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Collection Highlights

Advances in Interdisciplinary Engineering Select

Proceedings of FLAME 2018 Mukul Kumar

Advances in Fluid and Thermal Engineering Select

Proceedings of FLAME 2018 Pankaj Saha

Advances in Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics: Select

Proceedings of AHTFD 2022 Mohammad Altamush Siddiqui

Contemporary Advances in Innovative and Applicable

Information Technology Proceedings of ICCAIAIT 2018
Jyotsna Kumar Mandal
Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference
Advances in Soil Dynamics and Foundation Engineering Tong
Qiu

Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials and

Geotechnical Engineering: Select Proceedings of TRACE 2018
Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Advances in Computational Intelligence Proceedings of

Second International Conference on Computational
Intelligence 2018 Sudip Kumar Sahana

Advances in Control Signal Processing and Energy Systems

Select Proceedings of CSPES 2018 Tapan Kumar Basu

Non Ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics for Propulsion and

Power Selected Contributions from the 2nd International
Seminar on Non Ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics for
Propulsion Power NICFD 2018 October 4 5 2018 Bochum
Germany Francesca Di Mare
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

B. Rushi Kumar
R. Sivaraj
J. Prakash Editors

Advances
in Fluid
Dynamics
Selected Proceedings of ICAFD 2018
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Series Editors
Fakher Chaari, National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Mohamed Haddar, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
Young W. Kwon, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Aerospace
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science, Monterey, CA,
USA
Francesco Gherardini, Dipartimento Di Ingegneria, Università Di Modena
E Reggio Emilia, Modena, Modena, Italy
Vitalii Ivanov, Department of Manufacturing Engineering Machine and Tools,
Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
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B. Rushi Kumar R. Sivaraj J. Prakash
• •

Editors

Advances in Fluid Dynamics

Selected Proceedings of ICAFD 2018

123
Editors
B. Rushi Kumar R. Sivaraj
Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

J. Prakash
University of Botswana
Gaborone, Botswana

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-981-15-4307-4 ISBN 978-981-15-4308-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4308-1
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Preface

The Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of

Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India had organized
the International Conference on Applications of Fluid Dynamics—2018 (ICAFD
2018) during December 13–15, 2018 in association with University of Botswana,
Botswana and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), USA. The
major objective of ICAFD 2018 was to promote scientific and educational activities
towards the advancement of common man's life by improving the theory and
practice of various disciplines of applied mathematics and mechanics. This pres-
tigious conference was partially financially supported by the Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. The Department of Mathematics has 110
qualified faculty members and 90 research scholars, and all were delicately
involved in organizing ICAFD 2018 grandly. In addition, 30 leading researchers
worldwide served as an advisory committee member for this conference. Overall
more than 450 participants (Professors/Scholars/Students) enrich their knowledge
in the wings of applied mathematics and mechanics.
There were 11 eminent speakers from overseas and 10 experts from various
states of India had delivered the keynote address and invited talks in this confer-
ence. Many leading scientists and researchers worldwide submitted their quality
research articles to ICAFD. Moreover, 171 original research articles were short-
listed for ICAFD 2018 oral presentations authored by dynamic researchers from
various states of India and several countries around the world. We hope that ICAFD
will further stimulate research in applied mathematics and mechanics; share
research interest and information, and create a forum of collaboration and build a
trust relationship. We feel honored and privileged to serve the best recent devel-
opments in the field of applied mathematics and mechanics to the readers.
A basic premise of this book is that the quality assurance is effectively achieved
through the selection of quality research articles by the scientific committee that
consists of more than 100 reviewers from all over the world. This book comprises
the contribution of several dynamic researchers in 90 chapters. Each chapter
identifies the existing challenges in the areas of differential equations, fluid
dynamics and Numerical methods and emphasizes the importance of establishing

v
vi Preface

new methods and algorithms to addresses the challenges. Each chapter presents a
selection of research problem, the technique suitable for solving the problem with
sufficient mathematical background, and discussions on the obtained results with
physical interruptions to understand the domain of applicability. This book also
provides a comprehensive literature survey which reveals the challenges, outcomes
and developments of higher level mathematics and mechanics in this decade. The
theoretical coverage of this book is relatively at a higher level to meet the global
orientation of mathematics and its applications in mechanical engineering.
The target audience of this book is postgraduate students, researchers and
industrialists. This book promotes a vision of applied mathematics as integral to
mechanical engineering. Each chapter contains important information emphasizing
core mathematics, intended for the professional who already possesses a basic
understanding. In this book, theoretically oriented readers will find an overview of
mathematics and its applications. Industrialists will find a variety of techniques with
sufficient discussion in terms of physical point of view to adapt for solving the
particular application based mathematical models. The readers can make use of the
literature survey of this book to identify the current trends in mathematics and
mechanics. It is our hope and expectation that this book will provide an effective
learning experience and referenced resource for all young mathematicians and
mechanical engineers.
As Editors, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all the administrative
authorities of Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore; for their motivation and
support. We also extend our profound thanks to all faculty members and research
scholars of the Department of Mathematics; and all staff members of our institute.
We especially thank all the members of the organizing committee of ICAFD 2018
who worked as a team by investing their time to make the conference as a great
success one. We thank the national funding agency, Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India for the financial support that
contributed towards the successful completion of this international conference. We
express our sincere gratitude to all the referees for spending their valuable time to
review the manuscripts which led to substantial improvements and sort out the
research papers for publication. We are thankful to the project coordinator and team
members from Springer Nature for their commitment and dedication towards the
publication of this book. The organizing committee is grateful to Dr. Akash
Chakraborty, associate editor applied sciences, engineering and physics, Springer
for his continuous encouragement and support towards the publication of this book.

Editors
Contents

Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal Tri-quadratic Serendipity

Element and Verified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
P. Reddaiah
Cosinusoidally Fluctuating Temperature and Chemical Reacting
Effects on MHD-Free Convective Fluid Flow Past a Vertical Porous
Plate with Hall, Ion-Slip Current, and Soret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
K. S. Balamurugan, K. V. B. Rajakumar, and J. L. Rama Prasad
Fluid Motion in Finite Length Tubes in Peristaltic Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . 25
André Small and P. Nagarani
Hall Effects on MHD Rotating Nano Fluid Over a Moving Flat
Plate with Radiation and Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Pushpabai Pavar, L. Harikrishna, and M. Suryanarayana Reddy
An Analytical Study of Aerosol Dispersion in the Atmosphere
Bounded by Porous Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
P. Meenapriya and K. Uma Maheswari
Solution of Gas Dynamic and Wave Equations with VIM . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Nahid Fatima
Comparison Analysis Through Condition Monitoring for Fault
Detection of Bearing in Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Y. Seetharama Rao and Devarabhotla Sai Chandra
Influence of Thin Baffle and Magnetic Field on Buoyant Convection
in a Vertical Annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
B. V. Pushpa, M. Sankar, B. M. R. Prasanna, and Zailan Siri
Study of Rayleigh-Bénard Convection of a Newtonian Nanoliquid
in a Porous Medium Using General Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 121
P. G. Siddheshwar and T. N. Sakshath

vii
viii Contents

Rotary Oscillations of a Permeable Sphere in an Incompressible

Couple Stress Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
P. Aparna, N. Pothanna, and J. V. R. Murthy
Simulation of Natural Convective Heat Transfer in a Triangular
Enclosure Filled with Nanofluid: Buongiorno’s Mathematical Model . . . 147
K. Venkatadri, V. Ramachandra Prasad, B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan,
M. Suryanarayan Reddy, and R. Bhuvanavijaya
Influence of Ohmic Heating and Viscous Dissipation on Steady MHD
Non-Newtonian Mixed Convective Fluid Flow Over an Infinite
Vertical Porous Plate with Hall and Ion-Slip Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
K. V. B. Rajakumar, M. Umasankara Reddy, and K. S. Balamurugan
Effect of Rotation and Fluid on Radial Vibrations in a Micropolar
Elastic Solid Having a Fluid-Loaded Spherical Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
K. Somaiah
Convex Cylindrical Surface-Modified Rayleigh Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
A. Chandulal
Modelling Third-Grade Liquid Past Vertical Isothermal Cone with
Variable Temperature and BIOT Number Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
S. Abdul Gaffar, V. Ramachandra Prasad, B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan,
and K. Venkatadri
Nonlinear Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability of Viscous Fluids with Heat
and Mass Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Rishi Asthana and Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
Influence of Ion-Slip and Hall Current on Magneto Hydrodynamic
Free Convective Flow Past an Accelerated Plate with Dufour Effect
and Ramped Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
G. Dharmaiah, K. S. Balamurugan, and K. V. B. Raja Kumar
Effect of Permeable Boundaries on the Flow of a Jeffrey Fluid
in a Channel of Varying Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
P. Devaki, C. H. Badari Narayana, A. Kavitha, and S. Sreenadh
Marangoni Convection of Titanium Dioxide/Ethylene Glycol Dusty
Nanoliquid MHD Flow Past a Flat Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
N. Indumathi, A. K. Abdul Hakeem, B. Ganga, and R. Jayaprakash
Aligned Magnetic Field Effect on Unsteady MHD Double Diffusive
Free Convection Flow of Kuvshinski Fluid Past an Inclined Moving
Porous Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
J. L. Rama Prasad, K. S. Balamurugan, and S. V. K. Varma
Contents ix

Nonlinear Radiative Williamson Fluid Against a Wedge with Aligned

Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
K. Subbarayudu, L. Wahidunnisa, S. Suneetha, and P. Bala Anki Reddy
Studies on the Load Carrying Capacity of a Multi-Pad Adjustable
Bearing Under Misaligned Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Girish Hariharan, D. Srikanth Rao, and Raghuvir Pai
Influence of Aerodynamic Parameters on Dragonfly Inspired
Corrugated Aerofoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Md. Akhtar Khan and Chinmaya Padhy
Computational Analysis of Unsteady MHD Flow of Third Grade Fluid
Between Two Infinitely Long Porous Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Sukanya Padhi and Itishree Nayak
Interaction of Oblique Waves by Base Distortion on a Permeable Bed
in an Ice-Covered Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
S. Khuntia and S. Mohapatra
Nonlinear Unsteady Marangoni Convection with Variable
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
M. Sathish Kumar, C. S. K. Raju, S. U. Mamatha, B. Rushi Kumar,
and G. Kumaran
Thermo-Diffusion and Diffusion-Thermo Effects for a Forchheimer
Model with MHD Over a Vertical Heated Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
N. Nalinakshi and P. A. Dinesh
Chemical Reaction-Driven Ferroconvection in a Porous Medium . . . . . 363
Nisha Mary Thomas and S. Maruthamanikandan
Nevanlinna Theory for Existence of Meromorphic Solution
to Stuart-Landau Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
A. Tanuja and P. G. Siddheshwar
Influence of Heat Generation/Absorption on 3D
Magnetohydrodynamic Casson Fluid Flow Over
a Porous Stretching Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Nainaru Tarakaramu and P. V. Satya Narayana
Radiation and Chemical Reaction Effects on Unsteady Eyring–Powell
Nanofluid Flow Over a Moving Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Nainaru Tarakaramu and P. V. Satya Narayana
Parametric Investigation of Beta Type Stirling Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
H. Raghavendra, P. Suryanarayana Raju, and K. Hema Chandra Reddy
Experimental Approach and CFD Analysis on Flow Devices . . . . . . . . . 427
S. Gowtham Sanjai, Vishal Suresh, Raman Bedi, and A. Sumanthran
x Contents

Power Law Lubricant Consistency Variation with Pressure and Mean

Temperature Effects in Roller Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
N. Jalatheeswari and Dhaneshwar Prasad
Second-Order Slip and Thermal Jump Effects on MHD Flow
of Nano-second Grade Fluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet . . . . . . . . . . 457
P. Ragupathi, S. Saranya, and A. K. Abdul Hakeem
Dampers to Suppress Vibrations in Hydro Turbine-Generator Shaft
Due to Subsynchronous Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Pounraj Manikandan and Faheem Ahmed Khan
Distribution of Temperature and Thermal Stresses in Unidirectional
Rod with Moving Point Heat Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Yogita M. Ahire and Kirtiwant P. Ghadle
Effect of Height of the Tornado Chamber on Vortex Touchdown . . . . . 495
Sumit Verma and R. Panneer Selvam
Numerical Investigation of Blood Flow in Idealized Abdominal Aorta
with Renal Bifurcation Using Fluid–Structure Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . 509
S. M. Abdul Khader, B. Raghuvir Pai, D. Srikanth Rao, and K. Prakashini
Simulation of MD Using OpenMP and OpenMP–SIMD . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Naman Khurpia, Arunim Roy, Saransh Goyal, and J. Saira Banu
Design Fabrication and Testing of a Double-Pass Solar Air Heater . . . . 529
I. V. Kumar and M. Mohan Jagadeesh Kumar
Design Fabrication and Testing of a Heat Exchanger in a Solar
Thermal Energy Conversion System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Vikash Gora and M. Mohan Jagadeesh Kumar
Unsteady Casson MHD Flow Due to Shrinking Surface with Suction
and Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
P. Durga Prasad, R. Sivaraj, B. Madhusudhana Rao, C. S. K. Raju,
K. Venkateswara Raju, and S. V. K. Varma
MHD Casson Fluid Flow Past a Stretching Sheet with Convective
Boundary and Heat Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
K. Venkateswara Raju, P. Durga Prasad, M. C. Raju, and R. Sivaraj
Physical Significance of Rotation and Hall Current Effects on
Hemodynamic Physiological Jeffery Fluid with Porous Medium
Through a Tapered Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
R. Sivaiah, S. Ravikumar, R. Hemadri Reddy, J. Suresh Goud,
and R. Saravana
Comparative Aerodynamics Analysis of Maruti Suzuki Alto Models . . . 589
M. K. Pradhan, Jai Kumar Verma, Suyash Kumar Jain, Kuna l,
Himal Pariyar, and Raja Das
Contents xi

Effect of Hydrostatic Stress and Piezoelasticity in a

Thermopiezoelectric Layer Resting on Gravitating Half
Space with Slip Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
R. Selvamani and R. Panneer Selvam
Effect of Viscous Dissipation of Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
with Variable Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
A. K. Singh, G. Iyyappan, and B. Jaganathan
Darcy–Bénard Convection with Internal Heating and a Thermal
Nonequilibrium—A Numerical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
C. Hemanthkumar, I. S. Shivakumara, and B. Rushikumar
Stability of Natural Convection in a Vertical Anisotropic Porous
Channel with Oblique Principal Axes Under Thermal Nonequilibrium
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
S. B. Naveen, B. M. Shankar, and I. S. Shivakumara
Application of Grey Theory and Fuzzy Logic to Optimize Machining
Parameters of Zircon Sand Reinforced Aluminum Composites . . . . . . . 653
M. Vignesh, R. Ramanujam, G. Rajyalakshmi, and Sayantan Bhattacharya
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Compressed Ignition
Engine by Using Non-edible Coconut Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Kanikicharla Jaya Sudheer Kumar and Arekanti Naga Raju
Bernstein Polynomial Collocation Method for Acceleration Motion
of a Vertically Falling Non-spherical Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Sudhir Singh and K. Murugesan
Overlapping Multi-domain Bivariate Spectral Method for Systems
of Nonlinear PDEs with Fluid Mechanics Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Musawenkhosi Mkhatshwa, Sandile Motsa, and Precious Sibanda
Electromagnetohydrodynamic Flow of Blood on Unsteady Convective
Diffusion of Solute in a Capillary Bounded by Porous Beds . . . . . . . . . . 701
Nirmala P. Ratchagar and R. VijayaKumar
Chemical Reaction and Thermophoresis Effects on MHD Mixed
Convection Flow Over an Inclined Porous Plate with Variable
Suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
D. Harish Babu, S. Samantha Kumari, and P. V. Satya Narayana
The Characteristics of Heat and Mass Transfer on MHD Fluid Flow
over a Moving Melting Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
S. Harinath Reddy, D. Harish Babu, K. Kumaraswamy Naidu, M. C. Raju,
and P. V. Satya Narayana
xii Contents

Casson Nanoliquid Flow Due to a Nonlinear Stretched Sheet

with Convective Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
S. Samantha Kumari and G. Sankara Sekhar Raju
Effects of Aligned Magnetic Field and Slip on Peristaltic Flow
of a Williamson Fluid in a Flexible Conduit with Porous Medium . . . . . 759
G. Sucharitha, G. Yasodhara, S. Sreenadh, and P. Lakshminarayana
Influence of Electromagnetic Force on the Blood Flow
in an Asymmetric Channel with Heat Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
R. Latha and B. Rushi Kumar
Numerical Investigation of Non-Fourier Flux Theory
with Chemical Action on Maxwell Radiating Nanoliquid:
A Biomedical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Suneetha Sangapatnam, Subbarayudu Ketineni, Ali J. Chamkha,
and Bala Anki Reddy Polu
Mechanics of Multifunctional Composites and Their Applications:
A Review of Challenges and Emerging Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
V. Sowjanya, B. Rammohan, and P. R. Budarapu
Oscillatory Darcy-Bénard-Poiseuille Mixed Convection in An
Oldroyd-B Fluid-Saturated Porous Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
G. Pallavi, C. Hemanthkumar, I. S. Shivakumara, and B. Rushikumar
Inertia Effects in the Planar Squeeze Flow of a Bingham Fluid: A
Matched Asymptotics Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Pavan Kumar Singeetham and Vishwanath Kadaba Puttanna
The Stationary Investigation on Multi-server Fluid Queueing Model
with Unreliable Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
M. Seenivasan, K. Pattabiraman, and M. Indumathi
Dynamical Properties and Synchronization Between Two Chaotic
Blood Flow Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
N. A. A. Fataf, N. A. L. Aladdin, and A. S. Normurniyati
Blasius and Sakiadis Unsteady Flow of Chemically Reacted MHD
Williamson Fluid with Variable Conductivity: A Comparative
Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
Narsu Siva Kumar and B. Rushi Kumar
Computational Analysis of Conjugate Buoyant Convective Transport
in an Annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
S. Kiran, N. Keerthi Reddy, M. Sankar, and Younghae Do
Radiation and Heat Generation Effects on Couple Stress Fluid
Through Expanding Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Odelu Ojjela, N. Naresh Kumar, and R. V. S. R. K. Sastry
Contents xiii

Heat Source Location Effects on Buoyant Convection of Nanofluids in

an Annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
F. Mebarek-Oudina, N. Keerthi Reddy, and M. Sankar
Analytical Approach for Mixed Convective Flow in Presence of
Casson Fluid in a Porous Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
B. V. Shilpa, D. V. Chandrashekhar, P. A. Dinesh, and A. T. Eswara
D-Shaped Biosensor with MoS2 as a Sensing Layer Using a Photonic-
Crystal Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Melwin Gnanasekaran and Senthilnathan Krishnamoorthy
Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor
with Selective Analyte Channels and Graphene-Indium Tin Oxide
Deposited Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Nivedha Sambathu and Senthilnathan Krishnamoorthy
Designing a High Sensitivity Dual Steering-Wheel Micro-structured
Gas Sensor in THz Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Ramachandran Arumugam, Ramesh Babu Padmanaban,
and Senthilnathan Krishnamoorthy
Experimental and Mathematical Analysis of Performance
Characteristics of Neem Blended Biodiesel Run Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . 973
S. Rajeesh, S. V. Prakash, and P. A. Dinesh
Characteristic Study of Coriolis Force on Free Convection in a Finite
Geometry with Isotropic and Anisotropic Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Sudhir Patel, P. A. Dinesh, S. P. Suma, and N. L. Ramesh
Effects of Forchheimer, MHD and Radiation Absorption for
Chemically Reacting Unsteady Dusty Viscoelastic Fluid Couette Flow
in an Irregular Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
P. A. Dinesh, A. S. Vasudevamurthy, and M. Uma
Radiation Absorption on MHD Convective Flow of Nanofluids over a
Moving Vertical Porous Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
M. Veera Krishna, B. V. Swarnalathamma, and J. Prakash
Hall Effects on MHD Free Convective Flow Through Porous Medium
in Vertical Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
B. V. Swarnalathamma, M. Veera Krishna, and J. Prakash
About the Editors

Dr. B. Rushi Kumar is an eminent Professor of Mathematics. He is presently the

Head of the Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences of VIT. His
research interests include convection in porous media, magnetohydrodynamics,
fluid dynamics, CFD, finite-difference methods. His research is funded by DST
under a bilateral exchange programme and CSC follow-on grants by Royal Society,
London. Dr. Kumar’s teaching covers subjects such as Advanced Mathematical
Methods, Applied Numerical Methods, Applications of Differential and Difference
Equations and Calculus for Engineers. Dr. Rushi’s consulting activities primarily
focus on the development of optimization-based analytic solutions in various
industries, including defence, financial, electronic marketplace and information
technology. Dr. Kumar is an eminent scholar in Applied Mathematics research and
the recipient of many research and teaching awards. He is a Life Member of the
Indian Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ISTAM) and Andhra
Pradesh Society for Mathematical Sciences (APSMS). He presented papers at
various national and international conferences and reviewed various research arti-
cles and thesis. He delivered several invited talks at national and international
conferences/seminars/workshops and Faculty Development Programmes. He was
also instrumental in organizing several workshops / FDP’s / seminars and national
and international conferences in VIT. He guided eight Ph.D. students. He is
acclaimed in the academic circles for his erudition in the field of Mathematics.

Dr. R. Sivaraj is working as a Senior Assistant Professor in the Department of

Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, India. His area of research is in fluid dynamics, and he works on
non-Newtonian fluids, MHD, heat transfer and porous media. He has published 32
research papers in highly reputed international journals. Under his guidance, two
scholars received the Ph.D. degree and presently four scholars are working. He
received the VIT Research Award continuously for the years 2012-2018 and travel
grant from the Royal Society of London and CSIR, India. He worked at Guangdong

xv
xvi About the Editors

University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, under Faculty Exchange Programme.

He visited the National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as
a Visiting Scientist. He delivered a set of lectures on applications of fluid dynamics at
the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies. He delivered
an invited lecture in international conferences and seminars organized by the
University of Botswana, National University of Singapore and Universiti Putra
Malaysia. He attended over 20 national and international conferences in India and
abroad. He was invited to deliver lectures in several conferences, workshops, semi-
nars and guest lectures, and he has organized several international conferences,
seminars, workshops, etc., to promote the research activities. He served as a reviewer
for 39 scientific journals. He served as one of the editors for the book Applied
Mathematics and Scientific Computing published by Springer book series Trends in
Mathematics and the proceedings Recent Trends in Pure and Applied Mathematics
published by AIP Conference Proceedings. He is the Joint Secretary of Academia for
Advanced Research in Mathematics Society.

Dr. J. Prakash is a Visiting Professor in the Faculty of Engineering and the Built
Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Prof. Prakash obtained his
M.Sc. (Mathematics) from Agra University, India, in 1965 and M.Sc. (Statistics)
from Meerut University, India, in 1971 both in the first division and his D.Phil.
(Doctor of Philosophy) degree in Applied Mathematics (Fluid Mechanics) in June
1984 from Garhwal University, India. He has worked in several prestigious uni-
versities in India, Iraq, Zambia, New Zealand and Botswana. He has teaching and
research experience of over 45 years and risen to the current position in 2020. He has
taught several courses in Mathematics, Statistics and Engineering Mathematics at
undergraduate and graduate levels in the universities he has served. He was awarded
the professional honours as Fellow (FIMA) in 1989, status as a Chartered
Mathematician (C. Math.) in 1993 and Chartered Scientist (C. Sci.) in 2005 by the
Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications (UK). He is a recipient of a Prestigious
Award of the C. V. Raman International Fellowship for African Researchers under
Visiting Fellowship Programme from FICCI Science and Technology, International
Cooperation Division, Government of India, New Delhi, India, in 2012 and also a
prestigious Global Visionary Award in 2014 by Vision Foundation, Ahmedabad,
India. Prof. Prakash has visited the Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey
University, New Zealand as a Visiting Researcher in the past several times for short
durations in the past years. His research interests are in the areas of bio-fluid
dynamics, fluid mechanics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), mathematical
modelling and mathematical methods. As a published researcher, he has authored
over 150 publications in peer-reviewed journals and at international conferences. He
has presented research papers in over 60 international conferences in India and
abroad, and he has organized several international conferences. Prof. Prakash’s
unique contribution to the Department of Mathematics, University of Botswana, is
that the European Mathematical Society labelled the Department of Mathematics as
About the Editors xvii

an Emerging Centre of Excellence for 4 years (2016–2020) during his time; he was
Head of Mathematics Department. He also compiled a custom edition book on
Introductory Mathematics for First Year Courses MAT111 and MAT122 published
by CENGAGE publishers in 2014. He received Long Service Award (29 years) on
14th June 2019 from the Vice Chancellor in an event organized by the University of
Botswana.
Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal
Tri-quadratic Serendipity Element
and Verified

P. Reddaiah

Abstract In this paper, I derived shape functions for a 20-nodal tri-quadratic

serendipity element which consists of eight corner nodes and twelve mid-side nodes
using natural coordinate system. I derived two shape function verification conditions,
first verification condition sum of all the shape functions is equal to one, and second
verification condition each shape function has a value of one at its own node and zero
at all other nodes. For mathematical computations, I used Mathematica 9 Software.

Keywords 20-nodal tri-quadratic serendipity element · Natural coordinate

system · Shape functions

1 Introduction

Usage of Lagrange type of elements is very limited because it consist interior nodes.
Due to this limitation. serendipity type of elements has got more importance, because
in this type of elements interior nodes are not needed. Serendipity element means
nodes are located on the boundary only. Shape functions usage has many applica-
tions in solid mechanics problems, fluid mechanics problems, electrical engineering
problems, and heat flow problems. If node s is located in the boundary of the element
such type of elements are called serendipity elements.

2 Geometrical Description

The 20-nodal tri-quadratic element is shown in Fig. 1. This element consists of eight
corner nodes and twelve mid-side nodes. The eight corner nodes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7 and 8, and twelve mid-side nodes are 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and
20 as shown in Fig. 1.

P. Reddaiah (B)
Global College of Engineering and Technology, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 1

B. Rushi Kumar et al. (eds.), Advances in Fluid Dynamics, Lecture Notes
in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4308-1_1
2 P. Reddaiah

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of a 20 nodal tri-quadratic serendipity element

3 Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal Tri-quadratic

Serendipity Element

In Fig. 1, for displacement function u, v and w, there are 20 nodal values. In

displacement function, there should be only 20 constants.

u = α1 + α2 ξ + α3 η + α4 ζ + α5 (ξ ∗ η) + α6 (η ∗ ζ ) + α7 (ξ ∗ ζ )
   
+ α8 ξ 2 + α9 η2 + α10 ζ 2 + α11 (ξ ∗ η ∗ ζ ) + α12 ξ ∗ η2 + α13 ξ ∗ ζ 2
       
+ α14 η ∗ ξ 2 + α15 η ∗ ζ 2 + α16 ζ ∗ ξ 2 + α17 ζ ∗ η2
     
+ α18 ξ 2 ∗ η ∗ ζ + α19 η2 ∗ ξ ∗ ζ + α20 ξ ∗ η ∗ ζ 2

Substituting nodal coordinates 1(−1, −1, −1), 2(1, −1, −1) … 20(−1, −1, 0) in
u we get nodal velocities u1 , u2 …, u20 and writing in matrix form.
Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal … 3
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤
⎪
⎪ u1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 1 ⎪
⎪ α1
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢α ⎥
⎪
⎪
⎪ u2 ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u3 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢ α3 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u 4 ⎪⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 ⎪
⎪ ⎢ α4 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u5 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 ⎪
⎪ ⎢α ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎪
⎪ ⎢ 5 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ u6 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪1
⎪ 1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1 −1 1 −1 ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢ α6 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u 7 ⎪⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎪⎪ ⎢ α7 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u8 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 ⎪
⎪ ⎢α ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎪
⎪ ⎢ 8 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u9 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 0 −1 0 0 −1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪ ⎢ α9 ⎥
⎪
⎨ ⎪
⎬ ⎪
⎨ ⎪
⎬ ⎢ ⎥
u 10 1 0 1 −1 0 −1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 0 0 0 ⎢ α10 ⎥
{u}e = ⎢ ⎥
⎪ u 11 ⎪ ⎪1 −1 −1 −1 −1 0 ⎪ ⎢α ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎢ 11 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u 12 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 0 −1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 0 ⎪⎪ ⎢ α12 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪ ⎢ α13 ⎥
⎪
⎪
13 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢α ⎥
⎪ u 14 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢ 14 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u 15 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 −1 0 1 0 0 −1 1 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪ ⎢ α15 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 0 −1 1 0 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 ⎪⎪ ⎢ α16 ⎥
⎪
⎪
16 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢α ⎥
⎪ 17 ⎪
⎪ u ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 −1 0 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢ 17 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u 18 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪ ⎢ α18 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ u 19 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪1 −1 1 0 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪ ⎣ α19 ⎦
⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭ ⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭
u 20 1 −1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 α20

{α} = [A]−1 {u}e

where {u}e is the vector of nodal displacements in ξ directions, [A] is the 20 × 20

matrix.
{α} is the vector of generalized coordinates (constants in polynomials).
Calculating inverse of A using Wolfram Mathematica 9
⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎪ 1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1 −1 1 −1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 0 −1 0 0 −1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎪
⎬
1 0 1 −1 0 −1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 0 0 0
A :=
⎪
⎪ 1 −1 0 −1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 0 −1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪1
⎪ 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪1
⎪ −1 0 1 0 0 −1 1 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 0 −1 1 0 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1 −1 −1 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪1
⎪ 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −1 1 0 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭
1 −1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Inverse[A]//MatrixForm
 4

⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎪ −1/4 −1/4 −1/4 −1/4 −1/4 −1/4 −1/4 −1/4 1/4 3/16 1/4 5/16 1/4 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/4 1/32 −1/4 −1/32 1/4 −1/32 −1/4 1/32 1/4 1/4 −1/4 ⎪
−1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 0 −7/32 0 −7/32 0 9/32 0 −9/32 1/4 1/4 −1/4 ⎪
−1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 −1/8 −1/8 −1/4 7/32 −1/4 −9/32 1/4 7/32 1/4 9/32 −1/4 1/4 1/4 ⎪
−1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1/4 0 1/4 0 1/4 0 −1/4 −1/4 1/4 1/4 ⎪
−1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1/4 0 1/4 0 1/4 0 −1/4 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 0 −7/32 0 −9/32 0 −9/32 0 −7/32 −1/4 1/4 −1/4 1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/4 1/32 −1/4 −1/32 −1/4 −1/32 −1/4 1/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎬
1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 0 1/32 0 −1/32 0 −1/32 0 1/32 0 0 0 0
A−1=
⎪
⎪ −1/8 1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 1/8 −1/8 0 1/32 0 −1/32 0 −1/32 0 1/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/4 −1/32 1/4 1/32 −1/4 1/32 1/4 −1/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 0 −1/32 0 1/32 0 1/32 0 −1/32 −1/4 −1/4 1/4 1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −1/8
⎪ −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 0 −7/32 0 7/32 0 −9/32 0 9/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 0 1/32 0 −1/32 0 −1/32 0 1/32 1/4 −1/4 −1/4 ⎪
1/4 ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −1/8
⎪ −1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 0 7/32 0 9/32 0 −7/32 0 −9/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −1/8 −1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/4 −1/32 1/4 1/32 −1/4 1/32 −1/4 −1/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1/8
⎪ 1/8 −1/8 −1/8 −1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 0 7/32 0 −7/32 0 −7/32 0 7/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1/8
⎪ −1/8 −1/8 1/8 −1/8 1/8 1/8 −1/8 1/4 1/32 −1/4 −1/32 −1/4 −1/32 1/4 1/32 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭
1/8 −1/8 1/8 −1/8 1/8 −1/8 1/8 −1/8 0 −1/32 0 1/32 0 1/32 0 −1/32 1/4 −1/4 1/4 −1/4
P. Reddaiah
Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal … 5

u = [(1 ξ η ζ (ξ ∗ η) (η ∗ ζ ) (ξ ∗ ζ ) ξ 2 η2 ζ 2 (ξ ∗ η ∗ ζ ) (ξ ∗ η2 )
(ξ ∗ ζ 2 ) (η ∗ ξ 2 ) (η ∗ ζ 2 ) (ζ ∗ ξ 2 ) (ζ ∗ η2 ) (ζ 2 ∗ η ∗ ζ ) (η2 ∗ ξ ∗ ζ ) (ξ ∗ η ∗ ζ 2 ))]{α}
u = [(1 ξ η ζ (ξ ∗ η) (η ∗ ζ ) (ξ ∗ ζ ) ξ 2 η2 ζ 2 (ξ ∗ η ∗ ζ ) (ξ ∗ η2 )
(ξ ∗ ζ 2 ) (η ∗ ξ 2 ) (η ∗ ζ 2 ) (ζ ∗ ξ 2 ) (ζ ∗ η2 ) (ξ 2 ∗ η ∗ ζ ) (η2 ∗ ξ ∗ ζ ) (ξ ∗ η ∗ ζ 2 ))][A]−1 {u}e
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
u ={{− + + + − + − + − − + ζ 2 ηξ −
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζη ξ + − − + ζ ηξ 2 ,
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
− + + + − + − − + + − ζ 2 ηξ +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
− ζη ξ + − − + ζ ηξ , 2
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
− + + − + + − − + − + ζ 2 ηξ +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
− ζη ξ + − + − ζ ηξ , 2
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
− + + − + + − + − + − ζ 2 ηξ −
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζη ξ + − + − ζ ηξ 2 ,
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
− − + + − + + + − + + ζ 2 ηξ −
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
− ζη ξ + + − − ζ ηξ , 2
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
− − + + − + + − + − − ζ 2 ηξ +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζη ξ + + − − ζ ηξ , 2
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ 2 η ζ η
2 η 2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
− − + − + + + − + + + ζ 2 ηξ +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζη ξ + + + + ζ ηξ 2 ,
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 η2 ξ
− − + − + + + + − − − ζ 2 ηξ −
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
− ζη ξ + + + + ζ ηξ , 2
8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ η2 ζ η2 ξ ζξ η2 ξ 1
− − + + − − + ζ η2 ξ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 7ζ ζ2 7η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2 η2 ξ
− + + − + + − + − + − ζ ηξ −
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
1 7ξ 2 7ζ ξ 2 7ηξ 2 7
+ ζ η2 ξ − + − + ζ ηξ 2 ,
32 32 32 32 32
1 ζ η2 ζ η2 ξ ζξ η2 ξ 1
− − + − + + − ζ η2 ξ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 9ζ ζ2 7η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2 η2 ξ
− − − + − − + − + − + ζ ηξ +
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
6 P. Reddaiah

1 9ξ 2 9ζ ξ 2 7ηξ 2 7
− ζ η2 ξ − + + − ζ ηξ,
32 32 32 32 32
1 ζ η 2 ζη 2 ξ ζξ η ξ
2 1
+ − − + + − − ζ η2 ξ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 7ζ ζ2 9η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2 η2 ξ
+ − + + − − + − + − + ζ ηξ +
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
1 9ξ 2 7ζ ξ 2 9ηξ 2 7
− ζ η2 ξ − − − − ζ ηξ 2 ,
32 32 32 32 32
1 ζ η2 ζ η2 ξ ζξ η2 ξ 1
+ − − − − + + ζ η2 ξ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 9ζ ζ2 9η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2 η2 ξ
+ + − − + + − + − + − ζ ηξ −
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
1 7ξ 2 9ζ ξ 2 9ηξ 2 7
+ ζη ξ −
2
− + + ζ ηξ ,
2
32 32 32 32 32
1 ζ 2 η ζ η
2 ξ ζ ξ
2 ηξ 1
− − + + − − + ζ 2 ηξ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 ζ2 η ζ 2η ξ ζ 2ξ ηξ 1 2
− + − + − + − ζ ηξ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 ζ 2 η ζ η
2 ξ ζ ξ
2 ηξ 1 2
− + − − + − + ζ ηξ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 ζ 2 η ζ η
2 ξ ζ ξ
2 ηξ 1 2
− − + − + + − ζ ηξ }}{u}e
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
u = [N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20 ]{u}e Where

1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ
N1 := − + + + − + − + − −
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζ ηξ − + ζη ξ + − − + ζ ηξ 2 (1)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1
N2 := − + + + − + − − + + − ζ 2 ηξ
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ − ζη ξ + − − + ζ ηξ 2
(2)
8 8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ
N3 := − + + − + + − − + −
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζ ηξ + − ζη ξ + − + − ζ ηξ 2 (3)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ
N4 := − + + − + + − + − +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
− ζ ηξ − + ζη ξ + − + − ζ ηξ 2 (4)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ
N5 := − − + + − + + + − +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζ ηξ − − ζη ξ + + − − ζ ηξ 2
(5)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal … 7

1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ
N6 := − − + + − + + − +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
ζ ηξ 1 2 η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
− − ζ ηξ + + ζη ξ + + − − ζ ηξ 2 (6)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ
N7 := − − + − + + + − + +
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
+ ζ ηξ + + ζη ξ + + + + ζ ηξ 2 (7)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ ζ2 η ζ 2 η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ
N8 := − − + − + + + + − −
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2 η2 ξ 1 2 ξ2 ζξ2 ηξ 2 1
− ζ ηξ − − ζη ξ + + + + ζ ηξ 2 (8)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 ζ η2 ζ η2 ξ ζξ η2 ξ 1
N9 := − − + + − − + ζ η2 ξ (9)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 7ζ ζ2 7η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2
N10 := − + + − + + − + − + − ζ ηξ
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
η2 ξ 1 2 7ξ 2 7ζ ξ 2 7ηξ 2 7
− + ζη ξ − + − + ζ ηξ 2 (10)
32 32 32 32 32 32

1 ζ η2 ζ η2 ξ ζξ η2 ξ 1
N11 := − − + − + + − ζ η2 ξ (11)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 9ζ ζ2 7η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2
N12 := − − − + − − + − + − + ζ ηξ
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
η2 ξ 1 2 9ξ 2 9ζ ξ 2 7ηξ 2 7
+ − ζη ξ − + + − ζ ηξ 2 (12)
32 32 32 32 32 32

1 ζ η2 ζ η2 ξ ζξ η2 ξ 1
N13 := + − − + + − − ζ η2 ξ (13)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 7ζ ζ2 9η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2
N14 := + − + + − − + − + − + ζ ηξ
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
η2 ξ 1 2 9ξ 2 7ζ ξ 2 9ηξ 2 7
+ − ζη ξ − − − − ζ ηξ 2 (14)
32 32 32 32 32 32

1 ζ η2 ζ η2 ξ ζξ η2 ξ 1
N15 := + − − − − + + ζ η2 ξ (15)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 9ζ ζ2 9η ζη ζ 2η η2 ζ η2 ξ ζ 2ξ ζ ηξ 1 2
N16 := + + − − + + − + − + − ζ ηξ
16 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
η2 ξ 1 2 7ξ 2 9ζ ξ 2 9ηξ 2 7
− + ζη ξ − − + + ζ ηξ 2 (16)
32 32 32 32 32 32

1 ζ2 η ζ 2η ξ ζ 2ξ ηξ 1
N17 := − − + + − − + ζ 2 ηξ (17)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
8 P. Reddaiah

1 ζ2 η ζ 2η ξ ζ 2ξ ηξ 1
N18 := − + − + − + − ζ 2 ηξ (18)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 ζ2 η ζ 2η ξ ζ 2ξ ηξ 1
N19 := − + − − + − + ζ 2 ηξ (19)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 ζ2 η ζ 2η ξ ζ 2ξ ηξ 1
N20 := − − + − + + − ζ 2 ηξ (20)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 Verification

First Verification Condition

Sum of all the shape functions is equal to one

N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 + N5 + N6 + N7 + N8 + N9 + N10
+ N11 + N12 + N13 + N14 + N15 + N16 + N17 + N18 + N19 + N20

Output
1

IInd Verification Condtion

Each shape function has a value of one at its own node and zero at other nodes.
Node 1
Substituting

ξ := −1
η := −1
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
10000000000000000000
Node 2
Substituting

ξ := 1
η := −1
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal … 9

01000000000000000000
Node 3
Substituting

ξ := 1
η := 1
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00100000000000000000
Node 4
Substituting

ξ := −1
η := 1
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00010000000000000000
Node 5
Substituting

ξ := −1
η := −1
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00001000000000000000
Node 6
Substituting

ξ := 1
η := −1
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000100000000000000
Node 7
Substituting
10 P. Reddaiah

ξ := 1
η := 1
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000010000000000000
Node 8
Substituting

ξ := −1
η := 1
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000001000000000000
Node 9
Substituting

ξ := 1
η := 0
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000100000000000
Node 10
Substituting

ξ := 0
η := 1
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000010000000000
Node 11
Substituting

ξ := −1
η := 0
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values
Deriving Shape Functions for a 20-Nodal … 11

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000001000000000
Node 12
Substituting

ξ := 0
η := −1
ζ := −1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000100000000
Node 13
Substituting

ξ := 1
η := 0
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000010000000
Node 14
Substituting

ξ := 0
η := 1
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000001000000
Node 15
Substituting

ξ := −1
η := 0
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000000100000
12 P. Reddaiah

Node 16
Substituting

ξ := 0
η := −1
ζ := 1 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000000010000
Node 17
Substituting

ξ := 1
η := −1
ζ := 0 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000000001000
Node 18
Substituting

ξ := 1
η := 1
ζ := 0 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000000000100
Node 19
Substituting

ξ := −1
η := 1
ζ := 0 Values in Equations 1−20 we get N1 to N20 values

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N 7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20
Output
00000000000000000010
Node 20
Substituting
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