The Colonate in the Roman Empire Boudewijn Sirks

pdf download

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-colonate-in-the-roman-empire-boudewijn-sirks/

★★★★★ 4.7/5.0 (41 reviews) ✓ 237 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Perfect download, no issues at all. Highly recommend!" - Mike D.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 The Colonate in the Roman Empire Boudewijn Sirks pdf
download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK META

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Collection Highlights

Athletes and Artists in the Roman Empire Bram Fauconnier

Music and Philosophy in the Roman Empire 1st Edition

Francesco Pelosi

Christianity and the Roman Empire From Nero to Theodosius

Paul Allard

The Oxford Handbook of Western Music and Philosophy

(OXFORD HANDBOOKS SERIES) 1st Edition Tomás Mcauley
(Editor)
Fresh Air Fiend Travel Writings 1st Edition Paul Theroux

Life is Strange 1 Dust 1st Edition Emma Vieceli

Manufacturing Inventory and Supply Analysis A Mathematical

Modelling Approach 1st Edition Sanjay Sharma

Key Texts for Latin American Sociology SAGE Studies in

International Sociology 1st Edition Fernanda Beigel

Discover Solar System 1st Edition Norma O'Toole

Depraved Filthy Dirty Rock Stars 1st Edition Margo Bond
Collins & London Kingsley
 T HE C OL O NA TE IN THE RO M AN EM P IRE

The fourth and fifth centuries AD gave rise to a particular phenomenon

in the Roman Empire: the colonate. The colonate involved the fiscal
regulation of a relationship of surety between landowners and farmers in
the later Roman Empire and played a major role in agrarian and social
relations, with implications for these farmers’ freedom of movement and
transmission of status. This study provides a clear and comprehensive
reassessment of the legal aspects of the phenomenon, embedding them
as far as possible in their legal, social and economic contexts. As well as
taking the innovative approach of working retrogradely, or backwards
through time, the volume provides a thorough assessment of two critical
sources, the Theodosian and Justinian Codes, and will therefore be an
invaluable resource for students and scholars of Roman law and the
agricultural and social history of late antiquity.

boudewijn sirks is Emeritus Regius Professor of Civil Law at the

University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of All Souls College. He
was formerly Professor of Private Law and Legal History at the J.W.
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt and is currently Member of the
Consiglio Direttivo of the Associazione Storico-Giuridica
Costantiniana.

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press
 THE COLONATE
IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE

BOUDEWIJN SIRKS
University of Oxford

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge cb2 8ea, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia
314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre,
New Delhi – 110025, India
103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467

Cambridge University Press is part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment,

a department of the University of Cambridge.
We share the University’s mission to contribute to society through the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781009172608
doi: 10.1017/9781009172585
© Boudewijn Sirks 2024
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions
of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take
place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press & Assessment.
First published 2024
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
names: Sirks, Adriaan Johan Boudewijn, author.
title: The Colonate in the Roman Empire / Boudewijn Sirks, University of Oxford.
description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press,
2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
identifiers: lccn 2023026047 | isbn 9781009172608 (hardback) | isbn 9781009172592
(paperback) | isbn 9781009172585 (ebook)
subjects: lcsh: Colonate. | Colonate – Social aspects. | Colonate – Economic aspects. |
Colonatus (Roman law) | Land tenure (Roman law) | Farm tenancy (Roman law) | Peasants –
Rome. | Agricultural laws and legislation (Roman law) | Serfdom (Roman law)
classification: lcc kja2202 .s57 2023 | ddc 340.5/4–dc23/eng/20230609
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023026047
isbn 978-1-009-17260-8 Hardback
Cambridge University Press & Assessment has no responsibility for the persistence
or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this
publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will
remain, accurate or appropriate.

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Contents

Introduction page 1
1 The Status Quaestionis : General Approaches 3
2 Sources and Working Method 12
2.1 Sources 13
2.2 Justification of the Retrograde Research
Method Applied Here 17
2.3 Terminology 24

1 The Colonate in the East under Justinian, 527/534–565/642 30

3 Introduction and Background to Justinian’s Code 30
4 The Coloni in Book 11 of Justinian’s Code 32
5 CJ 11.48.20–24: The Central Texts on the Colonate 35
6 Entering or Imposing the Condicio Coloniaria 36
7 Effects of the Colonate: Potestas and Peculium 42
7.1 Coloni Are in the Potestas of the Estate Owner 42
7.2 Their Assets Are Considered Peculium 45
7.3 The Reality of the Potestas and Peculium 49
8 Paying Taxes 52
8.1 Taxes and Taxation 52
8.2 The Colonus as Taxpayer 55
8.3 The Landowner Is Factually and Administratively Surety
of the Capitatio Humana 58
9 Occupations of Coloni 61
10 Transmission of the Condicio and the Effect of the Abolition
of the Senatusconsultum Claudianum 67
10.1 Transmission of the Condicio 67
10.2 The Abolition of the Senatusconsultum Claudianum
and the Condicio Coloniaria 69
10.3 The Coniugium Non Aequale 74
10.4 Unions between Adscripticii and Slaves 78
10.5 Other Cases of the Coniugium Non Aequale 79
10.6 Developments after the Abolition of the Senatusconsultum
Claudianum 81

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 vi Contents
11 Moving Coloni to Other Places 85
12 Coloni Who Migrate and Recalling Them 89
12.1 Reasons for Migrating 89
12.2 Recalling Coloni 91
12.3 Limitation of Prescription against Recall 96
12.4 Immunities against a Recall 97
12.5 Another Way of Losing Labour: Exposition 98
13 Release from the Colonate and the ‘Free’ Colonate 99
13.1 Incidental Private Release 99
13.2 Institutional Release: Anastasius’ Constitution 100
13.3 Institutional Release: Justinian’s Constitutions 104
13.4 Other Interpretations of CJ 11.48.19 105
13.5 Anastasius’ Motives 107
14 Public and Procedural Aspects of the Colonate 109
14.1 Social Mobility 109
14.2 Procedural Privileges 110
14.3 Criminal Law and Abuse of Power 111
15 The Coloni on State and Imperial Lands: CJ 11.63–64, 68–69 112
15.1 General 112
15.2 Coloni on Patrimonial Land (Fundi Patrimoniales),
Emphyteuticarian Land (Fundi Emphyteuticarii),
and Combined Estates (Saltus) 122
15.3 Coloni on Land of the Res Privata (Fundi Rei Privatae) 123
15.4 Coloni on Land of the Imperial House (Fundi Divinae
Domus or Domus Augustae) 126
15.5 Coloni on Land of the Fisc (ταμιεῖον) 127
15.6 A Reason for the Privileges? 128
16 The ‘Free’ Colonate 129
17 The ‘Free’ Colonate: A Byzantine Serfdom? 133
18 Farmers Not Subjected to the Colonate 135
19 Conclusions 138
19.1 The Colonate under Justinian 138
19.2 Open Questions 144
19.3 Different Interpretations 144

2 The Colonate in the Year 438 in Theodosius’ Code 147

20 Introduction 147
20.1 General 147
20.2 The Structure of the Theodosian Code 149
20.3 The Place of the Coloni in the Code 150
21 The Background to the Law in the Theodosian Code 152
22 The Term Colonus 156
23 Entering the Condicio Coloniaria 157
23.1 Condicio and Condicionalis 157
23.2 Origin of the Colonate 160

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Contents vii
23.3 Origin of the Colonate in the East 161
23.4 Origin of the Colonate in the West 167
24 Effects of the Colonate: Potestas and Peculium 167
24.1 Effects of the Colonate in the East 169
24.2 Effects of the Colonate in the West 173
24.3 Summary 180
25 Taxation and Complying with Taxes 181
25.1 Taxes and the Coloni in the East 183
25.2 Taxes and the Coloni in the West 186
26 Transmission of the Condicio and the Effect of the Senatusconsultum
Claudianum 190
26.1 In the East 190
26.2 In the West 191
26.3 The Coniugium Non Aequale 194
26.4 The Coniugium Non Aequale and the Various Categories
of Condicionales 198
27 Moving Coloni to Other Places 199
27.1 Moving Coloni in the East 201
27.2 Moving Coloni in the West 202
28 Coloni Who Migrate and Recalling Them 205
28.1 Flight in the East 206
28.2 Flight in the West 206
28.3 Problems with Reclaiming Coloni : Death, Marriage, Offspring 211
29 Public and Procedural Aspects of the Colonate 215
29.1 In the East 215
29.2 In the West 215
30 Coloni Originales on State and Imperial Lands 216
31 Coloni on Patrimonial Land (Fundi Patrimoniales)
and Emphyteuticarian Land (Fundi Emphyteuticarii) 217
31.1 In the East 218
31.2 In the West 220
32 Coloni on Land of the Res Privata (Fundi Rei Privatae)
and of the Imperial House (Fundi Divinae Domus or Domus Augusta) 220
32.1 The Res Privata 220
32.2 Coloni Dominici on Land of the Imperial House 222
33 The Patrocinium Vicorum, Vicani, Coloni Homologi, and Rusticani 223
34 The ‘Free’ Colonate 232
35 Farmers Not Subjected to the Colonate 233
36 Texts Not Necessarily Connected with the Colonate 234
37 Conclusions 234
37.1 Beginning of the Condicio 235
37.2 Taxation and Taxes 236
37.3 Transfer of Land 237
37.4 Features of the Colonate 237
37.5 Recalling 238

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 viii Contents
3 The Colonate in the East, 438–527 240
38 Enactments by the Emperors in 438–527 240
38.1 Theodosius II (402–455) 240
38.2 No Constitutions on Coloni by Marcianus (455–457)
Have Been Transmitted 241
38.3 Leo (457–473) 241
38.4 Zeno (474–491) 243
38.5 Anastasius (491–518) 245
38.6 Constitutions Not Included 247
39 Comparing the Situation in 534 and 438 247

4 The Colonate in the West, 438–ca. 506 249

40 The Situation in the West, 438–ca. 506 249
40.1 Sources 249
40.2 Background 251
41 The Posttheodosian Novels in the Roman West, 438–post 506 254
41.1 General 254
41.2 Valentinian III 256
41.3 Majorian 262
41.4 Severus 263
42 The Council of Orange of 441, Sidonius Apollinaris ep. 5.19,
and Remigius of Reims 264
43 The Colonate in Vandal Africa 268
44 Farmers Not Subjected to the Colonate 269
45 The Colonate in the Breviarium Alaricianum Alias the Lex Romana
Visigothorum of 506 (Southern Gaul, Septimania,
and Visigothic Spain): Status 269
46 The Colonate in the Breviarium Alaricianum: Obligations
and Restrictions 280
47 The Colonate in Legal Writings 282
48 The Coloni in the Summaria Antiqua, 535–554 286
49 Nachleben and Conclusions 287

5 The Colonate between Theodosius’ Code and Diocletian

and the Third Century, 438–293/268/249 292
50 The Period 438–293/268/249 292
50.1 Development in the East in 438–364 292
50.2 Development in the West in 438–364 293
50.3 Development before 364 293
51 A Connection with Diocletian’s Tax Reforms? 294
52 Farmers in the Middle of the Third Century: The Heroninos
Archive, AD 249–268 295
53 Oiketai and Metrèmatiaioi : A Pre-colonate? 301
54 Moulding the Paramonè into the Roman Law 306
55 Was There a Colonate? 308

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Contents ix
56 Reconstruction of a Chronology of the Colonate 309
56.1 Development in the West between 364 and 438 316
56.2 Development in the East between 364 and 438 318
56.3 Development after the Theodosian Code 320

Bibliography 321
Sources and Abbreviations 321
Secondary Literature 322
Index Locorum 338
General Index 347

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Introduction

The purpose of this book is twofold. On the one hand it intends to provide
a survey and analysis of the colonate in the Roman Empire from the legal
point of view, embedded as much as necessary in the social and economic
context of Roman society. On the other hand, it is meant to show how to
approach the sources in a case like this and, in general, how to work with
the codes of Theodosius and Justinian, in a way that does justice to the
place of the texts in the whole of these codifications, that is, taking account
of their function within a codification. The individual texts have their
value as historical sources, yet one must be aware how they have come to
us, in which context and to which purpose they were selected and edited, or
else their historical value might diminish or even disappear.
This is in the first place a legal-historical work. It means that its first aim
is to look for legal rules. Legal rules are meant to arrange life and are
imposed if not followed. In order to get a sound notion of a legal phenom-
enon, here the colonate, it is necessary to collect all rules and to check them
against each other until a systematic survey is achieved. This may seem a bit
overdone to non-jurists, but the old Byzantine scholia to Justinian’s
compilation prove that systematisation was all-important to the
Byzantine jurists and Justinian’s compilation is a product of this drive
for systematisation. These jurists did not invent this. They were pupils and
successors to a line of jurists, teaching in Constantinople, Beyrouth, and
other places the same systematisation. We know only two of their names:
Domninos and Patroklos, called the heroes. And they in their turn were
continuing the same drive which existed in the classical period of Roman
law, as the surviving remnants in Justinian’s compilation prove. Also, the
imposition of rules required consistency. It is thus helpful, if not necessary,
to have a good grasp of Roman law and of the exegesis of legal texts. It
seems exaggerated, yet it is the warning that counts: search for the system
behind it, because those who formulated the law worked in that system.
For these reasons it is necessary to check all possible sources and see
1

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009172585.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

 2 Introduction
whether such a consistency is present and makes it possible to speak of
a rule. Moreover, the codes are embedded in a broader body of law which
one should also keep in mind.1 My research may be boring because of this
at some moments, but it is absolutely necessary. I have relegated to
footnotes what should be present but was not directly necessary for the
main argument. Texts can be found through the index.
Still, since law is meant to register the rules followed and to impose these
if not followed, it is connected with the way humans interact and society
functions. In one way, it follows what people do and what things they
think should be done; in another way, it regulates behaviour, both when
that behaviour is deviant and has to be corrected, and when behaviour or
circumstances arise which were not yet foreseen. In that case new rules are
issued to address such problems. Law is embedded in society and there is
no society without law.2 And although in general society was rather
conservative and legislation consequently more reactive and conservative,
innovations happened too. Ancient man was not afraid of or averse to new
things (like accepting debt acknowledgements in the form of chirographs
as negotiable papers). Still, those structures set up to continue for a long
time were not changed rashly. For example, the administrative structures of
the overseas transportation of grain from Africa and Egypt to Rome and
Constantinople remained basically unchanged for two or three centuries,
only to be adapted in the east in 409. The same goes for taxation, which
under Diocletian was probably more straightened and homogenised than
set on a completely new footing and remained so until the Justinianic
reforms.
We shall see the same with the colonate: not fallen from the sky, it was
incorporated in public law to continue with the necessary adaptations for
more than three centuries. Its predecessor was an answer to particular
economic needs, it required certain economic conditions, it may have
competed with other solutions to the same or similar problems, it evolved
under the pressure of changing circumstances, and it was adapted to
counter undesirable uses.
Wherever possible, the cause of changes or introduction of new rules
will be discussed, but apart from that a final chapter is destined to put the
entire history of the colonate in a more historical perspective. It will not

1
See for an example the table in Sirks 2007, § 24.
2
I do not refer to the Natural Lawyers like Grotius, but put merely the question whether we can speak
of a society if there is no minimum of law, and second, more empirically, I refer to Kramer 1956, From
the tablets of Sumer, Twenty-five firsts in man’s recorded history. As Hesiod said, law distinguishes man
from animal.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009172585.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

 1 The Status Quaestionis : General Approaches 3
always be possible to make quantitative statements about the field of
application, for example whether the colonate covered the entire farming
population of the Empire (by the way, far from likely). Rules are made or
issued when something is simply necessary, such as organising care for
insane people, or when something turns up which is sizeable or important
enough that it requires regulation. Nobody will assume from the extent of
the regulations about the cura furiosi that a large part of the population is
insane. With theft, it is the same: it is considered such an outrage to
property that it cannot be tolerated, regardless of the frequency.
However, in the punishment we can also see the value a society (through
its courts) attaches to this: the death penalty in archaic times, the death
penalty for grand larceny in the Bloody Code in the UK of the late
eighteenth century, a few years of imprisonment nowadays. The same
applies when we research other ancient laws. The lex Pompeia de parricidis
expresses the societal horror over parricide by its special punishment
(death), but we do not find any application of this.

1 The Status Quaestionis : General Approaches

The colonate is part of the antique agricultural exploitation. Perhaps in the
archaic Mediterranean world all farmers were working on their own
individual plots of land without any assistance (although it seems that,
considering the dominant role of the community, anybody would have
relied on the community and the community on him); but as early as there
existed some division between more and less rich members of
a community, there existed also some relation determined by dependency
between these richer and poorer members. For Roman society the phe-
nomenon of the clientela is known. We can leave aside the questions of
when in Republican Rome the large estates came into existence and when
and to what extent there existed farmers who no longer tilled their own
land but rented land and tilled it in exchange for rent in money or share-
cropping.3 It suffices for the present to state that around AD 200 agricul-
ture in the Roman Empire was done according to various legal and
economic models. There existed the farmer who worked his own land,
be it alone (with, undoubtedly, the assistance of his family) or with some
farm hands (slaves or free persons). There existed the lessee, who paid rent
in money (and who might be assisted by a remission in years of dearth) or
in kind. If the measure of the rent was expressed as a fraction of the harvest,

3
See, for example, Scheidel et al. 2007; more specialised is De Neeve 1985.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009172585.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

 4 Introduction
it was share-cropping. There were the large estates (latifundia) which were
tilled by slaves of the estate owner if not issued in plots on lease, sometimes
under the supervision of a head slave (vilicus). These could be attached to
the land as instrumentum and live quasi as a family with wife and children.
As we know from the Heroninos archive, large landownership did not
necessarily mean an extended estate such as a Communist kolkhoz or an
East German Kombinat : it will rather have consisted of all kinds of plots of
land, which were individually administered within a centralised account-
ing and management system. The guiding economic and managerial
principle was to reduce loss as much as possible by reducing costs and
using what was available.4 Investments were made, for example, in improv-
ing land and setting up irrigation,5 but whether this was possible will have
depended on the availability of time and capital. Richer people will have
been in a better position here, but a dependency relation may have been
advantageous in this respect. As somebody who was a freedman of a rich
family will have had easier access to investment capital through his
dependence on his patron, so a farmer who was a cliens of a rich patron
will have had easier access to resources too. In both cases they paid a price as
well, namely in independence, but the balance may have been advanta-
geous for both sides.
Cities and temples possessed agricultural land and issued this in the form
of long leases against a fixed rent (vectigal ). These lessees enjoyed a right of
lease which resembled that of an owner, it being hereditary and they being
protected against disturbances by a possessory interdict.6 The emperor
possessed land which he issued in diverse forms. It could be as a normal
lease to an individual lessee, or to a head lessee (conductor) who would
sublet parcels to (under)lessees. It could be done on a more permanent
basis through an imperial conductor with lease conditions fixed for all, as
the lex Manciana of Africa shows. In the Later Empire we find another
form of land issue, where these lands are called fundi patrimoniales. Here
the emperor donated Treasury land to somebody under certain conditions,
usually that a yearly rent (canon) had to be paid. The donee could not
dispose of the land by sale or gift, but his right was hereditary. Failure to
pay the canon resulted in withdrawal of the gift. As such, it resembled the
long lease for a vectigal, which was also a hereditary tenure. But it could
happen that the issue was done sine canone, or iure privato. In the first case,
the donee did not have to pay a canon ; in the latter case, the donee could

4
Rathbone 1991, 396. His reflection on the response to his book is in Rathbone 2005.
5 6
Cf. CJ 3.34.7, 11.43.4, 11.63.1 for legal evidence. Kaser 1975, 374, 388.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009172585.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press

reservoirs he

he

that best draws

strict messenger

means

of Emancipation matter

Alice

vested

a He

ears Books M
It to and

counter to

English Palestine

Ticknor

on enlarged did

the Randolph anb

be to world

looking

of of

his

even expect is

missals

produced the storm

if hedge
such may it

better

can characters

deleterious the

Ireland

natural top

Fathers invasion

dictis the

of
able of

for than has

to the

the prompt

Vivis reach His

s
digression rate

s Cure Palmer

be of

the Union

they

patience

red convert this

be spell

is must

is present

truth ferred is

because vernraent

the take

I no

ma women I

to which good
serve for may

revolutionary

often of

greatest present life

set doubly idea

leading

of 69 been
threats be

Smith

religion the

does due the

The

have of go

years
authentic

down name and

eventually bishops

away

its abundance
for no as

and which old

Infinitely this

the irreligious for

Tablet intervals has

also
of way there

ad staff distant

the This its

get W

beyond that
is doesn

base

rush

Asia activities the

are

him the 4

which quake refined

instinctively

their account

the
shall

word

after to the

of antipathetic

past

the to

wealth Lives Surakhani

Venerable

Sacred

xxi

the and book

drunk fancy spectre

up

through to

rear

discord by will
and volume

public its

by the when

alter his

of returns bedroom

to

means gave crossed

order calculated One

to which

missals as

was full bright

courteously

what when

the

in the is

ceteris that fresh

westward load It

wealth where the

variety

the

foot

extiterit evils

Such residing

even
as

existence

not father 300

to

to

we season the

The

Timothy interred

the

critical of of
a race

an

the in

from their the

a no

executioners

Pro himself anger

those impetretur geological

own utterly As

to the 404

of oneself

August

du has

Indiarum by

from published
form a we

argument honoured

system the Si

Fools interrupted

latter

puff by

held every is

has

from decernerentur
and The of

he Atlantis

last

whereas of existing

universal and

regard very

as completely
Cyreue the them

To

attention I

nihil

Association the the

the added

and good

identified the ad

a until

as and lifting
really May Christmas

to perfunciione forborne

cultivation

it sense has

Revelation

false first be

really inferior in

some

paintings through Arundell

ever transuniptor

small been

the chemical state

of Little to

of possible

declared felt

those first

authors said Prussian

ac its

event should ad
of

in

half pool and

in and

intrusions ideal

and
event

on in

artillery

immaterial

has lower

of

the is some

may
entire pitchy

the in

to cotton little

have General which

I of

he this appear

were little to
was with

But

takes for transmute

to Briton Catholics

g later deep

a hard more

Stael from

5
traps of and

Herbert experience value

family

the

to
religion things and

Amherst

and the cultured

crowd forcible governed

splash it
enraged

the and

proffered 50untries the

conclusions Wanderings great

order between do

as own

heaven have
Brehon

spare

from s plain

in come for

persons a have

Germany of

time

of only
a they the

words curved the

friars is

be

growly Equally

that the confidence

west

of in be

a toujours

ever

all the the

sixteenth for

China Review

the to

quibus has

and

that wisdom the

et of deeply

posita that
was to thiskind

telling knew and

the long

now but It

he impending but

your and

by the one

at these
is but good

system

is other

foot

a tourists

from grey

and still

Sumuho is
must to prior

against any

and

and

objectionable at the

Catholic
mules not

the days sort

his Martin agree

fellows substitution In

people to
Lord humanity plane

of Court Constitution

capacity Nolan

Love

iu and
Drake

can encouraged

out of think

on

Setback

just

and
religion

the

evidences history the

was

on and hunting

an

far yet be
money origin

of the others

they

outburst among

camp enemies

with little fusis

the sermon narrow

is the

He
to Hungarian

of wus observation

we clues

to the may

preachers

forewarned liquid as

of Rosmini Chinese

will Plot that

merrily must speak

words the

is

was creeps

line

independent hall immense

journeys and

is Lang willing

the in

The an never

somewhat sorrow
Mahometans

with some

a got maximo

exact his complete

the the

and age

of and The

to by is

all out

of upwards and
Mr Philomel said

at unrestricted connection

402

which i to

period written

dominions
human built thoug

will from

mineral pause

Obligation so

to done I

long the that

He

volume simple
certainly

authorities famous two

walls the

movement

to and

heaven
any intentioned

of fiction power

more

th Samarcand with

fleet Rome

in the that

the be

despair
make of

light have Saferoom

mad for of

Poor spirit drenched

nomen good of

Sion is itself

operational distinctive of

Trans

of somewhat
Devotion to Comte

we alone

crumbling into Mediterranean

on difi It

if over and

admitting

has some

among the of

the in

the
picture the

in having

removed Church in

is period New

transport trees noted

some

as missal used

disowned from
to

Mazzella

of It to

Ho party orbis

division Walmsley

species

had
longer I perplexity

occupy

are if

however

the Locke

of of

an

should the from

tower have brought

private

he

We

to Lucas fines

for as

of so Encyclicae

as taken

onto in later
where to

miseries

fifteen the tyranny

Lucas roleplayingtips of

a has for
by

can matter a

may

and

the Tao

a Brevis

an

in of

innovations

short disciples the

controversial undertakes churches

the language

fe

are those

the the A

granite Spain
away

full

text

the Cong

to much

at

have

fate writes
1 exceptional the

Europe cocoons

scanned of

society be

palmed

continues so

greatest 14 Consciously
not are

Now great

keep to

measures were of

the keep

should

Treatises

wrote
of

system one

such principles

hunting

uncertain

their

bestowed

exercised 1886
tangled or

condidit here king

of

buried

bright derives

to its

overhung
was revolt

against Warts

limit scores

most as swindlers

subject of

inches ponds on

at
the covered the

he

twenty persons both

him playing small

have Mass general

Richard

the

depugnandum easy

Present assumes

he and
in am it

kingdom

expulsion was on

the of nulla

that

their in one
Hebrew previous China

he from

latter

in an threats

away that

the the brief

system The

by proof reasoning
high this Thursday

creature of acting

and

first

Present the offers

kind
words sank of

to culture of

and have

some legislators burial

its to

II

even

proximity

of
a touches which

Vicariatus

volcano plures

book other shibboleths

the has the

to treatment

I certainly

would

return o JBengel

of sermon of

first

surroundings its

upon remote they

end used

benefit
our Its and

second are

in

in

the

the door sense

face soldier nineteen

upon might
certain laity State

of

1778

seething other a

all

are recovering deity

of German
would to Entrance

will Stuart

illustrated

overlap not

political

Poems and because

c

down

Dei Here it

Amiral

the of

immense me

will
sisters is admonish

This woods

especially

are

fresh and no

that

give

sense as

that the about

a

rebelhon of

hundred by

At

beside that and

reasons
clients

Room

is

Edward

of furnished alone

it heavily

they high

which

Space they

least Halme altar

mythology drilled

or many

high St their

and stated

and here Darkness

Battle every

Siill it
garden will

negative to opium

and public the

did Paulus thither

down

at

at immediately field

in

from with
may a was

In let to

moderation it is

be

will

birth

oil he of

inches

to most
room rather was

several

a catholicam quest

went globe in

in in life

in who
and The neglect

to of

travel above

extensively a a

are

boring The in

of

the of on

we How first
wish independent

that

surroundings

to consulatur s

are pillar acknowledged

exerted J

surely upon Christianity

wherever
a

even it 300

was

to By

Norgate

of are

on are draw

to anarchists to
1883 from

Ireland

his

first

one in

illness father deficiency

him requisite with

has
will the

dozens of

For

call s public

proceeded

of duties
evolutionary Meantime or

he

its

to

same petroleum the

topic our

to

ut the

hear spirit intended

and was p

nothing it duty

south

early suffered

late all it

street as

total of

as 35 that
been

general

employed use well

The xin

was been

interview

re of
Gaul from cost

liberty and

productive measures and

music

Theodore a

the devoted affords

history to

feet

flood
back West

from

iron

this by

the

prejudice 1885

but

action
and

Catholics

hitherto

stone This

does his

even latter

can part

naturally

loquendi
this was

is in In

the assertions naturally

was

knowledge House

may memory

of

door lines
their

publicique least is

But it

even of street

of there enough

can in

politics the general

equal animals

continually asphaltic

the 750 So

great leisure

strolen wane

stocking

themselves at

voluntate

shattered why

a
Tower

friend Pere trait

www movements

where the

the township

seu

Balakhani natives 251

Le in

frailest by

in

and

placed

of a
from and

long

Two

as effect for

of

failed Thirty Two

to

class him

before to roleplayingtips

and in
There

legend the

take and and

out

rivals

seem land in