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 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 THE WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN
Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz)

This species, which is nearly allied to the preceding, breeds in the

marshes of Central and South-eastern Europe. It is a very scarce and
irregular visitor to our eastern and south-eastern shores, especially in
spring.

In habits it resembles the Black Tern, from which it may be

distinguished in summer by its red bill, white tail and tail coverts, and
whitish wing coverts. The young may be distinguished from those of
H. nigra by their longer toes and much paler rump and tail. Length
9·5 in.; wing 8·25 in.

351
 THE WHISKERED TERN
Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pallas)

This is a more southern species than its congeners, breeding in

Spain, on the delta of the Rhone, and eastwards in Turkey, Greece,
and South Russia. To our shores it is a very rare visitor, some half-a-
dozen specimens only having been obtained.

In summer it is not unlike the Black Tern, but it may be recognised by

the bill, which is stouter and red; the black of the head and nape is
sharply contrasted with the grey of the back. A broad white stripe
runs backwards from the base of the bill. Chin and throat grey,
shading to black on the belly. In winter the forehead and under parts
are white. Length 11·5 in.; wing 9·25 in.
 THE GULL-BILLED TERN
Sterna anglica, Montagu

With this species we come to the true Terns or Sea-Swallows, the

preceding species being known as Marsh Terns. The Gull-billed Tern
is only a very scarce straggler to our shores, being a southern
European species though occurring yearly as far north as Denmark.

In habits there is nothing to distinguish it from our commoner

species.

In summer the adult has the whole of the upper parts, 352
including the tail, pearl grey; head and nape dense velvety
black; primaries blackish. Under parts pure white; bill and legs black.
In winter the head is white streaked with black. Length 15·5 in.; wing
13 in.
 THE CASPIAN TERN
Sterna caspia, Pallas

This large Tern is, like the preceding, only a rare straggler to our
shores. It nests in Denmark and various islands on the Baltic, as well
as in the Mediterranean basin eastwards to the Aralo-Caspian area.

Plumage much as in preceding species, but the tail nearly white. Bill
vermilion red; legs black. Length 20 in.; wing 16 in.
 THE SANDWICH TERN
Sterna cantiaca, J. F. Gmelin

This species arrives on our coasts about the middle of April and at
once repairs to its breeding-stations. In England these are very few in
number and mostly in the north, but occurring equally on the east
and west coasts. In Scotland the colonies are rather more numerous,
while Ireland can only boast of one in the north.

It nests on the bare shingle, the nests being usually placed quite
close to each other. Two or three eggs of a pale stone colour, spotted
and blotched with reddish brown and black, form the clutch.

Like all Terns, this bird is a powerful flier, and seizes the fish 353
on which it feeds by plunging into the water with considerable
force. Its note is a loud and harsh “kirhitt,” which may be heard some
way off and often enables this species to be detected when among
other Terns. It leaves our shores as soon as the young are well on
the wing, and though a few stragglers may occur on the coast during
the autumn it is by no means a common species, and needs all the
protection it can get, if it is to remain an annual summer visitor to
our shores.

The adult male in summer has the crown of the head black; the rest
of the upper parts pearl grey; rump, tail, and under parts white, the
breast being suffused with a delicate rose tint which soon fades after
death. Bill black with a yellow tip. Legs black. The female is similar
but slightly smaller. In autumn the back of the head and nape are
white, the latter being lightly mottled. In the young the head is white
mottled with black. The feathers of the back and wing coverts have
black and brownish crescentic markings and white tips. The tail is
also marked with angular lines of black, the outer feather being
almost entirely greyish. Length 16 in.; bill 2·5 in.; wing 12 in.
 THE ROSEATE TERN
Sterna dougalli, Montagu

This Tern still nests in small numbers round our shores, but it is
extremely scarce and somewhat erratic in its choice of breeding-
quarters, which often vary from year to year. It arrives very 354
late in May, and leaves our shores as soon as the young can
fly, so that it is not often met with on migration. It breeds sparingly
on the coast of France, but its chief breeding-quarters are along the
Atlantic coast of the United States.

In general habits it resembles its congeners, but it is an exclusively

sea Tern, obtaining most of its food some distance out at sea.

In plumage it is almost indistinguishable from the two following

species, but it may be recognised at all ages by the white inner
margins to the primaries reaching the tip and even some little way up
the outer web. The bill in the breeding season is black; legs and feet
red. Length 15·5 in.; wing 9 in.
 THE COMMON TERN
Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann

This species arrives in May and nests in colonies round the whole of
the coast as well as on some inland waters. In England it is the
commonest Tern, but in Scotland and Ireland the Arctic Tern is almost
if not quite as numerous, and both species may often be found
nesting on the same island or beach.

Its food consists of small fish and crustacea, which it catches after
the manner of all Terns by dropping down on them with closed wings
from a moderate height.
 COMMON TERN
Sterna fluviatilis
Summer. Young flying

They nest in colonies on rocks, shingle beaches, or near the 355

margins of large inland waters, and very little attempt at a
nest is made, though this species almost invariably gathers a few
bents together. The eggs are usually three in number, often only two,
and are very variable in colour, being as a rule greenish or stone buff,
with brown and grey spots and markings.

The note is a sharp “kik-kik,” but during the nesting season they utter
a loud “ee-arre,” which is rather characteristic of this species.
The young are covered with pale brown down mottled with black,
and leave the nest as soon as they are hatched, but they remain near
the spot until they are fully fledged and well able to fly, as they are
during that period entirely dependent on their parents for food.

Soon after the young can fly, old and young gradually disperse along
the coast, slowly working southwards till by the beginning of October
the last straggler has left for its winter quarters in Africa.

In summer the adult has the crown of the head and nape black, the
rest of the back pearl-grey; rump white; tail feathers white with
greyish outer webs. Under parts white tinged with grey. Bill orange
red with horn-coloured tip; legs coral red. The sexes are alike. In
winter the forehead is sprinkled with white and the under parts
nearly pure white. The young in its first plumage has the head white;
spotted with blackish brown, the feathers of the back pale pearl-grey
barred with buff or brown and tipped with white; by late autumn,
however, the back is pure grey with the exception of a dark band
along the carpal joint. Bill and legs yellowish. Length 14·25 in.; bill
1·7 in.; tail 6·5 in.; wing 10·5 in.

356
 THE ARCTIC TERN
Sterna macrura, Naumann

Except in a few minor points of plumage and in its distribution this

species is the counterpart of the preceding one. In England it is only
met with on migration, though a few pairs may nest in the north, but
in Scotland it is the commonest Tern, breeding in increasing numbers
northwards. In Ireland it breeds commonly, especially on the wind-
swept islets of the north and west. Elsewhere it breeds in circumpolar
regions, and has been met with in winter in Antarctic seas, so that it
has a latitudinal range of from 82° N. to 74° S., probably the largest
range recorded for any one species.

Its nesting habits are similar to those of the Common Tern, and as a
rule it collects absolutely no materials for a lining, but lays its eggs in
a shallow “scrape” or even on the bare rock. The eggs are
indistinguishable in colour from those of the Common Tern, but are
on the average slightly smaller. To the experienced ear the note is
also rather different, but that difference is too slight to be expressed
on paper.

This species may be distinguished from the preceding species by its

blood-red bill, which is not darker at the tip, and the shorter tarsi.
The under parts, especially in summer, are much darker, and the
stripe on the inner web of the flight feathers is narrower and darker
than in S. fluviatilis. In other respects these species are almost
indistinguishable. Length 14·5 in.; bill 1·6 in.; tail 7·5 in.; wing 10 in.

357
 THE LITTLE TERN
Sterna minuta, Linnæus

This is the smallest of our Terns and is a summer visitor, breeding in

fair numbers on shingle beaches round the coast but becoming
scarcer in the north.

It may often be seen fishing in small parties at the tidal mouth of

some small stream, especially when the tide is flowing. At such times
it flies slowly towards the sea till it sees a fish, when it stops, hovers
for a moment, and then drops on its prey, rising immediately from
the water to resume its search; after progressing a short distance it
will wheel back and return to its starting-point.

The eggs are laid on the bare sand or shingle without any attempt at
a nest; they are usually three in number and of a pale stone colour
spotted with grey and brown. The note is a sharp “kik.”

In summer the head and nape are black, except for the forehead,
which is white. Upper parts grey, tail and under parts white. Bill
yellow with a black tip. Legs orange.

The young have the head white, streaked with blackish brown,
mantle grey with buffish tips, under parts white. In their first autumn
plumage they are very similar to the young of the Sandwich Tern, the
feathers of the back being marked with black, brown, and white.
Length 9 in.; wing 6·75 in.

358
 THE SOOTY TERN
Sterna fuliginosa, J. F. Gmelin

Stragglers of this tropical species have on two or three occasions

been met with on our coasts.

There is a white band across the forehead, which extends backwards

over the eye on each side; rest of the upper parts deep sooty black;
under parts white; outer web of outer tail feathers white. Bill and legs
black. Length 17 in.; bill 2·1 in.; tail 7·5 in.; wing 11·75 in.
 THE NODDY
Anous stolidus (Linnæus)

Like the former, this is a tropical species, which has on two occasions
wandered to our shores.

The general colour is a dark chocolate brown all over except for the
head, forehead, and crown, which are lavender grey. Length 16 in.;
wing 10·5 in.
 SABINE’S GULL
Xema sabinii (Joseph Sabine)

This circumpolar species is a very rare autumnal visitor to our shores.

Its chief breeding-grounds are the Arctic regions of North 359
America, whence it migrates southwards, in winter.

The adult has a slate grey back; the head and neck are very dark
grey, tail and under parts white. In winter the forehead and crown
are white. In their first autumn the young are ash grey on the
occiput, nape, and back. The tail feathers have broad black tips.
Length 13 in.; wing 10·75 in.

This species may always be recognised by the forked tail.

 THE WEDGE-TAILED GULL
Rhodostethia rosea, Macgillivray

This extremely scarce Arctic Gull is said to have been obtained in

Yorkshire on one occasion. It may be recognised by the wedge-
shaped tail.

The adult is grey on the mantle; the rest of the plumage, except for a
narrow black ring round the neck, is pure white. Length 13·5 in.;
wing 10·25 in.
 BONAPARTE’S GULL
Larus philadelphia (Ordigny)

This is a common North American species, of which some three

examples have been taken in the United Kingdom.

In summer the adult has the head and neck black; mantle 360
grey; tail and under parts white. The black on the head is lost
in winter. Length 14 in.; wing 10·25 in.

This species may always be recognised by the white margins to the

inner webs of the two outer primaries.
 THE LITTLE GULL
Larus minutus, Pallas

This species, which is the smallest of our Gulls, is an irregular autumn

visitor to our shores. It breeds in Northern Russia and possibly on
some of the islands of the Baltic, migrating in winter to the Black Sea
and Mediterranean.

In summer the head and neck are black; mantle grey, primaries grey
edged with white, rest of plumage white except the underside of the
wing, which is black and forms a distinctive characteristic in the adult.
Length 11 in.; wing 8·75 in.
 THE BLACK-HEADED GULL
Larus ridibundus, Linnæus

The Black-headed Gull is an extremely abundant species throughout

the United Kingdom at all times of the year. In summer it resorts to
various inland marshes and bogs, where it nests in immense colonies,
some of which have been in use for centuries. In autumn and winter
it is found all along the coast and up tidal rivers, a great many
coming to London, where they are extremely tame and show great
agility in catching bread and other morsels of food thrown to them by
pedestrians. The bird is practically omnivorous. When inland it follows
the plough and feeds largely on worms and beetle grubs which are
thus laid bare; but on the sea-shore, fish, crustacea, marine insects,
and garbage are greedily devoured.
 BLACK-HEADED GULL
Larus ridibundus
Summer

The nests are placed in a very wet and boggy place, 361
surrounded, if possible, by water, but small ponds or tarns in
marshy land are chosen in preference to large sheets of water. The
nest is a large untidy heap of weeds and sticks. Four eggs, which are
greenish, spotted and blotched with various shades of brown, form
the usual clutch. The young hatch after about three weeks’
incubation, and are covered with pale brown down mottled with
black. They leave the nest when two or three days old, but for a
week or ten days at least are entirely dependent on their parents for
food; after that, however, though still fed by their parents, they pick
up a good deal for themselves. They fly when about six weeks old.
This gull is extremely noisy at all times, but when the nesting-ground
is approached the babel of harsh screams is deafening. Although
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