The Marketing Matrix How The Corporation Gets

Its Power And How We Can Reclaim It First

Edition Gerard Hastings download

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-matrix-how-the-
corporation-gets-its-power-and-how-we-can-reclaim-it-first-
edition-gerard-hastings-51247256

Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

The Marketing Research Guide 2nd Edition Robert E Stevens David L

Loudon Morris E Ruddick Bruce Wrenn Philip K Sherwood

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-research-guide-2nd-
edition-robert-e-stevens-david-l-loudon-morris-e-ruddick-bruce-wrenn-
philip-k-sherwood-51220526

The Marketing Revolution In Politics What Recent U S Presidential

Campaigns Can Teach Us About Effective Marketing 1st Edition Bruce I
Newman

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-revolution-in-politics-
what-recent-u-s-presidential-campaigns-can-teach-us-about-effective-
marketing-1st-edition-bruce-i-newman-51585552

The Marketing Of Works 1st Edition Sergiy E Pogodayev

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-of-works-1st-edition-
sergiy-e-pogodayev-52669380

The Marketing Analytics Practitioners Guide Volume 4 Retail And

Statistics Ashok Charan

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-analytics-practitioners-
guide-volume-4-retail-and-statistics-ashok-charan-52872632
The Marketing Analytics Practitioners Guide Volume 3 Digital Marketing
Ashok Charan

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-analytics-practitioners-
guide-volume-3-digital-marketing-ashok-charan-52872636

The Marketing Analytics Practitioners Guide Volume 2 Product

Advertising Packaging Biometrics Price And Promotion Ashok Charan

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-analytics-practitioners-
guide-volume-2-product-advertising-packaging-biometrics-price-and-
promotion-ashok-charan-53763436

The Marketing Of World War Ii In The Us 19391946 A Business History Of

The Us Government And The Media And Entertainment Industries 1st Ed
Albert N Greco

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-of-world-war-ii-in-the-
us-19391946-a-business-history-of-the-us-government-and-the-media-and-
entertainment-industries-1st-ed-albert-n-greco-22448264

The Marketing Framework 1st Poul K Faarup

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-framework-1st-poul-k-
faarup-2325968

The Marketing Of Sport Simon Chadwick

https://ebookbell.com/product/the-marketing-of-sport-simon-
chadwick-2331132
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
it is performed at any time, even directly after feeding till satiated.
I have frequently broken the ice on the surface of their tub, late at
night, in the very coldest winter weather, and they have both left
their sleeping place with much alacrity, to stand paddling the
fragments of ice about, with their fore legs in the water nearly up to
the breast. Indeed, these animals have never evinced the slightest
dislike to cold, or suffered in any degree therefrom; they have in all
weathers slept in a flour-barrel thrown on its side, with one end
entirely open, and without any material of which to make a bed.
They show no repugnance to being sprinkled or dashed with water,
and voluntarily remain exposed to the rain or snow, which wets
them thoroughly, notwithstanding their long hair, which, being
almost erect, is not well suited to turn the rain. These raccoons are
very fond of each other, and express the greatest delight on
meeting, after having been separated for a short time, by various
movements, and by hugging and rolling one another about on the
ground.’

‘My raccoons are, at the time of writing this, more than a year
old, and have been in captivity for six or eight months. They are very
frolicsome and amusing, and show no disposition to bite or injure
any one, except when accidentally trodden on. They are equally free
from any disposition to injure children, as has been observed of
other individuals. We frequently turn them loose in the parlor, and
they appear to be highly delighted, romping with each other and the
children, without doing any injury even to the youngest. Their
alleged disposition to hurt children especially, may probably be fairly
explained by the fact above mentioned, that they always attempt to
bite when suddenly hurt, and few children touch animals without
pinching or hurting them. They exhibit this spirit of retaliation, not
only to man, but when they accidentally hurt themselves against an
inanimate body; I have many times been amused to observe the
expression of spite with which one of them has sprung at and bit the
leg of a chair or table, after knocking himself against it so as to hurt
some part of his body.
 ‘These animals may be tamed while young, but as they grow to
maturity, most generally become fierce and even dangerous. I have
had one so tame as to follow a servant about through the house or
streets, though entirely at liberty; this was quite young when
obtained, and grew so fond of human society as to complain very
loudly, by a sort of chirping or whining noise, when left alone.
Nothing can possibly exceed the domesticated raccoon in restless
and mischievous curiosity, if suffered to go about the house. Every
chink is ransacked, every article of furniture explored, and the
neglect of servants to secure closet doors, is sure to be followed by
extensive mischief, the evil being almost uniformly augmented by
the alarm caused to the author of it, whose ill-directed efforts to
escape from supposed peril, increase at the same time the noise and
the destruction.’

The Puma, or American Lion was once spread over the new
world, from Canada to Patagonia, but it is not now common in any
part of the United States, except the unsettled districts. It is usually
called the panther, or painter by the common people. It is also called
the catamount. The progress of civilization has, however,
circumscribed his range, and has rooted him out in many places.
Notwithstanding his size and strength, he is cowardly; and, like
almost all cowards, he is sanguinary. If he find a flock of sheep
unprotected, he will destroy the whole, merely that he may enjoy
the luxury of sucking their blood. He has a small rounded head, a
broad and rather obtuse muzzle, and a body which, in proportion, is
slenderer and less elevated than that of his more dignified
namesake. ‘The upper parts of his body,’ says Mr. Bennett, ‘are of a
bright silvery fawn, the tawny hairs being terminated by whitish tips:
beneath and on the inside of the limbs he is nearly white, and more
completely so on the throat, chin, and upper lip. The head has an
irregular mixture of black and gray; the outside of the ears,
especially at the base, the sides of the muzzle from which the
whiskers take their origin, and the extremity of the tail, are black.’
The fur of the cubs has spots of a darker hue, which are visible only
in certain lights, and disappear when the animal is full grown. Both
the sexes are of the same color. 42

The Puma, or Cougar.

American Wild Cat. This animal bears a strong resemblance to

the domestic cat, and its motions are very similar. It stands high
upon its legs, and has a short curved tail. Its principal food consists
of birds, squirrels, and other small animals which abound in the
woody districts it inhabits. Though common in the western states,
the wild cat is seldom found in New England.

The Moose.—This animal, which in Europe is called the elk, is an

inhabitant of the northern parts of America, but is found in no part
of the United States excepting Maine, where it is now met with but
seldom. Its figure is ungraceful and clumsy. During summer, the
moose frequents swampy or low grounds, on the borders of lakes, in
which it is fond of bathing, and whose plants form a favorite article
of its food. In winter, the moose seeks the depths of the forest for
shelter, and a herd of fifteen or twenty take possession of a tract of
about five hundred acres, where they subsist on the tender twigs
and the mosses of the trees. To these places the Indians give the
name of ‘moose-yards.’ Like other northern animals, the moose is
much vexed by insects, which deposit their eggs in different parts of
his body, and at certain seasons of the year render his skin worthless
to the hunter. At other times, the skin is very valuable, and serves
the Indians for clothing and tent covers. This species is much
hunted, and has so rapidly diminished within a few years, that there
are fears it will become extinct.

Moose.

The moose is hunted generally in March, when the snow is of

sufficient depth and hardness to sustain the weight of a dog. Five or
six hunters generally join in the pursuit and carry provisions to last
them nearly a week. The chase is commenced at daybreak, when
the dogs are set on, and the hunters who wear snow-shoes follow as
closely as possible. When started and attacked by the dogs, the
moose attempts to escape by flight. The crust of ice covering the
snow breaks at every step, and the poor creature cuts his legs so
severely that he is obliged to stand at bay, and endeavors to defend
himself against his assailants by means of his fore feet. In this
situation he is despatched by the rifle ball of the hunter.

The Elk.—The elk is still occasionally found in the remote and

thinly settled parts of Pennsylvania, but the number is small; it is
only in the western wilds that they are seen in considerable herds.
They are fond of the great forests, where a luxuriant vegetation
affords them an abundant supply of buds and tender twigs; or of the
great plains, where the solitude is seldom interrupted, and all
bounteous nature spreads an immense field of verdure for their
support.

The elk is shy and retiring; having acute senses, he receives early
warning of the approach of any human intruder. The moment the air
is tainted by the odor of his enemy, his head is erected with spirit,
his ears rapidly thrown in every direction to catch the sounds, and
his large dark glistening eye expresses the most eager attention.
Soon as the approaching hunter is fairly discovered, the elk bounds
along for a few paces, as if trying his strength for flight, stops, turns
half round, and scans his pursuer with a steady gaze, then, throwing
back his lofty horns upon his neck, and projecting his taper nose
forwards, he springs from the ground and advances with a velocity
which soon leaves the object of his dread far out of sight. 43

This animal appears to be more ready to attack with his horns

than any other species of deer. When at bay, and especially if slightly
wounded, he fights with great eagerness, as if resolved to be
revenged. The following instance from Long’s Expedition to the
Rocky Mountains, will, in some degree, illustrate this statement.

A herd of twenty or thirty elk were seen at no great distance

from the party, standing in the water or lying upon the sand beach.
One of the finest bucks was singled out by a hunter, who fired upon
him, whereupon the whole herd plunged into the thicket and
disappeared. Relying upon the skill of the hunter, and confident that
his shot was fatal, several of the party dismounted and pursued the
elk into the woods, where the wounded buck was soon overtaken.
Finding his pursuers close upon him, the elk turned furiously upon
the foremost, who only saved himself by springing into a thicket,
which was impassable to the elk, whose enormous antlers becoming
so entangled in the vines as to be covered to their tips, he was held
fast and blindfolded, and was despatched by repeated bullets and
stabs.

Black-tailed Deer.—The habits of this animal are similar to those

of its kindred species, except that it has a manner of bounding
along, instead of running at full speed. It is found in prairies and
open grounds, west of the Rocky Mountains, and but seldom in the
woodlands. It is larger than the common deer, and its flesh is
considered inferior; its eye is larger, and the hair coarse. The ears
are very long, being half the length of the whole antler. It was first
observed by the members of Lewis and Clarke’s expedition, and was
described by Say.

Common Deer.—This species, sometimes called the Virginia Deer,

is found throughout the United States, with such varieties in its size
and coloring, as naturally arise from variety of climate. Its form is
slender and delicate, and its whole appearance indicates a degree of
feebleness, which is counteracted only by the agility of its
movements, and the animation of its eye. Its sense of hearing and
seeing is wonderfully acute; and the hunter must approach his
intended victim with the utmost caution, for he is discovered by the
slightest noise. The resort of this species is in the forests and plains
adjacent to rivers, where they feed chiefly on buds and twigs, and
sometimes on grass. They are headed by one of the largest and
strongest bucks, who appears to be the guardian of the general
safety and directs his followers to combat or retreat. Though
generally shy and timid, the males are much disposed to battle
during the season of the sexual passion, and are almost always
inclined to fight when wounded or brought to bay. At this time they
fight with their fore feet, as well as their horns, and inflict severe
wounds by leaping forward and striking with the edges of their
hoofs. If a hunter misses his aim when attempting to despatch a
wounded deer with his knife, he is placed in great peril. To serpents,
of every description, the deer is particularly hostile, and it seems to
have an instinctive horror of the rattlesnake. To destroy this enemy,
the deer leaps into the air, and comes down on him with its four feet
closed in a square, repeating its violent blows until the reptile is
killed.

Virginia Deer.

The males frequently engage in combats, in which their horns

sometimes become so interlocked that neither can escape, and they
then remain engaged in fruitless struggles till they perish of famine,
or become the prey of the wolf or the hunter. Heads of deer which
have thus perished are frequently found, and there is scarcely a
museum in this country which has not one or more specimens. The
following instance is given by Say in Long’s Expedition to the Rocky
Mountains. ‘As the party were descending a ridge, their attention
was called to an unusual noise proceeding from a copse of low
bushes, a few rods from the path. On arriving at the spot, they
found two buck deer, their horns fast interlocked with each other,
and both much spent with fatigue, one in particular being so much
exhausted as to be unable to stand. Perceiving that it would be
impossible that they should extricate themselves, and must either
linger in their present situations or die of hunger, or be destroyed by
the wolves, they despatched them with their knives, after having
made an unavailing attempt to disentangle them. Beyond doubt,
many of these animals must annually thus perish.’

Prong-horned Antelope.—This species was first described by the

leaders of the first American expedition to the west of the Rocky
Mountains. It is shy and timorous, wonderfully fleet, and with great
acuteness of sight and smell. When once startled, they fly with the
rapidity of the wind, and baffle all pursuit. In one instance, captain
Lewis, after various fruitless attempts, by winding around the ridges,
succeeded in approaching a party of seven that stood upon an
eminence towards which the wind was unfortunately blowing. The
only male of the party frequently encircled the summit of the hill, as
if to announce any danger to the group of females which stood upon
the top. Before they saw captain Lewis, they became alarmed by the
scent, and fled while he was at the distance of two hundred yards.
He immediately ran to the spot where they had stood; a ravine
concealed them from him, but at the next moment they appeared on
a second ridge, at the distance of three miles. He could not but
doubt whether these were the same he had alarmed, but their
number and continued speed convinced him they were so, and he
justly infers that they must have run with a rapidity equal to that of
the most celebrated race horse.

‘The chief game of the Shoshonees,’ say Lewis and Clarke, ‘is the
antelope, which when pursued retreats to the open plains, where
the horses have full room for the chase. But such is its extraordinary
fleetness and wind, that a single horse has no possible chance of
outrunning it, or tiring it down; and the hunters are therefore
obliged to resort to stratagem. About twenty Indians, mounted on
fine horses, armed with bows and arrows, left the camp; in a short
time they descried a herd of ten antelopes; they immediately
separated into squads of two or three, and formed a scattered circle
round the herd for five or six miles, keeping at a wary distance, so
as not to alarm them till they were perfectly inclosed, and usually
selecting some commanding eminence as a stand. Having gained
their positions, a small party rode towards the herd, and with
wonderful dexterity the huntsman preserved his seat, and the horse
his footing, as he ran at full speed over the hills and down the steep
ravines, and along the borders of the precipices.

‘They were soon outstripped by the antelopes, which, on gaining

the other extremity of the circle, were driven back and pursued by
the fresh hunters. They turned and flew, rather than ran, in another
direction; but there too they found new enemies. In this way they
were alternately pursued backwards and forwards, till at length,
notwithstanding the skill of the hunters, (who were merely armed
with bows and arrows) they all escaped; and the party, after running
for two hours, returned without having caught any thing, and their
horses foaming with sweat. This chase, the greater part of which
was seen from the camp, formed a beautiful scene, but to the
hunters is exceedingly laborious, and so unproductive, even when
they are able to worry the animal down and shoot him, that forty or
fifty hunters will sometimes be engaged for more than half a day,
without obtaining more than two or three antelopes.’

Rocky Mountain Goat.—This species is nearly the size of a

common sheep, and has a shaggy appearance. Its hoofs and horns
are black; the latter project but little, and are slightly curved. Great
numbers of this goat are found about the head-waters of the north
fork of Columbia river, where they are much hunted by the natives,
and form an abundant though somewhat unsavory article of food.
They are seldom seen far from the mountains, and are more
numerous on their western than on their eastern slopes. The skin is
thick and spongy, and is used for moccasins. The fleece is said to be
as fine as that of which the celebrated cashmere shawls are
manufactured.
 Rocky Mountain Goat.

Argali.—The argali is found in the Rocky Mountains, from about

the fiftieth degree of north latitude to California. Here troops of
twenty or thirty are seen together, feeding on the most precipitous
tracts, and bounding with wonderful agility from rock to rock. During
the summer months, the color of this animal is a grayish fawn, with
a reddish line across the back. The male has very large twisted
horns, fixed near the eyes; its ears are straight, broad and pointed,
and its tail quite short. This is said to be the species from which all
the varieties of our domestic sheep are descended.

Bison.—This animal is found in herds in the prairies in the

neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains: it is continually receding
before the advance of man, and will soon be entirely banished to the
far west. Schoolcraft says that the species is confined to the regions
situated between the thirty-first and forty-ninth degrees of north
latitude, and west of the Mississippi river. The only part of the
country east of this river, where the bison now remains, is that
included between the falls of St. Anthony and Sandy Lake, a range
of about six hundred miles.

‘Being now in the region of buffalo,’ says Mr. Schoolcraft, ‘we

concluded to land, in the course of the day, at some convenient
place for hunting them. This we were soon invited to do by seeing
one of these animals along the shore of the river, and on ascending
the bank, we observed, upon a boundless prairie, two droves of
them, feeding upon the grass. All who had guns adapted for the
purpose, sallied forth in separate parties upon the prairie, while
those who felt less ambition to signalize themselves upon the
occasion, or were more illy accoutred for the activities of the chase,
remained upon an eminence which overlooked the plain, to observe
the movements of this animal while under an attack of musketry,
and to enjoy the novel spectacle of a buffalo-hunt. The grass was so
tall as to allow an unobserved approach towards the spot where
they remained feeding, but the first fire proved unsuccessful, at the
same time that it scattered the herd, which were now seen running
in all directions across the prairie, and an incessant fire of random
shots was kept up for about two hours; during which three buffaloes
were killed, and a great number wounded, which made their escape.

‘While thus harrassed, they often passed within a few yards of

us, and we enjoyed a fine opportunity of witnessing their form, size,
color, and speed. The buffalo has a clumsy gait, like the domestic ox,
which it also resembles in size and general appearance. Unlike the
ox, however, this animal exhibits no diversity of color, being a
uniform dark brown, inclining to dun. It is never spotted, with black,
red, or white. It has short black horns growing nearly straight from
the head, and set at a considerable distance apart. The male has a
hunch upon its shoulders, covered with long flocks of shaggy hair,
extending to the top of the head, from which it falls over the eyes
and horns, giving the animal a very formidable appearance. The
hoofs are cloven like those of the cow, but the legs are much
stouter, and altogether, it is more clumsy and ill-proportioned. The
tail is naked till towards the end, where it is tufted, in the manner of
the lion.

‘The general weight of this animal is from eight hundred to a

thousand pounds; but they sometimes attain an enormous size, and
have been killed upon the Mississippi prairies weighing two thousand
pounds. The skin of a buffalo bull, when first taken off, is three
fourths of an inch in thickness, and cannot be lifted by the strongest
man. A hundred and fifty pounds of tallow have been taken from
one animal, and it is highly esteemed by the Indians in preparing
their hommony. Instances of excessive fatness are, however, rare,
and such over-fed animals become so unwieldy that they often fall a
prey to wolves; particularly if they happen to stray a distance from
the herd. The buffalo is a timid animal, and flies at the approach of
man. It is however asserted by the hunters, that when painfully
wounded, it becomes furious, and will turn upon its pursuers.

‘There is a particular art in killing the buffalo with a rifle, only

known to experienced hunters, and when they do not drop down,
which is often the case, it requires a person intimately acquainted
with their habits, to pursue them with success. This has been fully
instanced in the futile exertions of our party, upon the present
occasion; for out of a great number of shots, few have reached the
object, and very few proved effectual, and the little success we met
with is chiefly attributable to the superior skill of the Indians who
accompanied us. Unless a vital part is touched, the shot proves
useless. It also requires a larger ball than the deer and elk.
Lieutenant Pike thinks that in the open prairies, the bow and arrow
could be used to better advantage than the gun, particularly on
horseback, for you might ride immediately along side the animal and
strike it where you pleased. The Indians employ both the rifle and
arrow, and in the prairies of Missouri and Arkansas, pursue the herds
on horseback; but on the upper Mississippi, where they are destitute
of horses, they make amends for this deficiency by several ingenious
stratagems.

‘One of the most common of these is the method of hunting with

fire. For this purpose, a great number of hunters disperse
themselves around a large prairie where herds of buffalo happen to
be feeding, and setting fire to the grass encompass them on all
sides. The buffalo, having a great dread of fire, retire towards the
centre of the prairie as they see it approach, and here being pressed
together in great numbers, many are trampled under foot, and the
Indians rushing in with their arrows and musketry, slaughter
immense numbers in a short period. It is asserted that a thousand
animals have been killed by this stratagem in one day. They have
another method of hunting by driving them over precipices, which is
chiefly practised by the bands inhabiting the Missouri. To decoy the
herds, several Indians disguise themselves in the skins of the
buffalo, taken off entire, and by counterfeiting the lowing of this
animal in distress, they attract the herds in a certain direction, and
when they are at full speed, suddenly disappear behind a cleft in the
top of a precipice, when those animals which are in front on
reaching the brink, are pushed over by those pressing behind, and in
this manner great numbers are crushed to death. These practices
are less common now than formerly, the introduction of fire arms,
among most of the tribes, putting it into the power of almost every
individual to kill sufficient for the support of his family.

‘By a very bad policy, however, they prefer the flesh of the cows,
which will in time destroy the species. Few of the native animals of
the American forest contribute more to the comforts of savage
society than the buffalo. Its skin, when dressed by a process peculiar
to them, forms one of the principal articles of clothing. The Sioux
tribes particularly excel in the method of dressing it, and are very
much in the habit of ornamenting their dresses with porcupine quills,
and paints. The skin, dressed with the hair on, supplies them with
blankets, and constitutes those durable and often beautiful sleigh-
robes which are now in such universal use in the United States and
the Canadas. The tallow of this animal, as well as the beef, has also
become an article of commerce, particularly in the south-western
states and territories, and its horns are exported for the manufacture
of powder-flasks. The tongue is considered superior in flavor to that
of the domestic cow, and the animal is often hunted for no other
purpose. I have seen stockings and hats manufactured from its
wool, with a little addition of common wool, or of cotton. This
practice is very common among the white hunters of Missouri and
Arkansas. The flesh of the buffalo is not equal, in its fresh state, to
that of the cow or ox, but is superior when dried, which is the Indian
mode of preserving it.

‘The attempts which have been made to domesticate this animal,

have not been attended with success. Calves which have been taken
in the woods and brought up with the tame breed, have afterwards
discovered a wild and ungovernable temper, and manifested their
savage nature by breaking down the strongest enclosures, and
enticing the tame cattle into the woods. The mixed breed is said to
be barren, like the mule. The period of gestation is ascertained to be
twelve months, whereas that of the cow is nine. A remarkable proof
of the little affinity existing between it, and the domestic breed of
cattle, was exhibited a few years ago in Canada, where the
connexion resulted in the death of the cows submitted to the
experiment.’

American Wolf.—The common wolf of America is considered as

the same species with the wolf of Europe. Richardson remarks that
he has travelled over thirty degrees of latitude in America, and has
never seen there any wolves which had the gaunt appearance, the
comparatively long jaw and tapering nose, the high ears, long legs,
slender loins, and narrow feet of the Pyrenean wolf. He adds, that
the American animal has a more robust form than the European
wolf. Its muzzle is thicker and more obtuse, its head larger and
rounder, and there is a sensible depression at the union of the nose
and forehead. He notices six varieties of the wolf in North America:
common gray wolf, white, pied, dusky, black, and prairie. There is
little reason to doubt that all the wolves of America are of one
species; and the variations of size, color, and habits, are to be
referred to diversities of climate which have been gradually
impressed upon these animals.

Prairie Wolf.—This species is found in large numbers in the

prairies to the west of the Missouri, and also occurs in the vicinity of
the Columbia river. Its general color is gray, mixed with black; the
ears are erect, rounded at the tip, and lined with gray hair. It is
about three feet and a half in length, and bears a very strong
resemblance to the domestic dog, so common in the Indian villages.
Its bark is also similar to that of the dog. It resembles the other
species of wolves in rapacity and cunning, being very suspicious and
mistrustful and shunning pitfalls and snares with intuitive sagacity. 44

Horses.—The number of horses among the various tribes on the

Columbia, and its tributary streams, differs with the circumstances of
the country. Among the Flat-heads, Cootonais, and Spokans, whose
lands are rather thickly wooded, there are not more than sufficient
for their actual use, and every colt, on arriving at the proper age, is
broken in for the saddle. But in the countries inhabited by the Wallah
Wallahs, Nez Percés, and Shoshonés, which chiefly consist of open
plains, well watered and thinly wooded, they are far more numerous,
and thousands are allowed to go wild. Their general height is about
fifteen hands, which they seldom exceed; and ponies are very
scarce. Those reared in the plains are excellent hunters, and the
swiftest racers; but are not capable of enduring the same hardships
as those bred in the vicinity of the high and woody districts. Seven
hundred or a thousand wild horses are sometimes seen in a band;
and it is said that in parts of the country belonging to the Snake
Indians, bands varying from three to four thousand are frequently
seen; and further to the southward, they are far more numerous.
 Wild Horses.

The Indian horses are never shod; and owing to this

circumstance, their hoofs, particularly of such as are in constant
work, are nearly worn away before they are ten or eleven years old,
after which they are unfit for any labor except carrying children.
They are easily managed, and are seldom vicious. An Indian horse is
never taught to trot. The natives dislike this pace, and prefer to it
the canter or light gallop. They are hard taskmasters; and the hair-
rope bridles, with the padded deer-skin saddles which they use,
lacerate the mouths and backs of the unfortunate animals in such a
manner as to render them objects of commiseration. In summer
they have no shelter from the heat, in winter no retreat from the
cold; and their only provender throughout the year is the wild loose
grass of the prairies, which, in the latter season, is generally covered
with snow, and in the former is brown and arid, from the intense
heat of the sun.

Foxes.—The Gray Fox is found in great numbers throughout the

country, and ventures more boldly than any other species into the
neighborhood of human habitations. It exhibits different colors at
different seasons and ages; its general color is grizzly, growing
gradually darker from the fore shoulders to the hinder part of the
back. The inferior parts of the body are white, tinged slightly with
faint reddish brown. The tail is thick and bushy. The Red Fox is a
very beautiful species, and abounds in the middle and southern
states, where it proves very troublesome to poultry-yards. In
summer, its fur is long, fine, and brilliant; in winter, it becomes
longer and more thick. The length of this species is about two feet,
and of its tail, nearly a foot and a half. Its fur is valuable, and much
used. When caught young, the red fox is very playful, and may be
domesticated to a considerable degree; we have known it to live in
perfect friendship with a number of dogs, and to take much pleasure
in tumbling about and sporting with them. 45

The Black Fox bears a striking resemblance to the common fox,

from which it has nothing to distinguish it but its abundant and
beautiful black fur. Its color is rich and lustrous, having a small
quantity of white mingled with the prevailing black on different parts
of its body. It is found throughout the northern parts of America, but
no where in great numbers. The Swift Fox is a very interesting
species, inhabiting the open plains which stretch from the base of
the Rocky Mountains towards the Mississippi.

Black Fox.
 Opossum.—This animal is found in the southern parts of the
United States, and is easily distinguished from all others by two
peculiarities: the first is that the female has a cavity under the belly
in which she receives and suckles her young; the second is, that the
male and the female have no claws on the great toe of the hind feet,
which is separated from the others as a man’s thumb is separated
from his fingers. The opossum produces often, and a great number
of young at a time. It walks awkwardly, and seldom runs; but it
climbs trees with great facility, and hangs from the branches by
means of a very flexible and muscular tail. Though voracious and
greedy of blood, it also feeds on reptiles, insects, sugar-canes,
potatoes, and even leaves and bark of trees. It may be easily
domesticated; but its smell is strong and offensive, though its flesh
is eatable, and much liked by the Indians. So tenacious is it of life,
that it has given rise to a saying in North Carolina, that if a cat has
nine lives, an opossum has nineteen. The general color of the
opossum is a whitish gray; the tail is thick and black, for upwards of
three inches at its base, and is covered by small scales, interspersed
with white, short, rigid hairs. It is a timid and nocturnal animal,
depending for its safety more on cunning than strength.

Virginia Opossum.
 American Hare.—This species, improperly called rabbit, is found
throughout the states, and in some parts is exceedingly common. Its
flesh is much esteemed as an article of food. During the summer it is
tough, but after the first frosts of autumn, it is fat and delicate. In
the north, during winter the hare feeds on the twigs of pine and fir,
and is fit for the table during the season. It never burrows in the
ground, but in the day time remains crouched, within its form, which
is a mere spot of ground cleared of grass and sheltered by an
overhanging plant. Sometimes it lives in the trunk of a hollow tree,
or under a pile of stones. It wanders out at night, and makes sad
havoc among the turnip and cabbage fields, and the young trees in
nurseries. It is not hunted in this country as in Europe, but is caught
in a trap, or roused by a dog and shot.

Varying Hare.—This animal appears to inhabit a great portion of

North America, as it has been found in Virginia, and as far north as
fifty-five degrees, whilst eastward it is found on the great plains of
the Columbia. It appears generally to frequent plains and low
grounds, where it lives like the common hare, never burrowing, but
not resorting to the thick woods. The variabilis of Europe, on the
contrary, is described as always inhabiting the highest mountains,
and never descending into the plains, except when forced to seek for
food, when the mountains are covered with snow. The American
species is remarkably swift, never taking shelter when pursued, and
capable of most astonishing leaps; Captain Lewis measured some of
these, and found their length to be from eighteen to twenty feet.
From the middle of November to the middle of April, this animal is of
a pure white, with the exception of the black and reddish brown of
the ears. During the rest of the year, the upper parts of the body are
of a lead color; the under parts white, with a light shade of lead
color.

Beaver.—The general appearance of the beaver is that of a large

rat, and seen at a little distance, it might be readily mistaken for the
common musk-rat. But the greater size of the beaver, the thickness
and breadth of its head, and its horizontally flattened, broad, and
scaly tail, render it impossible to mistake it for any other creature
when closely examined. In its movements, both on shore and in the
water, it also closely resembles the musk-rat, having the same quick
step, and swimming with great vigor and celerity, either on the
surface or in the depths of the water. 46

Beaver.

Musk-Rat.—This animal is closely allied in form and habits to the

beaver, and is found in the same parts of America as that animal,
from thirty to sixty-nine or seventy degrees of latitude. But it is more
familiar in its habits, as it is to be found only a short distance from
large towns. The musk-rat is a watchful, but not a very shy animal.
It may be frequently seen sitting on the shores of small muddy
islands, not easily to be distinguished from a piece of earth, till, on
the approach of danger, it suddenly plunges into the water. It forms
burrows on the banks of streams and ponds, the entrance to which
is in deep water. These burrows extend to great distances, and do
extensive injury to the farms, by letting in the water upon the land.
In some situations, these animals build houses of a conical form,
resembling those of the beaver, formed of mud, grass and reeds,
plastered together. They feed upon the roots and tender shoots of
aquatic plants and on the leaves of grasses. They are excellent
swimmers, dive well, and can remain for a long time under water. It
is rare to have an opportunity of seeing the animal during the day,
as it then lies concealed in its burrow, and it is not till night, that it
issues forth for food or recreation. It does not, like the beaver, lay up
a store of provision for the winter; but it builds a new habitation
every season.

This animal is common in the Atlantic states, and its fur being
valuable for hats, it is much hunted. The Indians kill them by
spearing them through the walls of their houses. Between four and
five thousand skins are annually imported into Great Britain from
North America.

The American Badger, as compared with the European, is smaller

and lighter, with different markings on its fur, and with a head less
sharp towards the nose. It frequents the prairies and sand plains at
the base of the Rocky Mountains, as far north as latitude fifty-eight
degrees. It abounds on the plains watered by the Missouri. Timid
and slow, the badger, on being pursued, takes to the earth like a
mole, and makes his way with great rapidity. It is caught in spring,
when the ground is frozen, by filling its hole with water, when the
tenant is obliged to come out.

The Ermine Weasel is known in the middle and eastern states, by

the name of weasel: farther north, it is called stoat in summer, and
ermine in its winter dress. In its habits it resembles the common
weasel of Europe. It is courageous, active, and graceful. His long
and slender body, bright and piercing eye, sharp claws and teeth,
and great strength, indicate that he is dangerous and destructive to
the smaller animals, which he can follow into their smallest hiding
places, from his peculiar flexibility of body. This animal frequents
barns and out-houses, and is the particular enemy of mice, and
other depredators upon the granary. To compensate for the service
he thus renders the farmer, he helps himself without ceremony to a
number of his fowls, and the henroost sometimes exhibits a sad
proof of the value he sets upon his labors, in exterminating the mice.
In winter, the fur of the weasel is much longer, thicker and finer,
than in summer.

Pennant’s Marten is found in various parts of North America, from

the state of Pennsylvania, to as far north as the Great Slave Lake,
where it was seen by captain Franklin. It is easily domesticated,
becomes fond of tea leaves, is very playful, and has a pleasant
musky smell. This species is not very scarce, as Pennant says that
five hundred and eighty skins were sent in one year from the states
of New York and Pennsylvania; and Sabine remarks that the
Hudson’s Bay Company sent eighteen hundred skins to England in
one year.

The length of this marten is from twenty-four to thirty inches

without the tail, which is from thirteen to seventeen inches long. The
feet are very broad, and covered with hair, which conceals the sharp,
strong, white claws. The fur on the head is short, but gradually
increases in length towards the tail, and its color changes, losing
much of the yellowish, and assuming a chestnut hue. The tail is full,
bushy, black and lustrous, being smallest at the end.

The Maryland Marmot, or Woodchuck, is common in all the

temperate parts of America. It does great injury to the farmers, as
the quantity of herbage it consumes is really surprising. It burrows in
the ground on the sides of hills, and these extend to great distances
under ground, and terminate in various chambers. Here the marmot
makes himself a comfortable bed of dry leaves, grass, and any soft
rubbish, where he sleeps from the close of day, till the next morning
is far advanced.

The Maryland marmot eats with great greediness, and in large

quantities. It is fond of cabbage, lettuce, and other garden
vegetables. When in captivity, it is exceedingly fond of bread and
milk.
 At the commencement of cold weather, the marmot goes into
winter quarters, blocks up the door within, and remains torpid till the
warm season. It is about the size of a rabbit, and of a dark brown
color.

The Prairie Marmot, commonly called Prairie Dog, builds his

dwelling in the barren tracts of the western country, and may often
be seen sitting by the small mounds of earth, which indicate his
abode, in an attitude of profound attention. Whole acres of land are
occupied by these little tenants, and villages are found, containing
thousands of inhabitants. Near the Rocky Mountains, these villages
are found to reach several miles. The burrow extends under ground,
but to what distance has not been determined.

This marmot, like the rest of the species, remains torpid during
the winter. It is very much annoyed in its habitation by owls,
rattlesnakes, lizards, and land tortoises, who appropriate these
comfortable dwellings for their own use, and frequently destroy the
young marmots.

The Fox Squirrel is found throughout the southern states, where

it frequents the pine forests in considerable numbers, and derives its
principal subsistence from the seed of the pine. Its color varies from
white to pale gray and black, and is sometimes mottled, with various
shades of red. The Cat Squirrel is one of the largest species, and is
found in great abundance in the oak and chesnut forests of this
country. It is a very heavy animal, and is slow in its movements,
seldom leaping from tree to tree, unless it is alarmed or closely
pursued. It is found of almost every variety of color. The Black
Squirrel is very common, but is often confounded with the black
varieties of the squirrels before described. In the winter, this animal
is of a pure black; in the summer, it is of a grayish black,
intermingled with a dark reddish brown. It is found in the United
States, and inhabits the northern shores of Lakes Huron and
Superior.
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookbell.com