5/22/2023

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS

WASTE MANAGEMENT
Course Instructor : Dr. Vikas B. Varekar
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute

Sources
• Solid wastes are the organic and inorganic waste
materials such as product packaging, grass clippings,
furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper,
appliances, paint cans, batteries, etc., produced in a
society, which do not generally carry any value to the first
user(s).
• Solid wastes, thus, encompass both a heterogeneous
mass of wastes from the urban community as well as a
more homogeneous accumulation of agricultural,
industrial and mineral wastes.

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Sources
• Solid wastes are classified on the basis of source of
generation and type.
• Residential

• Institutional

• Municipal

• Industrial

• Agricultural

• Open areas

Sources
• Open areas:
• This includes wastes from areas such as Streets, alleys, parks,
vacant lots, playgrounds, beaches, highways, recreational areas,
etc.

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Type-based classification
• Classification of wastes based on types, i.e., physical, chemical, and
biological characteristics of wastes,
• Garbage

• Ashes and residues

• Combustible and non-combustible wastes

• Bulky wastes

• Street wastes

• Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes

• Dead animals

• Construction and demolition wastes

• Farm wastes

• Hazardous Waste

• Sewage Waste

Type-based classification
Garbage
• This refers to animal and vegetable wastes resulting from the

handling, sale, storage, preparation, cooking and serving of food.

• Garbage comprising these wastes contains putrescible (rotting)

organic matter, which produces an obnoxious odour and attracts

rats and other vermin.

• It, therefore, requires special attention in storage, handling and

disposal.

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Ashes and residues

• These are substances remaining from the burning of wood, coal,

charcoal, coke and other combustible materials for cooking and

heating in houses, institutions and small industrial establishments.

• When produced in large quantities, as in power-generation plants

and factories, these are classified as industrial wastes.

• Ashes consist of fine powdery residue, cinders and clinker often

mixed with small pieces of metal and glass.

• Since ashes and residues are almost entirely inorganic, they are

valuable in landfills.

Combustible and non-combustible

wastes
• These consist of wastes generated from households,

institutions, commercial activities, etc., excluding food

wastes and other highly putrescible material.

• Typically, while combustible material consists of paper,

cardboard, textile, rubber, garden trimmings, etc.,

• Non-combustible material consists of such items as glass,

crockery, tin and aluminium cans, ferrous and non-ferrous

material and dirt.

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Bulky wastes
• These include large household appliances such as

refrigerators, washing machines, furniture, crates, vehicle parts,

tyres, wood, trees and branches.

• Since these household wastes cannot be accommodated in

normal storage containers, they require a special collection

mechanism.

Street wastes
• These refer to wastes that are collected from streets,

walkways, alleys, parks and vacant plots, and include paper,

cardboard, plastics, dirt, leaves and other vegetable matter. Littering

in public places is indeed a widespread and acute problem in many

countries including India, and a solid Waste management system

must address this menace appropriately.

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Biodegradable and non-biodegradable

wastes
• Biodegradable wastes mainly refer to substances
consisting of organic matter such as leftover food,
vegetable and fruit peels, paper, textile, wood, etc.,
generated from various household and industrial
activities. Because of the action of micro-organisms,
• These wastes are degraded from complex to simpler
compounds.
• Non-biodegradable wastes consist of inorganic and
recyclable materials such as plastic, glass, cans, metals,
etc.

Construction and demolition wastes

• These are wastes generated as a result of construction,

refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial

buildings and other structures.

• They consist mainly of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber,

roofing and plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical

wires and parts of the general municipal waste stream.

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Hazardous wastes
• Hazardous wastes are those defined as wastes of industrial,
institutional or consumer origin that are potentially dangerous either
• immediately or over a period of time to human beings and the
environment.
• This is due to their physical, chemical and biological or radioactive
characteristics like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity.
• Note that in some cases, the active agents may be liquid or
gaseous hazardous wastes.
• These are, nevertheless, classified as solid wastes as they are
confined in solid containers.
• Typical examples of hazardous wastes are empty containers of
solvents, paints and pesticides, which are frequently mixed with
municipal wastes and become part of the urban waste stream.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Solid waste management (SWM) is associated with
the control of waste generation, its storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing and
disposal in a manner that is in accordance with the
best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, public attitude
and other environmental considerations.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Put differently, the SWM processes differ depending on
factors such as economic status (e.g., the ratio of wealth
created by the production of primary products to that
derived from manufactured goods, per capita income,
etc.), degree of industrialisation, social development
(e.g., education, literacy, healthcare, etc.) and quality of
life of a location.
• In addition, regional, seasonal and economic differences
influence the SWM processes.
• This, therefore, warrants management strategies that are
economically viable, technically feasible and socially
acceptable to carry out such of the functions

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Protection of environmental health.

• Promotion of environmental quality.

• Supporting the efficiency and productivity of the economy.

• Generation of employment and income.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• SWM has socio-economic and environmental dimensions.
In the socio-economic dimension, for example, it includes
various phases such as waste storage, collection,
transport and disposal, and the management of these
phases has to be integrated.
• In other words, wastes have to be properly stored,
collected and disposed of by co-operative management.
In addition, poor management of wastes on the user side
such as disposing of wastes in the streets, storm water
drains, rivers and lakes has to be avoided to preserve the
environment, control vector-born diseases and ensure
water quality/resource.

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Waste generation
• Wastes are generated at the start of any process, and
thereafter, at every stage as raw materials are converted
into goods for consumption. The source of waste
generation, determines quantity, composition and waste
characteristics
• For example, wastes are generated from households,
commercial areas, industries, institutions, street cleaning
and other municipal services.
• The most important aspect of this part of the SWM
system is the identification of waste.

Waste storage
• Storage is a key functional element because collection of
wastes never takes place at the source or at the time of
their generation.
• The heterogeneous wastes generated in residential areas
must be removed within 8 days due to shortage of storage
space and presence of biodegradable material.
• Onsite storage is of primary importance due to aesthetic
consideration, public health and economics involved.
Some of the options for storage are plastic containers,
conventional dustbins (of households), used oil drums,
large storage bins (for institutions and commercial areas
or servicing depots), etc. Obviously, these vary greatly in
size, form and material.

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Waste collection
• This includes gathering of wastes and hauling them to the
location, where the collection vehicle is emptied, which
may be a transfer station (i.e., intermediate station where
wastes from smaller vehicles are transferred to larger
ones and also segregated), a processing plant or a
disposal site.
• Collection depends on the number of containers,
frequency of collection, types of collection services and
routes.
• Typically, collection is provided under various
management arrangements, ranging from municipal
services to franchised services, and under various forms
of contracts.

Transfer and transport

• The transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicles,
where necessary to overcome the problem of narrow
access lanes, to larger ones at transfer stations; the
subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long
distances, to disposal sites.
• The factors that contribute to the designing of a transfer
station include the type of transfer operation, capacity,
equipment, accessories and environmental requirements.

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Recovery and recycling

• This includes various techniques, equipment and facilities used
to improve both the efficiency of disposal system and recovery
of usable material and energy.
• Recovery involves the separation of valuable resources from
the mixed solid wastes, delivered at transfer stations or
processing plants.
• It also involves size reduction and density separation by air
classifier, magnetic device for iron and screens for glass.
• The selection of any recovery process is a function of
economics, i.e., costs of separation versus the recovered-
material products. Certain recovered materials like glass,
plastics, paper, etc., can be recycled as they have economic
value.

Waste disposal
• Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, be they
residential wastes, semi-solid wastes from municipal and
industrial treatment plants, incinerator residues, composts or
other substances that have no further use to the society.
• Thus, land use planning becomes a primary determinant in the
selection, design and operation of landfill operations. A modern
sanitary landfill is a method of disposing solid waste without
creating a nuisance and hazard to public health.
• Generally, engineering principles are followed to confine the
wastes to the smallest possible area, reduce them to the lowest
particle volume by compaction at the site and cover them after
each day’s operation to reduce exposure to vermin. One of the
most important functional elements of SWM, therefore, relates
to the final use of the reclaimed land.

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Properties of Solid Waste

• Physical Properties
• Identification of individual component
• Moisture content
• Density of solid waste

Individual Component
• The composition of solid waste in India indicates lower
organic matter and high ash or dust contents.
• It has been estimated that recyclable content in solid
wastes varies from 13 to 20% and combustible material is
about 80-85%.
• A typical composition of municipal solid waste is given
below.

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Moisture Content
• The moisture content of solid waste usually is expressed
as the mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry
material
• measurement the moisture in the sample is expressed as
• Moisture Content (%) = [(a-b)/a] X 100
• Where a= initial mass of sample
• b= mass of sample after drying

Typical Moisture Content

Moisture content
Component
Range Typical
Food waste 50-80 70
Paper 4-10 6
Cardboard 4-8 5
Plastics 1-4 2
Textiles 6-15 10
Rubber 1-4 2
Leather 8-12 10
Garden 30-80 60
Trimmings
Wood 15-40 20
Glass 1-4 2
Tin Cans 2-4 3
Ferrous metals 2-6 3

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Moisture Content
• Estimate moisture content od a solid waste sample with
the following composition:
Component Percent by mass
Food waste 15
Paper 45
Cardboard 10
Plastics 10
Garden trimmings 10
Wood 5
Tin cans 5
Note: Consider weight of sample waste is 100 kg

Solution
• Step-1 Calculate dry mass of solid waste

Component Percent by Moisture Dry mass in

mass conent (%) Kg

Food waste 15 70
Paper 45 6
Cardboard 10 5
Plastics 10 2
Garden 10 60
trimmings
Wood 5 20
Tin cans 5 3

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Solution
Component Percent Weight of Moisture Dry mass
by mass componen content of waste
(A) t in Kg (%) Kg = B –
B =A*100 (%
moisture
of B)
Food waste 15 15 70 4.5
Paper 45 45 6 42.3
Cardboard 10 10 5 9.5
Plastics 10 10 2 9.8
Garden 10 10 60 4.0
trimmings
Wood 5 5 20 4.0
Tin cans 5 5 3 4.9
Total 79.00

Solution
• Moisture content of solid waste sample = (100-79)/100=
21%

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Numerical
• Estimate moisture content od a solid waste sample with
the following composition:
Component Percent by mass
Food waste 20
Paper 40
Cardboard 15
Plastics 10
Textile 5
Rubber 5
Leather 5
Note: Consider weight of sample waste is 100 kg

Sampling Procedure
• Composition solid waste  design and operation of solid
waste management systems
• Complicated decision making process  heterogeneous
nature of waste materials
• Hence technique us used for identification of individual
components from a given sample of waste

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Sampling procedure
• Unload the truckload of a waste in a controlled area away
from other operations
• Quarter the waste load
• Select one of the quarters and quarter that quarter
• Select one of the quartered quarter and separate all the
individual components of the waste into preselected
components
• Place the separated components in a container of the
known volume and tare mass and measure the volume
and mass of each component
• The separated components should be compacted tightly
to simulate the conditions in the storage containers from
which they were collected

Sampling Procedure
• Determine the percentage distribution of each component
by mass and the as-discarded density. Typically from 100
to 200 kg of waste should be sorted to obtain a
representative sample
• To obtain a more representative distribution of
components, samples should be collected during each
season of the year
• Clearly no matter how many sample are analysed,
common sense is needed in selecting the loads to be
sorted in analysing the data and in preparing projections

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Density
• Densities of solid waste vary markedly with geographic
locations, season of he year and length of time in storage
• Size of container, size of vehicles etc.

Typical
Densities of
solid waste
components
and mixtures

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Numerical
Estimate the “as-discarded” density of a solid waste sample
with the composition given in the table below:
Component Percent by mass
Food waste 15
Paper 45
Cardboard 10
Plastics 10
Garden trimmings 10
Wood 5
Tin cans 5

Note: Consider weight of sample waste is 1000 kg

Solution
• Calculate Volume of each component

Component Percent by Typical Volume m3

mass density
(kg/m3)
Food waste 15 290
Paper 45 85
Cardboard 10 50
Plastics 10 65
Garden 10 105
trimmings
Wood 5 240
Tin cans 5 90

Volume of food waste = weight in kg/density

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Solution
Component Percent by Typical Volume m3
mass density
(kg/m3)
Food waste 15 290 0.52
Paper 45 85 5.29
Cardboard 10 50 2.00
Plastics 10 65 1.54
Garden 10 105 0.95
trimmings
Wood 5 240 0.21
Tin cans 5 90 0.56
Total Volume 11.07

Total Volume of given sample of waste = 11.07 m3

Solution
• Hence density of solid waste sample = 1000kg/11.07 m3
• = 90.33 kg/m3

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Numerical
• Estimate the “as-discarded” density of a solid waste
sample with the composition given in the table below:
Component Percent by mass
Food waste 20
Paper 40
Cardboard 15
Plastics 10
Textile 5
Rubber 5
Leather 5

Note: Consider weight of sample waste is 1000 kg

As per Planning Commission estimates of 2014, urban

India generates 62 million tonnes of municipal solid
waste every year. Out of this, only 43 million tonnes are
collected, of which 12 million tonnes get treated. The
remaining 31 million tonnes of collected waste is
dumped in landfills.
Voters are now asking difficult questions about these
landfills. From “not in my backyard” to “where is my
waste going?”, we have now made our way up to
asking “what happens to my waste?”

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Check the link below

• https://youtu.be/sdaPWVMHezw

On site handling of solid waste

• Domestic solid waste
• Commercial and industrial solid waste

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On site storage
• Type of container
• Container location
• Public health and aesthetics
• Collection method used

Collection services
• Municipal collection services
• Commercial and industrial collection services

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Collections systems
• Hauled Container systems
• Stationary container systems

Hauled container systems

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Stationary Container system

Collection routes
• Trial and error process

• Existing company policies and regulations related to such

items as the point of collection and frequency of collection

must be identified

• Existing system conditions such as crew size and vehicle

type must be coordinated

• Waste generated at traffic-congested locations should be

collected as early in the day as possible

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Collection routes
• Sources at which extremely large quantities of waste are

generated should be serviced during first part of the day

• Scattered pick up points where small quantities of solid

waste are generated should, if possible be serviced

during one trip or on the same day if they receive same

collection frequency

Transfer and Transport

• The functional elements of transfer and transport refers to
the means, facilities and appurtenances used to effect the
transfer of waste from relatively small collection vehicles
to larger vehicles and to transport them over extended
distances either processing centres or disposal sites
• Transfer and transport operations become a necessary
when haul distances to available disposal sites or
processing centres increases to the point that direct
hauling is no longer economically feasible

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Transfer stations

• Factors considered for design of transfer stations

• Type of transfer operations to be used

• Capacity requirements

• Equipment and accessory requirements

• Environmental requirements

Types of transfer stations

• Depending on the method used to load the transport

vehicles, transfer stations may be classified

• Direct discharge

• Storage discharge

• Combined direct and storage discharge

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Treatment and Disposal of Solid waste

• Composting
• Incineration
• Pyrolysis
• Landfill

Treatment and Disposal of Solid waste

• MSW Handling rules
• Definitions
• Duties of waste generators
• Specifications for Sanitary Landfills- Criteria for site
selection.-

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