. before. 1890? Give
the formula ami method of making emulsion of almond; emulsion of
asafetida; emulsion of cod liver oil; emulsion ol oil of turpentine.
 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 381 What is the popular name or
synonym for emulsion of asafetida? What flavors are recommended
for emulsions by the N. P.? Why is a selection of flavors offered?
Name the emulsions of the N. F. containing cod liver oil. How is
emulsion of petrolatum made? What are official mixtures, and how
many are official in the U. S. P.? How many in the N. F.? Give the
Latin name, formula, and method for making chalk mixture. Why
should chalk mixture be made extemporaneously? How is compound
mixture of glycyrrhiza made and what is its synonym? What are the
ingredients in "Godfrey's Cordial"? What is the Latin title? How much
opium is present? What is "Stokes' Expectorant"? How much opium
does it contain? What are the ingredients in Dalby's carminative?
What amount of opium is present? Name the ingredients in
chloroform anodyne. How is compound iron mixture prepared? What
form of iron should be present in the finished product? Why should it
be freshly prepared? How much opium is present in Dewees'
carminative? What are the other ingredients? Give the ingredients
and the dose for "Squibb's Diarrhoea Mixture"; for "Sun Cholera
Mixture." Give the Latin name, formula, and method for preparing
compound mixture of rhubarb. What was the U. S. P. VIII name for
this preparation? What are magmas? Name those official in the U. S.
P. The one in the N. F. What is the character of the superseded
material in magmas? Name the ingredients in compound gargle of
guaiac. What is the character of the N. F. preparations known as
lotions? How is "yellow wash" made? What are the Latin and English
titles? What is "black wash" and what are its official titles? What are
the ingredients in "lead and opium wash"? Give the important
characteristics of official glycerites. How many are official in the U. S.
P.? In the N. F.? Name them. What are the ingredients and how is
glycerite of tannic acid made? Glycerite of starch? Glycerite of
boroglycerin? Give the process for making glycerite of hydrastis.
What should be its alkaloidal content? What per cent, of phenol in
the glycerite? How is glycerite of bismuth made? What chemical
combination of bismuth is present? What preparations are made
from glycerite of bismuth? How is glycerite of pepsin made? Into
what preparations does it enter? What is "glyconin" and for what is it
used?
 CHAPTER XXITI ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS Spiritus Spirits
Spirits, from a pharmaceutical point of view, are simply alcoholic
solutions of volatile substances. Like the medicated waters, the
active ingredient may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. None are made by
percolation, but they are officially prepared in five ways: 1. By
simple solution. 2. By solution with maceration. 3. By gaseous
solution. 4. By chemical reaction. 5. By distillation, although spirits
made by this method are no longer official. There are fifteen spirits
official in the U. S. P. IX and eight in the N. F. IV. 1. By Simple
Solution. — This is the most usual method of making spirits; of the
official preparations of this class, twenty, or all but three of the
whole number, are prepared in this way, while nine of the twenty are
merely solutions of volatile oils in alcohol of different strengths,
without any other addition. No skill is required to make these, but a
great deal of conscientious care must be used in the selection of the
volatile oils, that they be of the best quality, and recently distilled.
Filtration is usually unnecessary. U. S. P. Spirits made by Simple
Solution Title Spiritu9.Etheri( Ammonia; Aromaticus Amygdala;
Amarse A nisi Aurantii CompositUfl Camphors Chloroformi
Cinnamomi Glyoerylia Nitratis Junipcri Juniper! ( 'ornpositus
Lavandula; Ingredients 325 mils Ether; Alcohol to make 1000 mils 34
Gm. Ammonium Carbonate; 90 mils Ammonia Water; 10 mils Oil of
Lemon; 1 mil Oil of Lavender; 1 mil Oil of Myristica; 700 mils
Alcohol; Distilled Water, enough to make 1000 mils 10 mils Oil of
Bitter Almond; 800 mils Alcohol; Distilled Water, enough to make
1000 mils 100 mils Oil of Anise; Alcohol, enough to make 1000 mils
200 mils Oil of Orange; 50 mils Oil of Lemon; 20 mils Oil of
Coriander; 5 mils Oil of Anise; Alcohol, enough to make 1000 mils
From 9.5 Gm. to 10.5 Gm. of Camphor in each 100 mils of Spirit.
100 Gm. Camphor; Alcohol, enough to make 1000 mils 00 mils
Chloroform; Alcohol, enough to make MXH) mils 100 mils Oil of
Cinnamon; Aleobol, enough to make 1000 mils From 1 to 1.1 per
cent, of Glyceryl Trinitrate in alcoholic solution 60 mils oil of Juniper:
Alcohol, enough to make 10O0 mils B mils < ill of Juniper! 1 mil ( )il
of Ca.rs.way; I mil oil of Fennel; 1KKI mils Al.,,1,,,1; Water, enough
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