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Outbreak Cases in the Real World Microbiology 1st
Edition Rodney P. Anderson Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Rodney P. Anderson
ISBN(s): 9781555813666, 1555813666
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File Details: PDF, 58.29 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
Cases in Real-World Microbiology

Rodney P. Anderson
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page i

OUTBREAK
Cases in Real-World Microbiology
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page ii
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page iii

OUTBREAK
Cases in Real-World Microbiology

Rodney P. Anderson
Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences
Ohio Northern University
Ada, Ohio

WASHINGTON, D.C.
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page iv

Address editorial correspondence to

ASM Press, 1752 N St. NW, Washington, DC 20036-2904, USA

Send orders to ASM Press, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172, USA
Phone: (800) 546-2416 or (703) 661-1593
Fax: (703) 661-1501
E-mail: [email protected]
Online: estore.asm.org

Copyright © 2006 ASM Press

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036-2904

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Anderson, Rodney P.
Outbreak : cases in real-world microbiology / Rodney P. Anderson.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-55581-366-6 (pbk.)
ISBN-10: 1-55581-366-6 (pbk.)
1. Epidemics—Case studies. 2. Communicable diseases—Case studies. 3. Medical
microbiology—Case studies.
[DNLM: 1. Disease Outbreaks—Case Reports. 2. Communicable Diseases—Case
Reports. 3. Disease Reservoirs—Case Reports. 4. Disease Transmission—Case
Reports. 5. Environmental Microbiology—methods—Case Reports. WA 105 A549o
2006] I. Title.

RA651.A68 2006
614.4—dc22
2005037791

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

All Rights Reserved

Printed in the United States of America

Cover photo: Scanning electron micrograph of Staphylococcus aureus. Source: Beltsville

Electron Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of
Agriculture.

Cover and interior design: Susan Brown Schmidler

557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page v

For Tami—always
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page vi
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page vii

Contents

Introduction xiii
About the Author xvii

SECTION I
Outbreaks and Cases Emphasizing Concepts in Basic
Microbiology 1
OUTBREAK 1 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Outbreaks 5
OUTBREAK 2 Outbreak of a Mycoplasmal Pneumonia 7
OUTBREAK 3 Hickman Catheter-Related Infections in a Hemato-
Oncologic Department 8
OUTBREAK 4 A Gang-Related Outbreak of Drug-Resistant
Gonorrhea 10
OUTBREAK 5 Skin Rash Caused by Pseudomonas and Associated
with Pools and Hot Tubs 12
OUTBREAK 6 Human Anthrax Linked to an Outbreak in
Livestock 14
OUTBREAK 7 A Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Outbreak in
Veterinary Clinics 15
OUTBREAK 8 A Pertussis Outbreak 17
OUTBREAK 9 Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus 19
O U T B R E A K 10 An Influenza Outbreak on a Cruise Ship 21
O U T B R E A K 11 An AIDS Outbreak Traced to a Single Infected
Male 22
O U T B R E A K 12 A Rubella Outbreak 24
O U T B R E A K 13 An Outbreak of Rotaviral Gastroenteritis among
Children 26
vii
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page viii

O U T B R E A K 14 A Cryptosporidium Outbreak in a Day Camp 28

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 15 An Escherichia coli O111:H8 Outbreak among
Teenage Campers 30

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 16 An Outbreak of Lethal Viral Pneumonia 31

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Microbes and Diseases Demonstrating Basic Microbiological
Principles 33

SECTION II
Outbreaks of Diseases of the Respiratory Tract 51
O U T B R E A K 17 A Legionellosis Outbreak 54
O U T B R E A K 18 An Outbreak of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Infection 55
O U T B R E A K 19 A Tuberculosis Outbreak in a Prison Housing
Inmates Infected with HIV 57
O U T B R E A K 20 An Otitis Media Outbreak in a Child Care
Center 59
O U T B R E A K 21 An Outbreak of a Rash 61
O U T B R E A K 22 An Outbreak of a Rash at a Camp for HIV-Infected
Children 63
O U T B R E A K 23 A Diphtheria Outbreak 64
O U T B R E A K 24 An Outbreak of Mononucleosis 66
O U T B R E A K 25 A Pneumonia Outbreak in a Nursing Home 67
O U T B R E A K 26 Past and Future Pandemics of Influenza A 68

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 27 A Pharyngitis Outbreak in the Marine Corps 70

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 28 A Measles Outbreak among Kosovar Refugee
Children 71

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Pathogens and Diseases of the Respiratory System 73

SECTION III
Outbreaks of Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract 83
A Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Outbreak
O U T B R E A K 29
from Eating Eggs 86
A Cryptosporidium Outbreak Associated with
O U T B R E A K 30
Swimming Pool Use 89

viii ■ CONTENTS
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page ix

O U T B R E A K 31 Diarrhea among Attendees of the Washington

County Fair 91
O U T B R E A K 32 An Amebiasis Outbreak 93
O U T B R E A K 33 A Typhoid Fever Outbreak Linked with a Frozen
Fruit Drink 95
O U T B R E A K 34 A Giardia Outbreak in a Day Care Nursery 97
O U T B R E A K 35 A Food-Borne Outbreak of Bloody Diarrhea 99
O U T B R E A K 36 A Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis 101
O U T B R E A K 37 Food-Borne Paralysis from Eating Home-Pickled
Eggs 102
O U T B R E A K 38 Bloody Diarrhea Associated with Eating Ground
Beef 104
O U T B R E A K 39 A Hepatitis Outbreak Associated with Restaurant
Onions 105

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 40 A Rotavirus Outbreak among College Students 107

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 41 A Cholera Outbreak in a Refugee Camp 109

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Pathogens and Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract 111

SECTION IV
Outbreaks of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 125
An Outbreak of Sexually Transmitted Disease
O U T B R E A K 42
among Teenagers 127
O U T B R E A K 43 A Chancroid Outbreak among Hispanic Men 128
An Outbreak of Sexually Transmitted Disease in the
O U T B R E A K 44
Pornography Industry 130
O U T B R E A K 45 An Outbreak of Azithromycin-Resistant
Gonorrhea 132
O U T B R E A K 46 Invasive Cervical Cancer among Women 134
O U T B R E A K 47 An Outbreak of Lymphogranuloma Venereum in
Homosexual Men 136

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
A Syphilis Outbreak Connected with a Cybersex
O U T B R E A K 48
Chat Room 138

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 49 The Impact of AIDS Worsens Famine 140

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Pathogens and Diseases That Are Transmitted Sexually 142

CONTENTS ■ ix
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page x

SECTION V
Outbreaks of Diseases of the Skin, Eyes, and Deep Tissues 151
An Outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus with
O U T B R E A K 50
Increased Vancomycin Resistance 153
O U T B R E A K 51 An Outbreak of Pseudomonas Dermatitis from a
Hotel Pool and Hot Tub 155
O U T B R E A K 52 A Ringworm Outbreak in a Wrestling Team 157
O U T B R E A K 53 An Outbreak of Conjunctivitis at an Elementary
School 159
O U T B R E A K 54 A Measles Outbreak among Internationally Adopted
Children 160
O U T B R E A K 55 A Hepatitis Outbreak at a Pain Clinic 162
O U T B R E A K 56 An Outbreak of Flesh-Eating Bacteria 163
O U T B R E A K 57 An Outbreak of Invasive Group A Streptococcus at a
Child Care Center 165

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 58 A Skin Infection Outbreak at a High School 167

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 59 A Gas Gangrene Outbreak after a Tsunami 169

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Pathogens and Diseases of the Skin, Eyes, and Deep Tissues 171

SECTION VI
Outbreaks of Multisystem Zoonoses and Vector-Borne
Diseases 181
O U T B R E A K 60 An Outbreak of Typhus 183
O U T B R E A K 61 An Outbreak of Cyclic Fevers 185
O U T B R E A K 62 An Outbreak of Encephalitis 187
O U T B R E A K 63 Yellow Fever in a Traveler Returning from
Venezuela 189
O U T B R E A K 64 A Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Outbreak 191
O U T B R E A K 65 Cases of Rash and Fever, One Fatal, in a Family
Cluster 193
O U T B R E A K 66 An Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever 195
O U T B R E A K 67 An Outbreak of Leptospirosis during
EcoChallenge 197
O U T B R E A K 68 A Dengue Fever Outbreak 198

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 69 An Outbreak of Lyme Disease 200

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
OUTBREAK 70 A Plague Outbreak 202

x ■ CONTENTS
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page xi

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Multisystem Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens 204

SECTION VII
Outbreaks of Diseases of the Central Nervous System 215
O U T B R E A K 71 An Outbreak of Acute Flaccid Paralysis 217
O U T B R E A K 72 An Outbreak of Paralysis from Eating Fermented
Beaver Tails 219
O U T B R E A K 73 Rabies Infections from Organ Donor Tissues 221
O U T B R E A K 74 A Tetanus Outbreak 223
O U T B R E A K 75 An Outbreak of Aseptic Meningitis among
Recreational Vehicle Campers 225
O U T B R E A K 76 A Mad Cow Disease Outbreak in Humans and
Cattle 226

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 77 Meningitis Outbreaks Traced to Raves and
Clubs 228

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 78 Meningitis among Travelers Returning from Saudi
Arabia 230

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Diseases and Pathogens of the Central Nervous System 233

SECTION VIII
Outbreaks and Cases Requiring Application of
Environmental and Industrial Microbiology Concepts 239
O U T B R E A K 79 Gastroenteritis from an Interactive Water
Fountain 242
O U T B R E A K 80 Dengue Fever Epidemics Return 244
O U T B R E A K 81 Acid Pollution in Waterways from Metal Leaching
from Mine Tailings 246
O U T B R E A K 82 A Shigellosis Outbreak from a Wading Pool 247
A Massive Outbreak of Cryptosporidium Infection
O U T B R E A K 83
Transmitted through the Public Water Supply 249
O U T B R E A K 84 Biofilm Fouling in Cooling Towers 250
An Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease from an Air-
O U T B R E A K 85
Conditioning Unit 251
O U T B R E A K 86 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Industrial
Materials 253

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 87 Increasing Production of Beer in the United
States 255

CONTENTS ■ xi
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page xii

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 88 Four Successive Annual Outbreaks of Plague 256

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Microbes That Cause Environmental and Industrial Problems 258

SECTION IX
Bioterrorism Outbreaks 267
O U T B R E A K 89 An Accidental Release of Weaponized Anthrax 270
An Investigation of a Brucellosis Outbreak as
O U T B R E A K 90
Bioterrorism 272
O U T B R E A K 91 A Tularemia Outbreak 274
Bioterrorist Release of Anthrax Bacteria by a
O U T B R E A K 92
Religious Cult 276
A Death from Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever at a Former
O U T B R E A K 93
Bioweapon Laboratory 278
O U T B R E A K 94 An Inexpensive and Simple Botulism Bioweapon 280

COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 95 State-Sponsored Bioweapon Research 282

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
O U T B R E A K 96 An Outbreak of Weaponized Smallpox 284

R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L F O R
Pathogens and Diseases Involved in Bioterrorism 286

APPENDIX A Antimicrobial Agents 295

APPENDIX B References for Study Questions 299

Figure Credits 307

Index 311

xii ■ CONTENTS
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page xiii

Introduction

The science of microbiology is fascinating to those of us who have

taken up the challenge of researching and teaching in this largely
undiscovered and rapidly expanding field. One of the significant
challenges faced by microbiology educators is to balance the need
for providing a content foundation to students against the time
required to demonstrate how microbiology affects their lives. The
goal of Outbreak: Cases in Real-World Microbiology is to help stu-
dents make the important connections between the content of the
course, their everyday lives, and the ways in which microbiology
impacts society as a whole. These real-world cases provide an oppor-
tunity for students to apply practical knowledge and to integrate their
solutions to specific problems in cultures where customs, religion,
public resources, and infrastructure impact the analysis.

Content
The outbreaks featured in each section are preceded by one or two
tables listing the significant pathogens that can cause outbreaks.
The cases presented in that section include only diseases caused by
pathogens listed in the table(s). The diseases and pathogens chosen
are those which are often covered in an introductory microbiology
course. Limiting the pool of possibilities helps the students learn the
basics thoroughly without having to consider the myriad of possible
causes normally associated with a differential diagnosis. Each chapter
ends with a set of descriptions of the diseases covered in the case stud-
ies. The descriptions are meant to be used by students for reference, if
necessary, to gather the information needed to develop appropriate
answers to the questions at the end of each outbreak. Each disease
description presents information on (i) the causative agent of the dis-
ease, (ii) the pathogen’s mode of transmission from its reservoir to a
new host, (iii) pathogenesis, (iv) the clinical features of the disease,
(v) clinical and laboratory diagnosis, (vi) treatment of the disease, and

xiii
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page xiv

(vii) general principles of prevention of the disease. Throughout each

section, there is a balance between outbreaks that allow students to
integrate and apply their knowledge and those that also require stu-
dents to diagnose the pathogenic agent on the basis of lab test data
and the clinical features of the disease.

Appendix A consists of several tables that outline the mechanisms of

action and the use of some common antibacterial, antiviral, antifun-
gal, and antiprotozoal agents. The material can be used for quick ref-
erence by students investigating how to treat a particular disease. The
tables are an educational tool, not a medical guide. The drugs of
choice for treating a particular microbe change as drug resistance
spreads and as new agents are discovered and approved for use. This
appendix presents the major classes of antimicrobial agents, some
specific examples of common drugs that students may be familiar
with, and a general outline of the diseases that the drugs have been
useful to treat.

Appendix B directs students to specific reference material which pro-

vides information relevant to the study questions and encourages the
students to apply the reference content to the cases they are studying.

Special features
The last two outbreaks in each section are designated “College
Perspective” and “Global Perspective.” The College Perspectives
present outbreaks that directly impact the lives of students. The
pathogens are typically spread easily in the college-age population,
or the outbreaks focus on issues important to students. The Global
Perspectives present outbreaks that occur in non-Western cultures. As
a result, solutions developed by students for treatment and prevention
require them to consider cultures in which differences in customs, reli-
gion, public resources, and infrastructure impact the analysis.

Case studies in the classroom

There are many ways in which case studies such as the outbreaks pre-
sented in this book can be integrated into a typical microbiology class.
For example, they can be used as supplemental class readings and
assignments to review application of content presented in class and to
help students prepare for exams. They can be used to promote discus-
sion to enhance lecture material. Students can become active partici-
pants in their learning by solving case studies that either review mate-
rial already presented or introduce new material. Case studies can serve
as the foundation for innovative approaches using cooperative learning
groups. Cooperative learning groups can be used instead of lectures to
allow students to investigate microbiological topics in depth.

Case studies help students develop application, integration, and analysis

skills. They can also be used as assessment tools to evaluate a course’s
ability to develop integration and application skills. Therefore they
can be helpful in preparing for professional admission exams such as
the MCAT, NCLEX, and GRE.

xiv ■ INTRODUCTION
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page xv

As with much of life, the most challenging parts are also the most
rewarding. With much of science, learning the content base, although
often challenging, is just the beginning. The real objective is to integrate
and apply scientific concepts and principles to make a difference in the
real world. The best education provides students with such opportuni-
ties both in the classroom and through practical experiences.

Acknowledgments
I thank several individuals who took time out of their busy schedules
to help with this project, especially Cara Calvo, who provided several
needed cultures and images, and Graetel Anderson, who reviewed
material for appropriate vocabulary level. I also thank the staff of and
contributors to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s jour-
nals and image library. The journals and image library are a rich
resource of information for educators and the public to use.

INTRODUCTION ■ xv
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page xvi
557026_FM_Anderson 4/13/06 8:59 AM Page xvii

About the Author

Rodney P. Anderson received his Ph.D. in biological sciences from the

University of Iowa in 1989. His doctoral work centered on protein
synthesis mechanisms in Escherichia coli. After graduate school, he
began his academic career at Ohio Northern University, where he
continues to teach and conduct research with undergraduates in the
Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences. He teaches
courses in microbiology for both majors and allied health students as
well as courses in genetics. He has also introduced nonmajors to micro-
biology through interdisciplinary seminars in disease and society.

Dr. Anderson has been actively involved in microbiology education.

He is a past chair of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
Conference for Undergraduate Educators, which developed the core
curriculum for undergraduate microbiology courses, and has organ-
ized and spoken at a number of education division symposia at the
ASM General Meeting. Outreach activities have included Microbial
Discovery Workshops for high school science instructors and science
presentations at local elementary schools. His interest in microbiology
education has resulted in a children’s book, The Invisible ABCs,
which will be published by ASM Press. The Invisible ABCs empha-
sizes the benefits of the microbial world to children, rather than the
incomplete message that all microbes cause disease.

Dr. Anderson and his wife, Tami, are parents of two adult children,
Isaac and Graetel, who are both pursuing careers in nursing. He loves
classic cars, golfing, hunting, antiquing, and spending vacations para-
chuting and rock climbing with his children.

xvii
557026_Section_I_Anderson 4/13/06 9:02 AM Page 1

S E C T I O N I

Outbreaks and Cases Emphasizing

Concepts in Basic Microbiology

All interest in disease and death is only another expression of

interest in life.
THOMAS MANN, Nobel laureate in literature (1929)

W
hen one studies the fundamentals of microbial structures
and their functions, it is often difficult to link this content
to mechanisms of disease transmission and the patho-
genesis of the microbe. The outbreaks and cases in this section have
been chosen as examples of how basic microbial features enable
pathogens to cause disease. For example, the structures of some cell
walls influence a pathogen’s ability to survive treatments that would
kill other bacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent
of tuberculosis (TB), has a waxy cell wall. As a result, it resists dry-
ing, so the cell is easier to transmit. The waxy wall is also an effec-
tive barrier to the diffusion of many antibiotics and disinfectants,
making infection difficult to treat and control. In contrast, Myco-
plasma pneumoniae, one causative agent of primary atypical pneu-
monia, lacks a cell wall. This reduces its ability to survive during
transmission. As a result, long-term exposure is normally required to
transmit the pathogen. The lack of a cell wall, however, makes
Mycoplasma resistant to the antibiotics that target peptidoglycan
synthesis. In general, gram-negative cells are more resistant to anti-
septics and disinfectants than are gram-positive bacteria because
the outer membrane provides an additional barrier to diffusion. In
addition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common hospital-acquired
gram-negative pathogen, has very small porins, which further restrict
diffusion, allowing it to survive some chemical treatments that effec-
tively kill other pathogens.

Understanding microbial fundamentals is the basis for understanding

the pathogenesis of disease. After entry, microbes must attach to host
tissues, avoid or overcome host defenses, and cause damage, leading
1
557026_Section_I_Anderson 4/13/06 9:02 AM Page 2

to disease. Adhesins are located on the exterior of the microbe and

attach to specific host cell receptors. The site of attachment often
determines where damage will occur. For example, Neisseria gonor-
rhoeae has adhesins at the ends of pili. These can attach to cells of
the reproductive epithelium, leading to gonorrhea, a sexually trans-
mitted disease (STD). However, the pathogen can also attach to tis-
sues in the eye. This can occur during birth, leading to vertical trans-
mission of the pathogen to cause ophthalmia neonatorum. The
pathogen can also attach to host cells in the pharynx. Oral-genital
contact results in Neisseria gonorrhoeae-caused pharyngitis.

Pathogens must also avoid or overcome host defenses to cause dis-

ease. Many structures enable some pathogens to survive defenses that
typically destroy other microbes. Rotavirus has a relatively acid-
stable capsid, allowing it to survive stomach acid effectively enough
that ingestion of only a small number of viral particles will cause dis-
ease. Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most common pathogens
that affect humans, is able to survive in high-osmotic environments,
such as the nasal mucus, that kill most cells. Bacillus anthracis and
Streptococcus pneumoniae produce antiphagocytic capsules that
inhibit destruction by leukocytes. Staphylococcus aureus and
Streptococcus pyogenes have cell wall proteins that also inhibit
phagocytosis by leukocytes. As they are passed from host to host,
influenza A and B viruses slowly accumulate mutations in the key
antigens that our immune system recognizes. As a result of this anti-
genic drift, influenza viruses can reinfect a previous host and not
elicit a host immune response. In addition, influenza A virus can
undergo antigenic shifts when it recombines with an influenza virus
from birds or swine. These genetically unique viruses are able to
cause worldwide epidemics, since no one is immune. Other patho-
gens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative
agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and measles
virus survive by overcoming host defenses. HIV leads to a collapse of
all parts of the immune system. Measles virus destroys the T cells
that destroy virus-infected cells.

More recently, the ability of bacteria to form biofilms has been recog-
nized as leading to infection of indwelling catheters. The sticky coat-
ing surrounding cells contained in a biofilm allows the pathogen to
attach to plastic and also restricts the diffusion of antibiotics, result-
ing in a drug-resistant persistent infection.

Many microbes destroy cells and tissues directly. Manifestations of dis-

ease are the result of functional loss of damaged cells and/or the result-
ing inflammatory response, causing fluid loss and edema. Some
microbes cause indirect damage from the enzymes and toxins they
release. For example, mutant Escherichia coli produces a cytotoxin
that targets cells of the large intestine to cause bloody diarrhea, espe-
cially in young children. The toxin can also lead to a lethal complica-
tion, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Bordetella pertussis, the
causative agent of whooping cough, produces toxins that inhibit ciliary

2 ■ SECTION I
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
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accurate

UMENTUCKEN'S QUARREL WITH THE TRAPPER. 177 Indian

women. Umentucken accompanied this party, which was attacked by
a band of Blackfeet, some of the squaws being taken prisoners. But
Umentucken saved herself by flight, and by swimming the
Yellowstone while a hundred guns were leveled on her, the bullets
whistling about her ears. At another time she distinguished herself in
camp by a quarrel with one of the trappers, in which she came off
with flying colors. The trapper was a big, bullying Irishman named
O'Fallen, who had purchased two prisoners from the Snake Indians,
to be kept in a state of slavery, after the manner of the savages. The
prisoners were Utes, or Utahs, who soon contrived to escape.
O'Fallen, imagining that Umentucken had liberated them, threatened
to whip her, and armed himself with a horsewhip for that purpose.
On hearing of these threats Umentucken repaired to her lodge, and
also armed herself, but with a pistol. When O'Fallen approached, the
whole camp looking on to see the event, Umentucken slipped out at
the back of the lodge and coming around confronted him before he
could enter. " Coward!" she cried. "You would whip the wife of Meek.
He is not here to defend me ; not here to kill you. But I shall do that
for myself," and with that she presented the pistol to his head.
O'Fallen taken by surprise, and having every reason to believe she
would keep her word, and kill him on the spot, was obliged not only
to apologize, but to beg to have his life spared. This Umentucken
consented to do on condition of his sufficiently humbling himself,
which he did in a very shame-faced manner ; and a shout then went
up from the whole camp — " hurrah for the Mountain Lamb!" for
nothing more delights a mountaineer than a show of pluck,
especially in an unlooked for quarter.
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178 UMENTUCKEN CAPTURED BY CROWS. HER RESCUE.

The Indian wives of the trappers were often in great peril, as well as
their lords. Whenever it was convenient they followed them on their
long marches through dangerous countries. But if the trapper was
only going out for a few days, or if the march before him was more
than usually dangerous, the wife remained with the main camp.
During this year of which we are writing, a considerable party had
been out on Powder River hunting buffalo, taking their wives along
with them. When on the return, just before reaching camp,
Umentucken was missed from the cavalcade. She had fallen behind,
and been taken prisoner by a party of twelve Crow Indians. As soon
as she was missed, a volunteer party mounted their buffalo horses in
such haste that they waited not for saddle or bridle, but snatched
only a halter, and started back in pursuit. They had not run a very
long distance when they discovered poor Umentucken in the midst
of her jubilant captors, who were delighting their eyes with gazing at
her fine feathers, and promising themselves very soon to pluck the
gay bird, and appropriate her trinkets to their own use. Their delight
was premature. Swift on their heels came an avenging, as well as a
saving spirit. Meek, at the head of his six comrades, no sooner
espied the drooping form of the Lamb, than he urged his horse to
the top of its speed. The horse was a spirited creature, that seeing
something wrong in all these hasty maneuvers, took fright and
adding terror to good will, ran with the speed of madness right in
amongst the startled Crows, who doubtless regarded as a great
"medicine " so fearless a warrior. It was now too late to be prudent,
and Meek began the battle by yelling and firing, taking care to hit his
Indian. The other trappers, emulating the bold example of their
leader, dashed into the melee and a chance medley fight was carried
on, in which Umentucken escaped, and another
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AN IXSULT TO UMENTUCKEN AVENGED BY MEEK. 179

Crow bit the dust. Finding that they were getting the worst of the
fight, the Indians at length took to flight, and the trappers returned
to camp rejoicing, and complimenting Meek on his gallantry in
attacking the Crows single-handed. " I took their compliments quite
naturally," says Meek, " nor did I think it war worth while to explain
to them that I couldn't hold my horse." The Indians are lordly and
tyrannical in their treatment of women, thinking it no shame to beat
them cruelly ; even taking the liberty of striking other women than
those belonging to their own families. While the camp was traveling
through the Crow country in the spring of 1836, a party of that
nation paid a visit to Bridger, bringing skins to trade for blankets and
ammunition. The bargaining went on quite pleasantly for some time
; but one of the braves who was promenading about camp
inspecting whatever came in his way, chanced to strike Umentucken
with a whip he carried in his hand, by way of displaying his
superiority to squaws in general, and trappers' wives in particular. It
was an unlucky blow for the brave, for in another instant he rolled
on the ground, shot dead by a bullet from Meek's gun. At this rash
act the camp was in confusion. Yells from the Crows, who took the
act as a signal for war ; hasty questions, and cries of command ;
arming and shooting. It was some time before the case could be
explained or understood. The Crows had two or three of their party
shot ; the whites also lost a man. After the unpremeditated fight was
over, and the Crows departed not thoroughly satisfied with the
explanation, Bridger went round to Meek's lodge. " Well, you raised
a hell of a row in camp ; " said the commander, rolling out his deep
bass voice in the slow
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180 THE FEMALE ELEMENT — DEATH OF UMENTUCKEN.'

monotonous tones which mountain men very quickly acquire from
the Indians. M Very sorry, Bridger ; but couldn't help it. No devil of
an Indian shall strike Meek's wife." " But you got a man killed." "
Sorry for the man ; couldn't help it, though, Bridger." And in truth it
was too late to mend the matter. Fearing, however, that the Crows
would attempt to avenge themselves for the losses they had
sustained, Bridger hurried his camp forward, and got out of their
neighborhood as quickly as possible. So much for the female
element in the camp of the Rocky Mountain trapper. Woman, it is
said, has held the apple of discord, from mother Eve to Umentucken,
and in consonance with this theory, Bridger, doubtless, considered
the latter as the primal cause of the unfortunate " row in camp,"
rather than the brutality of the Crow, or the imprudence of Meek.
But Umentucken's career was nearly run. In the following summer
she met her death by a Bannack arrow ; dying like a warrior,
although living she was only a woman.
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ADVENT OF TWO MISSIONARIES. 181 CHAPTER XIII.

1835. The rendezvous of the Rocky Mountain Company seldom took
place without combining with its many wild elements, some other
more civilized and refined. Artists, botanists, travelers, and hunters,
from the busy world outside the wilderness, frequently claimed the
companionship, if not the hospitality of the fur companies, in their
wanderings over prairies and among mountains. Up to the year
1835, these visitors had been of the classes just named ; men
traveling either for the love of adventure, to prosecute discoveries in
science, or to add to art the treasure of new scenes and subjects.
But in this year there appeared at rendezvous two gentlemen, who
had accompanied the St. Louis Company in its outward trip to the
mountains, whose object was not the procurement of pleasure, or
the improvement of science. They had come to found missions
among the Indians ; the Rev. Samuel Parker and Rev. Dr. Marcus
Whitman ; the first a scholarly and fastidious man, and 'the other
possessing all the boldness, energy, and contempt of fastidiousness,
which would have made him as good a mountain leader, as he was
an energetic servant of the American Board of Foreign Missions. The
cause which had brought these gentlemen to the wilderness was a
little incident connected with the fur trade. Four Flathead Indians, in
the year 1832, having heard enough of the Christian religion, from
the few de 
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182 BONNEVILLE'S ACCOUNT OF THE NEZ PERCES. vout

men connected with the fur companies, to desire to know more,
performed a winter journey to St. Louis, and there made inquiry
about the white man's religion. This incident, which to any one
acquainted with Indian character, would appear a very natural one,
when it became known to Christian churches in the United States,
excited a very lively interest, and seemed to call upon them like a
voice out of heaven, to fly to the rescue of perishing heathen souls.
The Methodist Church was the first to respond. When Wyeth
returned to the mountains in 1834, four missionaries a'ccompanied
him, destined for the valley of the Wallamet River in Oregon. In the
following year, the Presbyterian Church sent out its agents, the two
gentlemen above mentioned ; one of whom, Dr. Whitman,
subsequently located near Fort Walla- Walla. The account given by
Capt. Bonneville of the Flatheads and Nez Perces, as he found them
in 1832, before missionary labor had been among them, throws
some light on the incident of the journey to St. Louis, which so
touched the Christian heart in the United States. After relating his
surprise at finding that the Nez Perces observed certain sacred days,
he continues : "A few days afterwards, four of them signified that
they were about to hunt. ' What !' exclaimed the captain, ' without
guns or arrows ; and with only one old spear ? What do you expect
to kill ? ' They smiled among themselves, but made no answer.
Preparatory to the chase, they performed some religious rights, and
offered up to the Great Spirit a few short prayers for safety and
success ; then having received the blessing of their wives, they
leaped upon their horses and departed, leaving the whole party of
Christian spectators amazed and rebuked by this lesson of faith and
dependence on a supreme and benevolent Being. Accustomed as I
had heretofore been to find the wretched Indian rev 
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AN ENTHUSIASTIC VIEW OF INDIAN CHARACTER. 183

eling in blood, and stained by every vice which can degrade human
nature, I could scarcely realize the scene which I had witnessed.
Wonder at such unaffected tenderness and piety, where it was least
to have been sought, contended in all our bosoms with shame and
confusion, at receiving such pure and wholesome instructions from
creatures so far below "us in all the arts and comforts of life. "
Simply to call these people religious," continued Bonneville, " would
convey but a faint idea of the deep hue of piety and devotion which
pervades their whole conduct. Their honesty is immaculate, and
their purity of purpose, and their observance of the rites of their
religion, are most uniform and remarkable. They are certainly more
like a nation of saints than a horde of savages." This was a very
enthusiastic view to take of the Nez Perce character, which appeared
all the brighter to the Captain, by contrast with the savage life which
he had witnessed in other places, and even by contrast with the
conduct of the white trappers. But the Nez Perces and Flatheads
were, intellectually and morally, an exception to all the Indian tribes
west of the Missouri River. Lewis and Clarke found them different
from any others ; the furtraders and the missionaries found them
different; and they remain at this day an honorable example, for
probity and piety, to both savage and civilized peoples. To account
for this superiority is indeed difficult. The only clue to the cause is in
the following statement of Bonneville's. " It would appear," he says,
" that they had imbibed some notions of the Christian faith from
Catholic missionaries and traders who had been among them. They
even had a rude calender of the fasts and festivals of the Romish
Church, and some traces of its ceremonials. These
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184 THE INDIAN'S IDEA OF A GOD. have become blended

with their own wild rites, and present a strange medley, civilized and
barbarous." Finding that these people among whom he was thrown
exhibited such remarkable traits of character, Captain Bonneville
exerted himself to make them acquainted with the history and spirit
of Christianity. To these -explanations they listened with great
eagerness. " Many a time," he says, " was my little lodge thronged,
or rather piled with hearers, for they lay on the ground, one leaning
over the other, until there was no further room, all listening with
greedy ears to the wonders which the Great Spirit had revealed to
the white man. No other subject gave them half the satisfaction, or
commanded half the attention ; and but few scenes of my life
remain so freshly on my memory, or are so pleasurably recalled to
my contemplation, as these hours of intercourse with a distant and
benighted race in the midst of the desert." It was the interest
awakened by these discourses of Captain Bonneville, and possibly by
Smith, and other traders who happened to fall in with the Nez Perces
and Flatheads, that stimulated those four Flatheads to undertake the
journey to St. Louis in search of information ; and this it was which
resulted in the establishment of missions, both in western Oregon,
and among the tribes inhabiting the country between the two great
branches of the Columbia. The trait of Indian character which
Bonneville, in his pleased surprise at the apparent piety of the Nez
Perces and Flatheads, failed to observe, and which the missionaries
themselves for a long time remained oblivious to, was the material
nature of their religious views. The Indian judges of all things by the
material results. If he is possessed of a good natural intelligence and
powers of observation, he soon discovers that the God of the Indian
is
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THE INDIAN'S RELIGION — MATERIAL GOOD DESIRED.

185 but a feeble deity; for does he not permit the Indian to be
defeated in war ; to starve, and to freeze ? Do not the Indian
medicine men often fail to save life, to win battles, to curse their
enemies? The Indian's God, he argues, must be a good deal of a
humbug. He sees the white men faring much better. They have
guns, ammunition, blankets, knives, everything in plenty ; and they
are successful in war ; are skillful in a thousand things the Indian
knows nothing of. To be so blest implies a very wise and powerful
Deity. To gain all these things they are eager to learn about the
white man's God ; are willing to do whatever is necessary to please
and propitiate Him. Hence their attentiveness to the white man's
discourse about his religion. Naturally enough they were struck with
wonder at the doctrine of peace and good will ; a doctrine so
different from the law of blood by which the Indian, in his natural
state, lives. Yet if it is good for the white men, it must be good for
him ; at all events he is anxious to try it. That is the course of
reasoning by which an Indian is led to inquire into Christianity. It is a
desire to better his physical, rather than his spiritual condition ; for
of the latter he has but a very faint conception. He was accustomed
to desire a material Heaven, such a world beyond the grave, as he
could only imagine from his earthly experience. Heaven was
happiness, and happiness was plenty; therefore the most a good
Indian could desire was to go where there should forevermore be
plenty. Such was the Indian's view of religion, and it could be no
other. Until the wants of the body have been supplied by civilization,
the wants of the soul do not develop themselves: and until then the
savage is not prepared to understand Christianity. This is the law of
Nature and of God. Primeval man was a savage ; and it was little
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186 THE FIRST SERMON IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. by

little, through thousands of years, that Christ was revealed. Every
child born, even now, is a savage, and has to be taught civilization
year after year, until he arrives at the possibility of comprehending
spiritual religion. So every full grown barbarian is a child in moral
development ; and to expect him to comprehend those mysteries
over which the world has agonized for centuries, is to commit the
gravest error. Into this error fell all the missionaries who came to the
wilds that lay beyond the Rocky Mountains. They undertook to teach
religion first, and more simple matters afterward — building their
edifice like the Irishman's chimney, by holding up the top brick, and
putting the others under it. Failure was the result of such a process,
as the record of the Oregon Missions sufficiently proves. The reader
will pardon this digression — made necessary by the part which one
of the gentlemen present at this year's rendezvous, was destined to
take in the history which we are writing. Shortly after the arrival of
Messrs. Parker and Whitman, rendezvous broke up. A party, to which
Meek was attached, moved in the direction of the Snake River head-
waters, the missionaries accompanying them, and after making two
camps, came on Saturday eve to Jackson's Little Hole, a small
mountain valley near the larger one commonly known as Jackson's
Hole. On the following day religious services were held in the Rocky
Mountain Camp. A scene more unusual could hardly have transpired
than that of a company of trappers listening to the preaching of the
Word of God. Very little pious reverence marked the countenances of
that wild and motley congregation. Curiosity, incredulity, sarcasm, or
a mocking levity, were more plainly perceptible in the expression of
the men's faces, than either devotion or the longing expectancy of
men habitually deprived
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THE EEV. DR. WHITMAN. 187 of what they once highly

valued. The Indians alone showed by their eager listening that they
desired to become acquainted with the mystery of the "Unknown
God." The Rev. Samuel Parker preached, and the men were as
politely attentive as it was in their reckless natures to be, until, in .
the midst of the discourse, a baud of buffalo appeared in the valley,
when the congregation incontinently broke up, without staying for a
benediction, and every man made haste after his horse, gun, and
rope, leaving Mr. Parker to discourse to vacant ground. The run was
both exciting and successful. About twenty fine buffaloes were killed,
and the choice pieces brought to camp, cooked and eaten, amidst
the merriment, mixed with something coarser, of the hunters. On
this noisy rejoicing Mr; Parker looked with a sober aspect: and
following the dictates of his religious feeling, he rebuked the
sabbath-breakers quite severely. Better for his influence among the
men, if he had not done so, or had not eaten so heartily of the
tender-loin afterwards, a circumstance which his irreverent critics did
not fail to remark, to his prejudice ; and upon the principle that the
"partaker is as bad as the thief," they set down his lecture on
sabbath-breaking as nothing better than pious humbug. Dr. Marcus
Whitman was another style of man. Whatever he thought of the wild
ways of the mountain-men he discreetly kept to himself, preferring
to teach by example rather than precept; and showing no fastidious
contempt for any sort of rough duty he might be called upon to
perform. So aptly indeed had he turned his hand t6 all manner of
camp service on the journey to the mountains, that this abrogation
of clerical dignity had become a source of solicitude, not to say
disapproval and displeasure on the part of his colleague ; and it was
agreed be 
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188 THE MISSIONARIES RETURN TO THE STATEg. tween

them that the Doctor should return to the states with the St. Louis
Company, to procure recruits for the promising field of labor which
they saw before them, while Mr. Parker continued his journey to the
Columbia to decide upon the location of the missionary stations. The
difference of character of the two men was clearly illustrated by the
results of this understanding. Parker went to Vancouver, where he
was hospitably entertained, and where he could inquire into the
workings of the missionary system as pursued by the Methodist
missionaries. His investigations not proving the labor to his taste, he
sailed the following summer for the Sandwich Islands, and thence to
New York ; leaving only a brief note for Doctor Whitman, when he,
with indefatigable exertions, arrived that season among the Nez
Perces with a missionary company, eager for the work which they
hoped to make as great as they believed it to be good.
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MEEK FALLS INTO THE HANDS OF CROWS. CHAPTER XIV. '

FROM the mountains about the head-waters of the Snake River,
Meek returned, with Bridger's brigade to the Yellowstone country,
where he fell into the hands of the Crows. The story as he relates it,
is as follows : "I war trapping on the Rocky Fork of the Yellowstone.
I had been out from camp five days ; and war solitary and alone,
when I war discovered by a war party of Crows. They had the
prairie, and I war forced to run for the Creek bottom ; but the
beaver had throwed the water out and made dams, so that my mule
mired down. While I war struggling in the marsh, the Indians came
after me, with tremendous yells; firing a random shot now and then,
as they closed in on me. "When they war within about two rods of
me, I brought old Sally, that is my gun, to my face, ready to fire, and
then die ; for I knew it war death this time, unless Providence
interfered to save me : and I didn't think Providence would do it. But
the head chief, when he saw the warlike looks of Sally, called out to
me to put down my gun, and I should live. "Well, I liked to live, —
being then in the prime of life; and though it hurt me powerful, I
resolved to part with Sally. I laid her down. As I did so, the chief
picked her up, and one of the braves sprang at me with a spear, and
would have run me through, but the chief knocked him down with
the butt of my gun. Then they led me forth to the high plain on the
south side of the stream. There
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190 QUESTIONED BY THE CHIEF. they called a halt, and I

was given in charge of three women, while the warriors formed a
ring to smoke and consult. This gave me an opportunity to count
them: they numbered one hundred and eighty-seven men, nine
boys, and three women. "After a smoke of three long hours, the
chief, who war named 'The Bold,' called me in the ring, and said: " 'I
have known the whites for a long time, and I know them to be great
liars, deserving death ; but if you will tell the truth, you shall live.'
"Then I thought to myself, they will fetch the truth out of me, if thar
is any in me. But his highness continued: " ' Tell me whar are the
whites you belong to ; and what is your captain's name.' "I said
'Bridger is my captain's name; or, in the Crow tongue, Casapy,"1 the
'Blanket chief.' At this answer the chief seemed lost in thought. At
last he asked me — " ' How many men has he ?' "I thought about
telling the truth and living; but I said 'forty,' which war a tremendous
lie; for thar war two hundred and forty. At this answer The Bold
laughed : '"We will make them poor,' said he; 'and you shall live, but
they shall die.' "I thought to myself, 'hardly ;' but I said nothing. He
then asked me whar I war to meet the camp, and I told him : — and
then how many days before the camp would be thar ; which I
answered truly, for I wanted them to find the camp. "It war now late
in the afternoon, and thar war a great bustle, getting ready for the
march to meet Bridger. Two big Indians mounted my mule, but the
women made me pack moccasins. The spies started first, and after
awhile the main party. Seventy warriors traveled ahead of me :
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BRIDGETS CAMP DISCOVERED. 191 I war placed with the

women and boys ; and after us the balance of the braves. As we
traveled along, the women would prod me with sticks, and laugh,
and say ' Masta Sheela,' (which means white man,) 'Masta sheela
very poor now.' The fair sex war very much amused. "We traveled
that way till midnight, the two big bucks riding my mule, and I
packing moccasins. Then we camped ; the Indians in a ring, with me
in the centre, to keep me safe. I didn't sleep very well that night. I'd
a heap rather been in some other place. "The next morning we
started on in the same order as before : £nd the squaws making fun
of me all day ; but I kept mighty quiet. When we stopped to cook
that evening, I war set to work, and war head cook, and head waiter
too. The third and the fourth day it war the same. I felt pretty bad
when we struck camp on the last day : for I knew we must be
coming near to Bridger, and that if any thing should go wrong, my
life would pay the forfeit. "On the afternoon of the fourth day, the
spies, who war in advance, looking out from a high hill, made a sign
to the main party. In a moment all sat down. Directly they got
another sign, and then they got up and moved on. I war as well up
in Indian signs as they war ; and I knew they had discovered white
men. What war worse, I knew they would soon discover that I had
been lying to them. All I had to do then war to trust to luck. Soon
we came to the top of the hill, which overlooked the Yellowstone,
from which I could see the plains below extending as far as the eye
could reach, and about three miles off, the camp of my friends. My
heart beat double quick about that time ; and I once in a while put
my hand to my head, to feel if my scalp war thar. "While I war
watching our camp, I discovered that the horse guard had seen us,
for I knew the sign he would. 13
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192 SIGNALING THE HORSE GUARD. make if he

'discovered Indians. I thought the camp a splendid sight that
evening. It made a powerful show to me, who did not expect ever to
see it after that day. And it war a fine sight any how, from the hill
whar I stood. About two hundred and fifty men, and women and
children in great numbers, and about a thousand horses and mules.
Then the beautiful plain, and the sinking sun ; and the herds of
buffalo that could not be numbered; and the cedar hills, covered
with elk, — I never saw so fine a sight as all that looked to me then
! "When I turned my eyes on £hat savage Crow band, and saw the
chief standing with his hand on his mouth, lost in amazement ; and
beheld the warriors' tomahawks and spears glittering in the sun, my
heart war very little. Directly the chief turned to me with a horrible
scowl. Said he: " ' I promised that you should live if you told the
truth ; but you have told me a great lie.' " Then the warriors
gathered around, with their tomahawks in their hands ; but I war
showing off very brave, and kept my eyes fixed on the horse-guard
who war approaching the hill to drive in the horses.' This drew the
attention of the chief, and the warriors too. Seeing that the guard
war within about two hundred yards of us, the chief turned to me
and ordered me to tell him to come up. I pretended to do what he
said; but instead of that I howled out to him to stay off, or he would
be killed ; and to tell Bridger to try to treat with them, and get me
away. "As quick as he could he ran to camp, and in a few minutes
Bridger appeared, on his large white horse. He came up to within
three hundred yards of us, and called out to me, asking who the
Indians war. I answered
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SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY CAPTURE OF LITTLE-GUN. 193

'Crows.' He then told me to say to the chief he wished him to send
one of his sub-chiefs to smoke with him. "All this time my heart beat
terribly hard. I don't know now why they didn't kill me at once ; but
the head chief seemed overcome with surprise. When I repeated to
him what Bridger said, he reflected a moment, and then ordered the
second chief, called Little-Gun, to go and smoke with Bridger. But
they kept on preparing for war; getting on their paint and feathers,
arranging -their scalp locks, selecting their arrows, and getting their
ammunition ready. "While this war going on, Little-Gun had
approached to within about a hundred yards of Bridger ; when,
according to the Crow laws of war, each war forced to strip himself,
and proceed the remaining distance in a state of nudity, and kiss and
embrace. While this interesting ceremony war being performed, five
of Bridger's men had followed him, keeping in a ravine until they got
within shooting distance, when they showed themselves, and cut off
the return of Little-Gun, thus making a prisoner of him. " If you think
my heart did not jump up when I saw that, you think wrong. I knew
it war kill or cure, now. Every Indian snatched a weapon, and fierce
threats war howled against me. But all at once about a hundred of
our trappers appeared on the scene. At the same time Bridger called
to me, to tell me to propose to the chief to exchange me for Little-
Gun. I explained to The Bold what Bridger wanted to do, and he
sullenly consented : for, he said, he could not afford to give a chief
for one white dog's scalp. I war then allowed to go towards my
camp, and Little-Gun towards his; and the rescue I hardly hoped for
war accomplished. "In the evening the chief, with forty of his braves,
vis 
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194 BESEIGED Br BEARS — A LAZY TRAPPER. ited Bridger

and made a treaty of three months. They said they war formerly at
war with the whites ; but that they desired to be friendly with them
now, so that together they might fight the Blackfeet, who war
everybody's enemies. As for me, they returned me my mule, gun,
and beaver packs, and said my name should be Sliiam Shaspusia, for
I could out-lie the Crows." In December, Bridgets command went
into winter quarters in the bend of the Yellowstone. Buffalo, elk, and
bear were in great abundance, all that fall and winter. Before they
went to camp, Meek, Kit Carson, Hawkins, and Doughty were
trapping together on the Yellowstone, about sixty miles below. They
had made their temporary camp in the ruins of an old fort, the walls
of which were about six feet high. One evening, after coming in from
setting their traps, they discovered three large grizzly bears in the
river bottom, not more than half a mile off, and Hawkins went out to
shoot one. He was successful in killing one at the first shot, when
the other two, taking fright, ran towards the fort. As they came near
enough to show that they were likely to invade camp, Meek and
Carson, not caring to have a bear fight, clambered up a cotton-wood
tree close by, at the same time advising Doughty to do the same.
But Doughty was tired, and lazy besides, and concluded to take his
chances where he was ; so he rolled himself in his blanket and laid
quite still. The bears, on making the fort, reared up on their hind
legs and looked in as if meditating taking it for a defence. The sight
of Doughty lying rolled in his blanket, and the monster grizzlys
inspecting the fort, caused the two trappers who were safely
perched in the cotton-wood to make merry at Dough ty's expense';
saying all the mirthprovoking things they could, and then advising
him not
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THE DECOY OF THE DELAWARES. 195 to laugh, for fear the

baars should seize him. Poor Doughty, agonizing between
suppressed laughter and growing fear, contrived to lie still however,
while the bears gazed upward at the speakers in wonder, and
alternately at the suspicious looking bundle inside the fort. Not being
able to make out the meaning of either, they gave at last a grunt of
dissatisfaction, and ran off into a thicket to consult over these
strange appearances ; leaving the trappers to enjoy the incident as a
very good joke. For a long time after, Doughty was reminded how
close to the ground he laid, when the grizzlys paid their compliments
to him. Such were the every-day incidents from which the mountain-
men contrived to derive their rude jests, and laughter-provoking
reminiscences. A few days after this incident, while the same party
were trapping a few miles farther down the river, on their way to
camp, they fell in with some Delaware Indians, who said they had
discovered signs of Blackfeet, and wanted to borrow some horses to
decoy them. To this the trappers very willingly agreed, and they
were furnished with two horses. The Delawares then went to the
spot where signs had been discovered, and tying the horses, laid flat
down on the ground near them, concealed by the grass or willows.
They had not long to wait before a Blackfoot was seen stealthily
advancing through the thicket, confident in the belief that he should
gain a couple of horses while their supposed owners were busy with
their traps. But just as he laid his hand on the bridle of the first one,
crack went the rifles of the Delawares, and there was one less
Blackfoot thief on the scent after trappers.. As soon as they could,
after this, the party mounted and rode to camp, not stopping by the
way, lest the main body of Blackfeet should discover the deed and
seek for vengeance.
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196 THE ISHMAELITE OF THE WILDERNESS. Truly indeed,

was the Blackfoot the Ishmael of the wilderness, whose hand was
against every man, and every man's hand against him. The Rocky
Mountain Company passed the first part of the winter in peace and
plenty in the Yellowstone camp, unannoyed either by enemies or
rivals. Hunting buffalo, feeding their horses, playing games, and
telling stories, occupied the entire leisure of these months of repose.
Not only did the mountain-men recount their own adventures, but
when these were exhausted, those whose memories served them
rehearsed the tales they had read in their youth. Robinson Crusoe
and the Arabian Nights Entertainment, were read over again by the
light of memory ; and even Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress was made to
recite like a sensation novel, and was quite as well enjoyed. 1836. In
January, however, this repose was broken in upon by a visit from the
Blackfeet. As their visitations were never of a friendly character, so
then they were not bent upon pacific rites and ceremonies, such as
all the rest of the world find pleasure in, but came in full battle array
to try their fortunes in war against the big camp of the whites. They
had evidently made great preparation. Their warriors numbered
eleven hundred, got up in the top of the Blackfoot fashions, and
armed with all manner of savage and some civilized weapons. But
Bridger was prepared for them, although their numbers were so
overwhelming. He built a fort, had the animals corraled, and put
himself on the defensive in a prompt and thorough manner. This
made the Blackfeet cautious; they too built forts of cotton-wood in
the shape of lodges, ten men to each fort, and carried on a
skirmishing fight for two days, when finding there was nothing to be
gained, they departed, neither side having sustained much loss; the
whites losing only two men by this grand Blackfoot army.
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MARCH THROUGH THE CROW COUNTRY. 197 Soon after

this attack Bridger broke camp, and traveled up the Yellowstone,
through the Crow country. It was while on this march that
Umentucken was struck by a Crow, and Meek put the whole camp in
peril, by shooting him. They passed on to the Big Horn and Little
Horn rivers, down through the Wind River valley and through the
South Pass to Green River. While in that country, there occurred the
fight with the Bannacks in which Umentucken was killed. A small
party of Nez Perces had lost their horses by the thieving of the
Bannacks. They came into camp and complained to the whites, who
promised them their protection, should they be able to recover their
horses. Accordingly the Nez Perces started after the thieves, and by
dogging their camp, succeeded in re-capturing their horses and
getting back to Bridger's camp with them. In order to divert the
vengeance of the Bannacks from themselves, they presented their
horses to the whites, and a very fine one to Bridger. All went well for
a time. The Bannacks went on their way to hunt buffalo ; but they
treasured up their wrath against the supposed white thieves who
had stolen the horses which they had come by so honestly. On their
return from the hunt, having learned by spies that the horses were
in the camp of the whites, they prepared for war. Early one morning
they made their appearance mounted and armed, and making a
dash at the camp, rode through it with the usual yells and frantic
gestures. The attack was entirely unexpected. Bridger stood in front
of his lodge, holding his horse by a lasso, and the head chief rode
over it, jerking it out of his hand. At this unprecedented insult to his
master, a negro named Jim, cook to the Booshways, seized a rifle
and shot the chief dead. At the same time, an arrow shot at random
struck TTmen 
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198 PUNISHMENT OF THE BANNACKS. tucken in the

breast, and the joys and sorrows of the Mountain Lamb were over
foreverraore. The killing of a head chief always throws an Indian war
party into confusion, and negro Jim was greatly elated at this signal
feat of his. The trappers, who were as much surprised at the
suddenness of the assault as it is in the mountain-man's nature to
be, quickly recovered themselves. In a few moments the men were
mounted and in motion, and the disordered Bannacks were obliged
to fly towards their village, Bridger's company pursuing them. All the
rest of that day the trappers fought the Bannacks, driving them out
of their village and plundering it, and forcing them to take refuge on
an island in the river. Even there they were not safe, the guns of the
mountain-men picking them off, from their stations on the river
banks. Umentucken was well avenged that day. All night the Indians
remained on the island, where sounds of wailing were heard
continually ; and when morning came one of their old women
appeared bearing the pipe of peace. u You have killed all our
warriors," she said; udo you now want to kill the women? If you
wish to smoke with women, I have the pipe." Not caring either to
fight or to smoke with so feeble a representative of the Bannacks,
the trappers withdrew. But it was the last war party that nation ever
sent against the mountain-men ; though in later times they have by
their atrocities avenged the losses of that day. While awaiting, in the
Green River valley, the arrival of the St. Louis Company, the Rocky
Mountain and North American companies united ; after which
Captain Sublette and his brother returned no more to the mountains.
The new firm was known only as the American Fur Company, the
other having dropped its title altogether. The object of their
consolidation was by combining their capital and
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AN EXCURSION. 199 experience to strengthen their hands

against the Hudson's Bay Company, which now had an
establishment at Fort Hall, on the Snake River. By this new
arrangement, Bridger and Fontenelle commanded ; and Dripps was
to be the traveling partner who was to go to St. Louis for goods.
After the conclusion of this agreement, Dripps, with the restlessness
of the true mountain-man, decided to set out, with a small party of
equally restless trappers, always eager to volunteer for any
undertaking promising either danger or diversion, to look for the St.
Louis Company which was presumed to be somewhere between the
Black Hills and Green River. According to this determination Dripps,
Meek, Carson, Newell, a Flathead chief named Victor, and one or two
others, set out on the search for the expected company. It
happened, however, that a war party of a hundred Crows. were out
on the trail before them, looking perhaps for the same party, and the
trappers had not made more than one or two camps before they
discovered signs which satisfied them of the neighborhood of an
enemy. At their next camp on the Sandy, Meek and Carson, with the
caution and vigilance peculiar to them, kept their saddles on their
horses, and the horses tied to themselves by a long rope, so that on
the least unusual motion of the animals they should be readily
informed of the disturbance. Their precaution was not lost. Just after
midnight had given place to the first faint kindling of dawn, their
ears were stunned by the simultaneous discharge of a hundred
guns, and the usual furious din of the war-whoop and yell. A
stampede immediately took place of all the horses excepting those
of Meek and Carson. "Every man for himself and God for us all," is
the motto of the mountain-man in case of an Indian attack ; nor did
our trappers forget it
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