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RACE AND RACISMS
A CRITICAL APPROACH
BRIEF SECOND EDITION

TANYA MARIA GOLASH-BOZA

University of California, Merced
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of ex-
cellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY
10016, United States of America.

© 2019, 2016 by Oxford University Press

For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.-
com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly
permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. In-
quiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford
University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file at the Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-0-19-088943-2
ebook ISBN: 978-0-19-008628-2
Version 1

987654321
Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
Brief Contents

Preface
Talking about Race Outside the Classroom

CHAPTER 1
The Origin of the Idea of Race

CHAPTER 2
Racial Ideologies and Sociological Theories of Racism

CHAPTER 3
Racism and Nativism in Immigration Policy

CHAPTER 4
Racism in the Media: The Spread of Ideology

CHAPTER 5
Colorism and Skin-Color Stratification

CHAPTER 6
Educational Inequality

CHAPTER 7
Income and Labor Market Inequality

CHAPTER 8
Inequality in Housing and Wealth

CHAPTER 9
Racism and the Criminal Justice System

CHAPTER 10
Health Inequalities, Environmental Racism, and Environmental Justice

Glossary
References
Credits
Index
Contents

Preface
Talking about Race Outside the Classroom

CHAPTER 1
The Origin of the Idea of Race
1.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity
1.2 Race: The Evolution of an Ideology
Historical Precedents to the Idea of Race
Slavery before the Idea of Race
European Encounters with Indigenous Peoples of the Americas
• Voices: The Spanish Treatment of Indigenous Peoples
Slavery and Colonization
Exploitation in the Thirteen English Colonies
The Legal Codification of Racial Differences
• Voices: From Bullwhip Days
1.3 Slavery Versus the Ideal of Freedom in the United States
1.4 The Indian Removal Act: The Continuation of Manifest Destiny
1.5 The Rise of Scientific Racism
European Taxonomies
Scientific Racism in the Nineteenth Century
Intelligence Testing
Eugenics
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
• Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 2
Racial Ideologies and Sociological Theories of Racism
2.1 Prejudice, Discrimination, and Institutional Racism
Individual Racism
 • Voices: Microaggressions
Institutional Racism
Systemic Racism and Structural Racism
Systemic Racism
Structural Racism
2.2 Racial Ideologies
Biological Racism
Cultural Racism
Color-Blind Racism
Islamophobia and Anti-Arab Racism
2.3 Racial Formation
2.4 White Supremacy and Settler Colonialism
2.5 Intersectional Theories of Race and Racism
2.6 White Privilege
2.7 Whiteness, Class, Gender, and Sexuality
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
• Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 3
Racism and Nativism in Immigration Policy
• Voices: Robert Bautista—Denied Due Process
3.1 The Racialized History of U.S. Immigration Policy
Race and the Making of U.S. Immigration Policies: 1790 to 1924
Nativism Between 1924 and 1964
The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act and the Changing Face of Immigration
3.2 Illegal Immigration and Policy Response
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) and Nativism
Proposition 187 and the Lead-Up to the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Re-
sponsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA)
The 1996 Laws and the Detention and Deportation of Black and Latinx Immigrants
• Voices: Hector, a Guatemalan Deportee
The DREAM Act
3.3 Nativism in the Twenty-First Century
• Voices: The Zarour Family
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
 • Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 4
Racism in the Media: The Spread of Ideology
4.1 Representations in Entertainment
Portrayals of Blacks
• Voices: Why ‘black-ish’ Is the Show We Need Right Now
Portrayals of Latinos and Latinas
Portrayals of Arabs and Arab Americans
• Voices: “Why We Hacked Homeland”
Portrayals of Asians and Asian Americans
Portrayals of Native Americans
4.2 New Media Representations
Video Games
Social Media
4.3 Media Images and Racial Inequality
4.4 Raced, Classed, and Gendered Media Images
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
• Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 5
Colorism and Skin-Color Stratification
5.1 The History of Colorism
The Origins of Colorism in the Americas
The Origins of Colorism in Asia and Africa
5.2 The Global Color Hierarchy
Asia and Asian Americans
• Voices: The Fair-Skin Battle
Latin America and Latinxs
5.3 Africa and the African Diaspora
• Voices: Colorism and Creole Identity
5.4 Skin Color, Gender, and Beauty
• Voices: After #NotFairandLovely: Changing Thought Patterns Instead of
Skintone
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
 • Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 6
Educational Inequality
6.1 The History of Educational Inequality
Indian Schools
Segregation and Landmark Court Cases
The Persistence of Racial Segregation in the Educational System
Affirmative Action in Higher Education
6.2 Educational Inequality Today
6.3 The Achievement Gap: Sociological Explanations for Persistent Inequality
Parental Socioeconomic Status
Cultural Explanations: “Acting White” and Other Theories
Tracking
Social and Cultural Capital and Schooling
• Voices: Moesha
Hidden Curricula and the School-to-Prison Pipeline
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
• Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 7
Income and Labor Market Inequality
7.1 Income Inequality by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
7.2 Dimensions of Racial Disparities in the Labor Market
Disparities among Women
Disparities among Asian Americans
Underemployment, Unemployment, and Joblessness
• Voices: Jarred
7.3 Sociological Explanations for Income and Labor Market Inequality
Individual-Level Explanations
• Voices: Latinx Professionals as Racialized Tokens: Lisaʼs Story
Structural Explanations
7.4 Affirmative Action in Employment
7.5 Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
 • Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 8
Inequality in Housing and Wealth
8.1 Residential Segregation
The Creation of Residential Segregation
• Voices: Vince Mereday (from Color of Law)
Discriminatory and Predatory Lending Practices
Neighborhood Segregation Today
8.2 Wealth Inequalities
Inequality in Homeownership and Home Values
Wealth Inequality Beyond Homeownership
8.3 Explaining the Widening Wealth Gap
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
• Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 9
Racism and the Criminal Justice System
9.1 Mass Incarceration in the United States
The Rise of Mass Incarceration
Mass Incarceration in a Global Context
Race and Mass Incarceration
• Voices: Earl Washington
The Inefficacy of Mass Incarceration
Mass Incarceration and the War on Drugs
Race, Class, Gender, and Mass Incarceration
9.2 Institutional Racism in the Criminal Justice System
Racial Profiling
• Voices: Sandy Bland
Sentencing Disparities
The Ultimate Sentence: Racial Disparities in the Death Penalty
9.3 The Economics of Mass Incarceration
Private Prisons
The Prison-Industrial Complex
9.4 Beyond Incarceration: Collateral Consequences
The Impact of Mass Incarceration on Families and Children
 The Lifelong Stigma of a Felony: “The New Jim Crow”
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
• Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

CHAPTER 10
Health Inequalities, Environmental Racism, and Environmental Justice
10.1 The History of Health Disparities in the United States
Involuntary Experimentation on African Americans
Free Blacks as Mentally and Physically Unfit
10.2 Explaining Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity Today
Socioeconomic Status and Health Disparities by Race/Ethnicity
Segregation and Health
The Effects of Individual Racism on African American Health
Life-Course Perspectives
Culture and Health
Genetics, Race, and Health
10.3 Environmental Racism
10.4 Environmental Justice
• Voices: The Fight Against the Dakota Access Pipeline
• Voices: The Flint Water Crisis
Conclusion and Discussion
• Thinking about Racial Justice
• Check Your Understanding
• Talking about Race

Glossary
References
Credits
Index
Preface

This brief second edition of Race and Racisms engages students in significant questions related to
racial dynamics in the United States. In accessible, straightforward language, the text discusses
and critically analyzes cutting-edge scholarship in the field.

FEATURES
Race and Racisms includes several unique features designed to aid both teaching and learning.
Each of the following features appears throughout the book:

• Voices sidebars highlight individual stories about race and racism, bringing personal experi-
ences to life.
• Thinking about Racial Justice sidebars pose questions for students to consider in thinking
about how racism could be addressed or alleviated.
• As You Read questions point students to the key ideas in each chapter.
• Check Your Understanding sections at the end of the chapter relate to the As You Read ques-
tions and help students review.
• Critical Thinking questions guide students in questioning their own and others’ assumptions
about race and racism.
• Talking about Race prompts at the end of each chapter suggest ways to approach discussions
about race and racism.

NEW IN THIS EDITION

The goal of the second brief edition of Race and Racisms was not merely to keep up with our
changing world but to invite students to consider their own role in it. Each chapter has been care-
fully updated to reflect current issues and events as well as the latest data and research. Beyond
these updates, new stories and examples throughout engage readers in thinking about how racism
could be addressed or alleviated. Highlights of this edition include:
• Expanded coverage of white privilege
• New discussions of gender and intersectionality
• Expanded coverage of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans, in addition to new topics such as
Islamophobia
• Coverage of Black Lives Matter and other social movements
• New Voices sidebars in Chapters 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10
• New feature: Talking about Race
• New section following this preface: “Talking about Race Outside the Classroom”
• New videos by the author
ORGANIZATION
Race and Racisms begins with a historical chapter on the origin and evolution of the idea of race.
From there, it moves into an overview of racial ideologies and sociological theories of racism, and
then to a historical and contemporary discussion of immigration. The next two chapters focus on
racial ideologies in the media and on colorism. The final five chapters explore racial inequalities
across five key areas: education, the labor market, housing, the criminal justice system, and health
and the environment. Each chapter uses an intersectional framework to guide our understanding of
racial dynamics.

ANCILLARIES
Oxford University Press is proud to offer a complete supplements package to accompany Race and
Racisms: Brief Edition. The Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) at www.oup-arc.com is a conve-
nient, instructor-focused, single destination for resources to accompany this book. Accessed online
through individual user accounts, the ARC provides instructors with access to up-to-date ancillar-
ies at any time while guaranteeing the security of grade-significant resources. In addition, it allows
OUP to keep instructors informed when new content becomes available.
The ARC for Race and Racisms: Brief Edition contains a variety of materials to aid in teaching:
• PowerPoint lecture slides to aid in the presentation of course material
• Recommended readings that delve more deeply into the topics discussed in the chapter
• A test bank with multiple-choice, true/false, short answer, and essay questions
• Videos that bring the content to life

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
When I travel around the country to give talks at universities, I am always pleased and humbled
when instructors tell me they use this book in their class and when students tell me how much they
enjoy reading it. The positive feedback I received from the first edition was a major motivation to
revise this book. I have attempted to respond to the many helpful critiques and comments I re-
ceived to make this book an even better tool for teaching about race and racism.
My interest in race and racism derives in part from my experiences growing up as a white child
in a primarily black neighborhood. I am grateful to my parents for deciding to raise our white fam-
ily on the east side of Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and for staying in that neighborhood
to this day. Had my parents made different life choices, it is likely this book would never have
been written.
Writing this textbook has been much less painful than it otherwise would have been due to the
extraordinary efforts of the editorial team at Oxford University Press, especially Executive Editor
Sherith Pankratz, Development Editor Lauren Mine, and Associate Editor Meredith Keffer. My
deepest gratitude to this amazing and efficient team. I would also like to acknowledge the design
and production team at Oxford University Press, including Managing Editor Lisa Grzan, Team
Lead Theresa Stockton, Senior Production Editor William Murray, and Art Director Michele
Laseau.
I did not write this book alone. In fact, many of these chapters were written in the company of
fabulous colleagues in coffee shops and cabins around the world—from Yosemite to Hawaii to
Bali. I’d like to extend a special thanks to my writing partners: Zulema Valdez, Ayu Saraswati,
Christina Lux, Dalia Magaña, Whitney Pirtle, Amani Nuru-Jeter, Jemima Pierre, Winddance
Twine, and Vilna Treitler.
Special thanks to the reviewers who evaluated the manuscript for this brief second edition:
Maria Isabel Ayala
Michigan State University

Jean Beaman
Purdue University

Dianne Dentice
Stephen F. Austin State University

Mark O. Melder
Northwestern State University

Allison T. Musvosvi
Pacific Union College

Allan Rachlin
Franklin Pierce University

Nadia Shapkina
Kansas State University

Jack Thornburg
Benedictine University

Santos Torres Jr.,

California State University, Sacramento

I also continue to be grateful to the many reviewers whose comments helped shape the first edition
of this book:
David Allen
Temple University

Amy Armenia
Rollins College

David Daniel Bogumil

California State University, Northridge

James L. Burnett Jr.,

Urbana University

Ione Y. DeOllos
Ball State University

Johnnie M. Griffin
Jackson State University

Joachim S. Kibirige
Missouri Western State University
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