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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are many people to thank in the development of this book.

We offer special thanks to our colleagues who attended the
Harvard exploratory workshop on applying social science insights
to public health held in the spring of 2014. The workshop brought
together a diverse group of experts in the fields of behavioral
economics, psychology, marketing, epidemiology, medicine, and
public health and many of those experts are authors who have
contributed to this book. We would also like to thank our
colleagues from the Harvard Behavioral Insights Group, many of
whom participated in the workshop.
We would like to thank Lisa Berkman, the Director of the
Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies for
providing support for and hosting the workshop as well as Laura
Price and Kayla Small for helping to plan and facilitate such a
successful event.
We thank our family and friends for supporting our scholarship.
Most important we thank the book chapter authors for contributing
their work. Each is doing innovative work to help solve some of
the world’s greatest public health problems. We are grateful they
found time in their busy schedules to share their insights for this
book.

7
CONTRIBUTORS

Jason Block
Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University
Boston, MA

Zoë Chance
Yale School of Management, Yale University
New Haven, CT

Ravi Dhar
Yale School of Management, Yale University
New Haven, CT

William H. Dow
Division of Health Policy and Management
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, CA

Rebecca Ferrer
Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch
Behavioral Research Program
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences
National Cancer Institute
Rockville, MD

Michael Hallsworth
Behavioural Insights Team
Imperial College London
London, England

Michelle Hatzis
Global Food, Heath and Wellness Program
Google, Inc.
Mountain View, CA

8
Kim Huskey
Food Services Director
Google, Inc.
New York, NY

Ichiro Kawachi
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University
Boston, MA

Dacher Keltner
Department of Psychology and the Greater Good Science Center
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, CA

William Klein
Behavioral Research Program
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences
National Cancer Institute
Rocksville, MD

Jennifer Lerner
Harvard Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA

Kristina Lewis
Division of Public Health Sciences
Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
Winston-Salem, NC

Brent McFerran
Marketing Area
Beedie School of Business
Simon Fraser University
Burnaby, CA

Rebecca K. Ratner
Department of Marketing
Robert H. Smith School of Business
University of Maryland

9
College Park, MD

Valerie Reyna
Department of Human Development
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY

Jason Riis
Department of Marketing
The Wharton School
University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA

Christina A. Roberto
Assistant Professor
Medical Ethics and Health Policy Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA

Dennis Rünger
Department of Psychology
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA

Michael Sanders
Behavioural Insights Team
Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Cambridge, MA

Brian Wansink
Department of Applied Economics and Management
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY

Justin S. White
Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies
UCSF School of Medicine
San Francisco, CA

Wendy Wood
Department of Psychology
University of Southern California

10
Los Angeles, CA

Frederick J. Zimmerman
Department of Health Policy and Management
UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
Los Angeles, CA

11
1 | An Introduction to Behavioral
Economics and Public Health
CHRISTINA A. ROBERTO AND ICHIRO KAWACHI

HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND PRACTICES CONSTITUTE the foundation of

good physical and mental health. The leading contributors to the
global burden of disease include tobacco smoking, low-quality
diets, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, and obesity (Murray &
Lopez, 2013). Accordingly, encouraging people to adopt—and
maintain—healthy behaviors is a major objective of public health.
According to the Nurses’ Health Study, 90% of type 2 diabetes
could be prevented if people would adopt just five daily practices:
avoid smoking, exercise regularly, eat a healthy diet, abstain from
alcohol, and maintain a healthy weight (Hu et al., 2001). But the
fact of the matter is that less than 10% of the population engages
in all five recommended behaviors (King, Mainous, Carnemolla, &
Everett, 2009). Worse, the proportion of the population adhering
to a healthy regimen of behaviors appears to be declining over
time. Despite gains in smoking cessation since 1964 (when the
first Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health was issued),
the trends for healthy eating, physical activity, and
overweight/obesity have been moving in the wrong direction (King
et al., 2009).
Advances in medical technology have helped to offset some of
these adverse population trends. For example, advances in the
treatment of heart disease have led to a dramatic decline in
cardiovascular mortality rates over time, even while obesity and
diabetes rates have continued to soar. Improvements in surgical
techniques have also allowed bariatric surgery, once a treatment
of last resort, to be offered to an increasing number of overweight
individuals (Encinosa, Bernard, Du, & Steiner, 2009). To wit, we
have become increasingly sophisticated in medical rescue. Mass

12
medical treatment, in the form of a “Polypill” (a low-dose
combination of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive drugs), is even
being developed to short-circuit the need to make painful
behavioral changes (Wald & Wald, 2010). Instead of relying on
individuals to start exercising regularly or to follow a healthy diet,
the Polypill strategy is to medicate the population to bring down
their cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
Yet there is a limit to medical rescue. Even the Polypill—should
it become widely prescribed—involves an unavoidable behavioral
component: the challenge of getting patients to adhere to their
medication. The problem is not a dearth of medical technology to
address public health problems; the challenge is how to ensure
that patients adopt—and stick to—the treatments that already
exist. For example, evidence-based guidelines recommend that
post–myocardial infarction patients receive treatment with a beta-
blocker, a lipid-lowering agent, an angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitor, and aspirin. Randomized trials have demonstrated
that these drugs in combination can reduce the risk of reinfarction
by 80% (Choudhry & Winkelmayer, 2008). Yet, out of all patients
prescribed these medications after hospital discharge, typically
only half of them are still sticking to their regimens 2 years later. In
one study that tracked medical and pharmacy claims from a large
health plan, 7% of post–myocardial infection patients had stopped
their ACE inhibitors within 1 month, 22% at 6 months, 32% at 1
year, and 50% at 2 years (Akincigil et al., 2008). It is easier to
grasp why New Year’s resolutions get quietly dropped after 2
weeks (we have all been there), but harder to comprehend why
patients fail to adhere to life-saving medication after a brush with a
near-death experience. How can we explain the gap between
knowledge and action, and how might we use that knowledge to
improve health behaviors?

What Behavioral Economics Adds

This book is about behavioral science insights into human
behavior—why we behave the way we do, and why our actions
frequently fail to align with our intentions. In the past four decades
we have witnessed a remarkable convergence of theories and

13
evidence about human judgment and decision making across
psychology, economics, and neuroscience. The field of behavioral
economics began as an attempt to infuse psychological realism
into theories of economic behavior, thereby explaining aspects of
human decision making that violated predictions made by the
standard economic model, which assumes that people are fully
rational, that imperfect self-control does not interfere with people’s
ability to carry out their intentions, and that they act in their self-
interest. For example, the standard economic model assumes that
people’s preferences are invariant, that their judgments and
choices are not altered by irrelevant features of the decision
context. But behavioral economists suggest that people are
heavily influenced by the way choices are presented. For
example, a medical procedure that seems risky when thought
about in isolation may seem safe when presented alongside an
even riskier procedure. The standard economic model also
assumes that people have dynamically consistent time
preferences: that if they place a 5% premium on delaying a
reward (say, eating a yummy piece of chocolate fudge) for one
day, they will apply the same discount rate for all future delays.
However, behavioral economics suggests that people are
disproportionately focused on the here and now, and that their
valuations fall very rapidly for small delay periods, but then fall
slowly for longer delay periods. That is, my preference to eat the
chocolate now instead of 1 day from now is far greater than my
preference to eat the chocolate 27 days from now instead of 28
days from now. These anomalies—or “errors” as neoclassical
economics would prefer to think of them—turn out to be quite
widespread, and incorporating them into behavioral models could
improve forecasts about what people are likely to decide and do,
and about which interventions are most likely to help them.
The goal of this introductory chapter is to provide a broad
overview and to introduce the nuts and bolts of behavioral
economics and the terms that are used throughout the chapters.
In the next section, we outline the aspects of human decision
making that contribute to our tendencies to pursue unhealthy
lifestyles and choices. We then briefly describe a series of insights
from behavioral economics that can be leveraged to address
these vulnerabilities. Each of these insights is discussed in depth
in the chapters that follow. Finally, we conclude with a discussion

14
of the strengths and limitations of behavioral economics in
improving population health.

Vulnerabilities to Unhealthy Habits

Psychologists have converged on the idea that there are two
systems of thought operating simultaneously in the human brain,
commonly referred to as System 1 and System 2 (Kahneman,
2003; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich & West, 2000). System 1 thinking
is faster (i.e., impulsive, reflexive, emotional, and impatient),
whereas System 2 thinking is slower (i.e., more deliberative,
controlled, analytical, and patient). System 1 produces an
automatic response, whereas System 2 produces a reasoned
response. For example, consider the decision to drink soda.
System 1 may draw on associations from advertisements to make
me want to drink soda, whereas System 2 may draw on the
knowledge that soda is unhealthy to make me not want to drink
soda.
The function of System 2 is to monitor the activities of System
1, which requires attention and effort. However, as most of us
know, when our cognitive resources are stretched (e.g., we are
thirsty, hungry, stressed, or in a distracted state), System 1 wins
out (Kahneman, 2003). This fact has long been appreciated by the
advertising industry, especially firms whose clients include the
tobacco, alcohol, and food industries. The direct appeal to “feel-
good” emotions in tobacco, alcohol, and junk food advertisements
(think of the McDonald’s “Happy Meal”) is, in fact, an appeal to
System 1. For example, a full-page color advertisement for
cigarettes might try to develop positive, easily accessed
associations with smoking (e.g., an ad depicting a group of friends
“alive with pleasure” as they canoodle near a campfire, often
without even depicting them in the act of smoking) (California
State University, Northridge,
http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/health/tobacco/Pages/3.html). In
contrast to commercial marketing tactics, System 1 appeals have
tended to be underutilized by official government warning labels,
which seek to primarily educate the consumer about long-term
costs, such as developing cancer years down the line. These

15
reason-based appeals to System 2 stand little chance against
emotional appeals to System 1.
Part of the reason we rely so heavily on System 1 is because
humans are boundedly rational, in the sense that we have a
limited ability to attend to, process, and remember the information
in our environment (Kahneman, 2003; Simon, 1955). We are
simply unable to carefully process most of the information we
come across. Indeed, it is even adaptive from an evolutionary
perspective that humans evolved to take mental shortcuts in
making hundreds of snap decisions throughout the course of a
day. If we let System 2 do all the thinking, we would be literally
paralyzed (e.g., “Should I have butter with my toast? What are the
consequences of spreading two pats of butter on my toast rather
than just one?”). One implication of bounded rationality is that we
typically fail to remember, and act upon, information that is overly
complex. Unfortunately, public health information is all too often
communicated in a complex manner. Consider the case of
communicating nutrition information. Although we know that
people have difficulty quickly processing numeric information
(Dehaene, 1997; Paulos, 1988), most health-related nutrition
information is presented in numbers that require onerous
calculations. Nutrition labels contain information in grams and
milligrams with percentages that may not be easy to interpret.
Ounces, cups, or grams are used to convey serving sizes.
Doctors communicate with patients about their body mass index
(BMI), which is calculated by dividing weight by height squared.
And the cornerstone of many weight-loss programs is for patients
to count calories (Roberto & Kawachi, 2014). Even when
information is conveyed in an apparently simple manner, it is often
susceptible to framing effects that mislead consumers. For
instance, many consumers think “2% milk” means “98% fat-free”
(which it decidedly is not, considering that “full-fat” milk is 3.25%
fat).
In short, it is time for public health experts to recognize the
importance of System 1 thinking as a driver of health behavior and
to understand how System 1 works to increase human
vulnerability to engage in unhealthy behaviors. In the section that
follows, we review the heuristics and biases that characterize
System 1 thinking, exposing how a reliance on System 1 leads
people to (1) develop faulty perceptions and beliefs about health-

16
related actions, (2) have preferences for behaviors that make
them less healthy in the long term, and (3) choose unhealthy
behaviors even when they know and prefer not to. We then review
the ways in which policy makers and public health practitioners
can leverage these insights to design policies and interventions
that more effectively “nudge” people’s behaviors in directions that
are in their long-term interests.

Heuristics and Biases

Although people can, and often do, engage in thoughtful,
calculated behavior, much of our everyday behavior is less
thoughtful and more automatic. We rely on heuristics, or mental
shortcuts, to make quick decisions throughout the day, rather than
pausing to conduct cost-benefit analyses each time we make a
decision. This frees up cognitive resources to focus on tasks
requiring more attention and thought. Although these heuristics
are generally useful, they can bias our thinking in ways that lead
to predictable errors in our beliefs, predictable preferences for
options that may not benefit us in the long term, and a predictable
susceptibility to the manner in which options are presented or
described.
It is difficult to make wise choices when you do not know the
consequences of those choices. First, and most obviously,
sometimes people do not know which options are healthier than
others, simply because they lack information. Take the case of the
food environment, where even consumers who pay careful
attention to information can be misled. For example, the packages
of largely unhealthy foods may prominently display claims that
mislead consumers into believing that their products are healthy—
claims such as “zero trans fat,” “gluten-free,” or “organic.”
Consumers are also frequently faced with information asymmetry,
with suppliers having knowledge that consumers lack. For
example, at many restaurants, people do not know the nutrition
composition of the food they are eating, because nutrition facts
such as calorie content and serving sizes are not easily or at all
available. Addressing information asymmetry requires consumer
education and, at times, direct regulation (e.g., mandating the

17
disclosure of trans fatty acid content on package labels, requiring
chain restaurants to post the caloric content of menu items).
People’s health is also heavily influenced by their lay theories of
health (Dweck, 1996), especially their beliefs about the causes
and consequences of health problems (McFerran, 2015). For
example, as McFerran discusses in Chapter 5, he studied the
relationship between lay theories of obesity and BMI (McFerran &
Mukhopadhyay, 2013). They found that people tend to fall into one
of two categories: people who believe that a poor diet is the
primary cause of obesity (diet theorists) and those who believe
lack of physical activity is the primary cause of obesity (exercise
theorists). McFerran and Mukhopadhyay found that diet theorists
had lower BMIs than exercise theorists, even when controlling for
variables known to be associated with BMI. This makes sense
given the considerable evidence that excessive caloric intake,
rather than limited exercise, is more to blame for the obesity
epidemic (Swinburn, Sacks, & Ravussin, 2009). This is important
because it suggests that it may actually be harmful to teach
people that obesity is primarily caused by a lack of exercise rather
than poor diet.
More generally, the pervasiveness of false beliefs about health
suggests that public health experts ought to be working to correct
those beliefs, preferably through simple, concrete, memorable
messaging. Toward this aim, in Chapter 6, Riis and Ratner offer
guidance on how best to design guidelines and other
communication tools for the public that are both memorable and
actionable. But the problem of faulty beliefs is not due simply to
ignorance or informational asymmetry; instead, it is reinforced by
the vagaries of System 1. For example, consider human
susceptibility to the planning fallacy, which captures our tendency
to overestimate our ability to perform future tasks (Buehler, Griffin,
& Ross, 1994). When we are given the choice as to whether or
not to eat a delicious but fattening brownie, we may think it is OK
because we have planned to start an exercise program the next
day. However, when the next day arrives, we find that we cannot
summon the willpower to start exercising. Such optimistic biases
also extend beyond planning and to our perceptions of risks.
Although people may be educated about the health risks
associated with various behaviors, they may nevertheless believe
they have a below-average chance of being harmed by the

18
behavior (Weinstein, 1982, 1987). For example, Weinstein and
colleagues found that smokers believed they had a lower risk of
developing lung cancer than the average smoker; moreover, they
dramatically underestimated their actual cancer risk, and this was
especially true of heavy smokers (Weinstein, Marcus, & Moser,
2005).
The affect heuristic, our tendency to judge risks based on how
we feel toward a behavior or object, also contributes to our
inability to accurately assess risks (Finucane, Alhakami, Slovic, &
Johnson, 2000). If we have positive feelings toward a behavior,
we tend to assume that its risks are low. If we have negative
feelings toward a behavior, we tend to assume that its risks are
high. For example, Finucane and colleagues (2000) found that
telling people that a technology (e.g., nuclear power) had low risks
made them believe it has more benefits, even though no actual
information was conveyed to them about the benefits. Conversely,
telling them that a technology had many benefits made people
think that the technology was less risky. This tendency to see an
inverse association between risks and benefits runs counter to
most real-world scenarios. For example, people are prey to
engaging in risky behavior—such as smoking, drug abuse,
unprotected sex—precisely because they are pleasurable in the
moment (and therefore high in “benefit”). Conversely, many
behaviors that are low risk also tend to have low benefits (e.g.,
playing solitaire on the PC in between editing a book chapter). It
follows that the risks and benefits of various activities in life are
positively correlated, contrary to System 1 thinking. Indeed, if
activities existed having the profile of low benefit and high risk,
societies would tend to ban them.
Favorable attitudes that arise from a consideration of one
attribute can lead people to develop favorable attitudes about
other attributes of the same object, even if those favorable
assessments are unfounded. The affect heuristic results in a
“halo” effect, imbuing all aspects of a behavior with the same
evaluation. In this case, viewing a policy as low risk created a halo
around it that also led people to view it as having greater benefits.
The consequences of this heuristic pose a challenge for public
health, as it suggests that marketers’ attempts to create a positive
feeling toward an unhealthy product can lower the perceived risks
associated with that product. This is one reason why

19
advertisements for unhealthy products often resort to positive
affective appeals (“alive with pleasure,” “life is good,” “Happy
meals,” and so forth).
The distorting effects of feelings are not limited to evaluations of
specific policies and behaviors but can also arise from the discrete
emotions the decision maker is experiencing at the time.
Moreover, the impact of different emotions on judgment and
decisions are much more subtle and complex than suggested by
the traditional categorization of emotions according to their
valence (positive vs. negative). As Ferrer and colleagues describe
in Chapter 4, Lerner and Keltner’s (2000), appraisal tendency
framework suggests that different emotions generate different
cognitive and motivational processes that influence judgment and
decision making. The theory makes specific predictions about the
effects of specific emotions on risk appraisals and decision
making. For example, although fear and anger are both negative
emotions, they can lead to different appraisals of a situation’s
controllability: When people experience fear in response to a
situation, such as getting cancer, they will be more likely to view
that situation as beyond their control and to be more pessimistic
and risk averse. In contrast, if they experience anger in response
to a cancer diagnosis, they are more likely to view the situation as
in their control (Lerner & Keltner, 2000) and to be more optimistic
and risk seeking. Thus, a person who is angry about her cancer
may be more likely to pursue a risky but promising treatment
option than a person who is fearful.
The field is still in its infancy when it comes to leveraging
specific emotions to influence health-related judgment and
decision making. In the past, public health experts—just like
clinicians—have tended to resort to the fear appeal to persuade
the public to quit smoking, avoid driving after drinking, use
condoms during casual sexual encounters, or apply sunscreen
when going outdoors. Fear appeals certainly seem to raise
people’s risk perceptions about a target behavior, but whether
they are effective in changing behavior is far less certain (Witte &
Allen, 2000). More recently, graphic warning labels on cigarette
packages have begun to appeal to a broader palette of emotions
—including sadness, anger, and disgust, as well as some positive
ones such as pride or hope. However, the science of
understanding the impacts of specific emotions on health-related

20
decision making remains underdeveloped and is an important
topic of future research.

Present-Biased Preferences and Problems of

Intertemporal Choice
Even if our beliefs about health-related behaviors were perfect, we
would still be vulnerable to preferences that drive us to choose
unhealthy options. In particular, much research shows that we
have present-biased preferences: We place disproportionately
more weight on present concerns than on future concerns
(O’Donoghue & Rabin, 1999). Thus, we tend to prioritize
immediate goals over long-term goals, and immediately available
rewards over delayed rewards. For example, for a smoker the
decision to reach for the next cigarette pits the immediate benefit
of smoking (i.e., it is pleasurable) against the future benefit of not
smoking (i.e., you will live longer). Because the immediate
benefits are more vivid relative to the intangible promise of future
health gains, the smoker is likely to reach for the next cigarette.
The problem is compounded by what behavioral economists call
the peanuts effect, which is the tendency to discount very small
individual losses without considering the cumulative effect of
these small, but multiple, losses (Prelec & Loewenstein, 1991).
For example, smoking just one more cigarette is unlikely to cause
cancer (“it’s mere peanuts”), and hence smokers are apt to cave
into temptation repeatedly during the course of a day (Downs &
Loewenstein, 2011).
Present-biased preferences give special weight to the here and
now, and are different from preferences that merely prioritize
sooner time periods over later ones. For example, present-biased
preferences mean that we will choose immediate over future
rewards and thus decide to smoke the next cigarette now.
However, when smokers are asked about their long-term
preferences, most of them would prefer to quit (it is just that they
would rather quit tomorrow than today). It is as if two individuals
coexist within the same person (i.e., tomorrow’s self is rather
patient and would prefer the “self” to stop smoking for one’s long-
term benefit). However, today’s “self” demands a huge premium

21
on putting off the pleasure of smoking. Often the smoker may be
self-aware of his dynamic inconsistency (i.e., the contradictory
preferences between today and tomorrow) and choose to
precommit himself to the long-term goal of smoking cessation. For
example, a man might commit his future self to stop smoking by
setting a quit date and instructing his spouse to get rid of all
smoking paraphernalia in the house (e.g., matches, ashtrays)
ahead of the set date.
As this example illustrates, present-biased preferences are time
inconsistent, meaning that the decisions we would make for our
present selves are different from the decisions we would make for
our future selves. Most health behaviors are plagued by time-
inconsistent preferences—those that our present selves want to
do but our future selves would like to avoid (such as smoking,
alcohol consumption, drug use, unhealthy food choices, risky
sexual behavior) or vice versa (behaviors that our present selves
ought to be doing, but we would rather put off, such as dental
flossing, going to the gym, getting the seasonal flu shot).
Chapter 2 of this book is about making intertemporal choices,
decisions made when preferences are time inconsistent. As White
and Dow discuss, overcoming present-biased preferences is
challenging, but especially when people are under the influence of
visceral factors. Such factors include drive states (e.g., hunger,
thirst, sexual desire), moods and emotions, and physical pain
(Loewenstein, 1996). Visceral factors put people into an
emotionally charged “hot state” that motivates decisions that serve
that state. For example, shopping while you are hungry (a hot
state) will make you want to buy more food than will shopping
while you are full (a cold state).
Importantly, people in hot states are susceptible to projection
bias, which is our tendency to project our current state—whether it
be hot or cold—onto our future selves (Loewenstein, O’Donoghue,
& Rabin, 2003). This creates an empathy gap between our
present and future selves, leading us to underestimate the extent
to which our preferences will change when we move from one
state to another (Loewenstein, 2005). Thus, when we are in a cold
state, we often fail to appreciate how much a future hot state will
influence our decision making. For example, a person who is not
addicted to cigarettes may underestimate the power of addiction
on his future behavior, leading him to start by having an

22
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quia, commisso praelio cum Normannis, et neutro cedenti, postera
die pacti causa cum rege eorum Storin solito" conflictu deluctans,
ense corto? durissimo per media pectoris secuit simul cum torace
una modo percussione, claudens diem, sepultus est juxta basilicam
Sancti Eparchii. Et per xxx annos pro eo principati sunt Bernardus
comes", deinde filius ejus Alnardus*, deinde Willelmus Talerandus',
deinde Rannulfus Bomparius, tum Richardus Insipiens'. Arnaldus
quidem subtrahens Sancto Eparchio villam Salasensem ?, et
conferens Heliae duci villa Boensi, ab angelo percussus interiit, et
hac dere in fine mortis Sancto Eparchio villam Ajarniacensem ?
contulit pro emendatione', et sepultus est juxta basilicam Sancti
Eparchii. Mortuo fratre ejus Willelmo, Rannulfus bello extinctus est
ab Arnaldo", filio Willelmi Sectoris ferri, qui pro patre suo in
principatum Engolismae sucl)et sepultus juxta basilicam sancti
Eparchii add. C. — m) et tumulatus secus sancti Eparchii basilicam
add. €. — n) pour singulari (segulari C. — 0) corto nomine durissimo
quem Walander faber cuserat add. C5. — p) Peiragoricensis add. C$.
— «q) cognomento Boirratio. pro eo quia eum ipsa veste lupum
diabolicum homines devorantem appetiit in campo loricatus et
galeatus, et manibus gestans militibus occidendum praebuit add.
C^. — r) Talelerandus A. — s) Salasensam A. — t) emandatione À.
— u) Manzere add. C. 1. Ces ^t personnages sont les fils de
Bernard, comte de Périgord. Un seul fut comte de Périgord et
d'Angouléme, Arnaud Bouration; dont il est question plus loin. Les
autres furent dépouillés par Arnaud Manzer, ainé des bátards de
Guillaume I, comme il est dit plus loin. . ChezSalais (?) c. de Voeil et
Giget, c. et arr. d'Angouléme. (Charente). . Ce lieu n'a pu étre
identifié. . Arnaud Manzer,4-le 4 mars 1001, moine à St-Cybard. . Cf.
Gesta episcoporum Engolismensium, c. 19. . Cf. Gesta Epp. Engol.l.
1. Cf. Id. L9: Sam 00 2 950 ou 95l 951-9614 962, 6 aoüt 962 975
 978 ou 974 963 986, 2 mars 987 150 ADEMARI
CHRONICON cessit et. Richardum I[nsipientem. expulit. Captoque"*
in conflictu Gauzberto, fratre Eliae comitis, suasus est a Willelmo
duce, quo praeberet inimicum sibi. Et Pictavis trusus Gauzbertus, in
ultionem Benedicti corepiscopi, oculis dampnatus est. 29. —
Histemporibus Aymericus, non monachus, abbas Sancti Marcialis,
successor Gonsindi ', moritur, et in fine monachus extitit, quia rex
Ludovicus, timens ejus tirannidem, honorem Sancti Martialis ei
commiserat, sacramento tamen jurare fecit ut monacus esset
futurus. Hic Geraldum vicecomitem in manibus suis habuit
commendatum", et Bosonem Vetulum de Marca ?:. Hic juxta
Cambonense? monasterium destruxit castellum vi expugnatum
Canboncasem, eo quod molestum erat hominibus monachorum. 30.
— Interea defuncto Willelmo Capite stupae et sepulto apud
ecclesiam Sancti Cipriani, ducem pro eo filium ejus Willelmum habuit
Aquitania. Qui filiam Tetbaldi Campanensis, vocabulo Emmam,
uxorem accepit, genuitque ex ea filium Willelmum *. Rex autem
Lotharius Lemovicam adnut, et tempus aliquantum in Aquitania
exegit. Unde revertens *, veneno a regina sua adultera extinctus est.
Filiumque reliquit Ludovicum, qui uno tantum anno supervivens, et
ipse potu maleficii? necatus est. Regnum pro eo accipere voluit
patruus ejus Carolus, sed non potuit, quia Deus v) Hie cepit in
conflictu Gauzbertum clericum, fratrem Eliae comitis, quem reddidit
Willelmo, filio Willelmi Capitis stuppae, seniori suo et pro ultione
Benedicti corepiscopi oculis privandum consensit. Defuncto enim
Willelmo Capite stuppe, et... C. — x) commandatum A. — y) Hic
construxit castrum Roncommum add. C.—2z) revertans A. — a) a
sua conjuge Blanca nomine add. C. 1. Aimeri succéda à Aimon et
non à Gozelin ou Gonsin qui était mort en 894. 2. Boson le Vieux,
comte dela Marche,--vers 968. 3. Chambon, c. de l'arr. de Boussac
(Creuse). ^. Guillaume II (963-990), comte de Poitiers et duc
d'Aquitaine, fils et successeur de Guillaume Téte d'Etoupe, épousa
Emma, fille de Thibaut le Tricheur, comte de Blois, avec laquelle il
eut de célébres démélés conjugaux.
 LIBER TERTIUS 151 judicio suo meliorem elegit. Nam?
Franci inito consilio eum abiciunt, et Hugonem ducem, filium*
Hugonis, regem eligunt. Hac de causa episcopus montis
Leudenensis, Ascelinus, ebdomada majori ante Pascha, in qua est
cena Domini, velud Judas Christum, et ipse tradidit Carolum. Qui
Aurelianis in carcere trusus ad usque mortem, ibi genuit filios
Karolum et Ludovicum, et mortuus est ; et expulsi sunt filii ejus a
Francis!, profectique sunt ad imperatorem Romanorum et
habitaverunt cum eo. Sane dux Aquitanorum, Willelmus, reprobans
nequiciam Francorum, Hugoni subditus esse noluit. Unde factum est
ut Hugo, exercitu Francorum admoto, urbem Pictavis obsidione
fatigaret. Dumque frustratus recessisset, cum Aquitanorum manu
Willelmus insecutus est eum usque Legerim. Ubi in gravi praelio?
decertantes Francorum et Aquitanorum animositates, multo
sanguine alterna cede fuso, superiores Franci extiterunt, et sic
reversi sunt. Pacem postea Willelmus cum Hugone et filio ejus
Rotberto fecit. Et rex Hugo cogitans erga se Dei gratiam, quasi vi5 5
cem rependens, defensor clementissimus ecclesiae Dei extitit. Nam
ob hane causam creditur progenies Caroli reprobata, quia jam
diuneglegensDei gratiam, ecclesiarum potius neglectrix quam
erectrix videbatur. Beati ergo Dionisii coenobium, quod jam pristinam
monasticam corruperat normam, rex Hugo regulari honestate, sicut
in Dei oculis rectum erat, honestius restauravit per manus venerabilis
Odilonis abbatis b) Nam episcopus Ascelinus montis Leudenensis
urbis ebdomada ante Pascha post convivium in lecto quiescentem
cum dolo cepit, et consensu plurimorum, Ugo dux, filius Ugonis
Capetii, in regem elevatus est. At vero Carolus in carcere usque ad
mortem retentus est Aurelianis, ubi genuit C.— c) filius À. uec llc
EMEN I. —————————— 1. Ce fait n'eut lieu qu'aprés 1008,
suivant D. Bouquet qui s'appuie sur une charte pour faire cette
correction. ] 2. Flodoard place ce combat en 955 et nomme comme
adversaires Hugues-le-Grand, pére d'Hugues Capet, et Guillaume
Téte d'Etoupe, pére du Guillaume cité 1ci. UST 991, 2 avril 09^
 986 ou 987 983 152 ADEMARI CHHRONICON et alia
sanctorum nonnulla monasteria in decorem ! pristinae gravissimum
bellum inter Willelmum ducem et Gosfridum, Andegavensem
comitem, peractum est. Sed Gosfridus necessitatibus actus, Willelmo
duci se subdidit, seque eiin manibus praebuit, et ab disciplinae
revocavit*. Eodem tempore eo castrum Losdunum ! cum nonnullis
aliis in pago Pictavorum pro beneficio accepit. 3/7. — Ea tempestate
Hotone secundo mortuo, Hoto filius ejus, tercius actu et nomine,
imperio potitus est. Qui philosophiae intentus, et lucra Christi
cogitans, ut ante tribunal Judicis duplicatum redderet talentum, Dei
voluntate populos Hungriae, una cum rege eorum ad fidem Christi
convertere d) decoram A. — e) Per illos enim dies sanctus Majolus,
Cluniacensis abbas, successor sancti Odonis, migravit ad Dominum
in monasterio Salvinicensi?, quod est in Arvernis territorio, et ibidem
sepultus, miraculis fulsit, et successit invitus pro eo, electus tam ab
ipso Odone quam a cuncta congregatione, Odilo supradictus C. — f)
populos in circuitum ydolis deditos ad Dei cultum convertere studuit.
Etenim erant ei duo episcopi reverentissimi, sanctus videlicet
Adalbertus, archiepiscopus de civitate Pragra, quae est in provincia
Berehem, sanctus etiam Brunus, episcopus de civitate Osburg, quae
est in provintia Bajoarie, consanguineus ejusdem imperatoris?. Nam
sanctus Adalbertus parvus statura, sanctus Brunus procere corpore
erant. Et quandocumque sanctus Adalbertus in aula imperatoris
interesset, nocte intempesta solus ad silvam abiens, ligna propriis
humeris, pedibus nudis, deferebat, nemine sciente, ad hospitium
suum. Que ligna vendens, victum preparabat sibi. Quod cum post
multos imperator comperiens dies, cum pro sancto duceret, die
quadam solito locutus cum eo, dixit jocando : « Talis episcopus, sicut
vos estis, de« buisset pergere ad praedicandum Sclavorum gentes ».
Mox episcopus, pedes imperatoris deosculans, ait se hoc incipere:
nec postea imperator eum avertere potuit ab hac intentione ; et.
rogante ipso episcopo, ordinatus est pro eo in urbe Pragin
archiepiscopus, quem elegerat ipse, et libenter imperator assensit. Et
preparatis omnibus necessariis, pedibus nudis, abiit in Pollianam
provinciam, ubi nemo Christi nomen audierat, et predicare cepit
evangelium. Quod exemplum ejus secutus Brunus episcopus, petiit
imperatorem, ut pro eo juberet consecrare in sede sua episcopum,
quem elegerat, nomine Odolricum. Quo facto, et ipse humiliter abiit
in provinciam Ungriam, quae dicitur Alba Ungria ad differentiam
alteri Ungrie Nigre, pro . eo quod populus est colore fusco velut
Etiopes. Sanctus denique Adalbertus convertit ad fidem Christi
quattuor istas provincias, quaeantiquo paganorum 1. Loudun
(Vienne). 2. Souvigny, c. de l'arr. de Moulins (Allier). 3. Ici
l'interpolateur confond Bruno, frére d'Henri II, ordonné en 1007, qui
contribua fort à la conversion des Hongrois, et un autre Bruno qui
mourut apóire de Prusse en 1009. »*
 AX" LI eis LIBER TERTIUS 153 errore detinebantur, scilicet
Pollianam, Sclavaniam, Waredoniam, Cracoviam!. Quas postquam
fundavit in fide, abiit in provintiam Pincenatorum, ut eis predicaret
Dominum. Illa gens nimium idolis effera, post octo dies ad eos
venerat et Christum eis adnunciare ceperat, nono die reperientes
eum orationi incumbere, missilibus quam ferreis confodientes, Christi
martirem fecerunt. Deinde, secto capite, corpus ejus in laeum
magnum demerserunt; capud autem bestiis in campum projecerunt.
Angelus autem Domini accipiens capud, posuit juxta cadaver in
ulteriorem ripam; ibi immobile et intactum et incorruptum permansit,
quousque negoliatores navigio per illum locum praeterirent. Qui
conferentes sanctum thesaurum, patefeceruntque Sclavaniam. Quo
comperto, rex Sclavanie, nomine Botesclavus, quem ipsesanctus
Adalbertus baptizaverat, datis magnis muneribus, capud et cadaver
excepit cum honore, et monasterium inejus nomine maximum
construxit, et multa miracula fieri coeperunt per eumdem Christi
martirem. Passus est autem sanctus Adalbertus die xx1v* mensis
aprilis, id est nono kalendas mai. Sanctus autem Brunus convertit ad
fidem Ungriam provintiam aliam, que vocatur Russia. Regem Ungrie
baptizavit, qui vocabatur Gouz, et mutato nomine in baptismo
Stephanum vocavit?, quem Oto imperator in natali protomartiris
Stephani a baptismate excepit, et régnum ei liberrime habere
permisit, dans ei licentiam ferre lanceam sacram ubique, sicut ipsi
imperatori mos est, et reliquias ex clavis Domini et lancea sancti
Mauricii ei concessit in propria lancea. Rex quoque supradictus filium
suum baptizare jussit sancto Bruno, imponens ei nomen sicut sibi
Stephanum. Et ipsi filio ejus Stephano, Oto imperator sororem
Eenrici, postea imperatoris, in conjugio dedit. At vero sanctus
Brunus, cum ad Pincenates properavisset, et Christum praedicaret
cepisset illis, passus est ab eis, sicut passus fuerat sanctus
Adalbertus. Nam Pincenati, diabolico furore sevientes, viscera omnia
ventris per exiguum foramen lateris ei extraxerunt, et fortissimum
Dei martirem perfecerunt. Corpus ejus Russorum gens magno precio
redemit, et in Russia monasterium ejus nomini construxerunt
magnisque miraculis coruscare cepit. Post paucos dies quidam
Grecus episcopus in Russiam venit, et medietatem ipsius provintie,
quae adhuc idolis dedita erat, convertit, et morem Grecum in barba
crescenda et ceteris exemplis eos suscipere fecit. Odolricus autem,
qui sancto Bruno successerat, ad Dominum migrans, magnis
virtutibus clarere meruit. Ideoque monasterium, foris civitatem
Osburg, ejus nomini construxit episcopus item Brunus, successor
ejus, frater Eenrici imperatoris. Eadem vero urbs apud Romanos
vocabatur Valentina ab imperatoris nomine, qui eam condidit primus.
Quibus diebus Oto imperator per somnum monitus est ut levaret
corpus Caroli Magni imperatoris, quod Aquis humatus erat, sed
vetustate obliterante, ignorabatur locus certus, ubi quiescebat. Et
peracto triduano jejunio, inventus est eo loco, quem per visum
cognoverat imperator,sedensin aurea cathedra, intra arcuatam
speluncam, infra basilicam Marie, coronatus corona ex auro et
gemmis,tenens sceptrum et ensem ex auro purissimo, et ipsum
corpus incorruptum inventum est. Quod levatum populis
demonstratum est. Quidam vero canonicorum ejusdem loci,
Adalbertus, cum enormi et procero corpore esset, coronam Caroli
quasi pro mensura capiti suo circeumponens, inventus est strictiori
vertice, coronam amplitudine sua vincentem circulum capitis. Crus
proprium etiam ad cruris mensuram regis dimetiens, inventus est
brevior, et ipsum ejus crus protinus divina virtute confractum est. Qui
supervivens annis xL, semper debilis permansit. Corpus vero Caroli
conditum in 1. Tout cela est trés confus. Gisa, reine des Hongrois,
eut un fils que baptisa S. Adalbert, mais dont on ignore le nom. Tout
ce que raconte l'interpolateur sur S. Bruno est faux. 2. Il se méle
évidemment beaucoup de légende à l'histoire dans ce récit.
 999 999-1003 996 154 ADEMARI CHRONICON meruit.
Girbertus vero natione Aquitanus *, monacus^ Áureliacensis sancti
Geraldi ecclesiae', causa sophiae primo Franciam, deinde Cordobam
lustrans?, cognitus! ab imperatore, archiepiscopatu Ravennae
donatus est. Procedendi tempore cum Gregorius papa, frater
imperatoris?, decessisset, idem Gibertus ab imperatore papa
Romanorum sublimatus est propter philosophiae gratiam,
mutatumque est nomen ejus pristinum, et vocatus est Silvester. Et
praefectus Romae, Crescentius, cum contra Hotonem imperium
Romanum vellet arripere, tandem coactus in turre, quae vocatur
Intercelis *, diu evasit, sed expugnata ipsa turre, captus est insidiis
suae conjugis, et patibulo suspensus! est, et pro eo planctus
magnus* factus est. His diebus sanctus abba Majolus Cluniacensis
migravit ad Dominum, fuitque ei successor supradictus Odilo, non
dispar virtutibus'. Et Hugo, rex Francorum, amator sanctae ecclesiae
et servantissimus aequi, mortuus est et regnavit pro eo Rotbertus
filius ejus, vir clarae honestatis et magnae pietatis, ornamentum
clericorum, nutritor monachorum, pater pauperum, asssiduus vere
dextro membro basilicae ipsius retro altare sancti Johannis Baptistae,
et cripta aurea super illud mirifica est fabricata, multisque signis et
miraculis clarescere cepit. Non tamen sollempnitas de ipso cogitur,
nisi communi more anniversarium defunctorum. Solium ejus aureum
imperator Oto direxit regi Dotisclavo pro reliquiis sancti Adalberti
martiris. Rex autem Botisclavus, accepto dono, misit imperatori
brachium de corpore ejusdem sancti, et imperator gaudens illud
excepit, et in honore sancti Adalberti martiris basilicam Aquisgrani
construxit mirificam, et ancillarum Dei congregationem ibi disposuit.
Aliud quoque monasterium Romae construxit in honore ipsius
martiris add. C. — g)ex infimo genereprocreatus add. C. — h) a
pueritia add. C. — 1) Cognitus a rege Ugone, Remis archiepiscopatu
donatus est. Et iterum cognitus abimperatore Otone archiepiscopus
Ravenne factus est, derelicto Remorum archiepiscopatu C. — j)
jubente imperatore C. — k) Rome add. C. — 1) Cette phrase deest
C. 1. Cf. Annales Aureliacenses (Mabillon, Analecta II, p. 250; éd. 2,
p. 150). 2. Adémar est le seul historien qui parle du séjour de
Gerbert à Cordoue. 3. Non de l'empereur, mais du duc Otton. A. Tour
de St-Ange. i
 6 LIBER 'TERTIUS 155 Dei cultor", rex non tantum
populorum sed etiam morum suorum. 32. — Hisdem temporibus
rebellantes" Bulgari Gretiam valde exasperaverunt, et Basilius
imperator super eos nimis irritatus, voto se obligavit Deo monachum
fieri, si Grecis eos subderet. Et per annos xv cum hoste super eos
laborans, duobus magnis praeliis victus est. Ad ultimum regibus
Bulgarorum Samuele et Aaron ! non publico praelio, sed astucia
Greca interfectis, omnem terram eorum obtinuit, et fortissimas
civitates et castella confregit, Grecorumque praesidia contra eas
ubique ordinavit, populumque Bulgarorum maxima ex parte
captivavit. Et sicut voto promiserat, habitum monasticum Greca
figura subterindutus in. reliquum est omni vitae suae tempore, a
voluptate et carnibus abstinens, et imperiali scemate extrinsecus
circumdabatur. Deinde Hiberiam repugnantem per annos septem ita
edomuit, ut omnia ad nutum ejus fierent. 33. — Obiit quoque
Richardus Rotomagensis, sepulturae traditus apud Fescannum, et
pro eo successit Richardus, filius ejus. Hic prudentissimus et
gloriosus in omnibus et dilector ecclesiarum extitit. Hotho vero
imperator hausu veneni? periit sine filiis, et pro eo consanguineus
ejus, Heinricus, imperium suscepit^. Siquidem Arbertus?, Coloniae
archiepiscopus?, expirante Hotone in partes Capuae, sceptrum et
coronam cum lancea sacra secum afferens, ab Hainm) in humilitate
similis David regi add. C. — n) rebellantur A. — 0) in partes
Beneventi add. C.. — p) Ottonis autem corpus delatum est HBomam
et ibidem sepultus add. C. — q) archiepiscopus Coloniae sceptruimn
et coronam cum lancea sancti Mauricii secum ab imperatore
defuncto in Bajoariam detulit et, consensu omnium episcoporum,
Eenrico tradidit. Stephanus etiam rex Ungrie bello appetens Ungriam
Nigram, tam vi quam timore et amore, ad fidem veritatis totam illam
terram convertere meruit. Quibus temporibus C. 1. Le meurtre
d'Aaron par Samuel est antérieur à cette date. 2. Héribert, 4- 1021.
1000 101^, 29 juillet 1018 1022 996 1002
 990 , 9 février 156 ADEMARI CHRONICON rico insidiis
circumventus captus est, et imperatoris privatus ornamentis !. 34. —
Quibus temporibus Aldebertus comes supradictus ? PE AE flius
Bosonis Vetuli ex sorore Bernardi supradicti, nomine Emma, ad
urbem Pictavis bellum intulit, et victor extitit", pro eo maxime quia
inconsulto, antequam deberent, cives ei bellum intulerunt. Urbem
quoque Turonis obsidione affectam in deditionem accepit, et
Fulchoni, comiti Andegavensi, donavit, sed ille ingenio doloso?
civium amisit post paululum, et iterum Odo Campanensis? eam
recuperavit*. Dux vero Willelmus in monastico habitu seculum
derelinquens, humatus est apud monasterium Sancti Maxentii, et
principatum post eum strenuissime administravit Willelmus filius
ejus*. Et Aldebertus, Gentiaco? capto castro et destructo, itemque a
Willelmo" réedificatum dum id ipsum obsedisset, et secundo
destrueretur, et securus* circum equitaret ut. jam victor, ictu sagittae
mortuus et sancto Carrofo conditus est; et surrexit pro eo Boso,
frater ejus. [Tunc Willelmus, accepta in matrimonio Adalmode,
conjuge suprascripti Aldeberti*], Rotbertum regem accersivit ad
capiendum castrum Bellacum, quod tenebat Boso». Omnis Frantia
bellatrix eo conflixit?, sed frustrata post multos dies cum suo rege
recessit. Ipso tempore dum obsessum esset Widonis r) multa strage
peracta add.C. — s) vicecomitis et add. C. —t) Qui cum eam
obsideret, nequaquam rex Francorum ausus est eum provocare ad
certamen, sed hoe ei mandavit: « Quis te comitem mandavit? » Et
Adelbertus remandavit ei: Quis te regem constituit? » add. C. Voy.
aussi H (App. p. ). — u) Pictavino add. C, — v) jam victor nudus
armis circum equitaret C. — x) Nous avons à l'eremple de Waitz
suppléé ici une lacune d'aprés C. — y) Construxerat ipsum castrum
Boso vetulus in marca Lemovicina add. C. — z) et Aquitania add. C.
1. Pure fable, aussi bien que l'addition de C^. 2. V. c. 25. — Aldebert
I succéda à Boson le Vieux dans la Haute-Marche et le Périgord, en
980. 3. Il s'agit iei de Foulques Nerra et d'Eudes I, comte de Blois. 4.
Guillaume Fier-à-Bras s'était retiré en 990 à St- -Cyprien de Poitiers,
puis était venu à St-Maixent. Son fils, Guillaume III le Grand, lui
avait succédé dés l'époque de sa retraite. 5. Gencay, c. de l'arr. de
Civray (Vienne).
 LIBER TERTIUS 157 vicecomitis Procia! castrum a duce
supradicto? cum valida manu, Wido? obsessores bello appetit, et de
eis magnam stragem dedit victor, obsidionemque disrumpit. 35. —
Arnaldus autem, comes Engolismensis, pro Dei timore facto
habitaculo monachorum in ecclesia. Buxensi sancti Ámancii?, et ibi
misso reverendo abbate nomine Francone, 1n aula Sancti Eparchii
factus monachus, sepultus est rv. non. mart. juxta patrem suum-*.
Et episcopus Aldegerius Lemovicae! cum pretiosioribus indumentis
sacerdotalibus ex aula Sancti Marcialis abiit Franciam, et 1bi vita
privatus, sepultus est apud Sanctum Dionisium, et. pro sepultura sua
contulit pretiosa quae asportaverat a Sancto Marciale ornamenta.
Successit pontifex Alduinus, frater. cjus, per manum Willelmi ducis,
consecratusque est Engolismae ab* episcopo Hugone. Arnaldus
supradictus successorem sibi comitem reliquid Engolismae
Willelmum filium suum. Preterea Fulcaldus? episcopus per xi1 annos
vivens, Rannulfum successorem accepit. Quo episcopo existente per
novem annos et mortuo', supradictus Hugo episcopatum per xx
annos optinuit, et^ post eum Grimoardus, deinde" domnus Hoho
a)etaliis rv comitibus add. C. — b)cum Lemovicinis add. C. — c)
matrem suam C. — d) successor Ebli add. C. — e) ab archiepiscopo
Burdegalensi, Gumbaldo, et a Fronterio Petrugoricensi, et Abone
Sanctonicensi, et Ugone Engolismensi, qui cum Lemovice
intronizavit, primo in cathedra vectatoria apud ecclesiam Sancti
Gerardi, deinde in sede Sancti Marcialis. At vero Arnaldus... C. — f)
accepto juxta basilicam sancti Eparchii quemadmodum Fulcealdo
(sepulchro) add. C. — gj ipso sepulto apud Sanctum Eparchium in
monastico habitu add. C. — h) Deinde HRoo episcopus C. 1. Brosse,
cne.de Chaillac, c. de St-Benoit-du-Saulít,arr. Le Blanc (Indre). Ce
cháteau joua un grand róle dans l'histoire des vicomtes de Limoges.
Aimoin, dans ses Miracula Sancti Benedicti (1l. 2, ch. 6), n'est pas
d'accord dans le récit des luttes qu'il occasiona avec Adémar. V. àce
sujet l4r4 de verifier les dates, t. 11, pp. 391 et 392, et Elie de
Beaufort: Le cháteau de Brosse, Bourges, 1861 in 8o. ! 2.St-Amand
de Boisse, c. de l'arr. d'Angouléme (Charente); Gall. Christ. Yl, 1035.
3. Hl s'agit d'Eble évidemment, car Foucaud était mort (v. c. 23).
1000 v. 990 v. 973 v. 1017
 90 158 ADEMARI CHRONICON antistes gloriosus
Engolismae refulsit'. His diebus pestilentia ignis super Lemovicinos
exarcit. Corpora enim virorum et mulierum supra numerum invisibile
igne depascebantur, 8 et ubique planctus terram replebat. Gosfridus
ergo, abbas Sancti Marcialis, qui successerat Wigoni, et Alduinus
episcopus, habito consilio cum duce Willelmo, triduanum Jejunium
Lemovicino indicunt. Tunc omnes Aquitaniae episcopi in unum
Lemovicae congregati sunt, corpora quoque et reli quiae sanctorum
undecumque sollempniter advectae sunt ibi, et corpus sancti
Marcialis, patroni! Galliae, de sepulchro levatum est, unde letitia
immensa omnes repleti sunt, et omnis infirmitas ubique cessavit
pactumque pacis et justicia à duce et principibus vicissim foederata
est. Alduinus autem episcopus monasterium Sancti Stephani
Agentense?, quod Hildegarius ornate disposuerat in magna caterva
monachorum, per triennium antequam moreretur! destruxit, et
canonicos ibi restituit. Hac de noxa Lemovicam intra urbem
monachos in ecclesia Sancti Martini regulae subditos adgregare
curavit. Sepe idem Alduinus, pro nequicia populi*, novam
observantiam constituit, scilicet ecclesias et monasteria cessare a
divino cultu et sancto sacrificio, et populum quasi paganum a divinis
laudibus cessare, et hanc observantiam excommunionem censebat.
Idem antistes, dum populus in quadragesima Evauno sua diocesi
fame periclitaretur, ne mortem pro fame incurreret, indixit esum
carnium, et ab omnibus ilius oppidi esca sumptae sunt carnes;
quibus penitentiam antistes ipse postmodum suasit. Frater vero ejus
i) patronis A. — j) suadente diabolo add. C. — k) pro rapina militum
et devastatione pauperum C. 1. Cf. Historia concilii Lemovicensis, a.
1031 (Labb. IX, p. 879). Quelques historiens placent entre Grimoald
et Rohon un prélat nommé Guillaume I, dont l'existence est
problématique. La liste d'évéques de Limoges et d'Angouléme
donnée ici par Adémar semble exacte. Les dates sont incertaines. 2.
Vel Antemonasterium. — Eymoutiers,c. de larr. de Limoges
(HauteVienne).
 LIBER TERTIUS 159 Wido, vicecomes Lemovicensis, dum
comes Boso Romam abiret, nacta occasione castrum extruxit a novo
contra Brantosmense monasterium. Nec mora, reverso Bosone
commissoque praelio', Boso victor castrum destruxit, multusque
sanguis in eo bello effusus est, et Wido vulneratus fuga lapsus est'.
36. — His temporibus episcopus Grimoardus?, datis muneribus, a
Willelmo comite Sancti Eparchii. monasterium expeciit et sibi
vindicavit, et per multos annos sine abbate manere fecit". Omnes
enim comites Engolismae a temporibus Childeberti regis Francorum,
quo ipse locus fundatus est, advocati ejus et defensores extitisse
noscentur et. provisores, habentes pro oflicio defensoris in. beneficio
villam Ranconiam. Tunc memoratus episcopus Aimerico germano
suo, duci Moxedanensi? donavit in possessionem monasterium
Tomolatense, quod actenus semper fuerat in dominio coenobii
Engolismensis.Situmque estin territorio Petragoricensi, habens
ecclesiam in honore genitricis Dei, ubi, velut in proprio jure paterno,
sepulti sunt Felix Aureolus, Petragoricensis comes*, pater sancti
Eparchii, et" Principia, mater ejusdem confessoris. Post non multos
annos supradictus Àymericus ipsum locum dedit in beneficio ducibus
suis, qui vocantur infernales, et ita penitus 1psa possessio alienata
est a jure antiquo Sancti Eparchii. Processu temporisWido
vicecomes, capto Grimoardo episcopo, pro monasterio
Brantosmense, quod ab eo in munere exposcebat, tenuit eum in l) in
Campo Carracio add. C. — m) et plures possessiones ejusdem
monasterii parentibus suis et aliis secularibus donavit et a loco
alienavit add. (C. —n) de et jusqu'à sancti Eparchii deest C. 1. Les
adversaires en présence ici sont Boson II, comte de la Dasse-Marche
(993-1006) et Gui I, vicomte de Limoges, fils et successeur de
Giraud, dont il a déjà été fait mention. 2. Grimoald, évéque
d'Angouléme (993-1018). 3. Mussidan, c. delarr. de Ribérac
(Dordogne). 4. Aureolus n'était pas comte du Périgord. C'est à
Trémolat que naquit son fils S. Cybard, au VI* s. v. 999 — — n MÀ
 1003 1004 1022 160 ADEMARI CHRONICON carcere in
turre Lemovicae. Et dimissus juxta conditionem Widonis, Romam
abiit, Gibertum papam interpellavit. Ibi Wido evocatus est ad
judicium coram papa. Et cum -ipso sacratissimo die Paschae causa
ventilata esset, et a senatu prolata sentencia judicatum esset, ut
omnis qui episcopum capit ad colla indomitorum equorum ligatus?
pedibus disrumpatur et demum a feris dilaceretur, traditus mox est
episcopo Grimoardo ad custodiendum, post diem tercium tradendus
ad penam. Sed hi duo inter se concordantes, amici facti sunt, et ante
diem condictum clam Roma egressi reversi sunt ad propria'. 37. —
Hainrieus vero imperator cum Langobardos sibi repperiret contrarios,
misso hodulfo rege Burgundiae", Papiam obsedit et incendio tradidit,
et palatium in ea sibi aedificavit, et rebellantes sibi servire coegit.
Duces quoque Gregorum cum partes ejus invaderent, ordinata
expeditione oras Appuliae penetrans, tot dies expugnando civitates
eorum 1bi exegit, usquequo pestilentia exercitus ejus laboraret
sicque reverteretur*. Hic in terra Theodisca a novo civitatem
aedificavit vocabulo Baenburg, quam Benedictus papa in honore Dei
genitricis consecravit, et parrochias in circuitu ex paganorum vicis et
oppidis, dum converterentur, attitulavit ad illam. Hic Cluniacensi
coenobio contulit dona, sceptrumaureum,speram
auream,vestimentum imperiale aureum, coronam auream, crucifixum
aureum, pensantia* simul libras C, et alia multa, et cum Odilone
abbate ejusdem loci crebrius colloquium familiare exercebat, et in
aula palatii sui. eumprae omnibus ducebat. o) legatus À. — p)
nepote suo add. C. — q) pensentia A. 1. Aimoin est encore en
désaccord sur ce point avec Adémar (v. Gall. Christ. t. 1M, p. 391).
2. On ne trouve ce fait que dans Adémar. 3. Cf. Annales
Quedüinburgenses, a. 1032 (Monumenta Germaniae Scriptores U-
SIL) [ "0
 LIBER TERTIUS 161 98.— Per haec tempora Ermengaudus,
comes Irgeldensis!, post copiosos triumphos de Mauris etSarracenis,
praelio inito ultimo, innumerabilem stragem Sarracenorum perficiens,
dum victor regreditur', alium exercitum. Maurorum offendit
venientem. Quem cum paucis suorum lassis persequens, multos
eorum occidit, et ipse cecidit. Caput ejus Sarraceni pro magno
thesauro secum asportaverunt. Quod aromatizatum rex eorum auro
cooperuit et secum in praeliis semper ferebat causa victoriae. 39. —
Interea summae philosophiae abbas Sancti Benedicti Floriacensis
super Ligerim loci, nomine Abbo, Wasconiam iter faciens, per
Engolismam transiens, mense novembri in monasterio beati Eparchii
hospitatus est. Veniensque ad Sanctum Petrum Regulatensis?
ecclesiae, quae est possessio Sancti Benedicti Francorum coenobii,
ibi tumultu Wasconum occisus est; ibisepultus, miraculis clarescere
coepit. Virga ejus pastoralis remissa est l'rantiam. Bernardus,
Wasconiae dux, necem tanti viri de interfectoribus ejus punivit, alios
suspendio, alios flammis tradens, et omnem illam possessionem
Regulatensen?, quae ante in lite 1nvadentium erat, sine lite dehinc
monachis Francis Sancti Benedicti paravit vindicandam. Rex autem
Rotbertus pro defuncto ordinavit abbatem Gauzlenum, licet
repugnarent monachi, nolentes sibi praeesse filium scorti. Erat enim
ipse nobilissimi Francorum principis? filius manzer, a puero in
monasterio Sancti Benedicti nutritus. Quem etiam rex supra scriptus
archiepiscopum Bituricensibus fecit postea post mortem Dacberti
archiepiscopi*. Sed. et ipsi quinr) egreditur À. — s) cum ecclesia
sancti Petri add. C. . Urgel, en Catalogne. . La Réole (Gironde). .
Hugues Capet. - Gauzlin, fils naturel d'Hugues Capet et abbé de
Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire, fut archevéque de Bourges de 1014 à 1029.
I1 succédait à Dagobert. E ol 11 ]008 1004, 13 n^v,
 1014 4010, 25 déc. 998 v. 1003 162 ADEMARI CHRONICON
quennio sedicionem agentes, noluerunt eum in civitatem recipere,
dicentes una voce: JVon decet dominari ecclesiae filium scorti.
Postmodum tamen: regis voluntas praevaluit, et Dei nutu in sede
susceptus est. At Bernardo insidus muliebribus", maleficis artibus
corpore fatescente, vitae privato, Santius, frater ejus, dux
Wasconum extitit. Et defuncta conjuge Willelmi ducis*, ex qua
susceperat filium Willelmum, idem dux sororem Santii, Driscam, in
uxorem copulavit sibi, quae ei Odonem genuit filium. 4(. — Per idem
tempus, mortuo Gosfrido, abbate Sancti Marcialis?, et succedente
pro eo Adalbaldo, regularis meriti, et Widone et Alduino episcopo,
fratre ejus,revertentibus prospere ab Hierosolimis, sepulchrum sancti
Eparchii clarere innumeris coepit miraculis plus solito. Et visio
manifesta patefacta est Fulcherio? abbati sancti Carrofi et monachis,
ut sanctum lignum Crucis ad tumulum deferrent beati Eparchii. Quod
conventu sollempni peractum est, et abbate Raginoldo Engolismensi
procurante, exceptum est sanctum lignum in basilica beati Eparchii
in die ejus festivitatis, die primo mensis julii; et adimpletis quae
divina ordinaverat pietas, monachi sancti Carrofi valedicentes
fratribus Engolismensibus*, cum sancto ligno gloriose remeant.*? t)
sequestro Odilone abbate C. — u) mulieribus A. — v) Pictavensis
add. C.— x) Denique hoc Crucis lignum de Cruce dominica extat
quod Jherosolimorum patriarcha regi Magno Carolo direxerat, et
idem imperator in eadem basilica quam condidit Rotgerius, comes
Lemovicensis, in honore Salvatoris, reposuit. Locus aulem antiqua
sermone Gallorum Carrofus vocitabatur propter carrorum confinia, id
est veiculorum publicorum, et deinceps pro reverentia Crucis
sanctum Carrofum appellari placuit add. C. 1. Bernard-Guillaume,
duc héréditaire de Gascogne 984-1010. Sanche Guillaume lui
succéda de 1010 à1032. Guillaume III, le Grand, duc d'Aquitaine,
épousa en effet, en secondes noces, Brisque ou Sancie, scur de
Sanche Guillaume, héritiére de son frére. Aussi, le fils ainé de cette
union, Eudes, fut-il duc de Gascogne. Il mourut en 1040. : 2.
Geoffroy I, abbé de St-Martial, 994-998. Adbald, 998-1007. 3.
Foucher, abbé de Charroux, v. 1027-v. 1045. 4. C'est-à-dire l'évéque
Alduin et le le vicomte Guy. 5. Cf. dipl. Rotgerii, Mabillon, Analecta II,
p. 711.
 LIBER TERTIUS 163 41. — Comes denique Engolismae
Willelmus', copulata sibi in conjugio Girberga, sorore comitis!
Fulconis, filios ex ea suscepit Hilduinum et Gosfridum. Dux vero
Aquitanorum, comes Pictavinus, jam dictus Willelmus gloriosissimus?
et potentissimus, extitit cunctis amabilis, consilio magnus, prudentia
conspicuus, in dando liberalissimus, defensor pauperum, pater
monachorum, aedificator etamator ecclesiarum et praecipue amator
sanctae ecclesiae Romanae. Cui a juventute consuetudo fuit, ut
semper omni anno ad limina Apostolorum Romam properaret, et eo
quo Romam non properabat, ad Sanctum Jacobum CGalliciae
reconpensaret iter devotum. Et quocumque iter ageret vel
conventum publicum exerceret, potius rex quam esse dux putabatur,
honestate et claritudine qua affluebat honoris. Non solum vero
omnem Aquitaniam suo subjecit imperio, ut nemo contra eum levare
manum auderet, verum etiam regem" Francorum sibi habuit
complaeitum. Immo Hispaniae regem Adefonsum, regemque
Navarrae Santium, necnon et regem Danamarchorum et Anglorum
nomine Canotum, ita sibisummo favore devinxerat, ut singulis annis
legationes eorum exciperet pretiosis cum muneribus? ipseque
pretiosiora eis remitteret munera. Cum imperatore Hainrico ita
amiciciis copulatus est, ut muneribus alterutrum se honorarent. Inter
multiplicia denique munera dux Willelmus ingentem ex auro
purissimo ensem direxit ei, in quo ense litterae signabantur legentes:
Hainricus imperator Cesar Augustus. Romani pontifices eum vey)
Andegavensis add. C. — z) Francorum regem amicissimum habens,
prae ceteris ducibus in ejus palatio honorabatur C. 1. Guillaume II
Taillefer (v. 1001- 6 avril 1028) qui épousa Gerberge, fille de
Geoffroy I Grisegonnelle, comte d'Anjou, et soeur de Foulques HI
Nerra. Leurs deux fils furent successivement comtes d'Angouléme :
Alduin II ou Hilduin, mort en 1032, et Geoffroy Taillefer, 1032-1048,
2. Ce portrait de Guillaume III le Grand, duc d'Aquitaine, est l'un des
passages les plus remarqués de la chronique d'Adémar. 3. Cf. Hist.
Conc. Lemovic., a. 1031 (Labbe, Concilia, IX, p. 882).
 v. 1014 164 ADEMARI CHRONICON nientem Romam sic
reverenter excipiebant, ac si esset eorum augustus, omnisque
Romanus senatus patrem eum sibi adclamabat. Cumque comitem
Andegavensem, Fulchonem, in manibus suis commendatum haberet,
concesserat ei pro beneficio Losdunum! cum aliis nonnullis castris in
Pictavorum solo, Santonas quoque cum quibusdam castellis. Idem
dux, si clericum sapientia ornatum videret, summo eum excolebat.
Unde Rainaldum, cognomento Platonem?, monachum pro sapientiae
ornatu praefecit abbatem ex coenobio Sancti Maxentii. Episcopum
quoque Carnotis Fulbertum, sapientia comptum, a F'rantia evocatum
donavit thesauraria Sancti Hylarii, et penes se reverendum exhibuit.
Aliquando esse vix inveniebatur sine aliquo episcoporum. Monasterio
Lemovicensi beati Marcialis dedit ecclesiam in Alniensi?, quam et
pater ejus eidem monasterio ante dederat, scilicet Anesio * quae est
in honore sancti Petri. Coenobio Cluniacensi, et cenobio Sancti
Michaelis ad Clusam? in Italia, et multis aliis per Burgundiam et
Aquitaniam monasteriis Del, juxta oram maritimam plura in reditibus
dona terrarum ad copiam supplementi servorum Christi delegavit.
Amplectebatur* maximo affectu honoris? regulares monachos et
abbates, et eorum consiliis nitebatur in administratione regni. Unde
et domnum Odilonem, Cluniaci abbatem, copiosis muneribus sibi
attraxit, contemplatus in eo templum Spiritus Sancti*, coenobiaque
suae ditionis nonnulla ejusdem magisterio tradidit. Fecit idem dux a
novo coenobium nobile Malliacense$, territorio Pictavensi, itemque
ingens coenobium Burguliense?, in cesa) Amplectabatur A. — b) d À.
— c) seque ei in manibus commendatum tradidit add. C. 1. Loudun
(Vienne). 2. Renaud, dit Platon, fut abbé de St-Maixent (v. 1014—v.
1025). 3. En Aunis. A. Anais, c. de La Jarrie, arr. de La Rochelle
(Charente-Inf.). 5. Au Mont-Cenis. 6. Maillezais, arr. de Fontenay
(Vendée). 7. Bourgueil, arr. de Chinon (Indre-et-Loire).
 LIBER TERTIUS 165 pite Andegavensi, in fundo proprio,
una cum matre sua Emma!, sorore Odonis Campanensis. In quibus
coenobiis regulares monachos adgregavit plures, qui die noctuque
Deo laudes persolverent, eisque ordinavit ferventissimum in sancto
proposito et disciplinae celestis fortissimam columpnam abbatem
Theodelinum ?*. Sane multoties, qui ei rebellare conati sunt,
Aquitanici primores, omnes vel edomiti vel prostrati sunt. Unde cum
obsideret Rocameltim?, comes Boso* vicinum sancto Carrofo, cum
multitudine fortium contra eum aciem struxit, et commisso bello,
dux* victor extitit, et repetita obsidione, vi castrum cepit. Habebat
secum magni consilii virum, comitem Engolismae Willelmum?, cujus
maxime consilio pendebat. Qui ita se. invicem dilexerunt semper, ut
esset eis$ anima una. Blaviam * denique castrum cum expugnaret
comes Engolismensis, ducem ipsum secum habuit, et magna
fortitudine ipsum castrum accepit, et a duce ipso accepit in beneficio
haec!: vicecomitatum Mellensem et Oenacensem et Rocacardensem
honoremque Cabannensem et Confolentis, Rofiacum quoque, et
multa alia". 42. — His temporibus Alduinus episcopus, adducto
secum duce Willelmo, extruxit castrum DBellojocum? secus monasd)
Teclinum qui ex Judaeis conversus fuerat C. — e) primum Boso,
deinde Willelmus vicit, et add. C. — f) ac Bosone fugato add. C. —
g) in duobus corporibus add. C. — h) accepit illud in beneficium cum
his rebus. Scilicet... C. —i) simulque in Alniensi plura add. C. 1. Elle
est appelée à tort Adéle dans H. (v. Append. p. 208). 2. Theudelin,
juif converti, fut abbé de Maillezais jusqu'en janv. 1045, date de sa
mort. 3. Rochemeaux, prés Charroux, c. de l'arr. de Civray (Vienne).
4. Boson II, c. de la Basse-Marche (v.969-1006). I1 mourut
empoisonné par sa femme Almodis. 5. Guillaume Taillefer II, v. p.
163, 6. Blaye (Gironde). 7. Melle (Deux-Sévres). — Oenacensem n'a
pu étre identifié. — Rochechouart (Haute-Vienne). — Chabanais,
c.de l'arr. de Confolens (Charente). — Rouffiac, c. d'Aubeterre, arr.
de Barbezieux (Charente). 8. Beaujeu, prés de St-Junien, c. de l'arr.
de Rochechouart (Haute- Vienne). v. 994
 v. 1000. 166 ADEMARI CHRONICON terium Sancti Juniani
contra Jordanum, principem Cabannensem. heversoque duce,
Jordanus praeparatur cum electis vel ad castrum expugnandum vel
episcopum debellandum. Episcopus, adgregata armatorum
immanitate, habito in auxilio fratre Widone, occurrit ei, et grave
ortum est praelium tempore durioris hiemis. Plurimus sanguis
effusus , victor Jordanus cum pluribus principibus captis revertitur
jamque securus, casu ab ignoto milite * impetitus a tergo, percussus
interit, et qui a suis capti tenebantur, mox pro eo confossi telis,
animas emiserunt. Pro quibus gravior luctus extitit, quam antea pro
in bello prostratis fuerat. Jordanus quoque, manzer frater defuncti,
post modicum captum fratrem episcopi ÁAymiricum tandiu
vinculatum tenuit, quousque castellum destrueretur supra
memoratum !. 453. — Per hos dies Gostridus, abbas Sancti Marcialis,
successor Adalbaldi, accito Bosone comite, cum militari magna
manu! corpus sancti Walerici ab ecclesia, quae injuste sancto
Marciali abstollebatur a. quibusdam principibus*, secum detulit
Lemovicam. Ubi tandiu reliquias ejusdem confessoris" tenuit, quoad
cognoscerent et exhiberent principes malefactores rectitudinem
sancti Marcialis. Sicque possessione ^ recuperata, restitutum est
sanctum corpus supradicto loco, et in praesentia Willelmi ducis"
monastica ibi est ordinata disciplina. 44^. — His diebus
vicecomitissa Lemovicae Emma circa festivitatem Apostolorum et
sancti Marcialis oratum abnuit ad Sanctum Michaelem Heremum, et
noctu ibi a Normannis j) fugati Lemovicini cum episcopo et
vicecomitibus suis add. C. — k) a milite, quem ipse prostraverat, a
tergo in cervice percussus C, — 1l) noctu Montanam abiens add. C.
— m) quam incole principes sancto Marciali abstollebant C. — n) in
monte Gaudii add. C. — o) non sine magna redemptione add. C. —
p) et Girardi episcopi Lemovicensis add. C. 1 V. Besly, Hist. des
comtes de Poitou, p. 61. Le Jourdain, sire de Chabanais, dont il s'agit
ici, était, suivant Besly, fils d'Aynard, oncle d'Adémar de
Chabannes.et de la sceur de Foulques I, comte d'Angouléme.
 LIBER TERTIUS 167 captivata, per tres annos exul trans
mare est retenta. Ex thesauro Sancti Marcialis infinita auri et argenti
pondera pro redemptione ejus data sunt, simulque imago aurea
sancti archangeli, et alia copiosa ornamenta, quae omnia Normanni
auferentes, mentita fide, mulierem non reddiderunt, donec post
multos dies Richardus, comes Rotomagensis, eam ingeniose per
legatos .ultramarinos adquireret et viro suo. Widoni liberam
redderet!. 45. — Bosone interea comite veneficiis uxoris suae necato
et Petragoricae sepulto, et urbe ipsa a Willelmo duce capta, tutor
filiorum ejus et nepotis fuit idem dux. Et filio Bosonis Heliae
concessa urbe Petragorica, Bernardo filio Hildeberti ? reddidit
marcham. Et donec viriles annos attingeret aetas Bernardi, injunxit
eam regendam fortissimis principibus, duobus germanis, Petro abbati
Scotoriensium canonicorum?, et Umberto Druto. Quorum pater Abbo
Drutus casirum Bellacum contra regem Rotbertum fortissime
defendit**. A quibus duobus fortissime Marcha defensa est,
quousque Unbertus obiret. Petrus abbas, singularem principatum
optinens, habebat sibi fidelissimum profundissimi consili Ainardum
praepositum", habentem duos fratres Abbonem et Raimundum,
strenuissimos duces, corpore robustos, animo bellicosos, quorum
sororem Aldeardem accepit in matrimonium Raimundus
Cabannensis, abnepos Turpionis episcopi, frater Adalberti decani
incliti et prepositi ex monasterio Sancti Marcialis, genuitque ex ea
filium Adeq) Hic Abo consensu Aldeberti comitis castrum
Mortemarense consiruxit in fundo proprio add. C. — r) praepositum
ex monasterio sancti Petri Scotoriensi, Qui Ainardus habuit duos C.
1. Le méme fait est rapporté par Geoffroy de Vigeois, p. 17^. 2.
Bernard I, comte de la Haute et de la Basse-Marche (1006-1047),
fils d'Aldebert I, comte de la Haute-Marche et du Périgord. 3. Pierre,
abbé du Dorat (v. 996) et Humbert Drus. (Cf. Ga/l. Christ. t. II, p.
550). ay ch. 34. 1006
 1010 168 ADEMARI CHRONICON marum EÉngolismensem?
monachum, qui haec scripsit !. Vivente enim supradicto AÁinardo,
abbas' Petrus rem publicam optime amministravit, et invidos suae
gloriae conpressit. Nam eo Romae mortuo, et Raimundo fratre ejus
Hierosolimae defuncto, et Abbone infirmitate gravato, inclitus Petrus,
neminem fidelem consiliarium habens, dum ad suum temere facit
arbitrium omnia, et inter suos terribilis ut leo videtur, castrum
proprium Mortemarense? concremat, contradicente consilio suorum,
et hujus rei occasione propinquis ejus et principibus marchionibus
cum Bernardo comite et Willelmo duce, quasi tirannidem
praesumeret, in eum insurgentibus, paulatim ex potestate
marchionum ejectus est. Qui a Hierosolima reversus, in basilica
Sancti Stephani Lemovicae sedis pristinum honorem continens, et
ecclesiarum et villarum multa possessione ex paterna fruens
hereditate, et magnae catervae militum, qui ejus beneficia habent,
imperans, a curis secularibus magna ex parte erectus, et liberius Deo
vocat, et majori quam ante securitate et gloria pollet ?. | 46. — His
temporibus signa in astris, siccitates noxiae, nimiae pluviae, nimiae
pestes, et gravissimae fames, defectones multae solis et lunae
apparuerunt, et Vinzenna * fluvius per tres noctes aruit Lemovicae
per duo milia. Et supradictus monachus Ademarus, qui tunc cum
avunculo suo inclito hotgerio Lemovicas degebat in monasterio
Sancti Marcialis, experrectus in tempesta noctis, dum foris astra
suspiceret, vidit in austrum in altitudine celi magnum crus)
Engolismense À. — t) abbatis ^. 1. Voici le fameux passage oü
Adémar donne des renseignements sur. sa famille. V. notre préface.
2. Mortemart, c. de Mézieres, arr. de Bellac (Haute-Vienne). 3. La
date de sa mort est inconnue. Tous ces faits ne sont rapportés que
par Adémar. 4. La Vienne,
 LIBER TERTIUS 169 cifixum in ipso celo" et Domini
pendentem figuram in cruce, multo flumine laerimarum
inlacrimantem". Ipse autem qui haec vidit, attonitus, nichil aliud
potuit agere quam lacrimas ab oculis profundere. Vidit vero tam
ipsam crucem quam figuram crucifixi colore igneo et nimis sanguineo
totam per dimidiam noctis horam, quousque celo sese clauderet. Et
quod vidit semper in corde celavit, quousque hic scripsit, testisque
est Dominus quod haec vidit !. 47. — Eo anno Hilduinus episcopus
Judeos Lemovicae ad baptismum conpulit, lege prolata, ut aut
christiani essent aut de* civitate recederent, et per unum mensem
doctores divinos jussit disputare cum Judeis, ut eos ad fidem
cogerent?; et tres vel quatuor Judei christiani facti sunt. Cetera
autem multitudo per alias civitates diffugere cum uxoribus, liberis
festinavit. Ipso anno sepulchrum Domini Hierosolimis confractum est
a paganis*, irr kalendas octobris MX anno ab incarnatione ejus. Nam
Judei occidentales ? epistolas miserunt in Orientem ?, accusantes
Christianos, mandantes exercitus Occidentalium* super Sarracenos
orientales commotos esse. Tunc Nabuchodonosor Babiloniae ?, quem
vocant Ádmiratum, concitatus suasu Sarrecenorum * in iram,
magnam afflictionem super Christianos exercuit, data lege, ut
quicumque christiani de sua potestate nollent fieri Sarraceni, aut
confiscarentur aut interficerentur. Unde factum est, ut innumerabiles
christianorum * facultates suas pro nichilo ducerent; sed morte
nemo dignus pro Christo u) quasi confixum in celi C. — v)
plorantem. Qui autem haec C. — x) denitate À. — y) eos ex suis
libris revincerent C. z) Quidam etiam se ipsos ferro jugulaverunt,
nolentes baptismum suscipere add. C. — aj Judeis et Sarracenis C.
— bj et Sarraceni Hispanie add. C. — c) Francorum C. — d)
Paganorum C. — e) conyerterentur ad legem Sarracenam et remo
pro Christo morte dignus fuit C. 1. V. notre préface. : 2. Cf. Raoul
Glaber (III, 10) qui raconte tout au long ces événements. 3. C'est-à-
dire Le Caire. Il s'agit ici du calife fatimite Hakem-Biamrillah 996-
1021. 1010
 170 ADEMARI CHRONICON fuit nisi patriarcha
Hierosolimorum, qui variis suppliciis occisus est, et duo adolescentes
germani in Egypto, qui decollati sunt et multis clarescunt miraculis.
Nam ecclesiae sanctorum subversae sunt, et peccatis nostris
promerentibus, basilica sepulchri Domini usque ad solum diruta.
Lapidem monumenti cum nullatenus possent comminuere, ignem
copiosum superadiciunt, sed quasi adamans immobilis mansit et
solidus. Bethleemiticam ecclesiam, ubi Christus natus est, cum
niterentur destruere, apparuit eis lux fulgurans subito, et omnis
eorum multitudo corruens exspiravit, et ecclesia? intacta remansit.
ÀAd monasterium quoque montis Sinai" decem milia Sarracenorum
armatorum venientes destruendum , longe quatuor millibus
conspiciunt totum montem ardere et flammas usque in celum ferri,
et cuncta ibi posita cum hominibus manere illesa. Quod cum
renunciassent regi Babilonio, penitencia ductus tam ipse quam
populus Sarracenus valde doluerunt de his, quae contra Christianos
egissent, et data praeceptione, jussit reaedificari basilicam sepulchri
gloriosi. Tamen redincepta basilica, non fuit amplius similis priori nec
pulchritudine nec magnitudine quam Helena, mater Constantini,
regali sumptu perfecerat. Mox e vestigio super omnem terram
Sarracenorum fames incanduit per tres annos, et innumerabilis
eorum multitudo fame mortua est, ita ut plateae et deserta
cadaveribus! replerentur, et fierent homines cibum et sepultura feris
et avibus. Secuta est eos gladii vastitas. Nam gentes Arabiae super
terram eorum diffusae sunt, et qui remanserant fame, gladiis
interierunt. Captus est ab eis rex DBabilof) Nam ecclesia sancti
Georgii, que actenus a nullo Sarracenorum potuit violari, tunc
destructa est cum aliis multis ecclesiis sanctorum C. — g) et sie
ecclesia Dei genitricis C. — h) Sinai, ubi quingenti et eo amplius
mona- . chi sub imperio abbatis manebant, habentes ibidem
proprium episcopum, venerunt Sarracenorum decem millia
armatorum, ut monacos perimentes, habitacula eorum cum ecclesiis
diruerent. Propinquantes autem, a quatuor fere milibus conspiciunt
totum montem ardentem et fuman!em, flammasque in celum ferri C.
— i) cadeveribus A.
 LIBER TERTIUS 174 nius, qui se contra Deum erexerat in
superbiam, et vivus, ventre secto, visceribus extractis!, mortuus est.
Venter ejus, lapidibus oppletus, consutus est, et cadaver, ligato
plumbo ad collum, in mare demersum est. 48. — Eo anno Rodulfus,
Petragoricensis episcopus, ab Hierosolimis rediens *, obiit
Petragoricae!, et successit pro eo Arnaldus. Qui apud Sanctum
Benedictum Nantolio ? consecratus est! a Siguino, Burdegalae
archiepiscopo". Tunc Gauzbertus, princeps castri Malamartensis,
captus ab Eblo vicecomite Combornis, retrusus in castro fortissimo
Melurensi?, Deo volente a suis rusticis", castro expugnato et mox
capto, ereptus est, et castrum destructum ? est. Et Hierosolimam
pergens, defunctus est?, et miraculis post mortem clarescere cepit.
Erat enim valde ecclesiasticus, et honeste se agebat. 49. — Circa hoc
tempus, Alduinus episcopus, acceptis pretiosioribus sancti Marcialis
ornamentis et vestimentis, et multa affluentia argenti, quia in manu
sua abbatiam habebat emptam a Widone, properavit ante
quadragesimam cum Willelmo duce Romam, et in tristicia monachos
sancti Marcialis reliquid. Mox eo recedente, ad sepulchrum beati
Marcialis plurima coeperunt choruscare miracula, quae laeticiam
monachis et cunctae Aquitaniae plenam ingesserunt. Nam nobilissimi
ÀÁquitanorum et Francorum principum atque Italorum eo anno
Lemovicae Pascha cum frequentia sancti j) impiam animam ad
baratrum projecit C. — k) retulit quae viderat ibi infanda, et add. C.
— 1) diebus quadragesime add. C. — m) a Grimoardo et Islone
episcopis* add. C. — n) in funalibus quodam mane subito expugnato
et mox capto castro C. — o) flammis datum C. — p)in revertendo
add. C. 1. Geoffroy de Vigeois prétend que Raoul de Couhé, évéque
de Périgueux, fut tué par les Sarrasins avec Guillaume, duc
d'Aquitaine. 2. Nanteuil-en-Vallée, c. de Ruffec (Charente). 3. Melle
(Deux-Sévres). (V. Besly, op. cit., p. 61). &. Les évéques
d'Angouléme et de Saintes. 1010
 1012 ou 10:3 nov. 1522 ADEMARI CHRONICON Marcialis
gloriose celebraverunt. Reversus episcopus basilicam sedis Sancti
Stephani, quam sanctus Marcialis dedicaverat, destruendam et
amplificandam disposuit, et lineas ad fundamenta jecit, ut post dies
xv insisteret operi. Abiensque inde ad ecclesiam Agento! supradictam
*, ibi spiritum exalavit. Delatum est corpus ejus Lemovicam, apud
sedem vigiliis observatum, apud Sanctum Martinum sepultum.
Successit pro eo reverentissimus Geraldus ?, nepos ejus.
Consecratus est Pictavis apud Sanctum Hylarium" a Siguino
archiepiscopo. Non enim potuit esse Gauzlenus Bituricensis
archiepiscopus, quia necdum receptus erat in sede Biturica. Habuit
tamen ibi missos suos ex Sancti Benedicti monachis. Simul
interfuerunt episcopi Gislebertus Pictavensis, Arnaldus
Petragoricensis, Islo Santonicensis, Grimoardus Engolismensis. Post
benedictionem* comitati sunt eum usque Lemovicam Arnaldus et
Grimoardus episcopi. Primum ad Sanctum Marcialem venerunt
simul', et recepti sunt a monachis. Inde monachi eos duxerunt cum
antiphonis usque ad ecclesiam Cairoensem ?. Ibi in cathedra sedit,
et humeris populi vectus, canonicis antiphonas concinentibus,
textum evangelii a Grimoardo episcopo legendum sumpsit, et ita
benedicens dextera assidue, ad hostium basilicae Sancti Stephani
cum gloria deductus est. Grimoardus | tradidit ei portas ecclesiae,
Arnaldus cordas signorum, et ambo 1n sede Sancti Marcialis
intronizaverunt eum, et clara voce « Te Deum laudamus » Arnaldus
episcopus intonuit. Episcopum sedentem osculati sunt omnes,
deinde missam celebraverunt q) unde monachos extruserat add. C.
— r) Ylarium mense novembri pro omnibus gradibus ecclesiasticis a
Gisleberto episcopo, et in gradu pontificali a Siguino monacho,
archiepiscopo Burdegalensi C. — s) quae dominica die peracta est
add. C. — t) simul duxerunt deest C. 1. Ahun, arr. de Guéret
(Creuse). 2. Géraud év. de Limoges (1012-1020). 3. St-Pierre-du-
Queyroix, à Limoges.
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