FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF

AGRICULTURE ABEOKUTA
COLLEGE OF FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN ECOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS
Clinical Nutrition
NTD 309

Lecturer in charge: Mrs Abdulsalam

Group 2 members
1. Tarhyel Felicia Felida 20223467
2. Usidamen Jessica Isuan 20223469.
3. Adimula Odunayo Deborah 20223359.
4. Utum, Endurance Ebri 20223470
5. Jimoh Rahmat Motunrayo 20223398
6. Morakinyo busayo praise 20204171
7. Sunday Abosede Oluwabusola 20202633
8. Titus Victoria 20233105
9. Soleye Ifeoluwa 20223464
10. Kareem Eniola khafilat 20223400
11. Joshua Faith Mary 20200800
12. Jerome Abayomi TAIWO 20233103
13. Abdulkareem Fatimah Adeola 20223335
14. Faniyi Ayomide Rejoice 20223387
Table of contents
• Introduction
• Importance of kidney
• Types of kidney/renal disease
• Relationship between Renal disease and Diabete
• Relationship between Renal disease and hypertension
• Causes of Renal Disease
• Symptoms
• Further complications of renal disease
• Treatment and Diagnosis
• Dietary Management
Introduction to Renal Disease
• Kidney disease, or renal disease, technically referred to as
nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney, it refers to any
situation that damagges the kidneys and impairs their ability to
function.
• Kidney disease can affect your body’s ability to clean your blood,
filter extra water out of your blood, and help control your blood
pressure. It can also affect red blood cell production and vitamin
D metabolism needed for bone health.
Functions of the kidney
• In the production of urine, kidneys excrete waste such as urea and
ammonium and are also responsible for reabsorption of water and
glucose.
• The kidneys produce hormones such as calcitriol, erythropoietin
and the enzyme renin.
• Removes were and waterfront the blood through the ureters.
Waste in the blood Comes from the normal breakdown of active
tissues such as muscles and from food.
• Renal function describes how efficiently the kidneys filter blood.
• The human body has a pair of bean shaped organ(the kidneys).
They are located near the middle of the back just below the rib
cage, each one on the side of the spine.
• They are organs that serve several essential regulatory roles. They
are important for The urinary system and homeostatic functions.
• The kidneys are composed of different functional units called the
NEPHRONS, where removal of waste actually occurs
Importance of the kidney
• The kidney is important because it carries out the following
functions:
• Remove waste products from the body.
• Remove drugs from the body.
• Balance the body’s fluids.
• Release hormones that regulate blood pressure.
• Produce an active form of vitamin D that promotes strong, healthy
bones.
• Control the production of red blood cells.
Types of kidney/Renal Disease
• Chronic kidney disease (CDK): This is the gradual loss of kidney
function over time. It’s a common Condition that affects millions
of people worldwide.
• It can be defined as prolonged kidney abnormalities (functional
and/or structural in nature) that last for more than three months
• Chronic kidney disease can be caused by different factors which
includes; Diabetics, High blood pressure, Genetics, Age, obesity.
Types of Renal disease
• Acute kidney disease is now termed acute kidney injury and is
marked by the sudden reduction in kidney function over seven
days. It could be as a result of illness, injury, surgery, infection.
• End stage renal disease ; complete failure requiring dialysis or a
kidney transplant. It is often the final stage of chronic kidney
disease. It’s symptoms may include, vomiting, fatigue, Edema,
and urination changes
• Nephrotic syndrome is a renal condition characterized by
excessive loss of protein in urine, low level of albumin in the blood
and high level of cholesterol in the blood it could be a result of
high blood pressure, infection, Autoimmune disorders
Types of renal disease cont’d

• Nephritis syndrome is a condition characterized by inflammation

of the kidney, hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria (protein in
urine), kidney failure. Likely cause includes infection, medication,
injury, autoimmune deficiency disorder.
• Diabetic Nephropathy: this is a kidney damage caused by high
blood sugar levels in people with diabetics. It is a common
complication of diabetics, symptoms include swelling, nausea,
and vomiting.
• Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis (caused by high blood pressure)
• Polycystic kidney disease (growth of crusts on the kidney)
Types of renal disease cont’d
• Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units
(glomeruli)
• Renal Amyloidosis is a condition in which abnormal protein
(amyloids) accumulate in the kidney, leading to kidnap damage.
Relationship between Renal Disease and
Diabetes
Diabetes can damage the kidney in several ways which may include
1. High blood sugar levels which can damage the blood vessels in
the kidney reducing their ability to function.
2. Inflammation leading to damage and scarring
3. kidney fibrosis
Relationship between Renal Disease and
hypertension
• Kidney failure reduces blood flow to the kidney which activated
the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney which releases renin, an
enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Angiotensin I Is further converted to Angiotensin II.
• Angiotensin II binds to it’s receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys,
and adrenal gland causing vasoconstriction, increased blood
pressure, increase sodium reabsorption in the kidney and release
of aldosterone from the adrenal gland .
• Aldosterone stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium leading to
increase in the volume and pressure of the blood Which may
result in hypertension.
Causes and risk factors
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Genetics
• Age
• Obesity
• Medication
Symptoms of renal Diseases
• Early symptoms include fatigue, edema/swelling in the legs,
ankles, feet, hands or even face, changes in urination, Nausea and
vomiting, pain in the back, sides,or abdomen, dry and itchy skin,
increased thirst.
• Advanced symptom: shortness of breath, chest pain, seizures,
confusion, weakness.
Potential Complications of renal Disease
• Cardiovascular complications like heart failure, due to fluid build
up and electrolyte imbalance, high blood pressure, cardiac
arrhythmia, atherosclerosis.
• Electrolyte and fluid complications
• Bone and mineral complications like abnormalities in calcium,
hosphate and vitamin D metabolism.
• Neurological complications.
• Hematological complication like anemia and bleeding disorders
Diagnosis and treatment

• Blood test: to check for waste products electrolytes and kidney

function
• Urine test: to check for protein, blood or other abnormalities
• Imaging test: to visualize the kidney and urinary tract.
• Dialysis: to filter waste products
• Kidney transplant
Dietary Management for renal disease
• Low protein diet, high carbohydrates, moderate fat and vitamin
supplements especially vitamin C, is given to help the kidney heal.
• Sodium restricted diet is given if the patient suffers from oedema,
hypertension or oliguria.
• Fluid intake should be reduced to allow dispersal of oedema fluid
• The diet should provide adequate energy and protein intake (1-
2kg/d)
• Rest is recommendedto reduce the risk of blood cloths