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FO U RTH ED ITI O N

Microbiology
An Evolving Science
FO U RTH ED ITI O N

Microbiology
An Evolving Science

Joan L. Slonczewski
Kenyon College

John W. Foster
University of South Alabama

W. W. NORTON & COMPANY

NEW YORK LONDON
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder
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Fourth Edition

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Slonczewski, Joan, author. | Foster, John Watkins, author.

Title: Microbiology : an evolving science / Joan L. Slonczewski, Kenyon
College, John W. Foster, University of South Alabama.
Description: Fourth edition. | New York : W. W. Norton & Company, 2016. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016051604 | ISBN 9780393602340 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Microbiology—Textbooks.
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123456789
 Dedication
We dedicate this Fourth Edition to the memory of our
colleagues, three brilliant scientists and educators: Fred
Neidhardt (1931–2016), extraordinary physiologist and
founder of the field of microbial stress response; Bob Kadner
(1942–2005), renowned microbial physiologist whose discoveries
of biosynthesis and transport shaped the field of metabolism; and
Katrina Edwards (1968–2014), pioneering geomicrobiologist who
founded the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations
(C-DEBI). We, the authors, are grateful for their contributions and
deeply moved by their passing.
BRIEF CONTENTS

eTopic Contents xvii PART 4

Preface xix
Microbial Diversity
About the Authorsxxxiv
and Ecology
17 Origins and Evolution645
PART 1
18 Bacterial Diversity689
The Microbial Cell 19 Archaeal Diversity735
1 Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery1
20 Eukaryotic Diversity773
2 Observing the Microbial Cell37
21 Microbial Ecology815
3 Cell Structure and Function77
22 Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles867
4 Bacterial Culture, Growth, and
Development117
5 Environmental Influences and Control of PART 5
Microbial Growth157 Medicine and Immunology
6 Viruses193
23 Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity901
24 The Adaptive Immune Response941
PART 2 25 Microbial Pathogenesis989
Genes and Genomes 26 Microbial Diseases1037

7 Genomes and Chromosomes235 27 Antimicrobial Therapy1091

8 Transcription, Translation, and 28 Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology1133

Bioinformatics273
9 Gene Transfer, Mutations, and APPENDIX 1: Reference and ReviewA-1
Genome Evolution315 APPENDIX 2: TaxonomyA-11
10 Molecular Regulation357
11 Viral Molecular Biology401 Answers to Thought QuestionsAQ-1
12Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology443 GlossaryG-1
Figure CreditsFC-1
IndexI-1
PART 3
Metabolism and Biochemistry
13 Energetics and Catabolism477
14 Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy,
and Phototrophy523
15 Biosynthesis567
16 Food and Industrial Microbiology605

VI
 CONTENTS

eTopic Contents xvii

Preface xix
About the Authorsxxxiv

PART 1
The Microbial Cell

CHAPTER 1
Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery........................................................................ 1
Special Topic 1.1: How Did Life Originate?4–5
1.1 From Germ to Genome: What Is a Microbe?6
1.2 Microbes Shape Human History9
1.3 Medical Microbiology15
1.4 Microbial Ecology22
1.5 The Microbial Family Tree25
1.6 Cell Biology and the DNA Revolution28

CHAPTER 2
Observing the Microbial Cell ....................................................................................37
2.1 Observing Microbes38
2.2 Optics and Properties of Light42
Special Topic 2.1: Catch Your Bacteria Snacking44–45
2.3 Bright-Field Microscopy48
2.4 Fluorescence Microscopy and Super-Resolution Imaging55
2.5 Dark-Field and Phase-Contrast Microscopy61
2.6 Electron Microscopy, Scanning Probe Microscopy, and X-Ray Crystallography65

VII
VIII ■ CONTENTS

CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function .....................................................................................77
3.1 The Bacterial Cell: An Overview79
3.2 The Cell Membrane and Transport84
3.3 The Cell Wall and Outer Layers90
3.4 The Nucleoid and Cell Division100
3.5 Cell Polarity and Aging104
3.6 Specialized Structures107
Special Topic 3.1: Senior Cells Make Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis108–109

CHAPTER 4
Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development ................................................. 117
4.1 Microbial Nutrition118
4.2 Nutrient Uptake123
4.3 Culturing and Counting Bacteria129
Special Topic 4.1: Antibiotic Hunters Culture the “Unculturable”134–135
4.4 The Growth Cycle139
4.5 Biofilms145
4.6 Cell Differentiation148

CHAPTER 5
Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth ..................... 157
5.1 Environmental Limits on Growth158
5.2 Temperature and Pressure159
5.3 Osmolarity164
5.4 Hydronium (pH) and Hydroxide Ion Concentrations166
5.5 Oxygen171
5.6 Nutrient Deprivation and Starvation175
5.7 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Control of Microbes178
Special Topic 5.1: Phage “Smart Bombs” Target Biofilms188–189

CHAPTER 6
Viruses ........................................................................................................................... 193
6.1 Viruses in Ecosystems195
6.2 Virus Structure199
6.3 Viral Genomes and Classification205
6.4 Bacteriophages: The Gut Virome212
Special Topic 6.1: Virus to the Rescue216–217
6.5 Animal and Plant Viruses220
6.6 Culturing Viruses228
 CONTENTS ■ IX

PART 2
Genes and Genomes

CHAPTER 7
Genomes and Chromosomes ................................................................................ 235
7.1 DNA: The Genetic Material236
7.2 Genome Organization238
7.3 DNA Replication246
7.4 Plasmids255
Special Topic 7.1: Nucleoid Occlusion Factors and the Septal “Guillotine”256–257
7.5 Eukaryotic and Archaeal Chromosomes260
7.6 DNA Sequence Analysis262

CHAPTER 8
Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics .............................................. 273
8.1 RNA Polymerases and Sigma Factors274
8.2 Transcription of DNA to RNA278
8.3 Translation of RNA to Protein283
Special Topic 8.1: Translocation: EF-G Gets Physical293
8.4 Protein Modification, Folding, and Degradation297
8.5 Secretion: Protein Traffic Control300
8.6 Bioinformatics: Mining the Genomes305

CHAPTER 9
Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution ....................................... 315
9.1 Mosaic Genomes and Gene Transfer316
9.2 Recombination330
9.3 Mutations332
9.4 DNA Repair338
Special Topic 9.1: DNA as a Live Wire: Using Electrons to Find DNA Damage340–341
9.5 Mobile Genetic Elements346
9.6 Genome Evolution349
X ■ CONTENTS

CHAPTER 10
Molecular Regulation ............................................................................................... 357
10.1 Gene Expression: Levels of Control358
10.2 Operon Control364
10.3 Sigma Factors and Regulatory RNAs374
10.4 Integrated Control Circuits383
10.5 Quorum Sensing: Chemical Conversations388
Special Topic 10.1: Networking with Nanotubes392–393
10.6 Transcriptomics and Proteomics394

CHAPTER 11
Viral Molecular Biology ...........................................................................................401
11.1 Phage Lambda: Enteric Bacteriophage402
11.2 Influenza Virus: (–) Strand RNA Virus410
11.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Retrovirus418
11.4 Endogenous Retroviruses and Gene Therapy429
11.5 Herpes Simplex Virus: DNA Virus433
Special Topic 11.1: Cytomegalovirus438–439

CHAPTER 12
Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology ................................................................443
12.1 Genetic Analyses444
12.2 Molecular Techniques450
12.3 Visualizing the Interactions and Movements of Proteins458
12.4 Applied Biotechnology461
12.5 Synthetic Biology: Biology by Design465
Special Topic 12.1: Bacteria “Learn” to Keep Time and Signal Danger466–467
 CONTENTS ■ XI

PART 3
Metabolism and Biochemistry

CHAPTER 13
Energetics and Catabolism .................................................................................... 477
13.1 Energy and Entropy for Life478
13.2 Energy in Biochemical Reactions483
Special Topic 13.1: Microbial Syntrophy Cleans Up Oil486–487
13.3 Energy Carriers and Electron Transfer489
13.4 Catabolism: The Microbial Buffet495
13.5 Glucose Breakdown and Fermentation501
13.6 The TCA Cycle and Aromatic Catabolism 511

CHAPTER 14
Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy .............. 523
14.1 Electron Transport Systems525
14.2 The Proton Motive Force530
14.3 The Respiratory ETS and ATP Synthase534
14.4 Anaerobic Respiration541
Special Topic 14.1: Bacterial Electric Power544–545
14.5 Lithotrophy and Methanogenesis545
14.6 Phototrophy553

CHAPTER 15
Biosynthesis ................................................................................................................ 567
15.1 Overview of Biosynthesis568
15.2 CO2 Fixation: The Calvin Cycle572
15.3 CO2 Fixation: Diverse Pathways579
15.4 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Polyketides583
15.5 Nitrogen Fixation and Regulation587
Special Topic 15.1: Mining a Bacterial Genome for Peptide Antibiotics588–589
15.6 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Nitrogenous Bases594
XII ■ CONTENTS

CHAPTER 16
Food and Industrial Microbiology ........................................................................605
16.1 Microbes as Food606
16.2 Fermented Foods: An Overview608
16.3 Acid- and Alkali-Fermented Foods611
16.4 Ethanolic Fermentation: Bread and Wine618
16.5 Food Spoilage and Preservation622
16.6 Industrial Microbiology632
Special Topic 16.1: Microbial Enzymes Make Money638–639

PART 4
Microbial Diversity and Ecology

CHAPTER 17
Origins and Evolution...............................................................................................645
17.1 Origins of Life646
17.2 Early Metabolism656
17.3 Microbial Phylogeny and Gene Transfer661
17.4 Adaptive Evolution670
17.5 Microbial Species and Taxonomy674
Special Topic 17.1: Jump-Starting Evolution of a Hyperthermophilic Enzyme676–677
17.6 Symbiosis and the Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts681

CHAPTER 18
Bacterial Diversity .....................................................................................................689
18.1 Bacterial Diversity at a Glance690
18.2 Cyanobacteria: Oxygenic Phototrophs696
18.3 Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (Gram-Positive) 702
Special Topic 18.1: Gut Bacterial Hair Balls 708–709
18.4 Proteobacteria (Gram-Negative) 714
18.5 Deep-Branching Gram-Negative Phyla 725
18.6 Spirochetes: Sheathed Spiral Cells with Internalized Flagella 727
18.7 Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia: Irregular Cells 729
 CONTENTS ■ XIII

CHAPTER 19
Archaeal Diversity ..................................................................................................... 735
19.1 Archaeal Traits and Phylogeny 736
19.2 Crenarchaeota across the Temperature Range744
19.3 Thaumarchaeota: Symbionts and Ammonia Oxidizers751
19.4 Methanogenic Euryarchaeota753
Special Topic 19.1: Methanogens for Dinner758–759
19.5 Halophilic Euryarchaeota762
19.6 Extremophilic Euryarchaeota and Deeply Branching Divisions767

CHAPTER 20
Eukaryotic Diversity .................................................................................................773
20.1 Phylogeny of Eukaryotes774
20.2 Fungi782
Special Topic 20.1: Yeast: A Single-Celled Human Brain?786–787
20.3 Algae794
20.4 Amebas and Slime Molds800
20.5 Alveolates: Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, and Apicomplexans803
20.6 Parasitic Protozoa809

CHAPTER 21
Microbial Ecology ...................................................................................................... 815
21.1 Metagenomes—and Beyond817
21.2 Functional Ecology826
21.3 Symbiosis831
Special Topic 21.1: Antarctic Cyano Mats: Have Ecosystem, Will Travel832–833
21.4 Animal Digestive Microbiomes837
21.5 Marine and Freshwater Microbes842
21.6 Soil and Plant Microbial Communities852

CHAPTER 22
Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles .................................................................867
22.1 Biogeochemical Cycles868
22.2 The Carbon Cycle and Bioremediation871
Special Topic 22.1: An Underground River in Antarctica872
22.3 The Hydrologic Cycle and Wastewater Treatment876
22.4 The Nitrogen Cycle882
22.5 Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Metals887
22.6 Astrobiology894
XIV ■ CONTENTS

PART 5
Medicine and Immunology

CHAPTER 23
Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity...........................................................901
23.1 Human Microbiome902
23.2 Benefits and Risks of Microbiota909
23.3 Overview of the Immune System915
Special Topic 23.1: Are NETs a Cause of Lupus?918–919
23.4 Physical and Chemical Defenses against Infection923
23.5 Innate Immunity: Surveillance, Cytokines, and Inflammation927
23.6 Complement and Fever934

CHAPTER 24
The Adaptive Immune Response ......................................................................... 941
24.1 Overview of Adaptive Immunity942
24.2 Antibody Structure, Diversity, and Synthesis948
Special Topic 24.1: Can Retroviruses Help B Cells?956–957
24.3 T Cells Link Antibody and Cellular Immune Systems962
24.4 Complement as Part of Adaptive Immunity973
24.5 Gut Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome974
24.6 Immunization977
24.7 Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity980

CHAPTER 25
Microbial Pathogenesis ...........................................................................................989
25.1 Host-Pathogen Interactions990
25.2 Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity Islands995
25.3 Microbial Attachment: First Contact998
25.4 Toxins Subvert Host Function1003
25.5 Deploying Toxins and Effectors1014
25.6 Surviving within the Host1019
Special Topic 25.1: Type VI Secretion: Poison Darts1020–1022
25.7 Experimental Tools That Probe Pathogenesis1030
 CONTENTS ■ XV

CHAPTER 26
Microbial Diseases ................................................................................................. 1037
26.1 Diagnosing Microbial Diseases1038
26.2 Skin, Soft-Tissue, and Bone Infections1040
26.3 Respiratory Tract Infections1044
26.4 Gastrointestinal Tract Infections1050
Special Topic 26.1: Sprouts and an Emerging Escherichia coli1054–1055
26.5 Genitourinary Tract Infections1062
26.6 Cardiovascular and Systemic Infections1070
26.7 Central Nervous System Infections1081

CHAPTER 27
Antimicrobial Therapy .......................................................................................... 1091
27.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Therapy1092
27.2 Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action1099
27.3 Challenges of Drug Resistance and Discovery1110
Special Topic 27.1: Are Designer Antibodies the Next Antibiotics?1118–1119
27.4 Antiviral Agents1121
27.5 Antifungal Agents1127

CHAPTER 28
Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology ........................................................ 1133
28.1 Clinical Microbiology: Specimen Collection and Handling1134
28.2 Approaches to Pathogen Identification1140
28.3 Principles of Epidemiology1158
28.4 Detecting Emerging Microbial Diseases1165
Special Topic 28.1: What’s Blowing in the Wind?1166–1167

APPENDIX 1
Reference and Review .............................................................................................. A-1
A1.1 A Periodic Table of the ElementsA-2
A1.2 Chemical Functional GroupsA-2
A1.3 Amino AcidsA-4
A1.4 The Genetic CodeA-4
A1.5 Calculating the Standard Free Energy Change, ∆G°, of Chemical ReactionsA-5
A1.6 Generalized CellsA-6
A1.7 Semipermeable MembranesA-6
A1.8 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cell DivisionA-8
XVI ■ CONTENTS

APPENDIX 2
Taxonomy ................................................................................................................... A-11
A2.1 VirusesA-12
A2.2 BacteriaA-14
A2.3 ArchaeaA-18
A2.4 EukaryaA-20

Answers to Thought QuestionsAQ-1

GlossaryG-1
Figure CreditsFC-1
IndexI-1
 eTOPIC CONTENTS
Access to the eTopics is available through both the ebook and the Norton Coursepack.

1.1 Rita Colwell: The Global Impact of Microbiology— 10.1 Slipped-Strand Mispairing
An Interview 10.2 CRP Interactions with RNA Polymerase and CRP-
1.2 Clifford W. Houston: From Aquatic Pathogens to Dependent Promoters
Outer Space—An Interview 10.3 Glucose Transport Alters cAMP Levels
2.1 Molecular “Snapshots”: Chemical Imaging 10.4 Toxin-Antitoxin Modules: Mechanisms for Self-
2.2 Confocal Microscopy preservation or Altruism?
3.1 Isolation and Analysis of the Ribosome 11.1 Phage T4: The Classic Molecular Model
3.2 How Antibiotics Cross the Outer Membrane 11.2 The Filamentous Phage M13: Vaccines and
3.3 Christine Jacobs-Wagner: The Thrill of Discovery in Nanowires
Molecular Microbiology—An Interview 11.3 Poliovirus: (+) Strand RNA Virus
4.1 Transport by Group Translocation: The 11.4 Hepatitis C: (+) Strand RNA Virus
Phosphotransferase System 11.5 Genetic Resistance to HIV
4.2 Eukaryotes Transport Nutrients by Endocytosis 12.1 Mapping the E. coli Interactome
4.3 Sharks and Biofilms Don’t Mix 12.2 GFP Proteins Track Cell Movements in Biofilms
4.4 Biofilms, Antibiotics, Garlic, and Disease 12.3 DNA Vaccines
5.1 The Arrhenius Equation 12.4 Gene Therapy and Gene Delivery Systems
5.2 It’s Raining Bacteria 12.5 Directed Evolution through Phage Display
5.3 Membrane-Permeant Organic Acids Alter Cell pH Technology
5.4 Some Alkaliphilic Enzymes Produce Useful Drug 12.6 DNA Shuffling Enables In Vitro Evolution
Delivery Systems 12.7 Site-Directed Mutagenesis Helps Us Probe Protein
5.5 Signaling Virulence Function
5.6 Oligotrophs 13.1 Observing Energy Carriers in Living Cells
6.1 How Did Viruses Originate? 13.2 Swiss Cheese: A Product of Bacterial Catabolism
6.2 West Nile Virus, an Emerging Pathogen 13.3 Genomic Analysis of Metabolism
7.1 Trapping a Sliding Clamp 13.4 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Connects Sugar
7.2 Replication Mechanisms of Bacteriophages Catabolism to the TCA Cycle
7.3 Plasmid Partitioning and Addiction 14.1 Environmental Regulation of the ETS
7.4 Equilibrium Density Gradient Centrifugation 14.2 Caroline Harwood: A Career in Bacterial
Photosynthesis and Biodegradation—An Interview
7.5 Where Have All the Bees Gone? Metagenomics,
Pyrosequencing, and Nature 15.1 Dan Wozniak: Polymer Biosynthesis Makes a
Pathogenic Biofilm— An Interview
8.1 Building the Ribosome Machine
15.2 The Discovery of 14C
8.2 Discovering the mRNA Ribosome-Binding Site
15.3 Calvin Cycle Intermediates
8.3 Stalking the Lone Ribosome
15.4 Antibiotic Factories: Modular Biosynthesis of
8.4 The Shifty Chaperone: GroEL-GroES
Vancomycin
8.5 Ubiquitination: A Ticket to the Proteasome
15.5 Biosynthesis of Tetrapyrroles
9.1 F Pili and Biofilm Formation
15.6 Riboswitch Regulation
9.2 Mapping Bacterial Chromosome Gene Position by
16.1 From Barley and Hops to Beer
Conjugation
16.2 Caterpillar Viruses Produce Commercial Products
9.3 Deinococcus Uses RecA to Repair Fragmented
Chromosomes 17.1 The RNA World: Clues for Modern Medicine
9.4 Mutation Rate 17.2 Phylogeny of a Shower Curtain Biofilm
9.5 Integrons and Gene Capture 17.3 Horizontal Gene Transfer in E. coli O157:H7
9.6 There’s a Bacterial Genome Hidden in My Fruit Fly 17.4 An Interview with Richard Lenski: Evolution in the
Lab
9.7 How Gene Duplications and Deletions Arise
17.5 Leaf-cutter Ants with Partner Fungi and Bacteria

XVII
XVIII ■ ETOPIC CONTENTS

18.1 Karl Stetter: Adventures in Microbial Diversity Lead 25.4 Caught in the Act: Streptococcus agalactiae Evolved
to Products in Industry—An Interview through Conjugation
18.2 Carbon Monoxide: Food for Bacteria? 25.5 Pili Tip Proteins Tighten Their Grip
19.1 Haloarchaea in the Classroom 25.6 Normal G-Factor Control of Adenylate Cyclase
20.1 Oomycetes: Lethal Parasites That Resemble Fungi 25.7 Diphtheria Toxin
20.2 A Ciliate Model for Human Aging 25.8 Identifying New Microbial Toxins
20.3 The Trypanosome: A Shape-Shifting Killer 25.9 Bacterial Covert Operations: Secreted Shigella
21.1 Cleaning Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Effector Proteins Jam Communications between
Target Cells and Innate Immunity
21.2 Cold-Seep Ecosystems
26.1 Human Papillomavirus
21.3 Sponge Communities
26.2 The Respiratory Tract Pathogen Bordetella Binds to
21.4 Mapping Bermuda Phytoplankton
Lung Cilia
22.1 Wetlands: Disappearing Microbial Ecosystems
26.3 The Common Cold versus Influenza
22.2 Bioremediation of Weapons Waste
26.4 Intracellular Biofilm Pods Are Reservoirs
22.3 Metal Contamination and Bioremediation of Infection
23.1 Do Defensins Help Determine Species Specificity for 26.5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogenesis
Infection?
26.6 Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease
23.2 Cathelicidins
26.7 Spongiform Encephalopathies
24.1 Factors That Influence Immunogenicity
27.1 Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity
24.2 ABO Blood Groups: Antigens, Antibodies, and Karl
27.2 Antibiotic Biosynthesis Pathways
Landsteiner
27.3 Anti-Quorum Sensing Drug Blocks Pathogen
24.3 Organ Donation and Transplant Rejection
“Control and Command”
24.4 Microbiota Minimize Inflammation
27.4 Resurrection, Analysis and Treatment of the 1918
24.5 Case Studies in Hypersensitivity Pandemic Flu Virus
25.1 Finding Virulence Genes: Signature-Tagged 28.1 API Reactions and Generating a Seven-Digit Microbe
Mutagenesis Identification Code
25.2 Finding Virulence Genes: In Vivo Expression 28.2 DNA-Based Detection Tests
Technologies
28.3 Microbial Pathogen Detection Gets Wired Up
25.3 Ferric Fang: Molecular Microbiology Dissects a
28.4 SARS: An Epidemiological Success Story
Pathogen—An Interview
 PREFACE

O
ur first three editions established Microbiology: An Evolving Science as the
defining core text of our generation—the book that inspires undergrad-
uate science majors to embrace the microbial world. This Fourth Edi-
tion continues our commitment to the fundamentals, but also highlights
two current and breathtaking themes of discovery: Antarctic microbiology and our
intestinal microbiome. Antarctic microbes offer models for life on Mars, exotic eco-
systems, and opportunities for biotechnology. This new material includes data and
images from Joan Slonczewski’s own field work in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Ant-
arctica. Closer to home, our intestinal microbiome reveals extraordinary connections
to human health and behavior, as now promoted by the National Microbiome Initia-
tive (NMI). The microbiome story is vividly told by John Foster, a leading investiga-
tor of gut bacteria.
In this Fourth Edition, we have maintained our signature balance between cut-
ting-edge ecology and medicine, including the use of case histories in the medical
section. Our balanced depiction of women and minority scientists, including young
researchers, continues to draw enthusiastic responses from our adopters. Our focus
on evolution, and our modern organization reflecting changes in the field, proved so
successful that other textbooks have since adjusted their chapter sequence to parallel
Microbiology: An Evolving Science. We have kept this chapter organization to facilitate
year-to-year course transitions for instructors.
In many chapters, we relate topics to current events, to keep students interested
in and informed on the role of microbiology in the world today. One example is
synthetic biology, the construction of microbes with genetic circuits engineered for
commercial use (Chapter 12, Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology). Another exam-
ple is the use of viral replication cycles to develop lentiviral treatments for cancer and
inherited disorders, including the first possible “cure” for pediatric leukemia (pre-
sented in Chapter 11, Viral Molecular Biology).
The Fourth Edition still holds to the idea that this text is a community project,
drawing not only on the authors’ experience as researchers and educators, but also on
the input of hundreds of colleagues from around the world to create a comprehensive
microbiology book for the twenty-first century. We present the full story of molecu-
lar microbiology and microbial ecology from its classical history of Koch, Pasteur,
and Winogradsky, right up to the research of twenty-first-century researchers Rita
Colwell and Bonnie Bassler. We have included countless contributions recommended
by colleagues from around the globe, at institutions such as Washington University,
University of California–Davis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Cornell Univer-
sity, Florida State University, University of Toronto, University of Edinburgh, Uni-
versity of Antwerp, Seoul National University, Chinese University of Hong Kong,
and many more. We are grateful to you all.

XIX
XX ■ PREFACE

While we have expanded and developed new topics, we also recognized the
need to keep the length and “core” of the book to a size reasonable enough for the
undergraduate student. The content in virtually all of the chapters in this book has
been limited to a maximum of six numbered sections, helping to keep the coverage
from straying too far from the fundamentals. In addition, several chapters under-
went major revision in this Fourth Edition, including Chapter 3, Cell Structure and
Function, with a tightened opener and a new section on cell aging; and Chapter 21,
Microbial Ecology, which opens with a new section on metagenomics and the cul-
turing of “unculturables.” Along with these new additions, we have also tightened
the content overall, actually decreasing the size of the book from the Third Edition.
In order to contain length while adding new material, we continue to transfer cer-
tain topics online as “eTopics.” The eTopics are called out in the text, hyperlinked
to the ebook, and their key terms are fully indexed in the printed book. Therefore,
returning adopters can be confident of keeping access to all of the material they
taught from the Second and Third Editions, but now they also have new topics on
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell aging and drug resistance (Chapter 3) and on bacteria
that convert phage genes into toxin secretion systems (Chapter 25), and much more.

Major Features
Our book targets the science major in biology, microbiology, or biochemistry. Sev-
eral important features make our book the best text available for undergraduates
today:
NEW Themes of discovery: Antarctic microbiology and our intestinal microbiome.
The Fourth Edition features new content in every chapter on two exciting and rel-
evant new themes. Marginal icons highlight examples of each theme, such as:
■ In Chapter 5, research by Asim Bej (University of Alabama Birmingham) and
others on psychrophiles reveals the composition and metabolic capabilities of the
South Pole microbiome. Novel compounds discovered by members of the polar
microbiome have anticancer and antimicrobial potential.
■ In Chapter 7, Ruth Lay (Cornell University) used metagenomics to discover that
the abundance of some members of the intestinal microbiome are influenced by
host genetics. One such organism, Christensenella minuta, also influenced weight
gain when orally “transplanted” into mouse intestines.
A new “mini-interview” opens each chapter, offering a total of twenty-eight new
perspectives from cutting-edge researchers. Examples include:

■ A Chapter 1 interview with Dawn Sumner, geomicrobiologist, explaining how

cyanobacterial mats colonize Antarctic lakes.
■ A Chapter 2 interview with Grant Jensen, whose 3D cryotomography offers an
extraordinary view of chlamydia parasitizing a cell.
Research on contemporary themes such as evolution, genomics, metagenom-
ics, molecular genetics, and biotechnology enrich students’ understanding of foun-
dational topics and highlight the current state of the field. Every chapter presents
numerous current research examples within the up-to-date framework of molecular
biology. Examples of current research include tools to explore evolution in aging bac-
terial colonies; determining the “pangenome,” the overall set of genes available to a
 PREFACE ■ XXI

species; simultaneously profiling gene expression patterns in host and microbe dur-
ing an infection; and the spectroscopic measurement of carbon flux from microbial
communities.
An updated art program with engaging figures that are also dynamic learning
tools. Process diagrams have been rendered more accessible by reducing the length
of supporting captions and expanding the use of in-figure bubble captions. In addi-
tion, scientists pursuing research today are presented alongside the traditional icons
of the field. For example, Chapter 1 introduces historical figures such as Koch and
Pasteur alongside marine microbiologist Heide Schulz-Vogt and undergraduate stu-
dents currently conducting experimental evolution of E. coli.
Core concepts are presented in a student-friendly way that motivates learning.
Ample Thought Questions throughout every chapter challenge students to think
critically about core concepts, the way a scientist would.
An innovative media package, including a new Smartwork5 online homework
course, provides powerful tools of visualization and assessment. Smartwork5
includes review, critical thinking, visual, and animation questions for every chapter.
Each activity builds on the text and pedagogy to help students master key concepts,
think critically, and apply what they’ve learned.

Additional features of the Fourth Edition include:

■ Genetics and genomics are presented as the foundation of microbiology. Molec-
ular genetics and genomics are thoroughly integrated with core topics through-
out the book. This approach gives students an understanding of how genomes
reveal potential metabolic pathways in diverse organisms, and how genomics and
metagenomics reveal the character of microbial communities.
■ Microbial ecology and medical microbiology receive equal emphasis, with
particular attention paid to the merging of these fields. Throughout the book,
phenomena are presented with examples from both ecology and medicine; for
example, when discussing horizontal transfer of “genomic islands” we present
symbiosis islands associated with nitrogen fixation, as well as pathogenicity islands
associated with disease (Chapter 9).
■ Unlike most microbiology textbooks, our text provides size scale information for
nearly every micrograph.
■ Viruses are presented in molecular detail and in ecological perspective. For
example, in marine ecosystems, viruses play key roles in limiting algal populations
while selecting for species diversity (Chapter 6). Similarly, a constellation of bacte-
riophages influences enteric flora.
■ Microbial diversity that students can grasp. We present microbial diversity in a
manageable framework that enables students to grasp the essentials of the most
commonly presented taxa, the continual discovery of organisms ranging from
anammox bacteria to emerging pathogenic Escherichia strains.
■ Appendices for review and further study. Our book assumes a sophomore-level
understanding of introductory biology and chemistry, with on-line eAppendices
for those in need of review.
XXII ■ PREFACE

Organization
The topics in this book are arranged so that students can progressively develop an
understanding of microbiology from key concepts and research tools. The chapters
of Part 1 present key foundational topics: history, visualization, the bacterial cell,
microbial growth and control, and virology.
The six chapters in Part 1 present many topics that are then developed in further
detail throughout Parts 2 through 5. Part 2 presents modern genetics and genom-
ics. Part 3 presents cell metabolism and biochemistry, although the chapters in Part 3
are written in such a way that they can be presented before the genetics material if
so desired. Part 4 explores microbial ecology and diversity and discusses the roles of
microbial communities in local ecosystems and global cycling. And then the chapters
of Part 5 (Chapters 23–28) present medical and disease microbiology from an inves-
tigative perspective, founded on the principles of genetics, metabolism, and micro-
bial ecology.

What’s New in the Fourth Edition?

Throughout the Fourth Edition of Microbiology: An Emerging Science, research
examples have been updated to highlight the newest experimental techniques and
important topics of interest in microbiology today, including current examples of
the two new themes—Antarctic microbiology and the intestinal microbiome. The
content in each chapter has been focused around fewer numbered chapter sections
to help students master the fundamentals. The art has been updated and numerous
Thought Questions and Special Topic boxes have been updated. Every chapter opens
with a new research interview that features the work of established scientists, post-
docs, and graduate students from around the world. A review of of these changes by
chapter are featured in the following list.
CHAPTER 1: Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery. The chapter opener describes re-
search on cyanobacterial mats that grow at the bottom of Antarctic lakes. Other new
and unusual microbes are presented, including Pyrodictium abyssi, which lives off
of the sulfides spewed from oceanic thermal vents, and the giant marine bacterium,
Thiomargarita namibiensis.
CHAPTER 2: Observing the Microbial Cell. In the chapter opener, pathogenic chlamy-
dias are seen in a whole new light—using 3D cryotomographic microscopy. Exciting
imaging techniques that continue to push forward our understanding of cell behavior
are presented. Super resolution imaging enables single molecules to be tracked within
living cells, and a new special topic on NanoSIMS (nanoscale secondary ion mass
spectrometry) describes how this chemical imaging method is being used to probe
intestinal microbiomes.
CHAPTER 3: Cell Structure and Function. The molecular processes that coordinate
DNA replication and cell division are the subject of the chapter opener. Several mi-
crobial cell biology topics are expanded and updated, including cell fractionation, a
discussion of the cell envelope, and polar aging.
CHAPTER 4: Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development. The chapter opener re-
veals the microbial diversity and evolution occurring in old bacterial colonies. The
explanation of generation time and the description of continuous culture is revised
for clarity. Recent research alters our view of what’s going on during stationary phase
 PREFACE ■ XXIII

within a liquid culture. A new special topic follows antibiotic hunters as they search
for new medicines among “unculturable” microorganisms. New data on biofilm-
busting peptides are presented.
CHAPTER 5: Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth. Interspe-
cies cell signaling is discussed in the chapter opener. The impacts of human activities,
including global climate change, on microbial ecosystems are updated with some of
the latest research. A new special topic looks at bacteriophage therapy to treat biofilm
infections.
CHAPTER 6: Viruses. This first of two chapters on viruses opens with viral ecology, to
highlight the critical roles that viruses play in ecosystems. Gut Bacteriophages in the
gut microbiome is the topic of Section 6.4. The modern use of genome sequencing to
classify viruses is presented. A special topic presents research on the role of a recently
identified virus that confers thermotolerance to both its host fungus and the fungi’s
symbiotic plant host.
CHAPTER 7: Genomes and Chromosomes. The chapter opener describes research us-
ing molecular biology and fluorescence cell imaging to follow the fate of plasmids and
the chromosome in E. coli. Section 7.5 is expanded to include the latest information
about archaeal chromosomes. New data is included about intestinal metagenomics
and single-cell genomics. A new special topic describes the molecular mechanisms
that keep sister chromosomes from being severed by the growing septum during
bacterial cell division.
CHAPTER 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics. The chapter opener
presents current research on the structural biology of coupled transcription and trans-
lation in bacteria. Much of the chapter is revised. Discussion of bioinformatics is
revised extensively, including new material on how bioinformatics is revealing the
complex interactions within the human gut microbiome. The processes of transcrip-
tion, translation, and transertion are described using new research examples and art
that makes translation more realistic and easier to understand. A new special topic
looks at new discoveries on the structural biology of ribosome translocation during
protein synthesis.
CHAPTER 9: Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution. The selection pres-
sure of antibiotics on Streptococcus pneumoniae evolution is discussed in the chap-
ter opener. Information on CRISPR is updated with new examples to emphasize
its growing utility in molecular biology research. The discussion of horizontal gene
transfer includes new data from studies on Antarctic microbes and on movement of
genes between bacteria and eukaryotes. A new special topic on studies of DNA repair
proteins containing [4Fe-4S] clusters hypothesizes that these proteins use electrons
to locate damaged DNA.
CHAPTER 10: Molecular Regulation. A new chapter opener looks at how enterohem-
orrhagic E. coli virulence genes are regulated. The roles of RNA thermometers in the
heat-shock response and of riboswitches in regulating gene expression are introduced.
Discussion of the class of regulatory RNA molecules known as small RNA (sRNA)
is updated and expanded with numerous examples, including sRNAs in Archaea that
have counterparts in both Eukarya and Bacteria.
CHAPTER 11: Viral Molecular Biology. This chapter on viruses is extensively revised.
It opens with current research on the presence of endogenous retroviral particles that
are expressed in human embryos. The section on bacteriophage uses lambda phage as
XXIV ■ PREFACE

the model organism, and includes examples from genome analysis and synthetic biol-
ogy to highlight contemporary approaches to understanding its role in the human gut
microbiome. New images using cryo-electron tomography illustrate in great detail
the organization of RNA within an influenza virion. The exciting antitumor tool, T-
VEC, an engineered HSV-1 virus, is described.
CHAPTER 12: Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology. The chapter opener introduces
Ribo-T, an engineered ribosome, which highlights some of the possibilities of biomo-
lecular engineering and synthetic biology. The use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as an
editing tool and method of regulating gene expression in experiments is described.
The idea of using synthetic auxotrophy as a biocontainment method for engineered
E. coli (and potentially other microbes) is described.
CHAPTER 13: Energetics and Catabolism. The gut microbiome is featured in a new
chapter opener, which describes how Bacteroides species in the human intestines se-
crete catabolic enzymes, thus providing essential catabolites for many microbial spe-
cies in the gut. New research from Antarctica is presented on psychotrophs that me-
tabolism phenanthrene.
CHAPTER 14: Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy. A new
chapter opener describes extracellular electron transfer among Geobacter species—a
form of microbial electricity. In the gut, Salmonella enterica subvert neutrophils by
using tetrathionate to assist in pathogenesis. A new special topic surveys our attempts
to harness microbial electricity to power our electrical devices.
CHAPTER 15: Biosynthesis. The chapter opener highlights a simple assay for screen-
ing soil-dwelling actinomycetes that produce novel glycopeptide antibiotics. The dis-
cussion of ways in which microbes control the energetic costs of biosynthesis is ex-
panded to include recently discovered examples of resource sharing within Antarctic
marine phototrophs and among E. coli that form nanotubes to exchange amino acids.
CHAPTER 16: Food and Industrial Microbiology. A novel lipase isolated from an Ant-
arctic psychrophile, Candida antarctica, is the subject of the new chapter opener.
The discovery of microbial biologicals and their commercialization is featured. For
example, bioprospecting identified a biological fungicide, whose active ingredient is
Streptomyces lydicus, which suppresses fungi that attack plant roots and leaves.
CHAPTER 17: Origins and Evolution. A new chapter opener presents evidence of com-
petitive and cooperative evolution in E. coli. Some of the latest data from Richard
Lenski’s long-term evolution experiment is included. The chapter presents recent
clues to the nature of early life that are found in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, where
cyanobacteria form thick microbial mats. The criteria for defining a species is updated
to include current information from genome and rRNA analysis along with ecotype
sharing.
CHAPTER 18: Bacterial Diversity. The chapter opener presents fascinating data about
the biofilms found growing on colorectal tumors. Information has been updated
about the mosaicism of deep-branching thermophile genomes from Aquificae and
Thermotogae. A new special topic introduces bizarre looking filamentous bacteria
that form symbiotic relationships with cells in the mammalian gut.
CHAPTER 19: Archaeal Diversity. Our understanding of the Archaeal world continues
to change rapidly. The chapter opener describes Altiarchaeum hamiconexum, a marsh-
dwelling archaeon that uses its grappling hook appendages to link together into
biofilms. The latest updates on archaeal phylogeny are included, like reclassification
 PREFACE ■ XXV

of the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeota Group to the Bathyarchaeota. Examples of

ammonia-oxidizing archaea are discussed, including the deep ocean psychrophile,
Cenarchaeum symbiosum, which is an endosymbiont of a marine sponge. A new
special topic looks at current research on methanogens living in our intestines and
what factors cause them to colonize some hosts, but not others.
CHAPTER 20: Eukaryotic Diversity. A new chapter opener discusses choanoflagellates
from Antarctica that cycle between single-cell and colonial forms. Cellular and genetic
traits of these protists make them an excellent organism for the study of metazoan
origins. Recent data is described about inducing multicellularity in the green algae,
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The lineup of parasitic protozoa discussed in the chapter
is expanded to include a number of intestinal parasites, like Cryptosporidium parvum,
Balantidium coli, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis.
CHAPTER 21: Microbial Ecology. The chapter opener gets “crabby.” It describes the
symbiotic relationship between chemosynthetic bacteria and the yeti crab at hydro-
thermal vents located 2.5 miles down beneath the surface of the Antarctic Southern
Ocean. This chapter is extensively reorganized and updated with new material on
metagenome sequencing, a new discussion on the human colonic microbiome’s roles
in host digestion, brain health and immunity, and recent research findings on oceanic
microbes, like Prochlorococcus. A new special topic presents results of studying the
ecology and migration of cyanobacterial mats found in many Antarctic lakes.
CHAPTER 22: Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles. The discovery of Nitrospira spe-
cies that perform both ammonia and nitrite oxidation is presented in the chapter
opener. The special topic presents evidence that a million-year-old underground riv-
er carrying iron and sulfur bacteria courses 500 meters below the Taylor Valley in
Antarctica. The chapter presents recent scientific modeling data, which cautions that
global warming is increasing microbial activity in the once frozen permafrost. Release
of carbon stores from the permafrost due to microbial metabolism could accelerate
global warming.
CHAPTER 23: Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity. The new chapter opener
presents cryo-electron microscopy data illustrating the assembly of the multiprotein
inflammasome complex. This chapter is thoroughly reorganized with updated pre-
sentations of innate immunity and a new emphasis on the human body as an ecosys-
tem. In particular, Section 23.2 focuses on the gut microbiota, presenting numerous
examples of beneficial gut microbes and introducing the concept of dysbiosis, the
accidental penetration of organisms beyond a site of colonization or an imbalance in
microbiome composition.
CHAPTER 24: The Adaptive Immune Response. The chapter opener shows how by-
stander B cells in lymph nodes are essential for T cell migration, an essential early
step in B cell maturation into a plasma cell. This chapter is extensively reorganized.
Sections on antibody structure and production are merged and streamlined. There
is a new section on gut mucosal immunity. A discussion about vaccinations has been
moved into this chapter from Chapter 26. A new special topic provides evidence that
endogenous retroviruses may help B cells respond to the presence of T cell-indepen-
dent antigens.
CHAPTER 25: Microbial Pathogenesis. A new chapter opener looks at recent experimen-
tal results that reveal how Yersinia pestis co-opts host proteins to aid in its pathogenesis.
The molecular mechanisms of other pathogenic microbes are presented, such as, the role
of the adhesin molecule MAM7 in initiating contact between a Gram-negative pathogen
XXVI ■ PREFACE

and its host cell. New information is presented on how pathogens control virulence
factor gene expression based on their environment and how they thwart antigen pre-
sentation by the host immune system. The section on experimental tools used to study
pathogenesis is completely rewritten. It now focuses on the current methods in genomic
sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, transcriptomics, and imaging and fluorescent
probe techniques to address cell biological questions.
CHAPTER 26: Microbial Diseases. The chapter opener summarizes current facts about
Zika virus, reminding us that emerging infectious diseases are still a serious threat to
human health. Information about numerous examples of microbial disease have been
updated, including a new discussion of osteomyelitis, updates on the virulence factors
and molecular mechanisms of infection used by Helicobacter pylori, and a new discus-
sion of diarrhea and its impacts on the gut microbiome.
CHAPTER 27: Antimicrobial Therapy. Antimicrobial hunters and their treasures are
the subject of the new chapter opener. In this example, an Antarctic sponge is the
source of darwinolide, a novel diterpene that is effective against MRSA. New tech-
nologies are presented that could be used for rapid identification of pathogens in
the clinical laboratory, such as multiplex PCR and miniaturized magnetic resonance
machines. A new special topic looks at the use of monoclonal antibodies as antimi-
crobials.
CHAPTER 28: Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology. The new chapter opener looks
at novel genome-based tests to profile the gut microbiome in patients and correlate
the profile with various gastrointestinal diseases. Updates on rapid and automated
clinical detection methods are described, including the use of next-gen sequencing
and programmable RNA sensors to identify pathogens in patient samples. The section
on detecting emerging infectious diseases is completely rewritten. It now includes
discussions of Zika virus and the role of climate change on the emergence and spread
of microbial diseases.

Resources
SMARTWORK5 ONLINE HOMEWORK. Norton’s powerful and accessible online
homework platform features answer specific feedback, a variety of engaging question
types, and the integration of the stunning art from the book and process animations
to help students master microbiology concepts. Smartwork5 integrates with campus
LMS’s such as Blackboard and Canvas and features a simple, intuitive interface mak-
ing it the easiest-to-use online homework system for instructors and students.
PRESENTATION TOOLS. Every figure and photograph in the textbook is available in
JPEG and PowerPoint format for use in lecture. In order to provide stunning, high-
quality visuals, every image has been hand-examined to make sure colors will not fade
when projected and to optimize font size and composition for clear, legible viewing
even in the back row. Labeled and unlabeled versions are available. In addition, Lec-
ture PowerPoint decks including key figures form the text, links to animations, and
clicker questions, are available for download at wwnorton.com/instructors.
MICROGRAPH DATABASE. The Micrograph Database includes searchable access to
most of the micrographs in the textbook, tagged by characteristics such as taxono-
my, shape, and habitat. The Micrograph Database can be accessed at wwnorton.com
/instructors.
 PREFACE ■ XXVII

PROCESS ANIMATIONS. Sixty process animations depicting key processes of microbi-

ology are offered in multiple formats and and embedded in PowerPoint files. These
animations are all based on the art found in the textbook and were developed under
the careful supervision of the textbook authors. Student access to the animations is
available in the ebook, Smartwork5 online homework course or via the Coursepack.
Instructor access to the process animations is available at wwnorton.com/instructors.

Animation Topics Include:

Microscopy Influenza Virus Entry into a Cell
Replisome Movement in a Dividing Cell Influenza Virus Replication
Chemotaxis HIV Replication
Phosphotransferase System (PTS) Transport Herpes Virus Replication
Dilution Streaking Technique Construction of a Gene Therapy Vector
Biofilm Formation Tagging Proteins for Easy Purification
Endospore Formation Real-Time PCR
Lysis and Lysogeny A Bacterial Electron Transport System
Supercoiling and Topoisomerases ATP Synthase Mechanism
DNA Replication Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Rolling Circle Mechanism of Plasmid Replication Agrobacterium: A Plant Gene Transfer Vector
PCR Phylogenetic Trees
Protein Synthesis DNA Shuffling
Protein Export Listeria Infection
SecA-Dependent General Secretion Pathway Light-Driven Pumps and Sensors
ABC Transporters Malaria: A Cycle of Transmission between Mosquito
Bacterial Conjugation and Human
Recombination The Basic Inflammatory Response
DNA Repair Mechanisms: Methyl Mismatch Repair Phagocytosis
DNA Repair Mechanisms: Nucleotide Excision Repair The Activation of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated
DNA Repair Mechanisms: Base Excision Repair Pathways
Transposition Cholera Toxin Mode of Action
The lac Operon Process of Type III Secretion
Transcriptional Attenuation Retrograde Movement of Tetanus Toxin to an Inhibitory
Neuron
Chemotaxis: Molecular Events
DNA Sequencing
Quorum Sensing

TEST BANK. Thoroughly revised for the Fourth Edition and using the Norton As-
sessment Guidelines, each chapter of the Test Bank consists of five question types
classified according to the first five levels of Bloom’s taxonomy of knowledge types:
Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, and Evaluating. Questions are
further classified by section and difficulty, making it easy to construct tests and quiz-
zes that are meaningful and diagnostic according to instructors’ needs. Questions are
multiple-choice and short-answer. The Test Bank is available in ExamView Assessment
Suite, Word RTF, and PDF formats, downloadable from wwnorton.com/instructors.
COURSEPACKS. At no cost to professors or students, Norton Coursepacks are avail-
able in a variety of formats, including all versions of Blackboard and WebCT. With
just a simple download, an adopter can bring high-quality Norton digital media into a
new or existing online course (no extra student passwords required), and it’s theirs to
XXVIII ■ PREFACE

keep. Content includes chapter-based assignments, quizzes, animation activities and

more. Coursepacks can be downloaded at wwnorton.com/instructors.
ENHANCED EBOOK. An affordable and convenient alternative to the print book, Nor-
ton Ebooks retain the content and design of the print book and allow students to
highlight and take notes, print chapters as needed, and search the text with ease. The
enhanced ebook includes:
■ Process animations based on the text art and developed under the watchful eyes
of the textbook authors.
■ Links to eTopics written by Joan Slonczewski and John Foster, which supplement
and enrich concepts covered in the text.
■ Flashcards of all the key terms in the book and their defi nitions.

Acknowledgments
We are very grateful for the help of many people in developing and completing this
book, including Norton editors John Byram, Vanessa Drake-Johnson, Mike Wright,
and especially Betsy Twitchell, whose heroic efforts assured completion of the Fourth
Edition. Our developmental editor, Michael Zierler, contributed greatly to the clarity
of presentation. Trish Marx did an amazing job of tracking down all kinds of images
from sources all over the world. Kate Brayton’s coordination of electronic media
development has resulted in a superb suite of resources for students and instruc-
tors alike. We thank associate media editor Cailin Barrett-Bressack, media assistant
editor Victoria Reuter, and assistant media editor Gina Forsythe for producing the
IM and the Test Bank, as well as contributing in many other ways to the develop-
ment of the digital resources. Without senior project editor Thom Foley’s incredible
attention to detail, the innumerable moving parts of this project would never have
become a finished book. Marian Johnson, Norton’s managing editor in the college
department, helped coordinate the complex process involved in shaping the manu-
script over the years. Ben Reynolds ably and calmly managed the manufacturing
of this book. Editorial assistant Taylere Peterson coordinated the transfer of many
drafts among many people. We thank marketing manager Todd Pearson for ensuring
microbiology instructors know about our exciting Fourth Edition. Finally, we thank
Roby Harrington, Drake McFeely, and Julia Reidhead for their support of this book
over its nearly decade in print.
For the quality of our new illustrations in the Fourth Edition, we thank the many
artists at Dragonfly Media Group, who developed attractive and accurate representa-
tions and showed immense patience in getting the details right.
We thank the numerous colleagues over the years who encouraged us in our proj-
ect, especially the many attendees at the Microbial Stress Gordon Conferences. We
greatly appreciate the insightful reviews and discussions of the manuscript provided
by our colleagues, and the many researchers who contributed their micrographs and
personal photos. We thank the American Society for Microbiology journals for pro-
viding many valuable resources. Reviewers Erik Zinser, Lynn Thomason, and Robert
Barrington offered particularly insightful comments on the metabolism and genet-
ics sections, and Richard Lenski and Zachary Blount provided particularly insightful
 PREFACE ■ XXIX

comments on experimental evolution. We would also like to thank the following

reviewers:

Fourth Edition Reviewers Pre-Revision Survey Reviewers

Emma Allen-Vercoe, University of Guelph Eric Allen, University of California, San Diego
Alexandra Armstrong, University of Arizona and Pima Commu- Emma Allen-Vercoe, University of Guelph
nity College Jason Andrus, Meredith College
Daniel Aruscavage, Kutztown University Catalina Arango Pinedo, St. Joseph’s University
Dennis Arvidson, Michigan State University Alexandra Armstrong, University of Arizona, Pima Community
Nazir A. Barekzi, Old Dominion University College
Miriam Barlow, University of California, Merced Nazir Barekzi, Old Dominion University
Suzanne S. Barth, University of Texas at Austin Miriam Barlow, University of California, Merced
Hazel Barton, University of Akron Prakash H. Bhuta, Eastern Washington University
Yan Boucher, Univeristy of Alberta Cheryl Boice, Florida Gateway College
Linda Bruslind, Oregon State University Blaise Boles, University of Iowa
Kathleen L. Campbell, Emory University Suzanna Bräuer, Appalachian State University
John Carmen, Northern Kentucky University Alison Buchan, University of Tennessee
Carlton Rodney Cooper, University of Delaware Robert Carey, Lebanon Valley College
Vaughn Cooper, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Christian Chauret, Indiana University Kokomo
John Dennehy, Queens College Cindy Cisar, Northeastern State University
Kathleen A. Feldman, University of Connecticut Jeff Copeland, Eastern Mennonite University
Kelly A. Flanagan, Mount Holyoke College Bela Dadhich, Delaware County Community College
Clifton Franklund, Ferris State University Jaiyanth Daniel, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort
Heather Fullerton, Western Washington University Wayne
Bethany Henderson-Dean, The University of Findlay Diane Davis, Rutgers University
Karen Huffman, Genesee Community College Sandra G. Devenny, Delaware County Community College
Edward Ishiguro, University of Victoria Eugene Dunkley, Greenville College
Mack Ivey, University of Arkansas Kathleen A. Feldman, University of Connecticut
Ece Karatan, Appalachian State University Pat M. Fidopiastis, California Polytechnic State University
Robert J. Kearns, University of Dayton David Fulford, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
Alexandra M. Kurtz, Georgia Gwinnett College Heather Fullerton, Western Washington University
Manuel Llano, The University of Texas at El Paso Michelle Furlong, Clayton State University
Shawn Massoni, Mount Holyoke College Eileen Gregory, Rollins College
Ann G. Matthysse, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Julianne Grose, Brigham Young University
William R. McCleary, Brigham Young University Haidong Gu, Wayne State University
James A. Nienow, Valdosta State University Julie Harless, Lone Star College Montgomery
C. O. Patterson, Texas A&M University Geoffrey Holm, Colgate University
Ronald D. Porter, The Pennsylvania State University Edward Ishiguro, University of Victoria
Veronica Riha, Madonna University Mark Kainz, Ripon College
Benjamin G. Rohe, University of Delaware Dubear Kroening, University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley
Joseph Romeo, San Fransciso State University Douglas F. Lake, Arizona State University
Pratibha Saxena, University of Texas at Austin Maia Larios-Sanz, University of St. Thomas
Richard Seyler, Virginia Tech Craig Laufer, Hood College
Alastair Simpson, Dalhousie University Maureen Leonard, Mount Mary University
Marek Sliwinski, University of Northern Iowa Alex Lowrey, University of North Georgia-Gainesville
Amy Springer, UMass Amherst Aaron Lynne, Sam Houston State University
Vincent J. Starai, University of Georgia Ann Matthysse, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Nikhil Thomas, Dalhousie University Brendan Mattingly, University of Kansas Edwards
Mitch Walkowicz, UMass Amherst William R. McCleary, Brigham Young University
Susan Wang, Washington State University Robert McLean, Texas State University
Cheryl Whistler, University of New Hampshire Aaron Mitchell, Carnegie Mellon University
Adam C. Wilson, Georgia State University Naomi Morrissette, University of California, Irvine
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 24-i VITA S. SYNCLETIC^ VIRGINIS. ArcTOtiic S.Atii\nasio.
Ciiral comam */W prirsdndi. Dntstw }mnlirrilni.s. .\ntrn se ail vilam
ascetiram imrarat. Sluliia superat proreclioWT. 83. Ocriiltat lioiia siiit
opera. yitat coitsortiavirormnet mnlierum. Olisrrvatiat rtiam animi
jiiotiispriiiios. Erat aiitem prseseissio ista comffi, synibolum jam
animiim pnrum esse, et expurg.ntum ab nmnibus superfluit.itibus, et
excrementis; et tunc primum dignafa est, ut solemni nomine
vocaretur Virgo. 12 Cnm antem bona sna distrilinerat pauperibns,
referunt ad hunc modum ju-a^Iocuf.im esse : Mngno fiuidein
noinine .iccepta sum : non suppetit quod reti'il)uam pro merito ei,
qui me isto noniine doii.avit. N.im si in vilissimis rebus munrti liujus
mortales nmnes facnltates suas impendnnt, ut corrnptibilem
iionorem conseqnantur; qnanto magis me decet et corpus una cuni
putatis boniseiconsecrare? Sed qnid nomino bona ant corpus? cnm
omnia sint illius, jiixta id quotl scriptum est : Domini est terra, et
plenitudo illius. Atque ita cum verbis iis iiumilitatem amplexa, ut cum
Apostolo loqnar, f rauquillitatem vitae solitariae elegit. 1 3
Verumenimvero et dudum intra privatos parietes parentiim, jam satis
superque praexercitata fuit laboribns; et nunc in stadium prodncta,
admirabiles progressus in virtute edidit. Nam quicnmqne inconsiilf 0
et re non bene expensa accedunt ad mysterium istud, deficinnt a
proposifo, non considerantes ante ea, qna' rei particiilariter insunt.
Sicut igifur illi, qiii iter 1'acfuri sunt, primnm rnram agniit viatici : ita
et Syiiclefica seipsnm prteparans exercifiis anteacfa? vit:e, velnt
vi.atico. intropide aggressa est iter ad snperiora. Nain aiite reponens
omnia qnilain ha^c arx ei dimius est nulla unqiiam
tempestafe labefacfanda. 14 Sed qnid opus est inultis?
prietergressa est initio vel eas qu.-e jam confirmatae erant
in habitu vita; solitaria?. Sicut pueri qiii solertiori ingenio
pr«editi sunt, etiam cum in elementis versantur apnd
raagistros, contpiidunt cnm provecfioribus in ludo, et iis qui
ajf ate et etiam tempore eos antecedunt ; sic etB. Syncletica
fervens spiritu prajtergressaestalias omnes in asceticis. 15
In priniis vero cavehat. ne bonas su.T! acfiones
divnlgarenfnr aut iunotescerent aliis, qua- cuni ilhi degebant
: nec tantnin dixerim ciiras ei fiiit eas fecisse, qiiantum iit
fierent ciim Iiac caiitinne, ne aliis iimotescerent. Neque vero
hoc faciebat ex a;muIatione et invidia. Semper eiiim
memoria tenebat dictum illud Domini : Si quid fecerit
dexteratiia, nesciat sinistra. Atque ita secrefo faciebat
oninia, qii,T; ad professionem vita» solitari.Te pertinebant.
16 A prima vero pueritia usqne ad provectiorem et
statf.ateni, non soliim .ab omni virornm consortio
abstiuebat, sed eti.am iit pliirimiim miiliebres recusabat
congressus : idqiie diiabus iu primis de causis; ne scilicetvel
nimiuiii silii cederet in gloriam exemplaris ille ascetica; vita;
rigor, aut ue quando distraheretur iiule propter necessitates
corporales. 17 Sic igitur observabat primores insulfus animi,
non permittens eis, iit distraherentnr a cupidifatibns
corporeis, sicut in arboribiis oportet pra>scindere, quae
fructum non feruiit, ramalia. Sic Syncleficii seraper operam
dabat producerc friicfiim .animi per jejunia et orationes,
subjiigans appetifum per varios labores. 18 Non solum vero
contenta erat natura paiiis et succulenta pinguedine ; sed
etiam tenui aqu.-p paiipertate, qiia- niillis aut paucis
artificiis ciilina> indiget. Qiiandocumque igitur adversarius
classiciim canebat ad bellum. aiite oinnia vocabat Dominuni
ad anxilium : nec soliim contenfa teiiui cibo, in quo parum
artificii adhibendum erat, seipsam macerabat; sed etiaiii
oper.am dabaf abstinere omnibus rebiis, qu.-e voliiptateni
saperent. Pane fnrfiiraceovescebatur, etsaspe aquam
bibebat, et humi dormieb.at aliquousque. Cum classicum
canebatur ab adversario, istis armis utebatur, orationem
induebat cassidem contextam ex fide, spe, et caritate, fides
qiiidem faniiliam ducebat : aderat etiam eleemosyna si non
effectu, salfem aflectn : his armis palmam referelnit de
adversario. 19 Veriimeuimvero ligorem Iiunc exercifii
temper.ab,at, et seipsam subinde sublevabat, ne niembra
morttalis corpuscnli cnnfestira l.abascerent : qiiod quidein
sigunm erat victoriae ; deficientibus enim armis, qua? spes
luigna^ esse potest etiam veterano militi? nam qii iciimqiie
immoderata et indiscreta inedia seipsos absumunt, lethalem
plagara inferunt sibi ipsis, etseipsosperdunt, acsifacerent id
i'ogatu adversarii. Verum Syiicletica non ita, sed omnia
gerebat cum discretione et prudentia : nam inimiciim
animose propulsabat orando, et exercitiis spiritiialibus animi
: sed interim eam sollicitudinem corporis gereliat, qu^
necessaria erat ad securit.afem uaviculte. Nam
quemadraoiluin.naiitae, pra'seiife tempesfate et agitatione
raaris, iinmemores siint ciborum, et solum incumbunt
periciilo quoii ante ocnlos est ; et cum defuncti sunt
periculo, etpostlirainio veluti incipiunt interiira vivere, tum
indulgent necessitatibns natiira', et curam facinnt novae
vitffi, ne tofum tempus laborioseitaimpendiiturin ins.an.ani
r.abiem maris. Veriini quamvis videantiir ex aliqiia
tranqiiillitate raaris vel minimam laborum cessationem
consecuti, numqnam tamen transigunt sine aliqiia
soUicitudine, neque soinno profundo abducuntur,
experientiam liahentes prieteritnriim ; et inde conjicientes
futura. Nam qii.amvis tempe.sfas uiia deferbuit, non famen
desinit esse mare ; .atque efiam qiianivis et altera procella
desiit, fanien et terfia in procincfn est. Et quamvis id quod
fictum est, jam fransiit et remotum est, taraen inaiiet id
quod id fecit. Eodem niodo se res habet in priEsenti. Nam
qnamvis spiritus ciipiilitatis profligatus est, tanien non longe
abest ejiis auctor : ideoque oportet nns indesinenter orare,
ut procellosura hoc raare, et salsiiginosam malifiara vitae
hujiis transeamus. Sancta igitur exacte callens
praesentaneas tempestates vitie, atque etiam
superingruentes ventoriim tiirbines, cura sollicitudine ratein
ducebat pietate et religione iii Deiini. Nam pnsita anchora
illa tufissiraa fiilei iu Dnminum, incnncussam deduxit njivera
absqiie tempestate in salutarem vitie portuin. 20 Cum igitiir
.\postn|ica vita ejns fide et paupert.ate priecincta esset, ac
etiam carit
 Diii sc c.vnisal. Piov. ii. 22. M.ilMi. 10. 8, )laMli.23. 30. Saira
scriplura (wmis imilaijogus. Diteclio Dci et pro.rimi^ Tiiiiolh. I. 1.
Scinpcr oporlct iillerius progrcdi. Matlli.l3.8el 23. novit eos qui
(liligimf einii, ct iliviilsat lamam eoi-um, ad eorrectionem et utilitatem
eorum qui audiunt. Eo tempore igitur, ita dirigcnte suiiremo nuniine,
c«perunt nonnuUie accedere ad eam, et colloquia agitare iu
[iropriam ipsarnm sediflcationem : nam coUoquiis ejus pra>oepta
vita; silii comparantes uiagis ac magis conflucbant, cupientes inde
proflcere ct lucrum haurire sibi. Pro consueta igitur conversatione
interrogaruut eam, qua ratione anima possit salv.ari. Illa graviter
ingemiscens et uljertim lacrjmas elfundens, se ipsam colligcbat, et
videbatur responsum dedisse per lacrymas; iterumque conticuit :
attameu illie concui-rentes, vi cngebant eam proferre magnalia Dei.
Obstupueraiit, enim, vel solo spectaculo perculsie, iterumque
Iiortantur loqui. Illa igitui' veluti coacta atque evicta, jiost longura
silentium submissa voce illud Scriptur* protulit : Non facias
violentiam pauperi, quia paujier est. Illaj hilariter accipientes dictum,
sed velut melle et favo delibiita;, pergunt interrogando, et vicissim
eam aggrediuntur sacra3 Scripturse dictis : Gratis, inquiunt,
accepisti, gratis elargire, cave ne abscondas talentum tuum, nc luas
poenam servi illius. Ad quie iUa : Quid tam niagniflce sentitis de
peccatrice. ac si unquam fecisscm aut dixissem aliquid ad i'eni ?
comniunem magistrum haljemus omnes, nimirum Dominum Jesum
Chri.stum : ex iisdem fontibus liaurimus .spirituales latices : eodem
lacfe nutrimur uberum eorumdem, nimiruni ex veteri et novo
Testamento. Ad htec illa? ; Novimus (inquiunt) nos, unum
eumdemque pa'd in opere consistit? adversarius objiciet tilii eain
quas est per seusns. Et cuni etiara hanc represseris, lafet hosfis in
secretis animi, moturus tibi bellum occultum. Suggerit enim eis
efiam, quie vitam sequuutur tranquillam, personas pulcliras, facies
decoras, et colloquia simplicia. Sed non oportet priebere a.ssensinn
phantasiis. .Scriptum est enim : Si spiritus potesfatem habentis
asceuderit super te, locuin tuum ne diiniseris,nain assentiri isfis nihil
est aliud,qu:im priEludere fornicationi corporali. Dicfum est enim :
Potentes potenter tormenta patientur. Magiium igifnr cerfanien est
confra forniciitionem : hoc eniin est principale caput iidversarii, quo
iititur inducendo suos ad perniciem. Et hoc ipsum innnens B. Job
dixit de diabolo: quodvirtusillius inurabilicoventris ejusest. 27 Mulfis
Tciiipcrantia lcmitiia. Iii piibliciini iion proitciiii(tnin. Scniiicr viijilanditni
coitIrafornitationem. E(Tl. I. is. Siip. ii.
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2tfi AUCTOHK S. AinwAsio. Varic hisiiliaInrdmlion. 27 Multis

igitiir nc variis macliinis vibnit adversa1'iiis stimulum fornioationis
contra fiJelesChristi serlos. Saspe enim transmutat amorem
fraternum in propriam sn:im malitiam. Nam virgines, quffi
renuntiaverunt nnptii.s, et onnii cogitationi munJi, supplantavit
speeie fraterna; atque etiam raonachos, qui omnia, atque tideo
seipsos fuginnt, lancinavit eos Manh. 10. 10. hemedia conIraeiim
./»■«■ ileiitia. mnplieHa.i. I . IVl. 3. S. Abac.t.ie. Ileiii eonliniiiim
exereitiimetoralio. Partieittaria remeitia . IHttcliritiidiiii tiir}iitlidineiii
olitmiicre. Iteiii ijulani rt'1'renare. larva ista fornicationis. Quin etiam
decepit eos religiosis et timore pleuis colloquiis. H:e euiui sunt artes
adversarii, ut alienis se vestiat, et clanculum obtrudit sua. Ostendit
granimi frumenti, sed tegit suh illo I.iqueum. Et pYito Dominura de
illi locntum esse cum dixit : Venient ad vos in pelle ovium, sert
intrinsecus sunt lupi riipaces. 28 Diccs: Quid igitur fiicienduni est
nobis contra ista? (• Sinnis prudentes sicut serpeutes, et simplices
sicut coIumhiB. Callido euim consilio utendum conlra machinamenta
diaboli. Nam illud quod dicitur, ut sinnis serpentes, innnit non debere
nos ignorare conatus illius. Nam simile facile agno.^icit siniile.
Simplicitas deinde coImnb;c induat pnritatem actionum. Onme igitur
opus bonum consistet in fuga diaholi. Sed quomoilo fugiemus quod
ignorannis? Oportet igitui' nos praecipientes animo vilitatem
adversarii, cavere a nialis technis ac dolis illius: de quo dicitur:
Circuit qua?rens quem devoret: et, cibus ejus electus. Oportet itaque
assidue vigilare. Nam inimicus semper vigilat per res exteriores, et
regnat per interiores cogitationes ; atque adeo magis per interiora :
nam die et nocte clam ut spiritus accun'it. 29 Quid igitur, inquies, ad
prsesens hoc hellum est opus? lahorioso scilicet exercitio vitai
spiritualis, et pura oratione ad Deura. Sed hsec quidem ingerere,
sunt remedia alexiteria contra quamcumque cogitatiouem
perniciosam ; sedopus estpraeterea siugularihus quibusdam
praisidiis, ut prffisentaneam hanc pestem ex animo extirperaus, et
subeunte cogitatione aliqua tui^pi, oportet contraria inducere. Si
enira occurrerit in regione inentis species formosi vultus alicujus,
ratione sic est reprimeuda : A vultu fac auferas oculos, a genis
eximas pulp.am, fac praescindantur labra, et deinde dic: Q\iid est id
quod erat amahile vel expetendum? sic quidem refrenari poterit
cogitatio vanae illusionis. Nam formosum illud quod concupiscimus,
nihil est aliud quam sanguis commixtus cum phlegmate, et velum
quod usnm pra?bet animalihus tegumenti. Sic igitur par est per
ejusmodi rationes ut abigamus jibominahilem nequitiam,etsiGUt
clavus clavo truditur, sic conveuit explodere diaholum. Prseterea
etiam affingere oportet ulcera graveolentia et verminosa occupasse
corpus cupidiuis, et ut uno verho dicam,tantum non esse cadaver
mortuum; aut polius te ipsam reput;ire mortuam oculis internis
animi, qui tali specie captus sit. Sed quod est maximura omnium,
oportet tenere imijeriimi ventris, sic enim poterimus coutiuere
voluptates abdominis. a Ideni refertur tili. a, de vitis l'l\ intcrin-clc
Pelagio, tihel. i, n.H. b Pctagius vcrtit, ca&UinUim. c Idcm : sed adesl
ci el sluUilia, prop(er {juam aliis omnibtis sensibus, elc. d Rcfertur
ibidem tibet. II, nnm. 32. e Idcin rcfcrtur iib. 6, dc oilis PP- Joawic
iiiterpretej libet. I , miin. i. CAPUT V. Pavpertalis vohiittaria- buniL
VITA S. SYNCLETIC^ VIUOINIS. Bonum est insigniter perfectum,
respondit, eis qui eampossnntsustinere; nam sentiuut quidem iu
carne afflictionem, sed in spiritii h;djent traiiquillit.atem. Sii'ut enim e
iinpilia et compactiora vestimenta conculcata et froquentius
convoluta candescunt, sic et indoles animse generosa inagis
coi'rohoratur perp.aupertatem spontaneam. Sed qu.-e
debilioresunt.auimo. 1'aiipertas lierfcelnm boiiinn est. D Pivinum
igitur erat (.■(Hiviviiun istud earuin: nam poculis sapientiae
exliilarabautui", et B. Syncletieu pincerna (liviuoslatices effundeljat,
quiE et palato suo eiigel)at. quod volebat. a Sed una ex eis iiuu;
coucurrerant. interrogat num b actemosyue, hoc est spontanea
p;iupertas, et plenariapossidendorum bonorum nuuidi hujus
renuutiatio, esset honum perfectum? patiuntur contraria: nam vel
tantillum afflietionis ubi senserint, fatiscunt et in nihilum abeunt,
velut scruta semilacera, cum non sint ferendo fullonicam virtutis et
vita3 spiritualis : et quamvis eadem sit ars fulionicEG in utroque
painio, et idem etiam artifex; tanien diversus est exitus. Hi enim
ruinpuntui- et pereunt, illi vero nitescunt et renovantur. Dixit i|,'itur
aliquis vere paupertatem hanc spontaneam esse pr.'^tiosum
cimelium animo generoso : uam estpjene frenum peccatorum. 31
Verumenimvero priellbanda sinit alia priora ante illa, jejunia dieo et
humisternia, et alia particularia, per quce oportet hanc partem
virtutis acquirere, qua? in spontanea renuntiatione Ixmorum
consistit. Qui enim non ita faciunt, sed pra^pi^opere ad abjectiouem
bonorum praecipitant ; fere semper videmus eos in gravem hanc
vocem lucidere : Poenitet fecisse. 32 VitKe enim rleliciosa' incentlva
divitloe : absclnde primopulp?etuoemagisteria, picamdico
giilaeetvitara deliciosam, tuni poteris f;icile pra>scindere mnteriam
et occasionem divitiarum. Maximum enim piito detrimentum vitie
deliciosa?. organis suis nrbari: qui non ante abjicit primum a se,
quomodo poterit secunduni ahjicere? Propterea et Christus Dominus
in dissertatione illa cum adolescente divite, non ex abrupto pruecepit
abjectiouem bouorum ; sed priusinter-rogat, an fecisset omnia qua?
prfccepta essent in lege. Eccc ut Dominus genuiul Maglstri partes
egerlt. Interrogat an nosset elementa, an syllabas sciret cunjungere.
an voces nos.set legere. Tunc inquit: Veniamus ad summuui
magisterium.Vade, iuquit, etvende omnia buna tua: veni et sequere
me. Et vere equidein opinor, si interrogatus non tain ingenue
professus fuisset se ea omnia fecisse, forte non adeo facile hominem
movisset ad abjectiunembonorum. Qnomodo enim is, qui syllabas
nondum novit, poterit derepente ad legenduni prorumpcre ? 33
Paupertas igitur spontanea, bona est eis quse jam in habitu sunt et
possessione aharum virtutum. Nam qui abjecerunt omnia
excrenienta et superflua recta feruntur ad Deum, pure canentes
divinnm illud carinen Psalmistse : Oculi oranium in te speraut, et tu
dabis escam diligentibus te, in tempore opportuno. 34 Praeterea
maximum emolumeutum lucrantur ex abjectione torrenoruiu
bonorum. Nam cum avertuut oculos a thesauris mundi. respiciunt :ul
regnuni ca?Iorum, et verbum illud proferunt, quod a Psalmista
decautatum ita sonat : Jumentum factus sum aiuid te. Nam
sicutdorsuaria{absit omnis dysphemia comparationi) quotidie opera
sua obeuutia conlenta suut dimensis qua: in vitam numerantur; ita
et qui amplexisinitpaupertatenispuntaueam,nulliusfaciunt usum
argenti aut pecuuia*, sed contenti sunt solo in diem victu, propter
usum et miuisterium corixiris. Hi tenent pinnaculum fidei : nam ad
eos dictum est a Domino illud evangelicum: Ne suUiciti estote de
crastino; nam volucres caeli neque serunt neque metiint, et Pater
cajlestis pascit eas. Idcirco qiUK his verbis coniidunt {Deus enim ea
protulit) cum coufidentia et Ubertate proferunt: Credidi propter quod
locutus sum. 3b Piurimum uuteni detri menti patitur adversarius a
pauperibus istis, qui muudum i-eliqueruut. (/ Non enim habet iu quo
noceat eis: nam plurima seges artium et tentatiouum diaboli versatur
in privatione fortiinarum. Quid potest adversiU'ius, quteso, facere ?
Ail aiui jinrpnrntip. DhutUfincrntivfi siml vit(f ilriniosir. rccltt iiil Dciiiii
ferlur. Diiiiensoiliurnn conlenln MyUll.li. 35. 1'luycUiiiii tSt dmnoni.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.21%
accurate

V JA.N UARII. 247 t. Timolli. 6, 10. PlulaTgi/ria rst fous

milllonim maloJist itisatiabilisplaga. fnvidinui fieiirml. \0T. 89. In veris
virliitilnifi iicijolinmliim. an pra^iliaiiiL-emlio (k^lere? seilnullasunteis.
Juiiienfane perimere? sed nuUa sunt eis, carissimaquteque
prosternere? sed istis onmibus jam dixerunt longum valp. Nonne
igitur paiipertas Iiaso spontanea inaxiuuim flagellum adversario sininl
et pretiosus tliesaurusanimae? 36 Quanto vero paupertas illustrior
admirabiliorque ad virtntem, en amor pecunia! ad vitinm vilioret
nequior. Vere itaque Apostolus Paubis (lixit, esse causam et fontem
omnium malorum. Hinc enim sequitur fupiditas deliciarum, pprjiiria,
rapin^e, credes, invidia, odium fraternum, belium, idololatria,
pleonexia ; et stolones istorum, hypocrisis, adulatio, et scurrilitas;
omnium istorum canssam in confesso est esse philargyriam, Iioc est
gmorem pecuniBe. Unde et Apostolus vocavit eam velut parentem
omnium malorum, Sed Deus non solum punit istos ; sed etiam ij)si
semetipsos intus destniunt, insatiabilem sem))er ferentes appetitum
: nullum terminum habent appetendi, quare insatiahilis est plaga.
Qui nihil habet, pauca desiderat; quse cum nactus est. plura
concupiscit. Centum aureos habet? mox appetit mille : et cum istos
acceperit. in infinitumprogreditur interminabilis cupiditiis. Atque ita ii
qui nequeunt ponere terminum, semper deplorant pauperfatem. Fert
autem semper amor pecuniae secum invidiam. Invidia vero primo
necat dominiim : sicutenim viperse recenter natfls primo necant
proprias matres, quam aliis noceajit; ita et invidia prins marcescere
facit possessorem. quam quempiam petat ex vicinia. 37 Prieclariim
quideni esset si tot labores sufferre po.ssemus
inqiiEerendoveroetpuro illo thesauro caeli, quot insanabili studio
implicant se venatores mundi hujus vanissimi : naufragia ferunt,
nova experimenta fatigant, in terra incidunt in manus latronum
terapestatesmaris sustinent et ventorum vehementissimorum; e et
sjepe ciim rem faciunt, simulant se esse pauperes propler invidos.
Nos vero ne tantillum qnidem ipsorum labormn et periculorum
subimus propter veras divitias : et si quid vel minimum lucrata;
fuerimus, erigiraus cristas et magni nos facimus, proponentes
nosmetipsas conspiciendas hominibus, etssepe etiara neque prout
nude se res habet. proferimus factum in medium sine fuco. Inde
statim adversarius. cum videmur assiculum virtutisjam
assecutscemanibus nobis praeripit : cura illi e contra. cnm vel
terimciura hicrati fuerint, plura appetunt, et pra^sentia tamquam
parva habent, semper tendunt ad ea qiiae nondura suntassecuti. a
lirferliir idem iii vitis PP. Hb. '.i, inferprefe Prlagiolibel. (I. niim. 13. I)
Simplicius Pclagiiis : si [jcrfertum bonum est niliil liabcre. c Pclagitis :
fortia vcsliiiicnlii. Inipiliu suiil, iriijiiit I.ievinus Tonrntiii.'! iii ms.
iinnotat. tvl PlivH lib. 19. cap. 2, vpslis loco,
(liii!iiisexIanac,oaclispc'desinvo!vinius..'lf^r/«»H-srMr?ifi)f/.f /;■/;. tl,
mlvcrsar. cnp. 14, nrgiil solis pcdibus servirc. Dc iis agit Vlpianm /..
argumento suni, -Ih, ff. de auro, argento. inundo. (I Lib. 6, de vilis
PP. libcl. i, n 23, idem refcrlnr. c Lib.H.devitisPP. libel. 10, n.
IQ.iibiidnn luilhiiir.nhqnanfo Innirn brcviiis. Iioe pniillo aliter refertiir
-■ qiKnnlo iiml[;i lucTaniur, inuc plura desHioranl, fi qure liahenl,
velnl niliiliini rcpnlaiit; adeaveroqua' nocdnm hahent, omnem
inleniioncm animi leiidunt. Hepetiliir idem lib. 6, libel. 4, n. 2i. GAPUT
VI. Vi[(jG monaslicce et sdsculai^is ccmiparatio. VirliUes reIniidir. 0
poiiet igitur nos omnem curam ponere ut quaestus ter et Incrum fiat
clanfulinn. Quse enim divulgant prosi^ere sua gesta ef pi-EEtJicant
aliis ; procurent etiara et una cum illis dicere secus facta sua et
iuiperfectione.s suas. Quodsiistaalios celantutculpam vitent et
ignominiam apud audientes; qnanto magis et illa tacere oportuit,
quic ;diena erant a Deo. Nam (jui vivunt secinidum virtutem
spiritualis vitas, contrarium laciunt : parvos enim lapsus suos libere
promunt etiam cnm additamento eorum quie non fecerunt quidem,
relro rejicient.es post se omuem a,'.stiraationem apud homiues;
etqute boua fecerunt, tacent, ad majorem securitatem et prajsidium
conscienti». a Sicut enini tliesaurns publicatus, rlissipatur,
itavirtu.sproclamata labascit : et .sicut cera liquescit ab igne, ita et
animus sulvitur a laudibus, h et tonum ilknn vigoris amittit. 39 Igitur
contrarium istorum conti*ario modo se luiliebit. Nam si calor solvit
ceram, frigus contra illam compingit; sic si laudationes privant
animam bono suo, vituperia et coutumeliaa eam deducent ad apicem
virtutis. Gaudete, inquit, et exultate cum omne mendacium dixerint
adver.sum vos : et alio loco : In tribulatione dilatasti niihi : et alio :
Improperium expectavit cor meum et miseriam ; etaliaejusmodi
innumera bona videre estex sacra Scriptura, quffivelutireditus
])romissa sunt afflictis, qui opproliriis atfieiuntur et lugent. 40 c Sed
est dolor quidam salutaris, etalius exitiosus. Doloris quidem salutaris
opera sunt dolere de propriis peccatis, nec non de cscitate proximi, a
recto proposito non excidere, et semper aspirare utperfecte boni
flamus : haoc enim suut efiecta et species genuinre tristitiae. Sed est
alia qu.T.dam tristitia, quae ab iniraico suggeritur, et istis agglutinari
et adhaerere solet. Nam injicit diabolus tristitiam et dolorem
quemdam br'utum et ferinum. qni omnis rationis expers est, et (/ ab
aliquibus uominatur acedia : sed oportet abigere spiritum hunc
tiistitiiE in primis psalmis, hyninis, et oratione. 41 Dumque bonis istis
curis et studiis detinemur, oportet nos cogitare etexistimare, nullum
in hac vita carere curis, dictum est enim in Scriptura : Omne caput
ad laborein, et omne cor ad dolorem. Unica hac senteiitia coinplexus
est Spiritus sanctus vitam monasticam et saecuharem. Nam per
caput innuit .statutn monasticum. Caput enim est membrum
^yef/ovixiv, hocestregiminidestiuatum.juxtadictuni illud:0culi
sapientis in cajiite ejus. Ac propterea vis contenipKandi opinor,
residet in capite. Laborem autem dixit, quia germen virtutis a
I.aboribus perficitur. Per dolorem vero in corde, indicatinstabilein
etieruinnosum statum sa^culariiim. Namdiciint qnidam cor esse
sedem et officinam irse et doloris. Si enim non
honoranturprovoto,tristantur:aIienisinhiantes,,sinonpotiuntur,
marcescunt ; in egestate cadunt animo ; ciim afHuunt divitiis,
debacchantur : nesciiint qiiid agunt, necsomnofriiipossuntjiropter
custodiam divitiaruin. 42 Ne igitnr alierremiis a recta sententia,
dicentes eas qiiae in mundo degunt expertes esse ciirarum : forte
enim, ut atl coui])arationern reni exigamiis, miilto majoribus
conflictantiir. DiHiciilter enim ])ariuut. et cumpericulo, obnoxife sunt
tlidorihiis lacticinii, cum flliolis a'grotantibus ffigrotant. et ciim isf.i
patiiiiitnr, nullum termiuum mundi unquam assequiinfiir. Nam vel
recens nati fllii febribus infestantur; vel male ediicati iibi adoleverint,
nefando consilio ad parricidiiim adiguntiir. Igitnr cum sciamus ista, ne
decipiamiir ali adversario, ac si ill» delicioso friierentiir vita" genere,
et a curis animo libero : si parinnt, laboribiis enecantur; si non
pariunt, meris improperiis tabescnut, ut steriles et sine prole
contemniintiir. 43 Ista quidcm dico, nun alio fine. quam ut tiif.Te et
secur.-e reddaraur ab adversario. Non conveniiint autem, fateor, ex
se qiiae dii:ta siuit quibuslibet, sed iis t,antum quae vitam solitariam
amant. Sicut anim.alibus non unum est alimentum, ita nee
hominibus eatlem oratio quadrat. Non enim oportet, iit dicitur,
infundere vinuni noviini in utres veteres. Nam aliter convivantur ii qui
conteinplaf ioni deiliti siint. ac aliter qui vitam asceticam exercent, et
ilegiqiie aliter ii qui pro virilms justitiam inundi sequuutiir. Sicut enim
animaliiiinqiiaijthiinsuntferresfria, qiiffidamaquatilia, et quaidam
denique volatilia ; ita et hominum alii mediam vitam secuti sunt, ut
terrestria ; alii alta petunt, ut AlCTOIlR S. Atiias,\sio. Non tatitles
ijtitrrendir. sftl oji}trobt'ia. Mauli. 3. U. Psal. .1. 2. Psal. 08.31. /)H0
tjeitcya dolorLi. ntilht vila exppra cttrttrititi. Isai. 1.5. Comparalio vilat
ttionaxciciB el stEcit~ laris {jitoiid iiiulit^res. Non omitia otniiilius
1/110ilraiil. >0T. 01. Trcs ordities liottiiiitim.
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2i8 VITA S. SYNCLETIC^ VIRGINIS. AUCTOBV S. Atiianasio

PsalGS. :i. Diaboim inipedit ascensimi ad cwlos Ctivpnda- ti-
iilnlioiicsedleriitr ti inlcrmr. Varic ini}mynal }ws
 PsaL2I. 7. IsnixM. 0. Hmetlia i-onIra priFsumplioiicm. SS.
cxcmplii Imbcdiciitiii imiinclialis aiite iirafsiimplioiten). Ecclc. i. 17.
Prirsitmptmsos oporlct ilcpriiiicre, Segiics e.vcitarc faiidaiido. Ut
reiirimendu supeiiiUi, '60 Quitl igitiir faoipiiilnm, cum cjusmoili
cogitatioiies jiim suliieruut animuui, ot illum tenent? Incessiintei'
oportet meditari eloquia illa diviua ProplietiE : Ego sum t£rra. et nnn
honio, et alio loco : Ego terra sura et pulvis. Nec nou et illa Isaiae :
Omnis justitia liominis .sicut panims menstruatie. Quod si
cogitationes ista; acciilerint ei qua" seorsini agit solitariam vitam,
ingrediatur coeuobium, hoc est communem cum aliis solitudinem, et
cnm aliis degat : et .si acciderit propteruiminmrigoremvit33 ut hoc
modo oapta sit, cogatur et liis quotidie comedere, et ab ■equaliljus
astate objurgetur iileutidem et improperetur, uc .si parum
priesfitisset : quodlibet ministerium obeat : pi'oponautur ipsi et
recitentur Sanctoruni juwclariores vitse, qua* sunt supra imitationem
et onuii prsedicatione majores : et virgines qna; cum illa
conversantui" in hoc incund)ant in primis. ut actiones suas et
exercitia virtutis ad aliquot dies iutendant, ut illa cum viderit
pi'ffistantiam virtutum aliaruni,discatChristianavelasuhmittere et
seipsam minus a^stimare. 51 Verumenimvero aiite venenum
arrogantiai praicedit aliud malura, niminim inobedientia : sed per
alexipharmacum ohedientije prsescindere possnmus latc serpens
virns, quod animani perrodit ad instarphagedffinsenlceris. Nam
obedientia, utdictuiu est iu sacris litteris, plusqu.tm siicrificium. 52
Oportet igitur aliquaudo pr.-ecidere ffistimatiouem in tempore
aliqiiaudo vero in tempore laudare et ad admiralionem iisque
extollere : laiidare quidem cum anima dedita desidiae torpescit
veterno, in primis euim cum mortiia videtur ad omnem seusum et
progressumvirtutis, hanc oportet excitare laudando, etsi coeperit vel
tantilliim boni facere, oportet prsedicare admirando. et peccata illius,
elephantina licef et inhuniana, ducere tamquam minima et parvi
niomenti.Nam diaboliis ciun statiiit omuiasusque deque agere,
subtraliit quiilem peccata e memoria bonis, et bene exercitatis;
inteiidit enini tuuc augere prassumptionem, sed in iieophytis, quie
recens susoeperunt professionem solitudinis, et leviter taiituni
imbutae sunt ascetica disciplina, proponit ante oculos omuia
peccata, quotquot fecerint niillo prseterito, quia scilicet iiitendit
iudiicere eas ad desperationem. Oggerit enim aliquando : Quse spes
tibi reliqua esse potest, quae usurara corporis prEebuisti viris? alii
vero ita : Tanto desiderio flagras haliendi, ut impossibile sit te
salutem cnusequi posse. Sed ejusinodi auiinas fluctuantes oportet
consolari, et lioc mndo eis dicere : Raab quidera scortum fiiit, sed
taiiien per fiilem servata est. Paulus persecutor erat, sed postea
factus estvas electionis. Matthseus publicanus fuit, sed nemo ignorat
gratiam quam accepit. Latro etiam fiirtis et liomicidiis infamis, sed
tamen prinius reseravit fores paradisi : ac propterea ut ail istos
intendens oculos ne despondeat aninium propter peccata. 53 Sed iis,
quae priesiimptionisveneno tinctie siiut, accuratior medela a
majoribus rebus peteiida videtur? Oportet enim dicere eis : Qiiid ita
inflaris? an quia abstinescarne?sedalii suutquietiam apiscibiis; an
quia vino? sed et alii etiam oleo : au qiii;i profers jejuuia usquead
vesperara? sed et alii siue cibo agunt usque ad secundum et tertiuin
diem : an quia non uteris balneo? sed et niulti valetudinarii abstinent
eo penitus, ob morbum aliquera corporis ; an places tibi quia dormis
liuuii in ulva et ciliciuo strameuto? sed quainvis et hoc faceres, non
foret alioqiii magnuni; nam sunt alii qiii sulisteruuut scriipulos ut
licitis alioqui naturje priventiir, atque alii etiam se suspeiidunt in
oscillis tota nocte ; et quamvis hiec omnia faceres, et ad extremiim
exercitii pervenires, iiltra quodnon posses ulterius progredi; non
debes tamen inde cristas erigere ; iiam dffiinones plura fecerunt et
faciunt ; nec enim comedunt, nec bibunt, et etiam JANUARII. 249 in
ereniis agiint, cum (ii iii antro degens videris tibi Aln.TOlli:
S.Atiia^vsio. Coiitra jirifsumptiitnciii cl dc.iperaliollem. magmim
aliqiiid priestitisse. 5-4 His igitiir et siinilibus rationibus sanare
poterimus ista carcinonmta coiitraria inter se, nimirum
desperationem et praesiimptionem : nain qiiemadmodum ignis cum
nirais ventilatur perit, siciit et cura novosubinde respiraciilo aeris
destituitnr noii ininus extinguitur; ita et virtus enervatur ex
priesumptione et arrogantia, qiiantiimvis extremura exercitii
consecuta fuerit; atque etiam ex socordia corrumpitiir, cum nos
nietipsos non movemus ad ventilatiouem Spiritus sancti. Acies acuta
proclivius sub cote frangitur; sic et ascesis intentiorbrevi a
priesumptione corriimpitur. Unde oportet nos ex omni parte tenere
aiiimam bene miiultam, et rigorem exercitii a n causone arro- i
gantia' deflectere ad moiler;itiora et iimbrosa tempo bumiditatis. Est
qiiando oportet proscindere siiperflua raiualia et luxuriantia, ut
radixpromat bona germina. 55 Quae vero capta est periculo
desperationis, pro- Besperalio cl curandum est prsedictis rationibus,
ut cogamus eam '"'"'""' ""'"" „„ ■ ■ ■ n ■ -A i ■ ■ ^ enramiiis. quasi
VI, si tieri possit, ut animura sursiim erigat. Nimisenim tum animus
serpit humi. Nam agricolae periti,cum vident plantam aliquam
sublestara et exigu;im, largius irrigant, et m.ignam curam adliibent
ut crescat : sed cum vident siirculum pra?cocera, amputant in
tempore. et ut siipertluum et luxuriantem abjiciunt, nam solent
ejusmodi citissime sideriiri et arescere. Sic et medici aliquos ex
infirmis aluiif ampliore diaeta, et ad deambulaudum et exercitia
invitant; alios vero quasi vinctos detinent in iiiedia et tenuiore victu.
56 Manifestinn igitnr est arrogantiam nialorum pessimuiu esse ;
quod et contraria virtns ostendit, iiiiniruin. humilitas. Sed liaud facile
est humilitatera assequi. Nisi eniin quis rejecerit a se omnein
opinionem iestimationis, non poterit tbesaurum liunc nancisci. Est
enim hiimilifas virtus adeo sublimis, ut tltiinilitiis diabolus cum
videatur alioqiii omnes iilias virtutes '/'"^"'^mW^ specie aliqiia
imitari; sed humilitatem non tantura "'"' nequit imitari, sed nihil
penitus novit de illa, quid omniuo sit. Igitiir Apostolus cum probe
sciret stabilitatem et firmitatem humilitatis, priecepit nobis
£y/.o,u[3wt7jtt, hoc est in sinu illam et ulnis gestare l.Pci.s.f».
eamque induere. qui bonas actiones agunt, sive jejunanf, sive opera
niisericordiae exercent, sive docent. Si teraperatus es et intelligentia
|iraefulges, pone hurailitatemtibiin niiiriimaheueiim, cing.athumilitas
onines virtutes. Viiles Iiymniim illiini friiini pueroriim, utaliarum
virtutum fani r;iram mentiniiera fecerit, et Daii 3. 87. huniiles
convinxerit ciim tribus collaudatnribus illis, nec numeraverit inter eos
teniperatos, nec eos qui paupertatem susceperimt. b Sicut
impossibile est /) navein «xtrui sine clavis, ita salutem consequi sine
humilifafe. 57 Quaui ;iufeiu priccellens sit virtus et salutaris
Docctciim liumilifas, vel hiiic discere licet, quod Christus Do- Cliristiis.
miniis cura iu terras descendit ut oeconoiniiini incarnationis iinpleret,
huinilitatem induerit : Discite, in- Manli. 11. 2!i. quit, amequia
raitissiim et liiimilis corde. Cousidera quis est qui dixit : Disce ad
uiigiiem qiind dico ; sit humihtas ;ilpha et omega omiiiura bonariim
actionum tuaruni. Hurailitateni autein sen mentera huinilem dicit,
non specie tenus exteriori tantum, sed iniiuit interiorem homiiiem.
Veriiin qiiidem, qiioil exterior homo sequifiir interiorem. Novit
Dominus, qiind nninia mandata feeisti, sed injungetfibi deuovo, ut
redeas ad carceres et sumas principiiim novas servitutis ; dieit enini,
et cum ha-c oraiiia feceritis, dicite, servi Liic. 17. (o. inutiles siimus.
58 Hiiniilifasigitiir perficitur perimprnjieria, con- Perficiiur im.
tumelias, et plagas; ut aiidias araeiis. sfultus, ege- Pfoperiis. iius,
mendiciis, caducus, vilis, inconsideratiis in ageudo, infaiis iu
ioquendn, ignobilis, impotens et 41 similia :
 2S0 VITA S. Aiir.TORK S. Atiiasamo. Opcre ostcn(knda.
IniHftitiii' vitw ihim. Luc. li. 19. tle cariliilc cl Ira mofleraiiila.
.Iac.1.20. Pcrniciom memoria injiirin. similia : lii enim sunt nervi
Cliristinnic Iiumilitatis. Nam Cliristus Dominus .luilivit et passus est
ista. Vocarunt enim Sam:iritnnum, etdixei-nntquod dipmonium
lialjeret : assumpsit forinam servi, culapliis csEsus, etcontumeliis
gravissimis aflectus. b9 Oportet igitur nos imitari Ininiilitatem Cliristi
quce opere ostensa est. Nani sunt quidam qui
specietenussumiintlarvam liumilitatis, ef liumiliant seipsos; sed nihil
aliud intendunt, quam ut captent gloriam : ex operibus vero
cognoscuntur. Nam cum in com]iitis afficiuntur conviciis, non possunt
sufferre; sed sicut aspides e vestigio evomunt virus iracundia;. a
K«u5wy:psliis, anlpiis felnis. b lihm luilieliir in mlis PIK lili. 3, Ulcl. IS,
n. -18. CAPUT I\. Alia SijiicleUcw monila, de ira, detractionc, odio
vitandis. ijermonibus istis omnes prre gandio valde exultare, et
constiinter adhuc' perseverare audiendn, nec satietatem ullam
capere bonorum. Unde sernionem continuans ; Magnnm, iiiquit,
certamen accedentibus ad Deum, etlabor ingens inpriiiciiiioquidem,
sedexinde candium ineflabile. a Namveluti qui ignem accendere
cupiunt, primo fumo corripiuntur et lacrymas fundunt, inde optato
cidore potiuntur; sic oportet etnos divinum ignem accendore ciim
laciTmis et labore. Ipse enim Dominus protestatns est : Veni mittere
ignem in terram. Nonnulli quidem qui tolerant molestiam fumi per
socordiam, non tamen accendunt ignem nec calefiunt propter
imp.atientiam, qiii:i recesserunt extra limites Christianie
lunganimitatis, et quia gustus eorum valde languidus est. 61 Unde
caritas magnum fundamentum et cimeliuni est. de qiio .\postolus
solide sic loqnitur : Etsi omnem substantiam distribueris, et corpus
tuum in servitutem redegeris, caritatein vero non habueris, factus es
velut jes sonans, et cyinbalum tinniens. Unde caritas in bonis
priccipuum e.st, sicut et ira in m.alis gravissimum. Nam totam
animam obtegit teneliris et in ferif.atem trahit, ut rationis impotentes
et briitos redd.at. ProindeChristus singularem curam gerens saliitis
nostrse, nihil omnino reliqiiit vel ininimiim nou miinif iim in nobis.
Adversarins accendit libidinem, Cbristus nos arinavit temperantia;
d^nion prffisiimptioiiom induxit, Cliristiis posiiit ad maniim
Iiumilitatem; ille odium excitavit, Ciiristus posuit in medio carit:item
qiifecumqne igitur arina movet adversarius contra nos, plurihiis nos
armavit contra arrais Cliristus. qiiibiis ut:iinur ad s:ilutpm nostrara et
riiinam adversarii. 62 Iracimdia igitur inter mala pessimnra. Ira enim
viri, ut scriptum est, justifiam Dei non oper.atur. Oportet igitur eam
moderari freno priidentia;, cum et in tempore utilis sit. Convenit
enim aiiimari et concitari contra diemones, contra bomines vero
neqinaquara, quamvis peccaverint : convertere qiiideni oportet eos
sedato aniino, cum deferbuit furor iracundia?. 63 Atque ita irasci
quasi inter nial:i minus videri posset; sed memoria injurianiin est
omniuin gravissimum. Nain excandescentia, velut fumus ad modicum
tempus conturbans animum resolvitur et evanescit; sed memoria
injiiriarum, ut qiiaaaniniairaagis iiifixa est, efl"erat et terribiliorein
f;icit. Canis etenim rabie licet percitus off"uki3 lenociniomitigatus
furorem pouit, et alia animalia similiter conversatione curari solent;
sed qui vitio isto, retinendarura injurlarum memoria tenetur, non
exliortationibus persnaderi, nec alimento mifigari potest; neqiie
teinpns, qiiod alio (|ui omnia miitat, iUuin sanare piitest. Hi igitur
impiissimi sunt oinniiim mortalium et crudelissimi. Non enini audiiint,
nec parent Doniiuo, cuni dixit : Vade prinium, et reconciliare fratri
tno, et sic ofler SYNCLETIC^ VIRGINIS. niunus tuum. Et qiiod alio
loco dicitur : Sol non oc- Eiili.':il- '■>' '■ destruet te Deus, in finem
evellet te et emigrabit te a tabernaciilo tuo, et radicem tuam de terra
viventium. Ha^c scilicet sunt prajmia eis qui memoria retineut
injiirias. 65 Igitur oportet nos cavere ab hoc vitio, nam se- «cxia
effecia. qiiuntur illud pluriraa mala gr.ivia, invidia, tristitia, et
maledicentia : quornin ra:ditia virulenta, licet parva videantur et
milliiis momenti fere : (sunt enim veliit arma liidicraadversarii,) sed
sffipenuniero vulnera inflicfa a bipenni, et raajores in usus reservata
inachEera (qualia sunt fornicafio, homicidium, et pleonexia) sanantiir
per salutare pliarmacum pcenitentia?, cum interim pra^sumptio,
meinoria injiiriariim, sugillatio, qiue leviter cadentia videntiir tela et
nulliiis considerationis, clanculum nos perdunt et incautos, iibi
principides parfes anima; occtiparint. Veruraquideinquod non
interirauntmagnifudine vulneris, sed inera negligenfia eorum qui
vulneranfur. Contemnunt enim et nihili faciunt sugillationera, et ■alia
ista vitia, sed paiillatim ab illis perimuntur. 66 Grave igitur et au-
umiiosum malum est sugil- Sagillaiio vilatio. Est enira cibus et ludus
et feriatio iinnnuUis '"'"'"■ hoininibus. Tu vero noli admittere aiiribus
ejiismodi acroamata vana, neqiie patiaristambonum membrum
receptaculuin essevifiorum fratristui : animuin redde piirum ab
ejusmodi inanibus rebiis. Nani ubi receperitseinelgraveolentem
illamimpiirit-itemaftectuum rationis expertium, inures non diibium
aniraie per cogitationes eju.^moili teterrimas niaculas. Gratis odisti
qiiibiiscum conversaris, quia aures jaiu tincfai fuerunt et occupata'
inhiimano felle obtrectatorum. .Aspicis oinnes illiberali oculo. qiiia et
ociilus, cum a veheinentiore aliqin* colore imbiitus est, nequit de aliis
coloribus incorruptejudicare. 67 Oportet igitiir nos caiite coiiservare
linguam et anres, iie quidquam profer:iraus aut audiainus
expassione. Scri]ifuni est eniin : Stiiltam auditionem ne E'i'li- !•' I"
admiseris. Delralieiitem secreto proximo suo hune perseqiieliar. Et
:iIio loco ; Non Ioqu:itur os nieuiii opera homiiinin. Nos vero ne
loquamur ea quie non sunt facta ab illis. Ojiortet igitur nos niillo
inodo adhilierefidem ejusmodi dictis, sedfacere etloqnijuxta
Lydiumsacr;BScri]ifura5: Egoautcinf:ictiissumsiciit Ps;il. 37. H. surdus
et mntus. 68 Neqiie la-tanduin est de .idversis proximi (iiian- A'oh
laiaiulant tumvis maliis sitet pecc;itor. Siint eiiiin nonnulli cum
i"i"iialienis. vident niiseruin :iliquein fiistuario v;ipulantem, aut
.abductiim in carcerem, barbare occinuntproverbium illud populare et
niundanura : Qui inale lectura stravit .sentiet noctem laboriosam. Tu
igitur, qiiae pr:eelarestravisti tibires tuas, confidisscilicet tequietein
Ii:iliiturain in vita. Quid antem facieraus istis qui dicunt, eumdeni
esse interitum jnsto et peccatori ? veruin qiiidem qiiod ipsum vivere
quamdiu hic siinius, est commune omnibus; sed alia ratio vivendi est
iii hoc, alia in illo. 69 Neque Psal. 100.5. I'sal. 1(1.4.
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accurate

V JANUARII. 351 Unmici iion hahendi uilio Matlh. 5. 46.

Mallli. II. (2. Kec fuyieuiliiiii consorlitini peccatoriiiii. IVmiI- 17. 20.
Ires liomiiiiim Ordiiics: i. E.itreme Jtiiprot/i . "2. Itlcdii iii virtiile. :(.
Pcrfccli. Voiinexa iiitir.se vilia . iiciii tnrlutrs 69 Ncqiie oportot odio
hahere iniiiiicos : ipse enim Domiiius hoc prnifepit nobis propria
voce, (hrens ; Diligite non niodo diligenteis, quod poccatoreset
publicani faciunt, etc. Boiiuni enim et quod honestuin est, non eget
lenocinio ad amorern sui ; seipso enim attrahit nmantes : malum
autem, indiget etiam doctrina Dei et hibore magno ut evellatur et
abstergatur. Regnum enim cjelorum nun est otiosorum et bominum
sinecura, sed violentorum qui vimfaciant. 70 Queinadmodura igitiir
non oportet nos odio luibere inimicos, ita neque oj)ortet nos fugere
aut uaso snspendere te]>idiores et homines desides et pigros. Nam
sunt quidam qui dictum illud Scripturae accommodant sibi ijjsis :
Cum Sancto sanctus eris, cum perverso perverteris ; ac propterea,
inquiunt, fugiamus peccatores,ne pervertamur ab eis. Exignorantia
faciunt isti, contrarium dit-to. Nam prjBcepit Spiritus sanctusnou
conversari, id est perverti una cumperversis,sedadvei'tere eos a
perversaviaoorum: cvvdi^xTfti^zi^emm estidem eoloco ac
awOxuizi.^ quod transferenthim fuit. cum perverso converteris, hoc
est perversumconvertes.et trahes ad te a via sinistra ad dexteram. 7
1 Tres siint h(uninum sententise de eligeiido vita; genere; quarum
una est extremae malitiEe, altera in statu mediocri, ut quai ad
utrumque extreraum rosjjicit, et participare videtui' de utroqiie ;
tertia denique iii apice specuhtionis .sita, nou solum seipsam stabilit,
sed etiam alias duas infcriores conatur quasi manu ducere ad bonum
statum. Mali quidem pejoHbus mixti plus augeut malitiam : medii
vero conantur fugere dissolutos et intemperanfes, metuentes scilicet
hoc ipsum quod inodo diximus, ne attraliantur et pervertantur ab
illi^; pueri enim suntadhuc in negotio virtutum. Sed tertii qui virili
animo pr£editi .sunt, et judicio confirmato una degunt libere cum
malis, et conversantur cum eis; quia cupiunt servare eos quamvis
gravia patiantur ab eis. Nam doimoues insuper eos perditum eunt, ut
quorum opera orbautur incendiariis niinistris suis. Atque etiam a
dyscohs improperia sustinent, et ludibrio habentur ab iis, qui
conspiciunt eos una ;igere oum dissolutis : vituperantur enim ut
.sirailes iis quibuscum conversantur. Sed illi audientes ista. quae ab
hominibus profecta sunt, velut encomia sua, intrel)ide exequuntur
opus Dei. Dictum est enim : Gaudete et exultate, oum omne
mendaoium a, et meditatio mortis. Sicut enini inortui non operantiir
corpori, ita neque nos debemusoperari; jamenim feciraiis qua'
facieiida erant i:orpori, ciim enuniis pucri. Dicit cnini.VpostoIus :
Muiidus milii cr;icifixus est et ego raumlo. 'Vivaraus igitur animo, et
animo ostendamiis virtutes, exerceamus anirao eleemosynani. Beati
enim misericordes spiritu. Sicut enini ibi Maiili 5. 7 cl scriptum est,
qui concupiverit mulierem, sed siue -'*• consiimmatione operis, facit
peccatuin quidem, sed Elcemosiina ifiipT-upov, lioc est, cui nullns est
qui testimonium intcnia ct e.x>ferat, nisi vermis intus ; ita se liabet
in iiegotio clee- ''"''""• mosyrae. Nam eleemosyna jjerficitur, cum
aiiinia intus opcrationem coniplet, quamvis iion adsit pecuni;i, m.ajori
honore afTicimur. 77 Quemadmodum iii miindo patribus farailias
varia Compumtio sunt ministcrioriiin geiiera; nam alios riis ablegant
i''l'ft'a-lilii.sel ad colenda praedia et sobolis procreanda? caussa ; cx
i'^i'i"'Jt>lis. quibus Gal.G. 1-1.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.06%
accurate

282 VITA S. SYNCLETIC/E VIRGINIS. AUCTOnE S.

Atiianasio. Utritniqitc fi' Vitii rfligioyir iiriipaimitla meiis. Tota
cxcolenda aniiiia. Peccala imilacliorant ct virijimimmayin complcua.
quilius qui nascuntur si videi-int aliquo.s ex eis modestos et sub
liberali alioqui fornia, domuni dui'unt et nutriunt eos in propriis
scdibus ailministeria propriEe sibi personae ; sic et Doniinus alios
quidem posuit in praediolo mundi Inijus, qui lionestum niatrimonium
patrarent; alios vero melioris utpote ('onsilii virosin propriiim nsum
sibi reservavit : et lii quidem sunt qiii ab onmibus terrenis negotiis
separantur. Nam jam herili mensa dignati suut, nec sunt sollieiti de
vestitu; Christuni enim induerunt. 78 Aniborum igitur unus Cln'istus
est. Nani sicut ex eodem frumento est palea et senien; sic ex eodem
Deo suntqui vitam recte traducunt in mundo, et qui vitamsolitariani
elegerunt. Utrique autem suus usus: Folinni quidem ad utilitatem et
tutelam seminis, fructus vero et semen ad propagationem. Ideo
necessaria inqnisitio seminis : ex eo enim generantur omnia. a Sicut
igitur non est tempoi'e eodem lierba eum semine, sic impossibile est,
ut circnnistante nos gloria mnndi hujns cielestem fructum
producamus : sed decidentibus foliis, et arescente culnio, seges
messoris falceni expectat ; sic nos abjectis cogitationibns torrenis
velut foliis, et exsiccato sceleto corporis velut arista, et erecta mente
in altum, potei'imus fructum salutis producere. 79 b Periculosum
quidera opus, fateor, hominem in ista incunibere, qui non prius in
palaestra practicse vitaeprseexercitatiis.est. Sicut eiiimsi quissub
caduca et ruinam minantia tecta alios donio exceperit,
paupenemfacit cadente donio;ita et istinisi priusseinetipsos bene
a;dificaverint, una perdunt accedentes cum seipsis. Verbis quidem
exhortaiitur et invitant ad saluteni, sed malis moribus et exenqilis
atliletas potius gravi damno afficiunt. Nani nudi sermones eorum et
monogrammi videntur siniiles picturis quse scitisquidein, sed 1'acile
delebilibus coloribus exar;ita; pereunt brevissinio tempore, et
levinsculo aurEe flamine, vel aqua; guttula evanescunt. Sed
doctrinam practicam qna: agendo comparata est, non onine tempus
delere potest : sernio euim ad viviim insidens solida pciietralia
aniniae a-ternum monumentum et exeinplar pra'bet fidelibus. 80
Oportet igitur nos habere curam aniniEe, non iii superficie tantum,
sed eam totam excolere qiianta est.et in primis ad profunda
illiusdescendera^Abscidimus quidem comam, abjiciamus etiam cuni
conia et tineas in capite, qua; si diutins relinquentur, non exiguuni
dolorem excitabunt. C;ipill;iinentuni erat mundus, vita; hujus
honores, glori;i, facultates, vestes splendidffi, stote, halnea;, cupeilia'
: ha-c omnia jam dum decrevimus abjicienda : eja agite, quin potius
abjiciamus letliales tineas animse ? sed ciuienani suiit haitinex'?
sugilIatio,juramentuin, et amor pecuniae. Caput igitiir nostrum est
anima. Quousque quidem in aiilis reruiu mundanarum tegebantur
animalcula ista, videbantur latere; nunc vero priescissa conia
denudnta oniiiibusque exposita sunt, propterea iii virgine vel in
inoinicho etiani levissima peccata prostituta siint, sicnt in muiida
domo animalculuin vel galbano tenuius fit conspicuum : in
saecularibus vero sicutinteterrimislustrislatentniaximavenenatoruni
inonstra stabulantia, et sub deiisitate silvaj delitescentia. Oportet nos
assiduis febriiis expurgare domum, et circumspicere iie aliquod ex
venenoso hoc genereanimaliumsulipat penetralia anima!, et diviiio
suffumigio oratiniiis intimos recessus obire. Sicut eniin acerrima
pliarmacorum fugant animalia venenosa, sic et oratio cuiii jejunio
profligat cogitatioiies iminundas. ;i Idciii hnbclurlib. B de vitin PP.
Iilict. H, n. 20. h llxc etitini liatjet PoiilaHitnnu. I. CAPUT XI. Varia
Gmelhliacoram jiidlcia rcfellantur. jLnter lethalia anlnioe est et lioc,
quod sinimus nobis persuaderi ab assertoril)US fati, quam et yivsacj
vocailt. Gravissimus si quis alius est hic stimulusadversarii: iu bonis
quidem ubi primum pestiferam notiunem menti exhibuerit,abscedit
illico;sed in incautis vel tyrannidem exercet. Nemo enim eorum qui
cum virtute vitani transigunt, crediderit aut atimiserit
tamletlialemetsubventanpamdoctrinam. Deumenim ponunt
principium omniuui bunorum qufe sunt ot fiunt, et secundarium
ponunt prnpriam cujusquevoluntatem, penes quam sit arbitrium et
imperium virtutis et vitii. Sedcum aliquiex incuriapatiuntnr quce
alioqui uon sperabant, statim confugiunt ad diemonem liunc et
sacrani anchoram fati. Nam sicut filii dissoluti et nepotizantes, qui
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