JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) :: KALIKIRI
B.Tech II Year II Sem (R23) Regular Examinations, April / May 2025
Subject:FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINES-23AME09T
Branch : Mechanical Engineering Max. Marks : 70
SCHEME OF EVLUATION
Q .No. Key Points Marks Total
Alloca Marks
tion
PART -A
1. a It is defined as the amount of mass per unit volume of a
substance.Mathematically, it is expressed as:
2
Density(ρ)=Mass(m) /Volume (v)
Symbol: p(Greek letter rho) SI Unit: kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³)
Common Units: grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) for smaller objects
or liquids.
b Specific Gravity (SG) is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the ratio
of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance,
typically water at 4°C (which has a density of 1,000 kg/m³ or 1 g/cm³).
2
Formula:Specific Gravity=Density of the substance /Density of water
c State four assumptions used in the derivation of Bernoulli's equation.
2
The fluid is imcompressible.
The flow is steady.
The fluid is non-viscous (no friction losses).
20
The flow is along a streamline.
d The forces due to gravity and pressure are considered in Euler’s equation
of motion, therefore, the forces acting on the cylindrical element are:
(i) Pressure force pdA in the direction of flow. 2
(ii) Pressure force (p + dp) dA opposite to the direction of flow.
(iii) Weight of the element ρg dA dS
e A laminar boundary layer occurs when the streamlines inside the
boundary layer flow smoothly. In contrast, streamlines inside a turbulent
2
boundary layer are chaotic. An important phenomenon takes place as the
initially laminar boundary layer changes to a turbulent boundary layer,
due to a process called transition.
f A bluff body can be defined as a body that, as a result of its shape, has
separated flow over a substantial part of its surface. An important feature 2
of a bluff body flow is that there is a very strong interaction between the
viscous and in-viscid regions.
g The draft tube is used in reaction turbines to uniformly direct the flow to
the downstream water body and to exploit the residual head between the
turbine and the downstream water level, minimizing the residual outflow 2
kinetic energy.
h An impulse turbine is a type of turbine in which the entire pressure drop
of the working fluid (usually steam or water) occurs in the nozzles, and 2
not in the moving blades. The high-velocity jet of fluid from the nozzles
strikes the turbine blades, causing them to rotate due to the impulse force
(change in momentum)
Example: Pelton Wheel Turbine.
i Surge tanks are applied in hydro-power plants with long water conduits to
reduce pressure forces during the acceleration of the large water masses. 2
j The basic components of a reciprocating pump typically
include: Cylinder. Piston or plunger. Suction and delivery valves and
pipes. 2
PART -B
UNIT - I
2. 10
2+4+4
·
OR
3
2+4+4 10
UNIT - II
4
4+3+3 10
OR
5
2+4+4 10
UNIT - III
6
4+3+3 10
OR
7
2+2+2 10
+2+2
UNIT – IV
8
2+4+4 10
OR
9
3+3+2 10
+2
UNIT - V
10
2+3+3 10
+2
OR
11
2+3+3 10
+2
