​ NERVOUS SYSTEM

HAP 3201-2 2ND SEMESTER | PROF. ROSEMARIE BALATBAT | MON & THURS 2:30-4 PM

ANATOMY gives command to the body’s effectors

I. OVERVIEW ●​ Includes cells that BEGIN and END w/ in the
anatomical boundary of the brain and the spinal
cord.
COMPOSED OF:
2 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
●​ The brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral
●​ Cranial Nerves: nerves that originate from the brain
nerves.
We have 12 pairs of cranial nerves
●​ Spinal Nerve: nerves that originate from the spinal
DIVIDED INTO 2 MAJOR PARTS:
cord.
●​ CNS: located in the central axis, composed of the
We have 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Brain and the Spinal cord.
●​ PNS: Peripheral Nerves
II. AFFERENT AND EFFERENT DIVISION
o​ Cranial Nerves: nerves that originate from
the brain
o​ Spinal Nerve: those originating in the spinal
Cord.

Main function of the nervous system: communication,

it is important for integrating body parts. Integration, in
turn, is needed to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis
is important for survival.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Organized to receive signals or stimuli from both the
external and internal environment. After this, the signal
will be evaluated in the integration center, and then the
nervous system will produce a response that will address 1 AFFERENT
●​ Carry toward
the signal by stimulating the body's effectors.
●​ consists of all the incoming sensory pathways

Components of the N.S. can be categorized based on:

Nerves that receive information from the body’s sense
●​ structure: centrally or periphery.
organs or receptors and carry it to the integration center.
●​ direction of information: If from the receptors to
4 EFFERENT
the integration center, or from the integration
●​ Carry away
center to the body’s effectors.
●​ consists of all the outgoing motor pathways
●​ control of effectors: whether they are stimulating
somatic cells, mga skeletal muscles, stimulating
Nerves that carry information from the integration center
glands, or stimulating smooth muscles.
to the effectors.
PHYSIOLOGY
I. CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
III. SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC NERVOS SYSTEM
1 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
●​ Structural and functional center
1 SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS)
●​ Integrates sensory information
●​ regulate voluntary/ skeletal muscles
It tries to make sense of the information received
o​ Afferent: somatic sensory division
by our sense organs
o​ Efferent: Somatic motor division
●​ evaluates information
●​ Sends out response to effectors

PAGE 1 ANDRES, ENRIQUEZ, MAYBITUIN | BS PSY 3-2 | “When I am afraid, I put my trust in you” – Psalms 56:3
 2 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Cells of BBB: Endothelial cells, Pericytes, Astrocyte end feet
●​ regulate involuntary tissues (smooth & cardiac Note: Not all areas of the brain have this. (Pituitary gland)
muscles, endo glands, adipose)
o​ Afferent: visceral sensory division (internal 2. MICROGLIA
organs) ●​ Macrophages of the CNS
o​ Efferent: carry signal away from cns toward ●​ Small, stationary cells
the involuntary tissues ●​ Become phagocytic in inflamed tissues
▪​ Sympathetic: fight, flight, freeze ●​ Functionally and developmentally unrelated to
response other nervous system cells
▪​ Parasympathetic: rest and repair
3. EPENDYMAL CELLS
IV. CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYS. ●​ Resembles epithelial cells
A. Glia/Glial Cells/Neuroglia - supporting cell ●​ Line fluid-filled cavities in the CNS
●​ Modulate neuron function and signaling ●​ Some cells secrete CSF
●​ Nourishes the neurons ●​ Some have cilia that ensure circulation of CSF
●​ when neuron are damaged, they will repair ●​ It surround the central canal of spinal cord
B. Neurons
●​ Generate, receive, transmit and propagate 4. OLIGODENDROCYTES
electrical and chemical signals ●​ ”cell with few branches”
V. GLIA ●​ Hold nerve cells together
●​ 900 Billion in brain ●​ Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the
●​ Capable of mitosis / highly mitotic CNS
●​ Help support, connect, protect and nourish
neurons 5. SCHWANN CELLS
●​ Cancer cells in NS. is because of uncontrolled cell ●​ Functional equivalent of the Oligodendrocytes in
division of GLIAL CELLS the PNS, it forms myelin sheath
Types of Glial cells: ●​ Surround axons
●​ CNS: Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, ●​ AKA Neurolemmocytes
Oligodendrocytes ●​ Node of ranvier - junction bet Schwann cells
●​ PNS: Schwann cells & Satellite cells Neurilemma “Neuronal sheath”
●​ Cytoplasm and nuclei of Schwann cell
1. ASTROCYTES ●​ Important in normal nerve growth and
●​ Largest, most numerous glial cells regeneration of injured nerve fibers
●​ Feed the neurons
●​ Clear excess neurotransmitters
●​ Maintain balance of extracellular ions
●​ Promote synapse formation
●​ Provide structural support
●​ Form protective glial scar after injury
●​ Part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER: selective semi-permeable

membrane between the blood and the interstitium of the
brain 2 types of nerve fiber based on the position of Schwann:
●​ controls substance that leave/enter in nervous ●​ Unmyelinated nerve- share a single schwann cell
tissue loc in middle
●​ control homeostasis of brain tissue ●​ Myelinated nerve- nerve at the middle,
●​ protect fr. blood borne pathogen / toxins surrounding it is the schwann cell
●​ prevent therapeutic drugs fr. entering the nervous
system
2
 6. SATTELITE CELLS ●​ Contain Receptors- ends of sensory neuron
●​ Special type of Schwann cells dendrites
●​ Surround ganglia which aggregate cell bodies in ●​ Dendritic spines- found in some brain dendrites
PNS ●​ Serve as point of connections for other neurons

VI. NEURONS VII. CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

●​ 100 B in the brain Structural Classification
●​ Nerve fibers: axons and dendrites ●​ Multipolar - single axon w. many dendrites (Most
Consists of: CNS neurons)
●​ 1 cell body/soma/perikaryon ●​ Bipolar - 1 axon w. 1 highly branched dendrite;
●​ 1 axon found in Retina, Inner ear, Olfactory pathway
●​ ≥1 dendrites (Least numerous)
●​ Unipolar - has 1 process extending from the soma
1. CELL BODY (all are sensory neurons)
●​ Mitochondria- self replicating, also found at the Functional Classification
end of axons ●​ Afferent - carry signal fr. receptor to CNS
●​ Golgi apparatus ●​ Efferent - conduct signal fr. CNS to body effectors
●​ RER, Ribosomes, Nissl bodies ●​ Interneurons - loc inside CNS
●​ Neurofibrils - Bundles of neurofilaments
●​ Microtubules VIII. REFLEX ARC
●​ Microfilaments ●​ Reflexes- body's automatic response to stimulus
●​ Vesicles - house neurotransmitter ●​ Reflex arc- reflex pathway from stimulus to
●​ Molecular Motors/Motor Proteins - associated effector
with cytoskeleton Note: Not all electrical signals that start in receptors end
in effectors.
2. AXON ●​ Many signals fail to be conducted across
●​ Length: 1mm - > 1 m synapses
(longest: Sciatic nerve) ●​ Not all signals that end in effectors start in
●​ Diameter: 1-20um receptors, many start from the brain
(larger the diameter; Types:
faster of transmission) 1.​ Two-neuron arc / Monosynaptic (SIMPLE REFLEX)
●​ Axon collaterals - side ○​ sensory neurons to motor neurons (hindi
branches of axons na dadaan sa CNS)
●​ Telodendria - branches ○​ Ipsilateral - kung anong part nakareceive
at distal tips of axons nung signal ayun din mag-c’conduct ng
●​ Synaptic knob- a action.
swelling in the end of ○​ Usually involved in maintaining
telodendria; contain homeostasis
many mitochondria ○​ Ex. Salivation at sight of food, Blinking
and vesicles when cornea is touched
●​ Varicosities- found in some axons
○​ Swellings that serve as point of contact 2.​ Three-neuron arc /Multisynaptic arc /
for other cells;e.g. smooth muscle Polysynaptic
Note: Not all neurons have a single axon. ○​ sensory to inter to motor (dadaan na sa
●​ Collateral: sub branches of axon brain)
Nerve fiber - collection of many axons ○​ with at least 2 synapses and 1 interneuron
■​ Most reflexes
3. DENDRITES ■​ can be inhibited by conscious
●​ (déndron) = Trees
●​ carry signal toward the cell body
3
 ○​ Ex. pag humawak ka ng cactus ○​ ICF: negatively charge due to excess
masasaktan k and then ipapaprocess anion
sha ng brain to interminate the contact ●​ Potential- energy at rest
with the source of stimulus (cactus) ○​ Membrane that separates the ions
3.​ Ipsilateral reflex- sensory information received maintains the potential
from one side is delivered to motor neuron in the ○​ lons have the potential to move toward
same side one another if a channel is opened
4.​ Contralateral reflex- sensory info received fr 1 side ○​ Membrane that separate the charges is
is delivered to motor neuron on the opposite side POLARIZED (+/-)

IX. NERVES AND TRACTS A RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

●​ Nerves- bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS ●​ At rest, a neuron's membrane potential is
○​ With connective tissue coverings maintained at -70 mV
●​ Tracts- bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS ●​ In neurons, Cl and other anions are "trapped"
○​ No connective tissue covering inside
●​ Ganglia- bunch of soma and unmyelinated fibers ●​ Cations freely move across the membrane
in the PNS ○​ At rest, all Na+ ch are closed
●​ Nuclei - bunch of soma and unmyelinated fibers ○​ At rest, some K+ ch are open
the CNS

X. REPAIR OF NERVE FIBERS

●​ Myth: mature neurons could not be replaced
●​ Fact: New studies show that fresh new neurons
are often added to existing network
●​ Another option for healing injured/diseased
nervous tissue is repairing the neurons

Conditions for repair:

●​ Damage should not be extensive
●​ Repair is limited to peripheral neurons
○​ Astrocytes in the CNS prevents repair of
damaged neuron by blocking the repair
tunnel with scar tissue
○​ Lack of neurilemma makes repair
impossible
●​ Effector of damaged nerve may shrink/atrophy
during the absence of nerve input
●​ If damaged nerve fail to repair itself, an adjacent
neuron may form a sprout to reestablish
connection with the effector

XI. NERVE IMPULSES

●​ Nerve impulse- wave of electrical fluctuation that
travels along the plasma membrane
●​ Membrane potential- difference in electrical
charge across the p.m.
○​ ECF: positively charge due to excess
cations