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Statistical Detection and Surveillance of Geographic
Clusters Chapman Hall CRC Interdisciplinary Statistics
1st Edition Peter Rogerson Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Peter Rogerson, Ikuho Yamada
ISBN(s): 1584889357
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 5.05 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
 STATISTICAL
DETECTION AND
SURVEILLANCE OF
GEOGRAPHIC
CLUSTERS

C9357_C000.indd 1 11/21/08 11:34:00 AM

 CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
Interdisciplinar y Statistics Series
Series editors: N. Keiding, B.J.T. Morgan, C.K. Wikle, P. van der Heijden

Published titles

AN INVARIANT APPROACH TO S. Lele and J. Richtsmeier

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SHAPES

ASTROSTATISTICS G. Babu and E. Feigelson

BAYESIAN DISEASE MAPPING: Andrew B. Lawson

HIERARCHICAL MODELING IN SPATIAL
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BIOEQUIVALENCE AND S. Patterson and

STATISTICS IN CLINICAL B. Jones
PHARMACOLOGY

CLINICAL TRIALS IN ONCOLOGY J. Crowley, S. Green,

SECOND EDITION and J. Benedetti

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IN PRACTICE, SECOND EDITION

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QUALITY OF LIFE STUDIES
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and A. Zhigljavsky

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LONGITUDINAL, AND STRUCTURAL
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MISCLASSIFICATION IN STATISTICS
AND EPIDEMIOLOGY: IMPACTS AND
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C9357_C000.indd 2 11/21/08 11:34:00 AM

 Published titles

META-ANALYSIS OF BINARY DATA D. Böhning, R. Kuhnert,

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GENE T. Speed

EXPRESSION MICROARRAY DATA

STATISTICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL R. Wu and M. Lin

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STATISTICS IN MUSICOLOGY J. Beran

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AND APPLICATIONS IN and I.J. Lauder
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STATISTICAL AND PROBABILISTIC P.J. Boland

METHODS IN ACTUARIAL SCIENCE

STATISTICAL DETECTION AND P. Rogerson and I.Yamada

SURVEILLANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC
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STATISTICS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL A. Bailer and W. Piegorsch

BIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

STATISTICS FOR FISSION R.F. Galbraith

TRACK ANALYSIS

C9357_C000.indd 3 11/21/08 11:34:00 AM

 C h ap m a n & Hall/CRC
I n t e rd i s c i p l i n a r y Statistics Series

STATISTICAL
DETECTION AND
SURVEILLANCE OF
GEOGRAPHIC
CLUSTERS

Peter Rogerson
University at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.

Ikuho Yamada
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.

C9357_C000.indd 5 11/21/08 11:34:00 AM

 Chapman & Hall/CRC
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C9357_C000.indd 6 11/21/08 11:34:00 AM

 Contents

List of Figures...................................................................................................xv
List of Tables....................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments....................................................................................... xxiii

1 Introduction and Overview.................................................................. 1

1.1 Setting the Stage....................................................................................... 1
1.2 The Roles of Spatial Statistics in Public Health and Other Fields..... 2
1.3 Limitations Associated with the Visualization of Spatial Data........ 3
1.3.1 Visual Assessment of Clustering Tendency............................ 3
1.3.2 What to Map: Mapping Rates versus Mapping
p-Values......................................................................................... 5
1.3.2.1 Example 1: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
in North Carolina....................................................... 6
1.3.2.2 Example 2: Breast Cancer in the
Northeastern United States....................................... 7
1.4 Some Fundamental Concepts and Distinctions.................................. 9
1.4.1 Descriptive versus Inferential, and Exploratory versus
Confirmatory, Spatial Statistics................................................. 9
1.4.2 Types of Health Data................................................................ 10
1.4.2.1 Point Data................................................................... 10
1.4.2.2 Case–Control Data................................................... 10
1.4.2.3 Areal Data.................................................................. 10
1.4.2.4 Time-Subscripted Data............................................ 11
1.5 Types of Tests for Clustering................................................................ 11
1.6 Structure of the Book............................................................................. 12
1.7 Software Resources and Sample Data................................................. 13
1.7.1 Software Resources................................................................... 13
1.7.1.1 GeoSurveillance........................................................ 13
1.7.1.2 GeoDa......................................................................... 13
1.7.1.3 R.................................................................................. 13
1.7.1.4 SaTScan...................................................................... 13
1.7.1.5 Cancer Atlas Viewer................................................. 14
1.7.1.6 CrimeStat................................................................... 14
1.7.2 Sample Datasets........................................................................ 14
1.7.2.1 Breast Cancer Mortality in the Northeastern
United States.............................................................. 14
1.7.2.2 Prostate Cancer Mortality in the United
States........................................................................... 15

C9357_C000.indd 7 11/21/08 11:34:01 AM

 1.7.2.3 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
in North Carolina..................................................... 16
1.7.2.4 Leukemia in Central New York State.................... 16
1.7.2.5 Leukemia and Lymphoma Case–Control
Data in England........................................................ 16
1.7.2.6 Low Birthweight in California................................ 18

2 Introductory Spatial Statistics:

Description and Inference................................................................... 21
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 21
2.2 Mean Center............................................................................................ 22
2.3 Median Center........................................................................................ 23
2.4 Standard Distance.................................................................................. 23
2.5 Relative Standard Distance................................................................... 25
2.6 Inferential Statistical Tests of Central Tendency
and Dispersion........................................................................................ 25
2.7 Illustration............................................................................................... 27
2.8 Angular Data.......................................................................................... 29
2.9 Characteristics of Spatial Processes:
First-Order and Second-Order Variation............................................ 31
2.10 Kernel Density Estimation.................................................................... 32
2.11 K-Functions............................................................................................. 35
2.12 Differences and Ratios of Kernel Density Estimators...................... 37
2.13 Differences in K-Functions.................................................................... 40

3 Global Statistics.................................................................................... 43
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 43
3.2 Nearest Neighbor Statistic.................................................................... 44
3.2.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 45
3.3 Quadrat Methods................................................................................... 46
3.3.1 Unconditional Approach......................................................... 47
3.3.2 Conditional Approach.............................................................. 48
3.3.2.1 Example 1: Leukemia in Central New York
State............................................................................. 49
3.3.2.2 Example 2: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
in North Carolina..................................................... 49
3.3.2.3 Example 3: Lung Cancer in Cambridgeshire........ 50
3.3.3 Minimum Expected Frequencies............................................ 51
3.3.4 Issues Associated with Scale................................................... 51
3.3.5 Testing with Multiple Quadrat Sizes..................................... 52
3.3.6 Optimal Quadrat Size: Appropriate Spatial Scales
for Cluster Detection................................................................ 53
3.3.7 A Comparison of Alternative Quadrat-Based Global
Statistics...................................................................................... 54

C9357_C000.indd 8 11/21/08 11:34:01 AM

 3.4 Spatial Dependence: Moran’s I............................................................. 56
3.4.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 57
3.4.2 Example: Low Birthweight Cases in California................... 59
3.5 Geary’s C.................................................................................................. 59
3.5.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 60
3.5.2 Example: Low Birthweight Cases in California................... 60
3.6 A Comparison of Moran’s I and Geary’s C......................................... 61
3.6.1 Example: Spatial Variation in Handedness in the
United States.............................................................................. 62
3.6.2 Statistical Power of I and C...................................................... 64
3.7 Oden’s Ipop Statistic................................................................................. 67
3.7.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 68
3.8 Tango’s Statistic and a Spatial Chi-Square Statistic........................... 69
3.8.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 71
3.8.2 Example: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
in North Carolina...................................................................... 71
3.9 Getis and Ord’s Global Statistic........................................................... 73
3.9.1 Example: Low Birthweight Cases in California................... 74
3.10 Case–Control Data: The Cuzick–Edwards Test................................. 75
3.10.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 76
3.11 A Global Quadrat Test of Clustering for
Case–Control Data................................................................................. 76
3.11.1 Example...................................................................................... 78
3.11.2 Spatial Scale............................................................................... 80
3.12 A Modified Cuzick–Edwards Test....................................................... 80
3.12.1 Example: Leukemia and Lymphoma
Case–Control Data in England............................................... 82

4 Local Statistics....................................................................................... 85
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 85
4.2 Local Moran Statistic............................................................................. 86
4.2.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 87
4.2.2 Example: Low Birthweight Cases in California................... 87
4.3 Score Statistic.......................................................................................... 89
4.3.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 90
4.4 Tango’s C F Statistic................................................................................. 91
4.4.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 92
4.5 Getis’ Gi Statistic..................................................................................... 93
4.5.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 94
4.5.2 Example: Low Birthweight Cases in California................... 95
4.6 Stone’s Test.............................................................................................. 95
4.6.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 96
4.7 Modeling around Point Sources with Case–Control Data............... 96

C9357_C000.indd 9 11/21/08 11:34:01 AM

 4.8 Cumulative and Maximum Chi-Square Tests
as Focused Tests..................................................................................... 97
4.8.1 Illustration.................................................................................. 99
4.8.2 Example: Leukemia and Lymphoma
Case-Control Data in England.............................................. 100
4.8.3 Discreteness of the Maximum Chi-Square Statistic.......... 101
4.8.4 Relative Power of the Two Tests............................................ 101
4.9 The Local Quadrat Test and an Introduction to Multiple
Testing via the M-Test.......................................................................... 102
4.9.1 Fuchs and Kenett’s M Test..................................................... 103
4.9.2 Example 1: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
in North Carolina.................................................................... 105
4.9.3 Example 2: Lung Cancer in Cambridgeshire...................... 105

5 Tests for the Detection of Clustering,

Including Scan Statistics................................................................... 107
5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 107
5.2 Openshaw et al.’s Geographical Analysis
Machine (GAM).................................................................................... 108
5.3 Besag and Newell’s Test for the Detection of Clusters.................... 109
5.4 Fotheringham and Zhan’s Method.....................................................110
5.5 Cluster Evaluation Permutation Procedure.......................................111
5.6 Exploratory Spatial Analysis Approach
of Rushton and Lolonis....................................................................... 112
5.7 Kulldorff’s Spatial Scan Statistic
with Variable Window Size.................................................................113
5.7.1 Example 1: Low Birthweight Cases in California
(Areal Data)...............................................................................113
5.7.2 Example 2: LBW Cases in California (Point Data)...............117
5.8 Bonferroni and Sidak Adjustments....................................................119
5.8.1 Power Loss with the Bonferroni Adjustment..................... 121
5.9 Improvements on the Bonferroni Adjustment................................. 122
5.10 Rogerson’s Statistical Method for the Detection
of Geographic Clustering.................................................................... 123
5.10.1 The Geometry of Random Fields.......................................... 125
5.10.2 Illustration................................................................................ 125
5.10.3 Approximation for Discreteness of Observations.............. 126
5.10.4 Approximations for the Exceedance Probability............... 127
5.10.5 An Approach Based on the Effective Number
of Independent Resels............................................................ 128
5.10.6 Example.................................................................................... 130
5.10.7 Discussion................................................................................ 133

C9357_C000.indd 10 11/21/08 11:34:01 AM

 6 Retrospective Detection of Changing Spatial Patterns.............. 135
6.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 135
6.2 The Knox Statistic for Space–Time Interaction................................ 135
6.2.1 Illustration................................................................................ 137
6.3 Test for a Change in Mean for a Series of Normally
Distributed Observations.................................................................... 137
6.3.1 Example.................................................................................... 138
6.4 Retrospective Detection of Change in Multinomial
Probabilities.......................................................................................... 140
6.4.1 Illustration.................................................................................141
6.4.2 Example 1: Breast Cancer Mortality in the
Northeastern United States................................................... 143
6.4.3 Example 2: Recent Changes in the Spatial Pattern of
Prostate Cancer Mortality in the United States.................. 145
6.4.3.1 Introduction............................................................. 145
6.4.3.2 Geographic Variation in Incidence and
Mortality Rates........................................................ 146
6.4.3.3 Data........................................................................... 146
6.4.3.4 Descriptive Measures of Change......................... 147
6.4.3.5 Retrospective Detection of Change...................... 148
6.4.3.6 Discussion................................................................ 153
6.4.4 Example 3: Crime.................................................................... 156

7 Introduction to Statistical Process Control and Nonspatial

Cumulative Sum Methods of Surveillance................................... 157
7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 157
7.2 Shewhart Charts................................................................................... 158
7.2.1 Illustration................................................................................ 159
7.3 Cumulative Sum (Cusum) Methods.................................................. 160
7.3.1 Illustration................................................................................ 163
7.4 Monitoring Small Counts.................................................................... 165
7.4.1 Transformations to Normality.............................................. 166
7.5 Cumulative Sums for Poisson Variables............................................167
7.5.1 Cusum Charts for Poisson Data.............................................167
7.5.1.1 Example: Kidney Failure in Cats.......................... 168
7.5.2 Poisson Cusums with Time-Varying Expectations............ 169
7.5.2.1 Example: Lower Respiratory Infection
Episodes................................................................... 170
7.6 Cusum Methods for Exponential Data............................................. 171
7.6.1 Illustration................................................................................ 173
7.7 Other Useful Modifications for Cusum Charts................................174
7.7.1 Fast Initial Response................................................................174
7.7.2 Unknown Process Parameters.............................................. 175

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 7.8 More on the Choice of Cusum Parameters........................................176
7.8.1 Approximations for the Critical Threshold h for
Given Choices of k and the In-Control ARL0...................... 177
7.8.2 Approximations for the Critical Threshold h for
Given Choices of k and the Out-of-Control ARL1. ............. 179
7.8.3 The Choice of k and h for Desired Values
of ARL0 and ARL1................................................................... 181
7.9 Other Methods for Temporal Surveillance....................................... 183

8 Spatial Surveillance and the Monitoring of Global Statistics.....185

8.1 Brief Overview of the Development of Methods for Spatial
Surveillance........................................................................................... 185
8.2 Introduction to Monitoring Global Spatial Statistics...................... 188
8.3 Cumulative Sum Methods and Global Spatial Statistics
That Are Observed Periodically......................................................... 190
8.3.1 Moran’s I and Getis’ G............................................................ 190
8.3.1.1 Example: Breast Cancer Mortality in the
Northeastern United States................................... 191
8.3.2 Monitoring Chi-Square Statistics.......................................... 196
8.3.2.1 Illustration............................................................... 197
8.4 CUSUM Methods and Global Spatial Statistics That Are
Updated Periodically........................................................................... 198
8.4.1 Spatial Surveillance Using Tango’s Test for General
Clustering................................................................................. 199
8.4.1.1 Illustration............................................................... 200
8.4.1.2 Example: Burkitt’s Lymphoma in Uganda.......... 203
8.4.1.3 Discussion................................................................ 206
8.4.2 A Cusum Method Based upon the Knox Statistic:
Monitoring Point Patterns for the Development of
Space–Time Clusters............................................................... 207
8.4.2.1 A Local Knox Statistic............................................ 207
8.4.2.2 A Method for Monitoring Changes in
Space–Time Interaction.......................................... 210
8.4.2.3 Example: Burkitt’s Lymphoma in Uganda...........211
8.4.2.4 Summary and Discussion..................................... 212
8.4.3 Cusum Method Combined with Nearest-Neighbor
Statistic.......................................................................................214
8.4.3.1 Monitoring Changes in Point Patterns.................214
8.4.3.2 A Cusum Approach for the Nearest-Neighbor
Statistic..................................................................... 215
8.4.3.3 Simulations of Clustering in the Unit Square.... 217
8.4.3.4 Example: Application to Crime Analysis and
Data from the Buffalo Police Department........... 218

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 8.4.3.5
Cusum Approach for Arson Data........................ 218
8.4.3.6
Surveillance Using a Moving Window of
Observations............................................................ 222
8.5 Summary and Discussion................................................................... 228

9 Cusum Charts for Local Statistics and for the Simultaneous

Monitoring of Many Regions........................................................... 231
9.1 Monitoring around a Predefined Location....................................... 231
9.1.1 Introduction............................................................................. 231
9.1.2 Raubertas’ Approach to Monitoring Local Statistics......... 231
9.1.3 Monitoring a Single Local Statistic: Autocorrelated
Regional Variables.................................................................. 232
9.1.4 An Approach Based on Score Statistics............................... 233
9.1.5 Spatial Surveillance around Foci: A Generalized Score
Statistic, Tango’s CF................................................................. 233
9.1.6 A Distance-Based Method..................................................... 235
9.1.6.1 Application to Data on Burkitt’s Lymphoma...... 236
9.1.7 Surveillance around Prespecified Locations Using
Case–Control Data.................................................................. 238
9.1.7.1 Introduction............................................................. 238
9.1.7.2 Prospective Monitoring around a Source,
Using Case–Control Data...................................... 238
9.1.7.3 Illustration............................................................... 239
9.2 Spatial Surveillance: Separate Charts for Each Region.................. 243
9.2.1 Illustration................................................................................ 245
9.2.2 Example: Kidney Failure in Cats.......................................... 249
9.2.3 Example: Breast Cancer Mortality in the Northeastern
United States............................................................................ 250
9.3 Monitoring Many Local Statistics Simultaneously......................... 252
9.3.1 Example: Breast Cancer Mortality in the Northeastern
United States............................................................................ 255
9.3.2 Poisson Variables..................................................................... 256
9.4 Summary............................................................................................... 257
Appendix.......................................................................................................... 257

10 More Approaches to the Statistical Surveillance

of Geographic Clustering.................................................................. 259
10.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 259
10.2 Monitoring Spatial Maxima............................................................... 260
10.2.1 Monitoring Spatial Maxima.................................................. 261
10.2.1.1 Type I Extreme Value (Gumbel) Distribution..... 262
10.2.1.2 Cusum Surveillance of Gumbel Variates............ 263

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 10.2.1.3 Example: Female Breast Cancer Mortality
Rates in the Northeastern United States............. 264
10.2.1.4 Example: Prostate Cancer Data in the United
States......................................................................... 266
10.2.2 Determination of Threshold Parameter............................... 268
10.2.3 Summary.................................................................................. 268
10.3 Multivariate Cusum Approaches....................................................... 269
10.3.1 Introduction............................................................................. 269
10.3.2 Alternative Approaches to Monitoring Regional
Change for More Than One Region..................................... 270
10.3.3 Methods and Illustrations..................................................... 271
10.3.3.1 Multivariate Monitoring........................................ 271
10.3.3.2 Hypothetical, Simulated Scenarios...................... 272
10.3.3.3 Spatial Autocorrelation.......................................... 276
10.3.4 Example: Breast Cancer Mortality in the Northeastern
United States............................................................................ 278
10.3.4.1 Multiple Univariate Results.................................. 280
10.3.4.2 Multivariate Results............................................... 283
10.3.4.3 Interpretation of Multivariate Results................. 283
10.3.4.4 Estimation of Covariance and a
Nonparametric Approach..................................... 285
10.3.5 Discussion................................................................................ 287

11 Summary:
Associated Tests for Cluster Detection and Surveillance.......... 289
11.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 289
11.2 Associated Retrospective Statistical Tests........................................ 290
11.2.1 Associated Retrospective Statistical Tests:
Aspatial Case........................................................................... 291
11.2.2 Associated Retrospective Statistical Tests:
Spatial Case.............................................................................. 292
11.2.3 Maximum Local Statistic....................................................... 296
11.2.4 Illustration................................................................................ 297
11.2.5 Example: Application to Leukemia Data for Central
New York State........................................................................ 297
11.3 Associated Prospective Statistical Tests:
Regional Surveillance for Quick Detection of Change................... 300
11.3.1 Prospective Methods: Aspatial Case.................................... 300
11.3.2 Prospective Methods: Spatial Case....................................... 301

References....................................................................................................... 303

C9357_C000.indd 14 11/21/08 11:34:01 AM

 List of Figures

1.1 Hypothetical spatial distributions of disease cases:

(a) 30 cases; (b) 50 cases.......................................................................... 5
1.2 Mapping spatial variations of breast cancer mortality in the
Northeast by county during 1968–1998: (a) Standardized
mortality ratio in the northeast by county during 1968–1998;
(b) Probability map (p-values) .............................................................. 8
1.3 The 217 counties included in the Northeastern U.S. cancer
mortality data........................................................................................ 15
1.4 Childhood leukemia and lymphoma cases and controls
in the North Humberside region of England, 1974–1986:
(a) Map of cases; (b) Map of controls.................................................. 17
1.5 Low birthweight (LBW) rate in California, 2000, by county........... 18

2.1 Historical mean centers of population in the United States,

1790–1990................................................................................................ 22
2.2 Relative and absolute dispersion: (a) larger study region;
(b) smaller study region....................................................................... 24
2.3 Mean center, median center, and computational process
for the median center: (a) mean center and median center;
(b) illustration of the computational process for the
median center........................................................................................ 28
2.4 Examples of angular data: (a) five angles; (b) nine angles.............. 30
2.5 Basic concepts of kernel density estimation...................................... 33
2.6 Kernel density estimates for Humberside leukemia data:
bandwidth = 100.................................................................................... 34
2.7 Kernel density estimates for Humberside leukemia data:
bandwidth = 20...................................................................................... 35
2.8 Basic concepts of the K-function and associated edge-correction......... 36
2.9 Expected value of the K-function for a random pattern
and significance envelopes.................................................................. 37
2.10 K-function for Humberside leukemia data....................................... 38
2.11 Ratio of case to control densities for Humberside leukemia
data with bandwidth = 100.................................................................. 39
2.12 Difference between K-functions for cases and controls for
Humberside leukemia data................................................................. 40

3.1 Guard area method to avoid boundary effects................................ 45

3.2 Sample problem for Moran’s I and Geary’s C analyses................... 58
3.3 Contributions of adjacent point pairs to Moran
and Geary statistics............................................................................... 61

C9357_C000.indd 15 11/21/08 11:34:01 AM

 3.4 Geographic variation in handedness in the United States............. 63
3.5 Contributions of adjacent state pairs to spatial
autocorrelation of handedness: white population........................... 64
3.6 Geosurveillance output for the application of Tango’s CG
statistic to the North Carolina SIDS data.......................................... 72
3.7 Childhood leukemia and lymphoma cases and conrols
in the north Humberside region of England, 1974–1986................. 78

4.1 Low birthweight cases in California, 2000: (a) z-score of the

observed number of LBW cases in relation to total births
(b) z-Score associated with local Moran’s I........................................ 88
4.2 Hypothetical configuration of seven-region system........................ 90
4.3 z-scores associated with the local G* statistic applied
to the low birthweight data in California, 2000................................ 94

5.1 Openshaw’s geographical analysis machine.................................. 108

5.2 Besag and Newell’s test for the detection of clusters......................110
5.3 Spatial scan statistic with a regular lattice basis.............................114
5.4 Clusters of low birthweight cases in California (2000),
detected by the spatial scan statistic (Areal Data):
(a) Circular clusters, (b) Elliptic clusters...........................................115
5.5 Clusters of low birthweight cases in California (2000),
detected by the spatial scan statistic (Point Data)...........................119
5.6 Critical values with and without adjustment for multiple
testing................................................................................................... 120
5.7 Graphical evaluation of multiple p-values proposed
by Schweder and Spjotvoll (1982)..................................................... 123
5.8 Spatial distribution of standardized yields..................................... 131
5.9 Map of local statistics; s = 1............................................................... 132
5.10 Regions with significant local statistics; s = 2................................ 132

6.1 Rossi-transformed z-scores of the breast cancer mortality

data in Table€6.4................................................................................... 140
6.2 Distance from expectations (w): prostate cancer mortality
in the United States, 1968–1998......................................................... 148
6.3 Chi-square values for potential breakpoints.................................. 148
6.4 Standardized difference in z-scores between 1968–1990
and 1991–1998....................................................................................... 150
6.5 z-Scores for 1968–1990......................................................................... 151
6.6 z-Scores for 1991–1998......................................................................... 152
6.7 Standardized difference in z-scores between 1991–1994
and 1995–1998...................................................................................... 153

C9357_C000.indd 16 11/21/08 11:34:02 AM

 7.1 Shewhart charts for two time-series observations......................... 159
7.2 Observed values and the associated cusum chart
for the data in Table€7.2....................................................................... 165
7.3 Poisson cusum chart for a selected census tract............................ 171

8.1 Map of local Moran’s I for z-scores and SMRs

(1973, 1987, 1993, and 1997)................................................................. 195
8.2 A hypothetical study region for cumulative sum
surveillance with Tango’s CG statistic.............................................. 201
8.3 The study region for the Burkitt’s Lymphoma data provided
in Williams et al. (1978)...................................................................... 203
8.4 Cusum chart using Tango’s CG statistic for the Burkitt’s
Lymphoma data.................................................................................. 206
8.5 Cusum chart using the global Knox text for the Burkitt’s
Lymphoma data (s0 = 20 km and t0 = 180 days)................................214
8.6 Nearest-neighbor statistics over time for 1996 arson data
for Buffalo, New York......................................................................... 219
8.7 Cusum for the 1996 arson data. (cusum not reset to zero
following alarm).................................................................................. 220
8.8 Cusum for the 1996 arson data. (cusum reset to zero
following alarm).................................................................................. 221
8.9 Spatial distribution of arsons in 1996............................................... 222
8.10 Arson locations before and after signal........................................... 223
8.11 Cusum for the 1996 arson data with window
of 10 observations................................................................................ 224
8.12 Arson locations leading to a cluster signal with window of
10 observations.................................................................................... 225
8.13 Cusum for monitoring dispersion tendency in the 1996 arson
data with window of 10 observations.............................................. 226
8.14 Arson locations leading to a dispersion signal with window
of 10 observations................................................................................ 227

9.1 Cumulative sum associated with monitoring

of clustering around Arua................................................................. 237
9.2 Hypothetical nine-region system for an illustration of
multiregional cusum method........................................................... 245
9.3 County cusum values in 1988 (Year 21)........................................... 251
9.4 Cusum chart for Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania.................... 251
9.5 County cusum values in 1988 using Gaussian local statistic
with s = 1.............................................................................................. 256

10.1 ARL1’s under alternative hypotheses with varying degrees

of spatial autocorrelation................................................................... 278
10.2 Multivariate distances associated with the three scenarios
shown in Figure€10.1........................................................................... 279

C9357_C000.indd 17 11/21/08 11:34:02 AM

 10.3 Arl0’s for varying degrees of actual and assumed spatial
autocorrelation..................................................................................... 280
10.4 Cusum for Philadelphia county, 1978–1998..................................... 282
10.5 Ratio of observed to expected breast cancer cases for
Philadelphia county, 1968–1998......................................................... 282
10.6 MC1 values over time for breast cancer mortality data,
1978–1998.............................................................................................. 283

11.1 Census tract centroids in an eight-county region

of central New York state................................................................... 298

C9357_C000.indd 18 11/21/08 11:34:02 AM

 List of Tables

1.1 Data on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) for Selected

Counties in North Carolina, 1974......................................................... 6

2.1 Coordinate Locations for 10 Sample Points....................................... 27

2.2 First Few Iterations in Calculation of Median Center..................... 29

3.1 Nearest Neighbor Distances for 10 Sample Points........................... 46

3.2 Observed and Expected Counts: Unconditional Approach
to Quadrat Analysis.............................................................................. 47
3.3 Quadrat Analysis at Multiple Scales.................................................. 52
3.4 Power of Global c2 Test for Alternative Grid Sizes........................... 54
3.5 Probability of Correctly Rejecting Alternative False
Hypotheses for Various Global Statistics.......................................... 55
3.6 Moran Coefficients and Geary Ratios for Handedness Data......... 63
3.7 Spatial Distributions of Variables in Special Cases Where
One of the Two Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation Is
Significant............................................................................................... 65
3.8 SAR Model with Normally Distributed Variables on a 5 × 5
Lattice and Rook’s Case Adjacency.................................................... 65
3.9 MA Model with Normally Distributed Variables on a 5 × 5
Lattice and Rook’s Case Adjacency.................................................... 66
3.10 SAR Model with Uniformly Distributed Variables on a 5 × 5
Lattice and Rook’s Case Adjacency.................................................... 66
3.11 Observed and Expected Proportions of Cases Falling in
Region i (for the Zone System Shown in Figure€3.2)........................ 69
3.12 Results of Modified Cuzick-Edwards Test: Humberside Data....... 82
3.13 Local Sources of Contributions to Significant Modified
Cuzick-Edwards Statistic..................................................................... 83

4.1 Observed and Expected Proportions of Cases in Each Region...... 91

4.2 Results for Stone’s Test......................................................................... 95
4.3 Power of Cumulative and Maximum Chi-Square Tests................ 101
4.4 Expected Number of Points and Number of Points Needed
for Significance with the M-Test for Alternative Grid Sizes......... 104
4.5 Comparison of Power for Global c2 and M-Tests
for Alternative Grid Sizes.................................................................. 105

C9357_C000.indd 19 11/21/08 11:34:02 AM

 5.1 Clusters of Low Birthweight Cases in California, 2000,
Detected by the Spatial Scan Statistic...............................................118
5.2 Simulated and Approximate Critical Values (a = 0.05)
for the Maximum Local Statistic....................................................... 126
5.3 Contribution of Terms in Equation 5.9 to the Type I Error
Probability............................................................................................ 127
5.4 Approximations for the Critical Value M*....................................... 128
5.5 The Relative Flatness of k as a Function of s/ A . ......................... 129

6.1 The Knox Test for Space–Time Interaction...................................... 136

6.2 An Example for the Knox Test (n = 30)............................................. 137
6.3 Critical Values of W............................................................................ 138
6.4 Observed and Expected Cases of Breast Cancer Mortality
in Ulster County, New York 1968–1998............................................ 139
6.5 Retrospective Detection of Changes in Breast Cancer
Mortality in the Northeastern United States, 1968–1998............... 144
6.6 Ratio of County’s Share of Deaths 1990–1998 to 1968–1989........... 144
6.7 Maximum z-Scores: Prostate Cancer Mortality
in the United States, 1968–1998......................................................... 154
6.8 Minimum Observed z-Scores: 1968–1998........................................ 155
6.9 Burglary Incidents by Quarter in 1998, Buffalo.............................. 156
6.10 Srivastava and Worsley’s Maximal Chi-Square Statistic
for the Buffalo Burglary Data............................................................ 156

7.1 In-Control ARLs for Various Values of h and k = 0.5......................162

7.2 Hypothetical z-Score Observations Following N(0, 1)
for Time 1–15 and N(0.2,1) for Time 16–30....................................... 163
7.3 Cusum Computation for the Data in Table€7.2................................ 164
7.4 Exponentially Distributed Time Series and Associated
Cusum Values.......................................................................................174
7.5 Comparison of Desired and Actual ARL Values When k
and ARL1 Are Prespecified................................................................ 179
7.6 Comparison of Desired and Actual ARL Values When ARL0
and ARL1 Are Prespecified................................................................ 181

8.1 Cusum Analysis of Moran’s I for the Breast Cancer

Mortality Data for the Northeastern United States........................ 192
8.2 Cusum Analysis of Getis’ G Statistic Based on SMR
for the Breast Cancer Mortality Data for the Northeastern
United States........................................................................................ 194
8.3 Constant (c) as a Function of Degrees of Freedom (m − 1)
for Determination of Cusum Threshold.......................................... 198
8.4 Results of Cumulative Sum Surveillance with Tango’s CG
Statistic on Simulated Data................................................................ 202

C9357_C000.indd 20 11/21/08 11:34:03 AM

Other documents randomly have
different content
 ¶ The fift Booke. 89. 69

The first Chapter.

Of transformations, ridiculous examples brought by the adversaries for
the confirmation of their foolish doctrine.
OW that I may with the verie absurdities, conteined in their owne
authors, and even in their principall doctors and last writers,
confound them that mainteine the transubstantiations of
witches; I will shew you certeine proper stuffe, which Bodin (their cheefe J. Bod
champion of this age) hath gathered out of M. Mal. and others, whereby dæmo
he laboureth to establish this impossible, incredible, and supernaturall, or
rather unnaturall doctrine of transubstantiation.
First, as touching the divell (Bodin saith) that he dooth most properlie J. Bod
and commonlie transforme himselfe into a gote, confirming that opinion scriptu
proove
by the 33. and 34. of Esaie: where there is no one title* sounding to anie
such purpose. Howbeit, he sometimes alloweth the divell the shape of a [* = ti
blacke Moore, and as he saith he used to appeare to Mawd Cruse, Kate
Darey, and Jone Harviller. But I mervell, whether the divell createth
himselfe, when he appeareth in the likenesse of a man; or whether God
createth him, when the divell wisheth it. As for witches, he saith they
speciallie transubstantiate themselves into wolves, and them whom they
bewitch into asses: though else-where he differ somewhat herein/ from 90.
himselfe. But though he affirme, that it may be naturallie brought to
passe, that a girle shall become a boie; and that anie female maybe Puden
turned into the male: yet he saith the same hath no affinitie with primùm
erump
Lycanthropia; wherein he saith also, that men are wholie transformed,
and citeth infinite examples hereof.
First, that one Garner in the shape of a woolfe killed a girle of the age
of twelve yeares, and did eat up hir armes and legges, and carried the
rest home to his wife. Item, that Peter Burget, and Michael Werdon,
having turned themselves with an ointment into woolves, killed, and
finallie did eate up an infinite number of people. Which lie Wierus dooth Jo. Wi
sufficientlie confute. But untill you see and read that, consider whether mag c
Peter could eate rawe flesh without surfetting, speciallie flesh of his owne
kind. Item, that there was an arrowe shot into a woolves thigh, who
afterwards being turned into his former shape of a man, was found in his
bed, with the arrowe in his thigh, which the archer that shot it knew
verie well. Item, that another being Lycanthropus in the forme of a
woolfe, had his woolves feet cut off, and in a moment he became a man
without hands or feete.
He accuseth also one of the mightiest princes in christendome, even of J. Bod
late daies, to be one of those kind of witches (so as he could, when he menda
*heluo
list, turne himselfe to a woolfe) affirming that he was espied and
[* Tex
oftentimes seene to performe that villanie; bicause he would be counted
the king of all witches. He saith that this transubstantiation is most
common in Greece,/ and through out all Asia, as merchant strangers 70.
have reported to him. For Anno Domini. 1542, when Sultan Solimon
reigned, there was such force and multitude of these kind of woolves in
Constantinople, that the emperour drave togither in one flocke 150. of
them, which departed out of the citie in the presence of all the people.
To persuade us the more throughlie heerein, he saith, that in Livonia, A warm
yearelie (about the end of December) a certeine knave or divell warneth to swim
all the witches in the countrie to come to a certeine place: if they faile,
the divell commeth and whippeth them with an iron rod; so as the print I merv
of his lashes remaine upon their bodies for ever. The capteine witch they fo
the div
leadeth the waie through a/ great poole of water: manie millians of punish
witches swim after. They are no sooner passed through that water, but so sore
they are all transformed into woolves, and flie upon and devoure both get no
at his
men, women, cattell, &c. After twelve daies they returne through the
91.
same water, and so receive humane shape againe.
Item, that there was one Bajanus a Jew, being the sonne of Simeon,
which could, when he list, turne himselfe into a woolfe; and by that
meanes could escape the force and danger of a whole armie of men.
Which thing (saith Bodin) is woonderfull: but yet (saith he) it is much
more marvelous, that men will not beleeve it. For manie poets affirme it;
yea, and if you looke well into the matter (saith he) you shall find it easie
to doo. Item, he saith, that as naturall woolves persecute beasts; so doo
these magicall woolves devoure men, women, and children. And yet God Leviti.
saith to the people (I trowe) and not to the cattell of Israell; If you 22]
observe not my commandements, I will send among you the beasts of Deut.
the feeld, which shall devoure both you and your cattell. Item, I will send
the teeth of beasts upon you. Where is Bodins distinction now become?
He never saith, I will send witches in the likenes of wolves, &c: to
devoure you or your cattell. Nevertheles, Bodin saith it is a cleare case:
for the matter was disputed upon before pope Leo the seventh, and by
him all these matters were judged possible: and at that time (saith he)
were the transformations of Lucian and Apuleius made canonicall.
Furthermore he saith, that through this art they are so cunning that no Stasus
man can apprehend them, but when they are a sleepe. Item, he nameth could
appreh
another witch, that (as M. Mal. saith) could not be caught, bicause he and w
would transforme himselfe into a mouse, and runne into everie little hole,
till at length he was killed comming out of the hole of a jamme in a J. Bod
windowe: which indeed is as possible, as a camell to go through a malef.
needels eie. Item, he saith, that diverse witches at Vernon turned
themselves into cats, and both committed and received much hurt. But
at Argentine there was a wonderfull matter done, by three witches of John.
great wealth, who transforming themselves into three cats, assalted a malef.
Spin. &
faggot-maker: who having hurt them all with a faggot sticke, was like to
have beene put to death. But he was miraculouslie delivered, and they Mal. m
worthilie punished; as the storie saith, from whence/ Bodin had it. 3.
92.
After a great manie other such beastlie fables, he inveieth against such
physicians, as saie that Lycanthropia is a disease, and not a An err
transformation. Item, he mainteineth, as sacred and true, all Homers Lycant
fables of Circes and/ Ulyffes his companions: inveieng against 71.
Chrysostome, who rightlie interpreteth *Homers meaning to be, that
Ulyffes his people were by the harlot Circes made in their brutish maners [* Sic.
to resemble swine.
But least some poets fables might be thought lies (whereby the
witchmongers arguments should quaile) he mainteineth for true the most
part of Ovids Metamorphôsis, and the greatest absurdities and
impossibilities in all that booke: marie he thinketh some one tale therein
may be fained. Finallie, he confirmeth all these toies by the storie of
Nabuchadnez-zar. And bicause (saith he) Nabuchadnez-zar continued
seven yeres in the shape of a beast, therefore may witches remaine so
long in the forme of a beast; having in all the meane time, the shape,
haire, voice, strength, agilitie, swiftnes, food and excrements of beasts,
and yet reserve the minds and soules of women or men. Howbeit, S.
Augustine (whether to confute or confirme that opinion judge you) saith; Augus
Non est credendum, humanum corpus dæmonum arte vel potestate in civit. D
Idem.
bestialia lineamenta converti posse: We may not beleeve that a mans spiritu
bodie may be altered into the lineaments of a beast by the divels art or cap. 2
power. Item, Bodin saith, that the reason whie witches are most
commonlie turned into woolves, is; bicause they usuallie eate children, as
woolves eate cattell. Item, that the cause whie other are truelie turned
into asses, is; for that such have beene desirous to understand the
secrets of witches. Whie witches are turned into cats, he alledgeth no
reason, and therefore (to helpe him foorth with that paraphrase) I saie, Ironia.
that witches are curst queanes, and manie times scratch one another, or
their neighbours by the faces; and therefore perchance are turned into
cats. But I have put twentie of these witchmongers to silence with this
one question; to wit, Whether a witch that can turne a woman into a cat,
&c: can also turne a cat into a woman?/

The second Chapter. 93.

Absurd reasons brought by Bodin, and such others, for confirmation of

transformations.
HESE examples and reasons might put us in doubt, that everie
asse, woolfe, or cat that we see, were a man, a woman, or a
child. I marvell that no man useth this distinction in the
definition of a man. But to what end should one dispute against these
creations, and recreations; when Bodin washeth away all our arguments
with one word, confessing that none can create any thing but God;
acknowledging also the force of the canons, and imbracing the opinions
of such divines, as write against him in this behalfe? Yea he dooth now
(contrarie to himselfe elsewhere) affirme, that the divell cannot alter his
forme. And lo, this is his distinction, Non essentialis forma (id est ratio) J. Bod
sed figura solùm permutatur: The essentiall forme (to wit, reason) is not mag. d
cap. 6
changed, but the shape or figure. And thereby he prooveth it easie
enough to create men or beasts with life, so as they remaine without
reason. Howbeit, I thinke it is an easier matter, to turne Bodins reason
into the reason of an asse, than his bodie into the shape of a sheepe:
which he saith is an easie matter; bicause Lots/ wife was turned into a Gen. 1
stone by the divell. Whereby he sheweth his grosse ignorance. As though 26. &
God that commanded Lot upon paine of death not to looke backe, who 72.
also destroied the citie of Sodome at that instant, had not also turned hir
into a salt stone. And as though all this while God had beene the divels
drudge, to go about this businesse all the night before, and when a
miracle should be wrought, the divell must be faine to doo it himselfe.
Item, he affirmeth, that these kind of transfigurations are more J. Bod
common with them in the west parts of the world, than with us here in dæmo
20.
the east. Howbeit, this note is given withall; that that is ment of the M. Ma
second persons, and not of the first: to wit, of the bewitched, and not of quæ. 9
the witches. For they can trans/forme themselves in everie part of the
world, whether it be east, west, north, or south. Marrie he saith, that 94.
spirits and divels vex men most in the north countries, as Norway, John.
Finland, &c: and in the westerne ilands, as in the west India: but among de dæ
cap. 1
the heathen speciallie, and wheresoever Christ is not preached. And that
is true, though not in so foolish, grosse, and corporall a sense as Bodin
taketh it. One notable instance of a witches cunning in this behalfe
touched by Bodin in the chapter aforesaid, I thought good in this place to
repeat: he taketh it out of M. Mal. which tale was delivered to Sprenger Mal. m
by a knight of the Rhods, being of the order of S. Jones at Jerusalem; 2. quæ
and it followeth thus.

The third Chapter.

Of a man turned into an asse, and returned againe into a man by one of
Bodins witches: S. Augustines opinion thereof.
T happened in the city of Salamin, in the kingdome of Cyprus
(wherein is a good haven) that a ship loaden with merchandize
staied there for a short space. In the meane time many of the
souldiers and mariners went to shoare, to provide fresh victuals. Among What t
which number, a certaine English man, being a sturdie yoong fellowe, shuld t
meane
went to a womans house, a little waie out of the citie, and not farre from chois o
the sea side, to see whether she had anie egs to sell. Who perceiving English
him to be a lustie yoong fellowe, a stranger, and farre from his countrie
(so as upon the losse of him there would be the lesse misse or inquirie)
she considered with hir selfe how to destroie him; and willed him to staie
there awhile, whilest she went to fetch a few egs for him. But she tarried
long, so as the yoong man called unto hir, desiring hir to make hast: for
he told hir that the tide would be spent, and by that meanes his ship
would be gone, and leave him behind. Howbeit, after some detracting of
time, she brought him a few egs, willing him to returne to hir, if his ship
were gone when he came. The young fel/lowe returned towards his ship: 95.
but before he went aboord, hee would needs eate an eg or twaine to
satisfie his hunger, and within short space he became dumb and out of A stran
his wits (as he afterwards said.) When he would have entred into the metam
of bod
ship, the mariners beat him backe with a cudgell, saieng; What a murren of min
lacks the asse? Whi/ther the divell will this asse? The asse or yoong man
(I cannot tell by which name I should terme him) being many times 73.
repelled, and understanding their words that called him asse, considering
that he could speake never a word, and yet could understand everie
bodie; he thought that he was bewitched by the woman, at whose house
he was. And therefore, when by no meanes he could get into the boate,
but was driven to tarrie and see hir departure; being also beaten from
place to place, as an asse: he remembred the witches words, and the
words of his owne fellowes that called him asse, and returned to the
witches house, in whose service hee remained by the space of three
yeares, dooing nothing with his hands all that while, but carried such
burthens as she laied on his backe; having onelie this comfort, that
although he were reputed an asse among strangers and beasts, yet that
both this witch, and all other witches knew him to be a man.
After three yeares were passed over, in a morning betimes he went to
towne before his dame; who upon some occasion (of like to make water)
staied a little behind. In the meane time being neere to a church, he
heard a little saccaring bell ring to the elevation of a morrowe masse, Note t
and not daring to go into the church, least he should have beene beaten of the
and driven out with cudgels, in great devotion he fell downe in the
churchyard, upon the knees of his hinder legs, and did lift his forefeet
over his head, as the preest doth hold the sacrament at the elevation.
Which prodigious sight when certeine merchants of Genua espied, and
with woonder beheld; anon commeth the witch with a cudgell in hir
hand, beating foorth the asse. And bicause (as it hath beene said) such
kinds of witchcrafts are verie usuall in those parts; the merchants
aforesaid made such meanes, as both the asse and the witch were
attached by the judge. And she being examined and set upon the racke,
confessed the whole matter, and promised, that if she might have libertie
to go home, she would restore him to his old/ shape: and being 96.
dismissed, she did accordinglie. So as notwithstanding they apprehended
hir againe, and burned hir: and the yoong man returned into his countrie
with a joifull and merrie hart.
Upon the advantage of this storie M. Mal. Bodin, and the residue of the Augus
witchmongers triumph; and speciallie bicause S. Augustine subscribeth civi. D
& 18.
thereunto; or at the least to the verie like. Which I must confesse I find
too common in his books, insomuch as I judge them rather to be foisted
in by some fond papist or witchmonger, than so learned a mans dooings.
The best is, that he himselfe is no eiewitnesse to any of those his tales;
but speaketh onelie by report; wherein he uttereth these words: to wit,
that It were a point of great incivilitie, &c: to discredit so manie and so
certeine reports. And in that respect he justifieth the corporall
transfigurations of Ulysses his mates, throgh the witchcraft of Circes: and
that foolish fable of Præstantius his father, who (he saith) did eate
provender and haie among other horsses, being himselfe turned into an
horsse. Yea he verifieth the starkest lie that ever was invented, of the At the
two alewives that used to transforme all their ghests into horsses, and to Arcadi
sell them awaie at markets and faires. And therefore I saie with
Cardanus, that how much Augustin saith he hath seen with his eies, so
much I am/ content to beleeve. Howbeit S. Augustin concludeth against 74.
Bodin. For he affirmeth these transubstantiations to be but fantasticall, Card. d
and that they are not according to the veritie, but according to the rerum
cap. 8
appearance. And yet I cannot allow of such appearances made by Augus
witches, or yet by divels: for I find no such power given by God to any de civi
creature. And I would wit of S. Augustine, where they became, whom
Bodins transformed woolves devoured. But
—————————————ô quàm
Credula mens hominis, & erectæ fabulis aures!
*Good Lord! how light of credit is [* Rom.
the waveriug mind of man! Englishe
How unto tales and lies his eares Abraham
Fleming
attentive all they can?/

Generall councels, and the popes canons, which Bodin so regardeth, 97.
doo condemne and pronounce his opinions in this behalfe to be absurd;
and the residue of the witchmongers, with himselfe in the number, to be
woorsse than infidels. And these are the verie words of the canons, Canon
which else-where I have more largelie repeated; Whosoever beleeveth, 5. epis
con. a
that anie creature can be made or changed into better or woorsse, or
transformed into anie other shape, or into anie other similitude, by anie
other than by God himselfe the creator of all things, without all doubt is
an infidell, and woorsse than a pagan. And therewithall this reason is
rendered, to wit: bicause they attribute that to a creature, which onelie
belongeth to God the creator of all things.

The fourth Chapter.

A summarie of the former fable, with a refutation thereof, after due
examination of the same.
ONCERNING the veritie or probabilitie of this enterlude, betwixt
Bodin, M. Mal. the witch, the asse, the masse, the merchants,
the inquisitors, the tormentors, &c: First I woonder at the
miracle of transubstantiation: Secondlie at the impudencie of Bodin and
James Sprenger, for affirming so grosse a lie, devised beelike by the
knight of the Rhodes, to make a foole of Sprenger, and an asse of Bodin:
Thirdlie, that the asse had no more wit than to kneele downe and hold
up his forefeete to a peece of starch or flowre, which neither would, nor
could, nor did helpe him: Fourthlie, that the masse could not reforme
that which the witch transformed: Fiftlie, that the merchants, the
inquisitors, and the tormentors, could not either severallie or jointlie doo
it, but referre the matter to the witches courtesie and good pleasure.
But where was the yoong mans owne shape all these three yeares, His sha
wherein he was made an asse? It is a certeine and a generall rule, that the wo
else sh
two substantiall formes cannot be in one subject Simul & semel, both at
once: which is confessed by themselves. The/ forme of the beast 98.
occupied some/ place in the aire, and so I thinke should the forme of a
man doo also. For to bring the bodie of a man, without feeling, into such 75.
a thin airie nature, as that it can neither be seene nor felt, it may well be Mal. m
unlikelie, but it is verie impossible: for the aire is inconstant, and quæ. 2
continueth not in one place. So as this airie creature would soone be
carried into another region: as else-where I have largelie prooved. But In my
indeed our bodies are visible, sensitive, and passive, and are indued with of spir
divels,
manie other excellent properties, which all the divels in hell are not able 17 boo
to alter: neither can one haire of our head perish, or fall awaie, or be volume
transformed, without the speciall providence of God almightie.
But to proceed unto the probabilitie of this storie. What lucke was it,
that this yoong fellow of England, landing so latelie in those parts, and
that old woman of Cyprus, being both of so base a condition, should
both understand one anothers communication; England and Cyprus
being so manie hundred miles distant, and their languages so farre
differing? I am sure in these daies, wherein trafficke is more used, and
learning in more price; few yong or old mariners in this realme can either
speake or understand the language spoken at Salamin in Cyprus, which
is a kind of Greeke; and as few old women there can speake our
language. But Bodin will saie; You heare, that at the inquisitors
commandement, and through the tormentors correction, she promised to
restore him to his owne shape: and so she did, as being thereunto
compelled. I answer, that as the whole storie is an impious fable; so this
assertion is false, and disagreeable to their owne doctrine, which
mainteineth, that the witch dooth nothing but by the permission and
leave of God. For if she could doo or undoo such a thing at hir owne
pleasure, or at the commandement of the inquisitors, or for feare of the
tormentors, or for love of the partie, or for remorse of conscience: then
is it not either by the extraordinarie leave, nor yet by the like direction of
God; except you will make him a confederate with old witches. I for my
part woonder most, how they can turne and tosse a mans bodie so, and
make it smaller and greater, to wit, like a mowse, or like an asse, &c: and
the man all this while to feele no paine. And I am not alone in this maze:
for Danæus a special mainteiner of their fol/lies saith, that although Dan. in
Augustine and Apuleius doo write verie crediblie of these matters; yet will cap. 3
he never beleeve, that witches can change men into other formes; as 99.
asses, apes, woolves, beares, mice, &c. Augus
civit. D
18.
The fift Chapter.
That the bodie of a man cannot be turned into the bodie of a beast by a
witch, is prooved by strong reasons, scriptures, and authorities.
UT was this man an asse all this while? Or was this asse a man?
Bodin saith (his reason onelie reserved) he was trulie
transubstantiated into an asse; so as there must be no part of a
man, but reason remaining in this asse. And yet Hermes Trismegistus Herme
thinketh he hath good authoritie and reason to saie; Aliud corpus quàm in suo
humanum non capere animam humanam; nec/ fas esse in corpus animæ 76.
ratione carentis animam rationalem corruere; that is; An humane soule
cannot receive anie other than an humane bodie, nor yet canne light into
a bodie that wanteth reason of mind. But S. James saith; the bodie Jam. 2
without the spirit is dead. And surelie, when the soule is departed from
the bodie, the life of man is dissolved: and therefore Paule wished to be Phili. 1
dissolved, when he would have beene with Christ. The bodie of man is
subject to divers kinds of agues, sicknesses, and infirmities, whereunto
an asses bodie is not inclined: and mans bodie must be fed with bread,
&c: and not with hay. Bodins asseheaded man must either eate haie, or
nothing: as appeareth in the storie. Mans bodie also is subject unto
death, and hath his daies numbred. If this fellowe had died in the meane
time, as his houre might have beene come, for anie thing the divels, the
witch, or Bodin knew; I mervell then what would have become of this
asse, or how the witch could have restored him to shape, or whether he
should have risen at the daie of judgement in an asses bodie and shape.
For Paule saith, that that verie bodie which is sowne and buried a 1. Cor.
naturall bodie, is raised/ a spirituall bodie. The life of Jesus is made
manifest in our mortall flesh, and not in the flesh of an asse. 100.

God hath endued everie man and everie thing with his proper nature,
substance, forme, qualities, and gifts, and directeth their waies. As for
the waies of an asse, he taketh no such care: howbeit, they have also
their properties and substance severall to themselves. For there is one
flesh (saith Paule) of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, 1. Cor.
another of birds. And therefore it is absolutelie against the ordinance of
God (who hath made me a man) that I should flie like a bird, or swim
like a fish, or creepe like a worme, or become an asse in shape:
insomuch as if God would give me leave, I cannot doo it; for it were
contrarie to his owne order and decree, and to the constitution of anie
bodie which he hath made. Yea the spirits themselves have their lawes Psal. 1
and limits prescribed, beyond the which they cannot passe one haires
breadth; otherwise God should be contrarie to himselfe: which is farre
from him. Neither is Gods omnipotencie hereby qualified, but the divels
impotencie manifested, who hath none other power, but that which God
from the beginning hath appointed unto him, consonant to his nature
and substance. He may well be restreined from his power and will, but
beyond the same he cannot passe, as being Gods minister, no further but
in that which he hath from the beginning enabled him to doo: which is,
that he being a spirit, may with Gods leave and ordinance viciat and
corrupt the spirit and will of man: wherein he is verie diligent.
What a beastlie assertion is it, that a man, whom GOD hath made
according to his owne similitude and likenes, should be by a witch turned
into a beast? What an impietie is it to affirme, that an asses bodie is the
temple of the Holy-ghost? Or an asse to be the child of God, and God to
be his father; as it is said of man? Which Paule to the Corinthians so 1. Cor.
divinelie confuteth, who saith, that Our bodies are the members of verse.
verse.
Christ. In the which we are to glorifie God: for the bodie is for the Lord, 13.
and the Lord is for the bodie. Surelie he meaneth not for an asses bodie,
as by this time I hope appeareth: in such wise as Bodin may go hide him
for/ shame; especiallie when he shall understand, that even into these 77.
our bodies, which God hath framed after his owne like/nesse, he hath
also brethed that spirit, which Bodin saith is now remaining within an 101.
asses bodie, which God hath so subjected in such servilitie under the
foote of man; Of whom God is so mindfull, that he hath made him little Psalm.
lower than angels, yea than himselfe, and crowned him with glorie and 5, 6, 7
worship, and made him to have dominion over the workes of his hands,
as having put all things under his feete, all sheepe and oxen, yea
woolves, asses, and all other beasts of the field, the foules of the aire,
the fishes of the sea, &c. Bodins poet, Ovid, whose Metamorphôsis make
so much for him, saith to the overthrow of this phantasticall imagination:
Os homini sublime dedit, cœlúmque videre
Jussit, & erectos ad sydera tollere vultus.
The effect of which verses is this;
*The Lord did set mans face so hie, [* Rom.
That he the heavens might behold,
 And looke up to the starrie skie,
To see his woonders manifold.

Now, if a witch or a divell can so alter the shape of a man, as

contrarilie to make him looke downe to hell, like a beast; Gods works
should not onelie be defaced and disgraced, but his ordinance should be
woonderfullie altered, and thereby confounded.

The sixt Chapter.

The witchmongers objections, concerning Nabuchadnez-zar answered,
and their errour concerning Lycanthropia confuted.
ALLEUS MALEFICARUM, Bodin, and manie other of them that Their
mainteine witchcraft, triumph upon the storie of Nabuchadnez- ground
as sure
zar; as though Circes had transformed him with hir sorceries into a quick
an oxe, as she did others into swine, &c. I answer, that he was neither in the tai
bodie nor shape transformed at all, accor/ding to their grosse
imagination; as appeareth both by the plaine words of the text, and also 102.
by the opinions of the best interpretors thereof: but that he was, for his Dan. 4
beastlie government and conditions, throwne out of his kingdome and
banished for a time, and driven to hide himselfe in the wildernesse, there
in exile to lead his life in beastlie sort, among beasts of the field, and
fowles of the aire (for by the waie I tell you it appeareth by the text, that
he was rather turned into the shape of a fowle than of a beast) untill he
rejecting his beastlie conditions, was upon his repentance and
amendment called home, and restored unto his kingdome. Howbeit, this
(by their confession) was neither divels nor witches dooing; but a miracle
wrought by God, whom alone I acknowledge to be able to bring to passe
such workes at his pleasure. Wherein I would know what our
witchmongers have gained./ 78.

I am not ignorant that some write, that after the death of Cor. Ag
Nabuchadnez-zar, his sonne *Eilumorodath gave his bodie to the ravens vanit.
44.
to be devoured, least afterwards his father should arise from death, who
[* tr. o
of a beast became a man againe. But this tale is meeter to have place in
the Cabalisticall art, to wit: among unwritten verities than here. To
conclude, I saie that the transformations, which these witchmongers doo
so rave and rage upon, is (as all the learned sort of physicians affirme) a
disease proceeding partlie from melancholie, wherebie manie suppose
themselves to be woolves, or such ravening beasts. For Lycanthropia is of Paul. A
the ancient physicians called Lupina melancholia, or Lupina insania. J. 3. c. 1
Aetius
Wierus declareth verie learnedlie, the cause, the circumstance, and the
cure of this disease. I have written the more herein; bicause hereby 11.
J. Wie
great princes and potentates, as well as poore women and innocents, dæm.
have beene defamed and accounted among the number of witches./ 23.

The seventh Chapter. 103.

A speciall objection answered concerning transportations, with the

consent of diverse writers thereupon.
OR the maintenance of witches transportations, they object the
words of the Gospell, where the divell is said to take up Christ, Matth.
and to set him on a pinnacle of the temple, and on a mountaine, Luk. 3
&c. Which if he had doone in maner and forme as they suppose, it
followeth not therefore that witches could doo the like; nor yet that the
divell would doo it for them at their pleasure; for they know not their
thoughts, neither can otherwise communicate with them. But I answer, Answe
that if it were so grosselie to be understood, as they imagine it, yet former
should it make nothing to their purpose. For I hope they will not saie,
that Christ had made anie ointments, or entred into anie league with the
divell, and by vertue thereof was transported from out of the wildernes,
unto the top of the temple of Jerusalem; or that the divell could have
maisteries over his bodie, whose soule he could never laie hold upon;
especiallie when he might (with a becke of his finger) have called unto
him, and have had the assistance of manie legions of angels. Neither (as Matt. 2
I thinke) will they presume to make Christ partaker of the divels purpose
and sinne in that behalfe. If they saie; This was an action wrought by the
speciall providence of God, and by his appointment, that the scripture
might be fulfilled: then what gaine our witchmongers by this place? First,
for that they maie not produce a particular example to prove so generall
an argument. And againe, if it were by Gods speciall providence and
appointment; then why should it not be doone by the hand of God, as it
was in the storie of Job? Or if it were Gods speciall purpose and pleasure, Job. 1,
that there should be so extraordinarie a matter brought to passe by the Job. 2,
hand of the divell; could not God have given to the wicked angell
extraordinarie power, and cloathed him with extraordinarie shape;
where/by he might be made an instrument able to accomplish that 104.
matter, as he did to his angell that carried Abacuck to Daniell, and to
them that he sent to destroie Sodome? But you shall understand, that/ 79.
this was doone in a vision, and not in veritie of action. So as they have a
verie cold pull of this place, which is the speciall peece of scripture
alledged of them for their transportations.
 Heare therefore what Calvine saith in his commentarie upon that place, J. Calv
in these words; The question is, whether Christ were carried aloft indeed, harmo
in Mat
or whether it were but in a vision? Manie affirme verie obstinatlie, that Luk. 4
his bodie was trulie and reallie as they saie taken up: bicause they thinke
it too great an indignitie for Christ to be made subject to sathans
illusions. But this objection is easilie washed awaie. For it is no absurditie
to grant all this to be wrought through Gods permission, or Christes
voluntarie subjection: so long as we yeeld not to thinke that he suffered
these temptations inwardlie, that is to saie, in mind or soule. And that
which is afterwards set downe by the Evangelist, where the divell shewed
him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glorie of the same, and that
to be doone (as it is said in Luke) in the twinkling of an eie, dooth more
agree with a vision than with a reall action. So farre are the verie words
of Calvine. Which differ not one syllable nor five words from that which I
had written herein, before I looked for his opinion in the matter. And this
I hope will be sufficient to overthrow the assertions of them that laie the
ground of their transportations and flieng in the aire hereupon.
He that will saie, that these words; to wit, that Christ was taken up,
&c: can hardlie be applied to a vision, let him turne to the prophesie of
Ezechiell, and see the selfe-same words used in a vision: saving that Ezec. 3
where Christ is said to be taken up by the divell, Ezechiell is taken up, 14.
and lifted up, and carried by the spirit of God, and yet in a vision. But
they have lesse reason that build upon this sandie rocke, the
supernaturall frame of transubstantiation; as almost all our witching
writers doo. For Sprenger & Institor saie, that the divell in the likenesse Mal. m
of a falcon caught him up. Danæus saith, it was in the similitude of a
man; others saie, of an angell painted with wings; others, invisiblie: Ergo
the di/vell can take (saie they) what shape he list. But though some may 105.
cavill upon the divels transforming of himselfe; yet, that either divell or
witch can transforme or transubstantiat others, there is no tittle nor
colour in the scriptures to helpe them. If there were authoritie for it, and
that it were past all peradventure, lo, what an easie matter it is to
resubstantiate an asse into a man. For Bodin saith upon the word of
Apuleius, that if the asse eate new roses, anise, or baie leaves out of J. Bod
spring water, it will presentlie returne him into a man. Which thing dæm.
Sprenger saith maie be doone, by washing the asse in faire water: yea In Mal
he sheweth an instance, where, by drinking of water an asse was turned
into a man.

The eight Chapter.

 The witchmongers objection concerning the historie of Job answered.
HESE witchmongers, for lacke of better arguments, doo manie
times object Job against me; although there be never a word in
that storie, which either maketh for them, or against me: in so
much as there is not/ the name of a witch mentioned in the whole 80.
booke. But (I praie you) what witchmonger now seeing one so afflicted
as Job, would not saie he were bewitched, as Job never saith? aFor first a Job.
there came a messenger unto him, and said; Thy oxen were plowing,
and thy asses were feeding in their places, band the Sabeans came b verse
violentlie and tooke them; yea they have slaine thy servants with the
edge of the sword; but I onelie am escaped to tell thee. cAnd whilest he c verse
was yet speaking, another came, and said; The fier of God is fallen from
the heaven, & hath burnt up thy sheepe and thy servants, and devoured
them; but I onlie am escaped to tell thee. dAnd while he was yet d verse
speaking, another came, and said; The Chaldæans set out their bands,
and fell upon thy camels, and have taken them, and have slaine thy 106.
servants with the edge of the sword; but I onelie am/ escaped alone to
tell thee. eAnd whilest he was yet speaking, came another, and said; Thy e verse
sonnes and thy daughters were eating and drinking wine in their elder
brothers house, fand behold there came a great wind from beyond the f verse
wildernesse, and smote the foure corners of the house, which fell upon
thy children, and they are dead; and I onlie am escaped alone to tell
thee. gBesides all this, he was smitten with biles, from the sole of his g Ibid.
foote to the crowne of his head. If anie man in these daies called Job 7.
should be by the appointment or hand of God thus handled, as this Job
was; I warrant you that all the old women in the countrie would be called
Coram nobis: warrants would be sent out on everie side, publike and
private inquirie made what old women latelie resorted to Jobs house, or
to anie of those places, where these misfortunes fell. If anie poore old
woman had chanced within two or three moneths to have borrowed a
curtsie of *seasing, or to have fetcht from thence a pot of milke, or had [* ? se
she required some almes, and not obteined it at Jobs hand; there had
beene argument enough to have brought hir to confusion: and to be
more certeine to have the right witch apprehended, figures must have
beene cast, the sive and sheares must have beene set on worke; yea
rather than the witch should escape, a conjuror must have earned a little
monie, a circle must have beene made, and a divell raised to tell the
truth: mother Bungie must have been gon unto, and after she had
learned hir name, whom Job most suspected, she would have confirmed
the suspicion with artificiall accusations: in the end, some woman or
other must have beene hanged for it. But as Job said; Dominus dedit: so
said he not; Diabolus vel Lamia sed Dominus abstulit. Which agreeth with
the tenor of the text, where it is written, that the divell at everie of Jobs
afflictions desired God to laie his hand upon him. Insomuch as Job J. Calv
imputed no part of his calamitie unto divels, witches, nor yet unto cap. 1
conjurors, or their inchantments; as we have learned now to doo. Neither
sinned he, or did God any wrong, when he laid it to his charge: but we
dishonour God greatlie, when we attribute either the power or proprietie
of God the creator unto a creature.
*Calvine saith; We derogate much from Gods glorie and omnipotencie, J. Calv
when we saie he dooth but give sathan leave to doo it: which is (saith Job, ca
Sermo
he) to mocke Gods justice; and so fond an asser/tion, that if asses could Muscu
speake, they would speake more wiselie than so. For a temporall judge comm
saith not to/ the hangman; I give thee leave to hang this offender, but Idem,
commandeth him to doo it. But the mainteiners of witches omnipotencie, 107.
saie; Doo you not see how reallie and palpablie the divell tempted and 81.
plagued Job? I answer first, that there is no corporall or visible divell
named nor seene in any part of that circumstance; secondlie, that it was
the hand of God that did it; thirdlie, that as there is no communitie
betweene the person of a witch, and the person of a divell, so was there
not any conference or practise betwixt them in this case.
And as touching the communication betwixt God and the divell, behold J. Calv
what Calvine saith, writing or rather preaching of purpose upon that sermo
place, wherupon they thinke they have so great advantage; When sathan
is said to appeere before God, it is not doone in some place certeine, but
the scripture speaketh so to applie it selfe to our rudenes. Certeinlie the
divell in this and such like cases is an instrument to worke Gods will, and
not his owne: and therefore it is an ignorant and an ungodlie saieng (as
Calvine judgeth it) to affirme, that God dooth but permit and suffer the
divell. For if sathan were so at his owne libertie (saith he) we should be
overwhelmed at a sudden. And doubtlesse, if he had power to hurt the
bodie, there were no waie to resist: for he would come invisiblie upon us,
and knocke us on the heads; yea hee would watch the best and dispatch
them, whilest they were about some wicked act. If they saie; God
commandeth him, no bodie impugneth them: but that God should give
him leave, I saie with Calvine, that the divell is not in such favour with
God, as to obteine any such request at his hands.
And wheras by our witchmongers opinions and arguments, the witch
procureth the divell, and the divell asketh leave of God to plague whom
the witch is disposed: there is not (as I have said) any such corporall
communication betweene the divell and a witch, as witchmongers
imagine. Neither is God mooved at all at sathans sute, who hath no such J. Calv
favour or grace with him, as to obteine any thing at his hands. cap. 1
5.
But M. Mal. and his friends denie, that there were any witches in Jobs
time: yea the witchmongers are content to saie, that/ there were none Mal. m
found to exercise this art in Christs time, from his birth to his death, even quæst
Idem p
by the space of thirtie three yeares. If there had beene anie (saie they) quæst
they should have beene there spoken of. As touching the authoritie of 108.
the booke of Job, there is no question but that it is verie canonicall and Note w
authentike. Howbeit, manie writers, both of the Jewes and others, are of touchi
opinion, that Moses was the author of this booke; and that he did set it booke
as a looking glasse before the people: to the intent the children of
Abraham (of whose race he himselfe came) might knowe, that God
shewed favour to others that were not of the same line, and be ashamed
of their wickednesse: seeing an uncircumcised Painime had so well
demeaned himselfe. Upon which argument Calvine (though he had
written upon the same) saith, that Forsomuch as it is uncerteine,
whether it were Res gesta or Exempli gratia, we must leave it in
suspense. Nevertheles (saith he) let us take that which is out of all
doubt; namelie, that the Holy-ghost hath indited the booke, to the end
that the Jewes should knowe that God hath had a people alwaies to
serve him throughout the world, even of such as were no/ Jewes, nor 82.
segregated from other nations.
Howbeit, I for my part denie not the veritie of the storie; though
indeed I must confesse, that I thinke there was no such corporall
enterlude betweene God, the divell, and Job, as they imagine: neither
anie such reall presence and communication as the witchmongers
conceive and mainteine; who are so grosse herein, that they doo not
onlie beleeve, but publish so palpable absurdities concerning such reall
actions betwixt the divell and man, as a wise man would be ashamed to
read, but much more to credit: as that S. Dunstan lead the divell about In lege
the house by the nose with a paire of pinsors or tongs, and made him
rore so lowd, as the place roong thereof, &c: with a thousand the like
fables, without which neither the art of poperie nor of witchcraft could
stand. But you may see more of this matter else-where, where in few
words (which I thought good here to omit, least I should seeme to use
too manie repetitions) I answer effectuallie to their cavils about this
place./
 The ninth Chapter. 109.

What severall sorts of witches are mentioned in the scriptures, and how
the word witch is there applied.
UT what sorts of witches so ever M. Mal. or Bodin saie there are;
Moses spake onlie of foure kinds of impious couseners or
witches (whereof our witchmongers old women which danse
with the fairies, &c; are none.) The first were Præstigiatores Pharaonis, 1. Præ
which (as all divines, both Hebrues and others conclude) were but Pharao
couseners and jugglers, deceiving the kings eies with illusions and
sleights; and making false things to appeare as true: which nevertheles
our witches cannot doo. The second is Mecasapha, which is she that 2. Mec
destroieth with poison. The third are such as use sundrie kinds of
divinations, and hereunto perteine these words, Kasam, Onen, Ob, Idoni. 3. Kas
The fourth is Habar, to wit: when magicians, or rather such, as would be Ob. Id
reputed cunning therein, mumble certeine secret words, wherin is 4. Hab
thought to be great efficacie.
These are all couseners and abusers of the people in their severall
kinds. But bicause they are all termed of our translators by the name of
witches in the Bible: therefore the lies of M. Mal. and Bodin, and all our
old wives tales are applied unto these names, and easilie beleeved of the
common people, who have never hitherto beene instructed in the
understanding of these words. In which respect, I will (by Gods grace)
shew you (concerning the signification of them) the opinion of the most
learned in our age; speciallie of Johannes Wierus; who though hee
himselfe were singularlie learned in the toongs, yet for his satisfaction
and full resolution in the same, he sent for the judgement of Andræas
Massius, the most famous Hebrician in the world, and had it in such [or Ma
sense and order, as I meane to set downe unto you. And yet I give you
this note by the waie, that witchcraft or inchantment is diverslie taken in Note.
the scriptures; somtimes nothing tending to such end as it is commonlie
thought to doo. For in 1 Sa/muell, 15, 23. it is all one with rebellion. 110.
Jesabell for hir idolatrous life/ is called a witch. Also in the new 1. Sa.
testament, even S. Paule saith the Galathians are bewitched, bicause 83.
they were seduced and lead from the true understanding of the 2. Re.
scriptures. Gal. 3,

Item sometimes it is taken in good part; as the magicians that came to Matth.
worship and offer to Christ: and also where Daniell is said to be an
inchanter, yea a principall inchanter: which title being given him in divers Daniel
places of that storie, he never seemeth to refuse or dislike; but rather
intreateth for the pardon and qualification of the rigor towards other
inchanters, which were meere couseners indeed: as appeareth in the
second chapter of Daniell, where you may see that the king espied their Dan. 2
fetches.
Sometimes such are called conjurors, as being but roges, and lewd Actes.
people, would use the name of Jesus to worke miracles, whereby, though
they being faithlesse could worke nothing; yet is their practise
condemned by the name of conjuration. Sometimes jugglers are called Gen. 4
witches. Sometimes also they are called sorcerers, that impugne the Exod.
Acts 1
gospell of Christ, and seduce others with violent persuasions. Sometimes Exod.
a murtherer with poison is called a witch. Sometimes they are so termed Acts. 1
by the verie signification of their names; as Elimas, which signifieth a Acts. 1
Cantic
sorcerer. Sometimes bicause they studie curious and vaine arts. Salom
Sometimes it is taken for woonding or greeving of the hart. Yea the verie verse.
word Magus, which is Latine for a magician, is translated a witch; and yet
it was hertofore alwaies taken in the good part. And at this daie it is
indifferent to saie in the English toong; She is a witch; or, She is a wise
woman.
Sometimes observers of dreames, sometimes soothsaiers, sometimes
the observers of the flieng of foules, of the meeting of todes, the falling Deut.
of salt, &c: are called witches. Sometimes he or she is called a witch, Jerem
Acts. 8
that take upon them either for gaine or glorie, to doo miracles; and yet
can doo nothing. Sometimes they are called witches in common speech,
that are old, lame, curst, or melancholike, as a nickname. But as for our
old women, that are said to hurt children with their eies, or lambs with
their lookes, or that pull downe the moone out of heaven, or make so
foolish a bargaine, or doo such homage to the divell; you shall not read
in the bible of any such witches, or of any such actions imputed to
them.//
 ¶ The sixt Booke. 111. 8

The first Chapter.

The exposition of this Hebrue word Chasaph, wherein is answered the
objection conteined in Exodus 22. to wit: Thou shalt not suffer a witch to
live, and of Simon Magus. Acts. 8.
HASAPH, being an Hebrue word, is Latined Veneficium, and is in
English, poisoning, or witchcraft; if you will so have it. The Hebrue
sentence written in Exodus, 22. is by the 70. interpretors translated
thus into Greeke, Φαρμακοῦς οὐκ ἐπιζεώσετε, which in Latine is, Veneficos
(sive) veneficas non retinebitis in vita, in English, You shall not suffer anie
poisoners, or (as it is translated) witches to live. The which sentence
Josephus an Hebrue borne, and a man of great estimation, learning and Joseph
fame, interpreteth in this wise; Let none of the children of Israel have any Judæo
antiqui
poison that is deadlie, or prepared to anie hurtfull use. If anie be
apprehended with such stuffe, let him be put to death, and suffer that which
he ment to doo to them, for whom he prepared it. The Rabbins exposition
agree heerewithall. Lex Cornelia differeth not from this sense, to wit, that he
must suffer death, which either maketh, selleth, or hath anie poison, to the
intent to kill anie man. This word is found in these places following: Exodus.
22, 18. Deut. 18, 10. 2. Sam. 9, 22. Dan. 2, 2. 2. Chr. 33, 6. Esay. 47, 9, 12.
Malach, 3, 5. Jerem. 27, 9. Mich. 5, 2. Nah. 3, 4. bis. Howbeit, in all our
English/ translations, Chasaph is translated, witchcraft. 112.

And bicause I will avoid prolixitie and contention both at once, I will admit
that Veneficæ were such witches, as with their poisons did much hurt among
the children of Israell; and I will not denie that there remaine such untill this
daie, bewitching men, and making them beleeve, that by vertue of words,
and certeine ceremonies, they bring to passe such mischeefes, and
intoxications, as they indeed accomplish by poisons. And this abuse in
cousenage of people, together with the taking of Gods name in vaine, in
manie places of the scripture is reprooved, especiallie by the name of
witchcraft, even where no poisons are. According to the sense which S. Paule
useth to the Galathians in these words, where he sheweth plainelie, that the Gal. 3,
true signification of witchcraft is cousenage; O ye foolish Galathians (saith he)
who hath bewitched you? to wit, cousened or abused you, making you
beleeve a thing which is neither so nor so. Whereby he meaneth not to aske
of them, who have with charmes, &c: or with poisons deprived them of their
health, life, cattell, or children, &c: but who hath abused or cousened them,
to make them beleeve lies. This phrase is also used by Job. 15. But that we Job. 15
may be throughlie resolved of the true meaning of this phrase used by Paule,
Gal. 3. let us examine the description of a notable witch called Simon Magus,
made by S. Luke; There was (saith he) in the citie of Samaria, a certeine man Acts. 8
called Simon,/ which used witchcraft, and bewitched the people of Samaria,
saieng that he himself was some great man. I demand, in what other thing 85.
here do we see anie witchcraft, than that he abused the people, making them
beleeve he could worke miracles, whereas in truth he could doo no such
thing; as manifestlie may appeare in the 13. and 19. verses of the same
chapter: where he wondered at the miracles wrought by the apostles, and
would have purchased with monie the power of the Holy-ghost to worke
wonders.
It will be said, the people had reason to beleeve him, bicause it is written, Acts. 8
that he of long time had bewitched them with sorceries. But let the bewitched
Galathians be a warning both to the bewitched Samaritans, and to all other
that are cousened or bewitched through false doctrine, or legierdemaine;
least while they attend to such fables and lies, they be brought into
ignorance,/ and so in time be led with them awaie from God. And finallie, let 113.
us all abandon such witches and couseners, as with Simon Magus set
themselves in the place of God, boasting that they can doo miracles, expound
dreames, foretell things to come, raise the dead, &c: which are the workes of
the Holy-ghost, who onlie searcheth the heart and reines, and onelie worketh 1. Reg
great wonders, which are now staied and accomplished in Christ, in whome Matth.
25. 22
who so stedfastlie beleeveth shall not need to be by such meanes resolved or Acts. 1
confirmed in his doctrine and gospell. And as for the unfaithfull, they shall 8.
have none other miracle shewed unto them, but the signe of Jonas the Rom. 8
Mark. 2
prophet. Luk. 6,
& 9.
And therefore I saie, whatsoever they be that with Simon Magus take upon
Joh. 1
them to worke such wonders, by soothsaieng, sorcerie, or witchcraft, are but 13.
liers, deceivers, and couseners, according to Syrachs saieng; Sorcerie, Apoc. 2
Luk. 11
witchcraft, soothsaieng, and dreames, are but vanitie, and the lawe shalbe
fulfilled without such lies. God commanded the people, that they should not Eccl. 3

regard them that wrought with spirits, nor soothsaiers: for the estimation that Eccl. 3
was attributed unto them, offended God. Levi. 1

The second Chapter.

The place of Deuteronomie expounded, wherin are recited all kind of witches;
also their opinions confuted, which hold that they can worke such miracles
as are imputed unto them.
HE greatest and most common objection is, that if there were not
some, which could worke such miraculous or supernaturall feats, by Deut. 1
themselves, or by their divels, it should not have beene said; Let
none be found among you, that maketh his sonne or his daughter to go
through the fier, or that useth witchcraft, or is a regarder of times, or a
marker of the flieng of fowles, or a sorcerer, or a charmer, or that counselleth
with spirits, or a soothsaier, or that asketh counsell of the dead, or (as some
translate it)/ that raiseth the dead. But as there is no one place in the 114.
scripture that saith they can worke miracles, so it shalbe easie to proove, that
these were all couseners, everie one abusing the people in his/ severall kind; 86.
and are accurssed of God. Not that they can doo all such things indeed, as
there is expressed; but for that they take upon them to be the mightie power
of God, and to doo that which is the onelie worke of him, seducing the
people, and blaspheming the name of God, who will not give his glorie to Esay. 4
anie creature, being himselfe the king of glorie and omnipotencie. Ps. 24.

First I aske, what miracle was wrought by their passing through the fier?
Trulie it cannot be prooved that anie effect followed; but that the people were
bewitched, to suppose their sinnes to be purged thereby; as the Spaniards
thinke of scourging and whipping themselves. So as Gods power was imputed
to that action, and so forbidden as an idolatrous sorcerie. What woonders
worketh the regarder of times? What other divell dealeth he withall, than with
the spirit of superstition? Doth he not deceive himselfe and others, and
therefore is worthilie condemned for a witch? What spirit useth he, which
marketh the flieng of fowles? Nevertheles, he is here condemned as a
practiser of witchcraft; bicause he couseneth the people, and taketh upon
him to be a prophet; impiouslie referring Gods certeine ordinances to the
flittering fethers and uncerteine waies of a bird. The like effects produceth
sorcerie, charming, consultation with spirits, soothsaieng, and consulting with
the dead: in everie of the which Gods power is obscured, his glorie defaced,
and his commandement infringed.
And to proove that these soothsaiers and witches are but lieng mates and
couseners; note these words pronounced by God himselfe, even in the selfe
same place to the children of Israell: Although the Gentiles suffered Deut. 1
themselves to be abused, so as they gave eare to these sorcerers, &c: he
would not suffer them so, but would raise them a prophet, who should
speake the truth. As if he should saie; The other are but lieng and cousening
mates, deceitfull and undermining merchants, whose abuses I will make
knowne to my people. And that everie one maie be resolved herein, let the
last sentence of this precept be well weighed; to wit, Let none be found
among you, that asketh counsell of (or rai/seth the dead.) 115.

First you know the soules of the righteous are in the hands of God, and Sap. 3,
resting with Lazarus in Abrahams bosome, doo sleepe in Jesus Christ. And Luk. 16
from that sleepe, man shall not be raised, till the heavens be no more:
according to this of David: Wilt thou shew woonders among the dead? Nay, Job. 14
the Lord saith, The living shall not be taught by the dead, but by the living. Psal 88
 As for the unrighteous, they are in hell, where is no redemption; neither is Deut. 1
Luk. 16
there anie passage from heaven to earth, but by God and his angels. As
touching the resurrection and restauration of the bodie, read John. 5. and Luk. 16
you shall manifestlie see, that it is the onelie worke of the father, who hath Joh. 5,
given the power therof to the sonne, and to none other, &c. Dominus
percutit, & ipse medetur: Ego occidam, & ego vivefaciam. And in manie other Ose. 6
places it is written, that God giveth life and beeing to all. Although Plato, with Acts. 1
Tim. 6,
his maister Socrates, the cheefe pillers of these vanities, say, that one
Pamphilus was called up out of hel, who when he cam among the people,
told manie incredible tales concerning infernall actions. But herein I take up
the proverbe;/ Amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed major amica veritas. 87.

So as this last precept, or last part thereof, extending to that which neither
can be done by witch nor divell, maie well expound the other parts and points
therof. For it is not ment hereby, that they can doo such things indeed; but
that they make men beleeve they doo them, and thereby cousen the people,
and take upon them the office of God, and therewithall also blaspheme his
holie name, and take it in vaine; as by the words of charmes and conjurations
doo appeare, which you shall see, if you looke into these words, Habar and
Idoni.
In like manner I saie you may see, that by the prohibition of divinations by
augurie, and of soothsaiengs, &c., who are witches, and can indeed doo
nothing but lie and cousen the people, the lawe of God condemneth them
not, for that they can worke miracles, but bicause they saie they can doo that
which perteineth to God, and for cousenage, &c. Concerning other points of 26. quæ
witchcraft conteined therein, and bicause some cannot otherwise be satisfied, obser.
act. 17
I will alledge under one sentence, the decretals, the mind of S. Augustine, August
the councell Aurelian, and the determination of/ Paris, to wit: Who so & anim
observeth, or giveth heed unto soothsaiengs, divinations, witchcraft, &c., or 116.
doth give credit to anie such, he renounceth christianitie, and shalbe counted
a pagane, & an enemie to God; yea and he erreth both in faith and
philosophie. And the reason is therewithall expressed in the canon, to wit;
Bicause hereby is attributed to a creature, that which perteineth to God onelie
and alone. So as, under this one sentence (Thou shalt not suffer a poisoner
or a witch to live) is forbidden both murther and witchcraft; the murther
consisting in poison; the witchcraft in cousenage or blasphemie.

The third Chapter.

That women have used poisoning in all ages more than men, and of the
inconvenience of poisoning.
S women in all ages have beene counted most apt to conceive witchcraft, and
the divels speciall instruments therin, and the onelie or cheefe practisers
 therof: so also it appeareth, that they have been the first inventers,
and the greatest practisers of poisoning, and more naturallie
addicted and given thereunto than men: according to the saieng of
Quintilian; Latrocinium faciliùs in viro, veneficium in fœmina credam. From
whom Plinie differeth nothing in opinion, when he saith, Scientiam Plin. lib
fœminarum in veneficiis prævalere. To be short, Augustine, Livie, Valerius, 2.
Diodorus, and manie other agree, that women were the first inventers and
practisers of the art of poisoning. As for the rest of their cunning, in what
estimation it was had, may appeare by these verses of Horace, wherein he
doth not onelie declare the vanitie of witchcraft, but also expoundeth the
other words, wherewithall we are now in hand.
Somnia, terrores magicos, miracula, sagas,
Nocturnos lemures, portentáq; Thessala rides://
These dreames and terrors magicall, 117. 88.
these miracles and witches,
Night-walking sprites, or Thessal bugs,
esteeme them not twoo rushes.

Here Horace (you see) contemneth as ridiculous, all our witches cunning:
marrie herein he comprehendeth not their poisoning art, which hereby he
onelie seemed to thinke hurtfull. Pythagoras and Democritus give us the
names of a great manie magicall hearbs and stones, whereof now, both the
vertue, and the things themselves also are unknowne: as Marmaritin,
whereby spirits might be raised: Archimedon, which would make one bewraie
in his sleepe, all the secrets in his heart: Adincantida, Calicia, Mevais,
Chirocineta, &c: which had all their severall vertues, or rather poisons. But all
these now are worne out of knowledge: marrie in their steed we have hogs
turd and chervill, as the onelie thing whereby our witches worke miracles.
Trulie this poisoning art called Veneficium, of all others is most
abhominable; as whereby murthers maie be committed, where no suspicion
maie be gathered, nor anie resistance can be made; the strong cannot avoid
the weake, the wise cannot prevent the foolish, the godlie cannot be
preserved from the hands of the wicked; children maie hereby kill their
parents, the servant the maister, the wife hir husband, so privilie, so
inevitablie, and so incurablie, that of all other it hath beene thought the most
odious kind of murther; according to the saieng of Ovid:
——————————non hospes ab hospite tutus, Ovid. me
Non socer à genero, fratrum quóq; gratia rara est: lib. 1.

Imminet exitio vir conjugis, illa mariti,

Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercæ,
Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos./
———The travelling ghest opprest
Dooth stand in danger of his host,
the host eke of his ghest:
} English
Abraha
 The father of his sonne in lawe, Flemin
yea rare is seene to rest 118.
Twixt brethren love and amitie,
and kindnesse void of strife;
The husband seekes the goodwifes death,
and his againe the wife.
Ungentle stepdames grizlie poi-
son temper and doo give:
The sonne too soone dooth aske how long
his father is to live.

The monke that poisoned king John, was a right Veneficus; to wit, both a
witch and a murtherer: for he killed the king with poison, and/ persuaded the [Misp.
people with lies, that he had doone a good and a meritorious act: and
doubtlesse, manie were so bewitched, as they thought he did verie well
therein. Antonius Sabellicus writeth of a horrible poisoning murther, Aeneid
committed by women at Rome, where were executed (after due conviction)
170. women at one time; besides 20. women of that consort, who were
poisoned with that poison which they had prepared for others./

The fourth Chapter. 119.

Of divers poisoning practises, otherwise called veneficia, committed in Italie,
Genua, Millen, Wittenberge, also how they were discovered and executed.
NOTHER practise, not unlike to that mentioned in the former chapter, Venefic
was doone in Cassalis at Salassia in Italie, Anno 1536. where 40.
Veneficæ or witches being of one confederacie, renewed a plague
which was then almost ceased, besmeering with an ointment and a pouder,
the posts and doores of mens houses; so as thereby whole families were
poisoned: and of that stuffe they had prepared above 40. crocks for that
purpose. Herewithall they conveied inheritances as it pleased them, till at
length they killed the brother and onelie sonne of one Necus (as lightlie none
died in the house but the maisters and their children) which was much noted;
and therewithall that one Androgina haunted the houses, speciallie of them
that died: and she being suspected, apprehended, and examined, confessed
the fact, conspiracie, and circumstance, as hath beene shewed. The like
villanie was afterwards practised at Genua, and execution was doone upon
the offenders. At Millen there was another like attempt that tooke none Venefic
effect. This art consisteth as well in poisoning of cattell as of men: and that Genua
which is doone by poisons unto cattell, towards their destruction, is as
commonlie attributed to witches charms as the other. And I doubt not, but
some that would be thought cunning in incantations, and to doo miracles,
have experience in this behalf. For it is written by divers authors, that if
wolves doong be hidden in the mangers, racks, or else in the hedges about
the pastures, where cattell go (through the antipathie of the nature of the
woolfe and other cattell) all the beasts that savour the same doo not onlie
forbeare to eate, but run about as though they were mad, or (as they say)
bewitched.
But Wierus telleth a notable storie of a Veneficus, or destroier/ of cattell, 120.
which I thought meete heere to repeat. There was (saith he) in the
dukedome of Wittingberge, not farre from Tubing, a butcher, anno 1564. that Of a bu
bargained with the towne for all their hides which were of sterven cattell, right ve
which
called in these parts Morts. He with poison privilie killed in great numbers,
their bullocks, sheepe, swine, &c: and by his bargaine of the hides and
tallowe he grew infinitlie rich. And at last being suspected, was examined,
confessed the matter and maner thereof, and was put to death with hot
tongs, wherewith his flesh was pulled from his bones. We for/ our parts 90.
would have killed five poore women, before we would suspect one rich
butcher.

The fift Chapter.

A great objection answered concerning this kind of witchcraft called
Veneficium.
T is objected, that if Veneficium were comprehended under the title of
manslaughter, it had beene a vaine repetition, and a disordered
course undertaken by Moses, to set foorth a lawe against Veneficas
severallie. But it might suffice to answer any reasonable christian, that such
was the pleasure of the Holie-ghost, to institute a particular article herof, as
of a thing more odious, wicked and dangerous, than any other kind of
murther. But he that shall read the lawe of Moses, or the testament of Christ
himselfe, shall find this kind of repetition and reiteration of the law most
common. For as it is written Exod. 22, 21. Thou shalt not greeve nor afflict a
stranger, for thou wast a stranger in the land of Aegypt: so are the same Levit. 1
words found repeated in Levit. 19, 33. Polling and shaving of heads and
beards is forbidden in Deut. 27. which was before prohibited in 22. It is
written in Exodus the 20. Thou shalt not steale: and it is repeated in Leviticus
19. and in Deut. 5. Murther is generallie forbidden in Exod. 20. and likewise in
22. and repeated in Num. 35. But the aptest example is, that magicke is
forbidden in three severall places, to wit, once/ in Levit. 19. and twise in 121.
Levit. 20. For the which a man might as well cavill with the Holie-ghost as for
the other.

The sixt Chapter.

In what kind of confections that witchcraft, which is called Venificium,
consisteth: of love cups, and the same confuted by poets.
 S touching this kind of witchcraft, the principall part thereof consisteth
in certeine confections prepared by lewd people to procure love;
which indeed are meere poisons, bereaving some of the benefit of
the braine, and so of the sense and understanding of the mind. And from
some it taketh awaie life, & that is more common than the other. These be
called Philtra, or Pocula amatoria, or Venenosa pocula, or Hippomanes; which
bad and blind physicians rather practise, than witches or conjurers, &c. But of
what value these bables are, towards the end why they are provided, may
appeere by the opinions of poets themselves, from whence was derived the
estimation of that stuffe. And first you shall heare what Ovid saith, who wrote
of the verie art of love, and that so cunninglie and feelinglie, that he is
reputed the speciall doctor in that science:
Fallitur Æmonias si quis decurrit ad artes, Ovid. lib
Dátq; quod à teneri fronte revellit equi. arte ama
Non facient ut vivat amor Medeides herbæ,/
Mistáq; cum magicis mersa venena sonis. 91.
Phasias Æsonidem, Circe tenuisset Ulyssem,
Si modò servari carmine posset amor:
Nec data profuerint pallentia philtra puellis,
Philtra nocent animis, vímq; furoris habent./
Who so dooth run to Hæmon arts, 122.
I dub him for a dolt, Englishe
And giveth that which he dooth plucke Abraham
Fleming.
from forhead of a colt:
Medeas herbs will not procure
that love shall lasting live,
Nor steeped poison mixed with ma-
gicke charms the same can give.
The witch Medea had full fast
held Jason for hir owne,
So had the grand witch Circe too
Ulysses, if alone
}
With charms mainteind & kept might be
the love of twaine in one.
No slibbersawces given to maids, Philtra,
to make them pale and wan, slibbersa

Will helpe: such slibbersawces marre

the minds of maid and man,
} procure

And have in them a furious force

of phrensie now and than.
Viderit Aemoniæ si quis mala pabula terræ, Ovid. lib
Et magicas artes posse juvare putat. remedio
1.
If any thinke that evill herbs
in Hæmon land which be, Ab. Flem
Or witchcraft able is to helpe,
let him make proofe and see.
 These verses precedent doo shew, that Ovid knew that those/ beggerlie 123
sorceries might rather kill one, or make him starke mad, than doo him good
towards the atteinement of his pleasure or love; and therefore he giveth this
counsell to them that are amorous in such hot maner, that either they must
enjoy their love, or else needs die; saieng:
Sit procul omne nefas, ut ameris amabilis esto:
Farre off be all unlawfull meanes Englishe
thou amiable bee, Abraham
Fleming.
Loving I meane, that she with love
may quite the love of thee./

The seventh Chapter. 92.

It is proved by more credible writers, that love cups rather ingender death
through venome, than love by art: and with what toies they destroie
cattell, and procure love.
UT bicause there is no hold nor trust to these poets, who saie and
unsaie, dallieng with these causes; so as indeed the wise may
perceive they have them in derision: let us see what other graver
authors speake hereof. Eusebius Cæsariensis writeth, that the poet Lucretius Hieron
was killed with one of those lovers poisoned cups. Hierome reporteth that Plin. lib
3.
one Livia herewith killed hir husband, whome she too much hated; and Lucilla Joseph
killed hirs, whome she too much loved. Calisthenes killed Lucius Lucullus the Judæo
emperor with a love pot, as Plutarch and Cornelius Nepos saie. Plinie & antiqui
Aristot
Josephus report, that Cæsonia killed hir husband Caligula Amatorio poculo natura
with a lovers cup, which was indeed starke poison. Aristotle saith, that all cap. 24
which is beleeved touching the efficacie of these matters, is lies and old wives Jo. Wie
venef.
tales. He that will read more arguments and histories concerning these
poisons, let him looke in J. Wier De Veneficiis./
The toies, which are said to procure love, and are exhibited in their poison 124.
looving cups, are these: the haire growing in the nethermost part of a Toies t
woolves taile, a woolves yard, a little fish called Remora, the braine of a cat, apes.
of a newt, or of a lizzard: the bone of a greene frog, the flesh thereof being
consumed with pismers or ants; the left bone whereof ingendereth (as they
saie) love; the bone on the right side, hate. Also it is said, that a frogs bones,
the flesh being eaten off round about with ants, whereof some will swim, and
some will sinke: those that sinke, being hanged up in a white linnen cloth,
ingender love, but if a man be touched therewith, hate is bred thereby.
Another experiment is thereof, with yoong swalowes, whereof one brood or
nest being taken and buried in a crocke under the ground, till they be starved
up; they that be found open mouthed, serve to engender love; they whose
mouthes are shut, serve to procure hate. Besides these, manie other follies
there be to this purpose proposed to the simple; as namelie, the garments of
the dead, candels that burne before a dead corps, and needels wherwith
dead bodies are sowne or sockt into their sheetes: and diverse other things,
which for the reverence of the reader, and in respect of the uncleane speach
to be used in the description thereof, I omit; which (if you read Dioscorides, Diosco
or diverse other learned physicians) you maie see at large. In the meane materia
while, he that desireth to see more experiments concerning this matter, let
him read Leonardus Vairus de fascino, now this present yeare 1583. newlie L. Vairu
published; wherein (with an incestuous mouth) he affirmeth directlie, that fascin.
11. pro
Christ and his apostles were Venefici; verie fondlie prosecuting that
argument, and with as much popish follie as may be; labouring to proove it
lawfull to charme and inchant vermine, &c.//

The eight Chapter. 125. 9

John Bodin triumphing against John Wier is overtaken with false Greeke &
false interpretation thereof.
ONSIEUR BODIN triumpheth over doctor Wier herein, pronouncing a J. Bodi
heavie sentence upon him; bicause he referreth this word to poison.
But he reigneth or rather rideth over him, much more for speaking
false Greeke; affirming that he calleth Veneficos Φαρμακεύσυς, which is as
true as the rest of his reports and fables of witches miracles conteined in his
bookes of divelish devises. For in truth he hath no such word, but saith they
are called Φαρμακεύεις, whereas he should have said Φαρμακεῖς, the true
accent being omitted, and εὔ being interposed, which should have beene left
out. Which is nothing to the substance of the matter, but must needs be the
Printers fault.
But Bodin reasoneth in this wise, Φαρμακεῖς is sometimes put for Magos or
Præstigiatores: Ergo in the translation of the Septuaginta, it is so to be taken.
Wherein he manifesteth his bad Logicke, more than the others ill Greeke. For
it is well knowne to the learned in this toong, that the usuall and proper
signification of this word, with all his derivations and compounds doo signifie
Veneficos, Poisoners by medicine. Which when it is most usuall and proper,
why should the translators take it in a signification lesse usuall, and nothing
proper. Thus therefore he reasoneth and concludeth with his new found
Logicke, and old fond Greeke; Sometimes it signifieth so, though unproperlie,
or rather metaphoricallie; Ergo in that place it is so to be taken, when
another fitter word might have beene used. Which argument being vaine,
agreeth well with his other vaine actions. The Septuaginta had beene verie
destitute of words, if no proper word could have beene found for this
purpose. But where they have occasion to speake of witchcraft in their
translations, they use Magian, Maggagian, &c: and therfore belike they see
some difference betwixt them and the other, and knew some cause that
mooved them to use the word Φαρμακεία, Veneficium.//
 ¶ The seventh Booke. 126. 9

The first Chapter.

Of the Hebrue word Ob, what it signifieth where it is found, of
Pythonisses called Ventriloquæ, who they be, and what their practises
are, experience and examples thereof shewed.
HIS word Ob, is translated Pytho, or Pythonicus spiritus: Deutre.
18. Isaie. 19. 1. Sam. 28. 2. Reg. 23. &c: somtime, though
unproperlie, Magus as 2. Sam. 33. But Ob signifieth most
properlie a bottle, and is used in this place, bicause the Pythonists spake
hollowe; as in the bottome of their bellies, whereby they are aptlie in
Latine called Ventriloqui: of which sort was Elizabeth Barton, the holie
maid of Kent, &c. These are such as take upon them to give oracles, to The ho
tell where things lost are become, and finallie to appeach others of Kent a
ventril
mischeefs, which they themselves most commonlie have brought to
passe: whereby many times they overthrowe the good fame of honest
women, and of such others of their neighbors, with whome they are
displeased. For triall hereof, letting passe a hundred cousenages that I
could recite at this time, I will begin with a true storie of a wench,
practising hir diabolicall witchcraft, and ventriloquie An. 1574. at
Westwell in Kent, within six miles where I dwell, taken and noted by
twoo ministers and preachers of Gods word, foure substantiall yeomen,
and three women of good fame & reputation, whose names are after
written./
Mildred, the base daughter of Alice Norrington, and now servant to 127.
William Sponer of Westwell in the countie of Kent, being of the age of An. Do
seventeene yeares, was possessed with sathan in the night and daie Octob.
aforesaid. About two of the clocke in the afternoone of the same day, Confer
there came to the same Sponers house Roger Newman minister of with th
of End
Westwell, John Brainford minister of Kenington, with others, whose 28. an
names are underwritten, who made their praiers unto God, to assist wheth
them in that needfull case; and then commanded sathan in the name of might
accom
the eternall God, and of his sonne Jesus Christ, to speake with such a this de
voice as they might understand, and to declare from whence he came.
But he would not speake, but rored and cried mightilie. And though we
did command him manie times, in the name of God, and of his sonne
Jesus Christ, and in his mightie power to speake; yet he would not: untill
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