0% found this document useful (0 votes)
82 views4 pages

A Vertcal Steam Engine Reversible Called Kacio Ls1 14

The document provides detailed specifications and notes for constructing a vertical steam engine model called 'KACIO LS1-14'. It includes part numbers, material guidelines, assembly instructions, and engineering practices, emphasizing the use of metric measurements and the builder's discretion in material selection and color scheme. Additionally, it highlights the importance of applying proper tolerances and ensuring connections are secure to prevent loosening.

Uploaded by

taha marouane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
82 views4 pages

A Vertcal Steam Engine Reversible Called Kacio Ls1 14

The document provides detailed specifications and notes for constructing a vertical steam engine model called 'KACIO LS1-14'. It includes part numbers, material guidelines, assembly instructions, and engineering practices, emphasizing the use of metric measurements and the builder's discretion in material selection and color scheme. Additionally, it highlights the importance of applying proper tolerances and ensuring connections are secure to prevent loosening.

Uploaded by

taha marouane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

QTY.

PART NUMBER
GENERAL NOTES:
0. ALL DRAWINGS ARE IN METRIC MEASUREMENTS DUE TO THE LACK OF INFORMATION ON THE ORIGINAL 2
1 09C-64-00-1-01-BASE PLATE
09C-64-00-1-02-BEARING BLOCK
1. ALL ENGINEERING PRACTICES SHALL BE APPLIED WITH REGARDS TO
HOLE AND SHAFT TOLERANCES.
DRAWING(S), SUCH AS VIEWS, DIMENSIONS, SECTIONS ETC 1
1
09C-64-00-1-03-COLUMN
09C-64-00-1-04-CYLINDER+VALVE CHEST
2. WHERE SCREWS OR BOLTS ARE USED THE CLEARANCE HOLES AND/OR CLARITY OF COMPONENTS, OMITTED 1 09C-64-00-1-05-CYLINDER TOP COVER
SHALL BE APPROXIMATELY 5% TO 8% LARGER THAN THE MATCHING
TAPPED HOLE. PARTS/COMPONENTS, SOME OF THE COMPONENTS MIGHT 1
1
09C-64-00-1-06-CYLINDER BOTTOM COVER
09C-64-00-1-07-DISPLACEMENT LUBRICATOR
3. PREFERABLY ALL TAPPED HOLES AND MATCHING SCREWS AND/OR NOT BE AS CONSTRUCTED ORIGINALLY OR AS THE 1
1
09C-64-00-2-01-CRANK SHAFT+FLYWHEEL
09C-64-00-2-02-PISTON+CROSSHEAD
BOLTS TO BE METRIC FINE (MF)
4. MATERIALS SPECIFIED ON THE DRAWINGS ARE INDICATIVE ONLY. ORIGINAL DESIGNER INTENDED 1 09C-64-00-2-03-CON-ROD
THE BUILDER CAN MAKE HIS/HER OWN MATERIAL CHOICE. 1 09C-64-00-2-04-WEIGHSHAFT
5. ALL CONNECTIONS/JOINTS WHICH HAVE STEAM PRESSURE APPLIED 1 09C-64-00-2-05-REVERSING HANDLE
TO IT SHALL BE SILVER/HARD SOLDERED. 1 09C-64-00-2-06-ECCENTRICS
6. COMPRESSION SPRINGS ARE DRAWN IN COMPRESSED STATE (CP), 1 09C-64-00-2-07-ECCENTRIC STRAP-1
UNCOMPRESSED STATE IS APPROX 40% TO 60% LONGER THEN 1 09C-64-00-2-08-ECCENTRIC STRAP-2
1 09C-64-00-2-09-EXPANSION LINK
COMPRESSED STATE. 1 09C-64-00-2-09-EXPANSION LINK
7. WHERE PREFERRED SCREW OR RIVETED CONNECTIONS CAN BE 1 09C-64-00-2-10-LIFTING LINK
OMITTED AND PARTS CAN BE BONDED TOGETHER BY USING EITHER 1 09C-64-00-2-11-SLIDE VALVE
HIGH STRENGTH GLUE, EPOXY RESIN, OR SOLDER. 3 09C-64-00-M3x4 A-K GRUB SCREW
8. PARTS WHICH ARE DIRECTLY EXPOSED TO STEAM AND/OR WATER 6 09C-64-00-M4 NUT
SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED USING NON-FERROUS OR NON CORROSIVE 2 09C-64-00-M4x12 A-K C-SINK SCREW
MATERIAL SUCH AS BRASS, BRONZE, GUNMETAL, STAINLESS STEEL, 12 09C-64-00-M4x12 A-K CYL HEAD SCREW
COPPER OR MONEL. THE OFF SET ANGLE OF THE ECCENTRIC IN 1 09C-64-00-M4x6 A-K GRUB SCREW
9. THE ORDER IN WHICH THE PARTS/COMPONENTS ARE RELATION TO THE CRANK AXIS TO BE 1 09C-64-00-M5 NUT
MANUFACTURED AND THE MODEL IS ASSEMBLED IS ENTIRELY LEFT TO EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED FOR THE 6 09C-64-00-M5x12 A-K CYL HEAD SCREW
THE BUILDER/MODEL MAKER. SMOOTH RUNNING OF THE ENGINE AND 6 09C-64-00-M5x16 A-K CYL HEAD SCREW
10. A COLOUR SCHEME FOR THIS PROJECT IS ENTIRELY LEFT UP TO SATISFACTION OF THE BUILDER 2 09C-64-00-M5x24 A-K CYL HEAD SCREW
THE MODEL MAKER. 1 09C-64-00-M5x6 A-K GRUB SCREW
CRANK PIN 8 09C-64-00-M6x20 A-K CYL HEAD SCREW
11. THE MANNER IN WHICH THE PARTS/COMPONENTS ARE 4 09C-64-00-M6x40 C-SINK WOOD SCREW
MANUFACTURED IS ENTIRELY LEFT UP TO THE BUILDER. CRANK
12. USE LOCTITE, ON SCREW OR PRESS FIT CONNECTIONS OR DISC
SURFACES, WERE DEEMED NECESSARY TO PREVENT PARTS FROM
LOOSENING.
13. WASHERS AND/OR SPRING WASHERS SHALL BE USED WHERE
DEEMED NECESSARY. ECCENTRIC
14. REMOVE ALL SHARP EDGES X
XX. ERRORS AND/OR OMISSIONS MAY OCCUR IN THE DRAWINGS, DO
NOT HESITATE TO CONTACT ME SO THAT THE ERRORS/OMISSIONS
CAN BE RECTIFIED.
259 10.2

168.5 6.63 208.4 8.2


NOTES: THE ENGINE SHOWN ON MY DRAWINGS IS LOOSELY BASED ON DRAWINGS WHICH I FOUND ON THE INTERNET. THE ORIGINAL DRAWING DID NOT HAVE THE AUTHOR, DRAFTER, DATE, BORDER AND TITLE. ON THE VALVE CHEST COVER THE FOLLOWING ENGRAVING: "KACIO LS1-14".
PROJECT No 09C-64-00
JDWDS MODEL SCALE: 1:1
TITLE DRAWING CONTENTS PROJECTION

A VERTICAL STEAM ENGINE, REVERSABLE, GENERAL ARRANGEMENT, ISOMETRIC JDW DRAUGHTING SERVICES DATE
DECEMBER 2024
DWG SCALE: 1:1 @A3 OR AS SHOWN
J.A.M. DE WAAL PAPAKURA NZ
CALLED "KACIO LS1-14" (B=30mm S=34mm)
Copyright ©

VIEW, NOTES, BILL OF MATERIALS


J.A.M. DE WAAL. 12 BRIGHTWELL STREET PAPAKURA
SHEET: 01 OF 04 A3 No:09C-64-00-SHT-01
2110. NEW ZEALAND. PHONE: OO64 09 2988815. MOB:
0211791000 E-MAIL: [email protected].
DRAWINGS ARE FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY NOT FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS R3 9.5 39 19 19 17 8 14 9.5 BRS
AS = AS SHOWN A 1-01.2 1-01.3
DP = DEEP

9.5 8
27.5 27.5

8 8
ALU/MS/CI

16
DAA= DRILL AFTER ASSEMBLY
D&TAA= DRILL AND TAP AFTER

R8
6 6.5 6.5 6

23
ASSEMBLY 1-01.1

R6
6.5 12.5 12.5 6.5
110

26.5
CF = CLOSE FIT (SIZE FOR SIZE)

28
PF = PRESS FIT M6 15-8PL 9 92 9 WOOD
PFAA= PRESS FIT AFTER SECTION A-A SCALE 1 : 2 1-05 5-6HESOP
ASSEMBLY B B
PCD = PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER
RM = REAM
9 56 56 9

48.5
HEX = HEXACON, 6SIDED

50
CP = COMPRESSED 5-6HESOP
40 40

52PCD
KNL = KNURLED 1-06.1

23
CSK = COUNTERSINK

6-4PL
PL = PLACES 8 9.5 11 113 11

8 8
DWL= DOWEL 16

16
SPF= SPOTFACE SECTION B-B SCALE 1 : 2
(T)HESOP=(TAPPED)HOLES EQUALLY CSK 17.5 50 A 50 17.5 60 1-03.3 15 12PF
SPACED ON PCD 2.5 25 15 12.5 25 12.5 15 25 2.5 12 10PF
(T)HESOC=(TAPPED)HOLES EQUALLY 52PCD
5-6HESOP 8RM E E 60

2
SPACED ON CIRCUMFERENCE

27
9 7

12
OD = OUTSIDE DIAMETER

R2

R2
38

2.5
21.5
ID = INSIDE DIAMETER

1.5 4 2
6-4PL

2
MAX/MIN = CRITICAL DIMENSION 3
1-01.1 190

6.5 12.5 12.5 6.5


SA-xxx = SUB ASSEMBLY-xxx 19mm THICK R1.5 1-06.2 30
27

7.5
2 REQD 52PCD

6
MATERIAL ABBREVIATIONS: 6 M14 SCALE 1:1.5
ALU = ALUMINIUM SCALE 1:2
1-01.2 8RM
HALU= HARD ALUMINIUM 4-2PL 9 60
BRS = BRASS 1-01.3 CSK C C
SCALE 1:1.5 12PF
9

5 9.5
BRZ = BRONZE OR GUNMETAL 7 8 6 11.5
10PF

1.5
(BRZ/GM)

2
9 4
CI = CAST IRON R8 1-06.1

12
R13-4PL 16HEX

2
1
CU = COPPER 12

8 4
9 56 56 9 SCALE 1:1.5

10
GRA = GRAPHITE 8 1-06.2

8
MS = MILD STEEL/BRIGHT MILD 33PF

R6.5
21 1-06.3 M14
STEEL 60

2.5
SS = SILVER STEEL OR 18
R4.5
STAINLESS STEEL 11 11 54 60 SECTION E-E SCALE 1 : 1.5 1-06.3
11 21.5 1-06.4
SPS = SPRING STEEL 38 38
PEEK= POLYETHER ETHER KETONE
SYN = SYNTHETIC MATERIAL M4 M10 M10 23

6.5

10 6.5
KNL

12

M10
SUCH AS VETON, NYLON, TEFLON 0.5x45 M8 1-07.1 6
OR RUBBER 22

12

27
10
5

IN GENERAL SYNTHETIC CUT 10


MATERIALS SOULD BE SCALE 1:1.5 AFTER R1 1-03.3 8 5
9

18
1

6
51.5
ABLE TO WITHSTAND THE ASSEMBLY M10

M10
HEAT AND PRESSURE(S) 60 14
APPLIED TO THEM. BRS 1-02.3 8 8 F F

18
40
1-07.2 SCALE 1:2
2

46
nnn/nnn MEANS THAT EITHER 2mm DP 3
2

MATERIAL CAN BE USED 7 33PF 2 7.5 10 10


BRS 12HEX

12
SECTION F-F
3

M8 6 DAA M10 1-07.3 5


6
M10

R11
33PF SCALE 1 : 2 9
6 3 6 1-02.1 14
2.5

7 3.5
13 30RM CU 5
22 1-03.5 1-03.2
8

16
46.5

BRZ M10

3
13

5
1-03.2 15
5 0
8

15.5

R1 SCALE 1:1.5

R1
7 13 6 6

1.5 9 9
6 19 19 6 BRZ

0
CUT 5
AFTER 12.5 12.5 1-03.4 1-07.4 KNL
1-02.2 ASSEMBLY BRS 31 23
12.5 12.5 16 MS/ALU 37 13 1-07.5

52
46

R4 16PF 12 42
SCALE 1:2

7
3.5 1-07.6
25

R2
2

=7= 4 7 1-07.7 5
7 8

17
4.5
12HEX
19

13.5

M8
3
8

8
M8
5

4.5
40 40 1-03.1

8
R2

19 19

7.5 5 7
R2
12

SCALE 1:2
6 4

15.5 49.5 49.5 15.5 SCALE 1:1.5


12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 R2
M8 SCALE 1:1.5
SCALE 1:1.5 1-03.4 4
1-02.3 15 1-07.8
3 2 9 1-03.5
1-02.2 SCALE 1:1.5 R16 SCALE 1:1.5
42

7 20 7 9 3.5
12RM
16PF

TUBE 6x5
12HEX
6

4.5
M10

4
ALU/MS/CI

23
8 8 SECTION C-C SCALE 1 : 1.5 50 1 SEAL
SCALE 1:2 KNL M6 4
SCALE 1:1.5 SCALE 1:1.5
NOTES: THE ENGINE SHOWN ON MY DRAWINGS IS LOOSELY BASED ON DRAWINGS WHICH I FOUND ON THE INTERNET. THE ORIGINAL DRAWING DID NOT HAVE THE AUTHOR, DRAFTER, DATE, BORDER AND TITLE. ON THE VALVE CHEST COVER THE FOLLOWING ENGRAVING: "KACIO LS1-14".
PROJECT No 09C-64-00
JDWDSMODEL SCALE: 1:1
TITLE DRAWING CONTENTS PROJECTION

A VERTICAL STEAM ENGINE, REVERSABLE, NOTES, PARTS AND ASSEMBLIES JDW DRAUGHTING SERVICES DATE
DECEMBER 2024
DWG SCALE: 1:1 @A3 OR AS SHOWN
J.A.M. DE WAAL PAPAKURA NZ
CALLED "KACIO LS1-14" (B=30mm S=34mm)
Copyright ©
J.A.M. DE WAAL. 12 BRIGHTWELL STREET PAPAKURA
SHEET: 02 OF 04 A3 No:09C-64-00-SHT-02
2110. NEW ZEALAND. PHONE: OO64 09 2988815. MOB:
0211791000 E-MAIL: [email protected].
DRAWINGS ARE FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY NOT FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES
34 10 34PF 60 16 4-8PL
R2 3.5RM ALU/MS/CI BRZ 1-04.9
31PF 30RM 1-04.10 3
1-04.9 52PCD

R4
R2

5
12 1-04.1 1-04.2

4
M5 10-6THESOP

8 17
BRS 12 7

16
14
3 1-04.2 BRS

13
1-04.3

14

14
R2

7
12

M8

M10
60

2
16 1-04.10 1mm DEEP

46
16
13
A 7 A BRS

4
3
19

R1
12 SCALE 1:1.5
12

34PF
25.5 M8 1-04.4 5

R4
1-04.5 10PF R7.

16
8 12 8
1-07.9 5RM

60°
12 24.5

24.5

5
4
11.5 3 5 3 11.5
R3
59 4428 44
64

3 8
10 11 8.5 6
4

1-04.3

8
4mm THICK

41

10
M8

3
SCALE 1:1.5

19
40
M8
M6

CU SCALE 1:1.5 11

3
BRS
3

8 16 1-04.8 3 M8
R6 1-04.4
16

R1
10PF 1-04.5 1-04.8

20
5 5RM

M8
7

8 7

4
24.5
5 SECTION B-B ALU/MS/CI

9
SECTION A-A PRESS FIT

4 6 5.5
SCALE 1 : 1.5 BRZ

3
SCALE 1 : 1.5 1-04.6

13
6 1-07.5 22 22 1mm THICK 1-04.7
8

SYN SEAL

14

14
1-04.6

10
SS 10PF OPPOSITE FACE EQUAL SCALE 1:1.5
4 4 14 14 4 4 BRZ 1-04.7 12HEX

13
1-07.2 1-07.3 SECTION C-C SCALE 1 : 1.5 M4-2PL M4 10-2PL 27 TUBE

4
C 2-02.1 SCALE 1:1.5
M6 10x8

52
BRS/MS/ALU/CI BRS

R4
1-07.1
7

1-07.4

33 8 33
15
2-01.1 30CF

2.5
16
12

R3

30
CSK 60 8 8

23

2.5
20

10
BRS B B

13

13
3 5 3

20°

20°
16.5
SS

8
3
10

11
8

4 6 6 4
46

SS 30CF

8
3
13

13
SOLDER

20
SCALE 1:1.5 SECTION E-E

23
BRS E 7 7 E

30
1-07.10 SCALE 1 : 1.5

16
1-07.11
30.2
15
1-07.9 SS 2.5 8.5-2PL 2-02.2
SEAL 27

25
7

9 C 5RM
9
6

M4 10-8PL

3
2-02.4
10 SEAL 2 REQD
15 15

11
8PF
1-07.6 D 2-01.3 SS/BRS/CI 2-02.1
R3-ALL MS 8CF
SS

11
10
M6
2-01.2 2-01.5
2-01.4 2-01.6 10 11
SA-1-101 30° 2-03.2

10
5
M4 R2 3 12 3 SYN
CU R5.5 8 2-02.1
MS

5
1-07.7 110 3.5

24

24
72

15.5
21
18
12
1-07.8 3.5

69
9 SS
20 R6

54
1-07.11
14

9
2-02.3
12HEX

6.5
M10

9 MS

R4
M6

3PF
7
SCALE 1.5

.5
80-MAX/MIN
1-05 2-01.1 2-02.4
2x45 60° 19
5.5 5.5 2-04.1
1-04 1-03 SCALE 1:2
70 D 10 2-01.2 SECTION D-D 4
SCALE 1 : 2 15 3PF 2-04.2
2-01.5

3
12CF

12
1-02 R4-ALL

5
M5

90-MAX/MIN
M5

7
8

M5
9PF

9PF
SCALE 1:2 SCALE
1-02 10 55 2-03.1 ALU/MS 1:1.5

12
12RM
5.5 49 16

17
11 4 6
9PF

9PF
1-01 SCALE 1:1.5 2-04.5

12

6PF

10
SCALE 1:2 12CF 20° 20° 16PF 1 7 7 1 2-04.1
2-01.3 10 16 10 2-01.6 SPLIT LINE 3.5 4 3.5 6PF 5
5 2-04.3
5 SCALE 1:1.5 2-04.4 2-04.6
9PF

22 22 2-04.4

11
1-06

R2
56 7.5 1 5
12CF 9PF 10mm THICK 2-04.6
SCALE 1:2 14.5
1-07

7 7
2 REQD SCALE 1:2

24
SA-1-101 8.5

25
14
2-01.4 4 18 4

M5
M4

19
7
M5
20

35
12

M4

SA-1-105 SCALE 1:2


2-03.2 5CF
SCALE 1:1.5
SCALE 1:1.5 5.5 5.5 SCALE 1:1.5
2-04.3
45
KNL
2-04.2 2-04.5
NOTES: THE ENGINE SHOWN ON MY DRAWINGS IS LOOSELY BASED ON DRAWINGS WHICH I FOUND ON THE INTERNET. THE ORIGINAL DRAWING DID NOT HAVE THE AUTHOR, DRAFTER, DATE, BORDER AND TITLE. ON THE VALVE CHEST COVER THE FOLLOWING ENGRAVING: "KACIO LS1-14".
PROJECT No 09C-64-00
JDWDS
MODEL SCALE: 1:1
TITLE DRAWING CONTENTS PROJECTION

A VERTICAL STEAM ENGINE, REVERSABLE, PARTS AND ASSEMBLIES JDW DRAUGHTING SERVICES DATE
DECEMBER 2024
DWG SCALE: 1:1 @A3 OR AS SHOWN
J.A.M. DE WAAL PAPAKURA NZ
CALLED "KACIO LS1-14" (B=30mm S=34mm)
Copyright ©
J.A.M. DE WAAL. 12 BRIGHTWELL STREET PAPAKURA
SHEET: 03 OF 04 A3 No:09C-64-00-SHT-03
2110. NEW ZEALAND. PHONE: OO64 09 2988815. MOB:
0211791000 E-MAIL: [email protected].
DRAWINGS ARE FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY NOT FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES
° 2.5 2.5
X 28.3 30 55
APRO 2.5PF-2PL 2.5 4 2-06.1 2-06.2 R81 (REF)
2-09.1

3
R3.5 R3.5

7RM
R6.5

7.5 3
.5

26
R6 5 5

4.5

R2
20
12

5RM

R2
16.5° 16.5°
2-06.3

R5
2-04 8 8 7PF
30.5 38

2.5PF
2-06.2 5 5 M3-3PL 2mm THICK 2 REQD
2 REQD 2 20 3 2 11 3 2-09.3
MS

10

10
10

M4
M5

M4
5CF 5CF
20

2-05.1 MS 2-09.2

5
10

9
R5

2-09.2 2-09.1

R2
2-09.3
MS 5 5
13 REFER TO 2-06.1 FOR ALL

6
OTHER DIMENSION DETAILS

10

10
R11
14

7PF 7
9
93.5

2-11.1
5RM

10

R22 65 2-05
2-07.1 2-10.1

79-MAX/MIN
5
37

35

7 7 2-11.2 2-11
0.5
6

BRS
5 MS 2-02
R11.5
76-MAX-MIN

23 2-11.3
2 20 4
SCALE 1:2 2-09 2-10 2-01 2-04
2-05.2

M4
8 5 2 12 1
2.5 2-10.2
6

2-08
M4

2-11.4
1

30°
11 R3 1
M5-2PL

2-07
2-11.5
2-03
R32.5 6 11 2
32

5 R1 30RM 4.5 4.5 2-07.2


2-06
11
7

R1
M5

34PF 2.5 4.5 2


1.5
10 3

40 7CF
4

2-11.4
M5

SCALE 1:1.5 1 3.5


M5 2 REQD
10 6.5 7 10 10 2-11.3
SCALE 1:1.5 26
18

M5
9 6

2-05.3
R2.5 2-11.1 SA-1-105
R10 4.5
20
18.5

4 11 4

6 7 6

R10
5
63

4 12 4 5.5 9.5
24

2-05.1 SCALE 1:1.5 5CF


2-08.2 2-11.2 M5
R1.5
3.5 5

10 5 1

10 10
REFER TO 7mm THICK 1
7

2-07.1 &

SA-2-205
2-07.2 FOR R7
ALL OTHER 2-11.5 14 3.5
3.5
11
5

2-05.2 2-08.1 DIMENSION SCALE 1:1.5


DETAILS
NOTES: THE ENGINE SHOWN ON MY DRAWINGS IS LOOSELY BASED ON DRAWINGS WHICH I FOUND ON THE INTERNET. THE ORIGINAL DRAWING DID NOT HAVE THE AUTHOR, DRAFTER, DATE, BORDER AND TITLE. ON THE VALVE CHEST COVER THE FOLLOWING ENGRAVING: "KACIO LS1-14".
PROJECT No 09C-64-00
JDWDS MODEL SCALE: 1:1
TITLE DRAWING CONTENTS PROJECTION

A VERTICAL STEAM ENGINE, REVERSABLE, PARTS AND ASSEMBLIES JDW DRAUGHTING SERVICES DATE
DECEMBER 2024
DWG SCALE: 1:1 @A3 OR AS SHOWN
J.A.M. DE WAAL PAPAKURA NZ
CALLED "KACIO LS1-14" (B=30mm S=34mm)
Copyright ©
J.A.M. DE WAAL. 12 BRIGHTWELL STREET PAPAKURA
SHEET: 04 OF 04 A3 No:09C-64-00-SHT-04
2110. NEW ZEALAND. PHONE: OO64 09 2988815. MOB:
0211791000 E-MAIL: [email protected].
DRAWINGS ARE FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY NOT FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES

You might also like