• Which anthropologist defined marriage as a socially approved union that

establishes parenthood rights?

a) Claude Lévi-Strauss
b) Edward Westermarck
c) Bronisław Malinowski
d) Lewis Henry Morgan
o Answer: b) Edward Westermarck
o Explanation: Westermarck (1891) defined marriage as a socially
sanctioned sexual union that legitimizes offspring.
• What is the term for marriage within a specific social group, caste, or ethnicity?
a) Endogamy
b) Exogamy
c) Polygyny
d) Monogamy
o Answer: a) Endogamy
o Explanation: Endogamy is the practice of marrying within one's own
social group to maintain cultural or economic status.
• Which form of marriage involves one woman marrying multiple men?
a) Polygyny
b) Polyandry
c) Group marriage
d) Serial monogamy
o Answer: b) Polyandry
o Explanation: Polyandry is a form of plural marriage where a woman has
multiple husbands, often seen in Tibet and parts of India.
• What type of family consists of only parents and their children?
a) Joint family
b) Extended family
c) Nuclear family
d) Matrilocal family
o Answer: c) Nuclear family
o Explanation: The nuclear family includes parents and their dependent
children, common in industrial societies.
• Which term describes the family into which an individual is born?
a) Family of procreation
b) Family of orientation
c) Conjugal family
d) Blended family
o Answer: b) Family of orientation
o Explanation: Family of orientation is the birth family where a person is
raised. The family of procreation is formed after marriage.
• Who proposed the theory of the incest taboo as a mechanism for social alliances?
a) Claude Lévi-Strauss
b) Bronisław Malinowski
c) Talcott Parsons
d) Sigmund Freud
 o Answer: a) Claude Lévi-Strauss
o Explanation: Lévi-Strauss proposed the Alliance Theory, stating that
incest taboos encourage exogamy and intergroup alliances.
• Which system of descent traces lineage through both the father and mother?
a) Patrilineal
b) Matrilineal
c) Bilateral
d) Unilineal
o Answer: c) Bilateral
o Explanation: Bilateral descent recognizes both maternal and paternal
lineage, common in Western societies.
• What is a system of residence where the married couple lives with or near the
husband's family?
a) Matrilocal
b) Patrilocal
c) Neolocal
d) Avunculocal
o Answer: b) Patrilocal
o Explanation: In patrilocal residence, the couple lives near the
husband's family, common in patrilineal societies.
• Which marriage rule prohibits marriage within one’s own kin group?
a) Hypergamy
b) Exogamy
c) Endogamy
d) Polygamy
o Answer: b) Exogamy
o Explanation: Exogamy requires marrying outside one's kin or social
group, promoting genetic diversity.
• In which kinship system is inheritance passed through the mother’s line?
a) Patrilineal
b) Matrilineal
c) Bilateral
d) Neolocal
o Answer: b) Matrilineal
o Explanation: Matrilineal societies trace inheritance and lineage
through the mother's side, seen in the Minangkabau (Indonesia).
• What is "Levirate Marriage"?
a) A woman marries her husband's brother after his death
b) A man marries his deceased wife’s sister
c) Marriage within the same village
d) Marriage between first cousins
o Answer: a) A woman marries her husband's brother after his death
o Explanation: Levirate marriage is common in patrilineal societies to
maintain property and lineage stability.
• Which theorist analyzed the functions of family in his theory of "Pattern
Variables"?
a) Karl Marx
b) Talcott Parsons
 c) Emile Durkheim
d) Max Weber
o Answer: b) Talcott Parsons
o Explanation: Parsons viewed the family as serving two main functions:
socialization of children and stabilization of adult personalities.
• Which of the following is NOT a function of marriage?
a) Socialization
b) Economic cooperation
c) Political governance
d) Regulation of sexual behavior
o Answer: c) Political governance
o Explanation: Marriage serves functions like socialization, reproduction,
economic cooperation, and emotional support but not direct political
governance.
• What type of family consists of multiple generations living together?
a) Nuclear family
b) Extended family
c) Blended family
d) Patrilocal family
o Answer: b) Extended family
o Explanation: Extended families include multiple generations living
together, often found in agrarian societies.
• Which marriage system allows a person to have only one spouse at a time?
a) Polygamy
b) Monogamy
c) Polyandry
d) Group marriage
o Answer: b) Monogamy
o Explanation: Monogamy is a marriage system where one person has
only one spouse at a time, common worldwide.
• Which anthropologist studied the Trobriand Islanders and their kinship
systems?
a) Franz Boas
b) Bronisław Malinowski
c) Claude Lévi-Strauss
d) Margaret Mead
o Answer: b) Bronisław Malinowski
o Explanation: Malinowski studied Trobriand society, showing how
matrilineal kinship structured their social and economic life.
• What is "Sororate Marriage"?
a) A man marries his deceased wife’s sister
b) A woman marries her husband's brother
c) A couple follows neolocal residence
d) Marriage among cousins
o Answer: a) A man marries his deceased wife’s sister
o Explanation: Sororate marriage ensures continuity of family alliances
after a wife’s death.
• Which type of descent follows only one parent’s lineage?
a) Bilateral
 b) Ambilineal
c) Unilineal
d) Multilineal
o Answer: c) Unilineal
o Explanation: Unilineal descent can be either patrilineal (father’s line)
or matrilineal (mother’s line).
• What is the term for a marriage where both partners have equal social status?
a) Hypergamy
b) Isogamy
c) Homogamy
d) Anisogamy
o Answer: b) Isogamy
o Explanation: Isogamy refers to marriages between partners of equal
social status.

• Which sociologist argued that the nuclear family is universal?

a) Talcott Parsons
b) George Murdock
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Claude Lévi-Strauss
o Answer: b) George Murdock
o Explanation: Murdock (1949) studied 250 societies and concluded that
the nuclear family exists in all societies.
• What is "Matrilocal Residence"?
a) The couple lives with or near the husband’s family
b) The couple lives independently
c) The couple lives with or near the wife’s family
d) The couple moves frequently
o Answer: c) The couple lives with or near the wife’s family
o Explanation: Matrilocal residence is common in matrilineal societies,
such as the Khasi of Meghalaya.
• Who is the major proponent of the "Alliance Theory" in kinship studies?
a) Claude Lévi-Strauss
b) Bronisław Malinowski
c) Lewis Henry Morgan
d) Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
o Answer: a) Claude Lévi-Strauss
o Explanation: Lévi-Strauss emphasized marriage alliances over descent
as the foundation of kinship systems.
• What is a "Blended Family"?
a) A family where one spouse has multiple partners
b) A family formed by remarriage with step-siblings
c) A family where children are raised by extended relatives
d) A community-based living system
o Answer: b) A family formed by remarriage with step-siblings
o Explanation: Blended families arise when two families merge due to
remarriage, including step-parents and step-siblings.
• Which type of marriage allows a person to have more than one spouse at the
same time?
 a) Monogamy
b) Polygamy
c) Hypergamy
d) Serial monogamy
o Answer: b) Polygamy
o Explanation: Polygamy includes polygyny (one man, multiple wives)
and polyandry (one woman, multiple husbands).
• What is the term for a marriage outside one’s social group or caste?
a) Endogamy
b) Exogamy
c) Polygyny
d) Arranged marriage
o Answer: b) Exogamy
o Explanation: Exogamy requires individuals to marry outside their social
group, promoting alliances and genetic diversity.
• What is "Patriarchy"?
a) A system where women dominate men
b) A system where men hold primary power
c) A family structure where spouses are equal
d) A form of economic organization
o Answer: b) A system where men hold primary power
o Explanation: Patriarchy is a system where men dominate in social,
political, and economic spheres.
• Which kinship system is followed by most Western societies?
a) Patrilineal
b) Matrilineal
c) Bilateral
d) Avunculate
o Answer: c) Bilateral
o Explanation: Bilateral kinship recognizes both paternal and maternal
lineage, common in Western societies.
• Which society is known for practicing fraternal polyandry?
a) Nayar (India)
b) Toda (India)
c) Inuit (Arctic)
d) Maasai (Africa)
o Answer: b) Toda (India)
o Explanation: The Toda tribe practices fraternal polyandry, where
brothers share a wife.
• Which term refers to marriage between individuals of unequal social status?
a) Hypogamy
b) Hypergamy
c) Isogamy
d) Endogamy
o Answer: b) Hypergamy
o Explanation: Hypergamy refers to marrying "up" into a higher caste or
class, often seen in patriarchal societies.
• Which type of family is based on blood relations rather than marital ties?
a) Nuclear family
 b) Conjugal family
c) Consanguine family
d) Extended family
o Answer: c) Consanguine family
o Explanation: Consanguine families prioritize blood relations over
marital bonds, common in traditional societies.
• Which anthropologist studied "Trobriand Islanders" and their matrilineal
system?
a) Bronisław Malinowski
b) Franz Boas
c) A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
d) Margaret Mead
o Answer: a) Bronisław Malinowski
o Explanation: Malinowski’s research on the Trobriand Islanders showed
how kinship and matrilineality structured their society.
• Which type of descent is followed in a "Double Descent" system?
a) Only patrilineal
b) Only matrilineal
c) Both patrilineal and matrilineal
d) Neither patrilineal nor matrilineal
o Answer: c) Both patrilineal and matrilineal
o Explanation: Double descent recognizes both paternal and maternal
lineage, but with different rights and inheritance rules.
• What is "Neolocal Residence"?
a) A couple moves to a new, independent household after marriage
b) A couple lives with the husband's family
c) A couple lives with the wife's family
d) A couple moves frequently
o Answer: a) A couple moves to a new, independent household after
marriage
o Explanation: Neolocal residence is common in modern societies
where newlyweds establish independent households.
• Which family system involves a husband, wife, and their children as the primary
unit?
a) Joint family
b) Extended family
c) Nuclear family
d) Matrilocal family
o Answer: c) Nuclear family
o Explanation: Nuclear families are small, independent family units
consisting of parents and their children.
• Which anthropologist classified kinship terminology into six main types?
a) Claude Lévi-Strauss
b) Lewis Henry Morgan
c) Bronisław Malinowski
d) E.E. Evans-Pritchard
o Answer: b) Lewis Henry Morgan
o Explanation: Morgan’s classification includes Eskimo, Hawaiian,
Sudanese, Iroquois, Crow, and Omaha kinship systems.
• What is "Ghost Marriage"?
a) A marriage where one spouse is deceased
b) A marriage that occurs without legal recognition
c) A marriage performed secretly
d) A marriage involving multiple partners
o Answer: a) A marriage where one spouse is deceased
o Explanation: Ghost marriage is practiced in some societies where a
deceased person is symbolically married to another person.
• Which marriage practice allows a man to marry multiple sisters?
a) Polygyny
b) Sororal polygyny
c) Fraternal polyandry
d) Levirate marriage
o Answer: b) Sororal polygyny
o Explanation: Sororal polygyny involves a man marrying multiple sisters,
often for economic or social stability.

• Who introduced the concept of "Status Set"?

a) Talcott Parsons
b) Robert K. Merton
c) Ralph Linton
d) Erving Goffman
o Answer: b) Robert K. Merton
o Explanation: Merton introduced the term "Status Set" to describe the
collection of statuses an individual occupies.
• Which term describes the expected behavior associated with a given status?
a) Status role
b) Role expectation
c) Status conflict
d) Social identity
o Answer: b) Role expectation
o Explanation: Role expectation refers to society’s norms and beliefs
regarding how individuals should behave in a given status.
• Who differentiated between "Ascribed Status" and "Achieved Status"?
a) Ralph Linton
b) Max Weber
c) Karl Marx
d) Pierre Bourdieu
o Answer: a) Ralph Linton
o Explanation: Linton defined ascribed status (assigned at birth) and
achieved status (earned through effort).
• What is "Master Status"?
a) A status that dominates all other statuses
b) A temporary role in society
c) A status that changes frequently
d) A minor status that does not affect social identity
o Answer: a) A status that dominates all other statuses
o Explanation: Master status (coined by Everett Hughes) is a status that
overshadows all others in shaping social identity.
• Which sociologist is associated with "Dramaturgical Analysis"?
a) Erving Goffman
b) Karl Marx
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Herbert Spencer
o Answer: a) Erving Goffman
o Explanation: Goffman compared social interactions to a theatrical
performance, where individuals play roles in society.
• What is "Status Inconsistency"?
a) A mismatch between different statuses held by an individual
b) A gradual change in status over time
c) A complete loss of all social statuses
d) A balance between achieved and ascribed status
o Answer: a) A mismatch between different statuses held by an
individual
o Explanation: Status inconsistency occurs when an individual's various
statuses do not align socially or economically.
• Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
a) Doctor
b) Caste
c) Teacher
d) CEO
o Answer: b) Caste
o Explanation: Ascribed status is assigned at birth, such as caste, race,
or royalty.
• What is "Role Strain"?
a) Conflict between multiple roles
b) Stress from meeting demands of a single role
c) A role that is not socially accepted
d) A transition between two statuses
o Answer: b) Stress from meeting demands of a single role
o Explanation: Role strain occurs when a person finds it difficult to fulfill
all expectations of a single status.
• What is "Role Conflict"?
a) A struggle between two or more roles an individual holds
b) The absence of defined social roles
c) The process of leaving a role
d) The rejection of a social status
o Answer: a) A struggle between two or more roles an individual holds
o Explanation: Role conflict happens when different roles held by a
person have conflicting expectations.
• Which type of role involves behaviors and expectations shared by all members of
a society?
a) Institutional role
b) Universal role
c) Prescribed role
d) Folk role
o Answer: c) Prescribed role
 o Explanation: Prescribed roles are society’s expectations for how an
individual should behave in a particular status.
• What is the term for when an individual leaves a social role?
a) Role conflict
b) Role exit
c) Role displacement
d) Role transition
o Answer: b) Role exit
o Explanation: Role exit refers to the process of disengaging from a role
that has been central to one’s identity.
• Which of the following best describes "Role Performance"?
a) The actual behavior exhibited in a role
b) The theoretical expectations of a role
c) A permanent status within a society
d) A lack of role clarity
o Answer: a) The actual behavior exhibited in a role
o Explanation: Role performance refers to how individuals actually carry
out their expected behaviors in a given role.
• What is "Role Set" according to Merton?
a) A single role with no variations
b) The collection of different roles attached to a single status
c) A role assigned by birth
d) A temporary role in an organization
o Answer: b) The collection of different roles attached to a single status
o Explanation: Role set refers to the various roles associated with a
single status, like a teacher being an educator, mentor, and
disciplinarian.
• Which sociologist introduced the concept of "Looking-Glass Self"?
a) Charles Horton Cooley
b) George Herbert Mead
c) Erving Goffman
d) Talcott Parsons
o Answer: a) Charles Horton Cooley
o Explanation: Cooley’s "Looking-Glass Self" explains how self-identity
develops based on societal interactions.
• What is an example of "Achieved Status"?
a) Being born into a royal family
b) Becoming a professor
c) Belonging to an ethnic group
d) Being assigned a caste
o Answer: b) Becoming a professor
o Explanation: Achieved status is earned through effort and personal
choices, such as education and career.
• What is "Social Role"?
a) A set of expectations for behavior in a particular status
b) A type of leadership position
c) A biological characteristic
d) A temporary occupation
o Answer: a) A set of expectations for behavior in a particular status
 o Explanation: Social roles are patterns of behavior associated with
specific statuses in society.
• Which sociologist emphasized the "Pattern Variables" in role analysis?
a) Robert K. Merton
b) Talcott Parsons
c) Herbert Blumer
d) Pierre Bourdieu
o Answer: b) Talcott Parsons
o Explanation: Parsons’ Pattern Variables explain different types of role
expectations in societies.
• Which concept explains the flexibility in social roles due to societal change?
a) Role transition
b) Role ambiguity
c) Role negotiation
d) Role differentiation
o Answer: c) Role negotiation
o Explanation: Role negotiation occurs when individuals or groups
redefine roles due to social, economic, or cultural changes.
• Which term refers to a conflict between personal identity and social roles?
a) Role adaptation
b) Status anxiety
c) Role alienation
d) Role engulfment
o Answer: d) Role engulfment
o Explanation: Role engulfment happens when a social role dominates a
person’s identity to the extent that other aspects are overshadowed.

• Who proposed the concept of "Social Darwinism"?

a) Auguste Comte
b) Herbert Spencer
c) Karl Marx
d) Talcott Parsons
o Answer: b) Herbert Spencer
o Explanation: Spencer applied Darwin’s evolutionary theory to society,
arguing that social change follows the principle of “survival of the
fittest.”
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of social change?
a) It is universal
b) It is always progressive
c) It is continuous
d) It can be intentional or unintentional
o Answer: b) It is always progressive
o Explanation: Social change can be both progressive (developmental)
and regressive (decline or breakdown of institutions).
• Karl Marx viewed social change as a result of:
a) Evolutionary progress
b) Economic class struggle
c) Religious reformations
d) Changes in psychological behavior
 o Answer: b) Economic class struggle
o Explanation: Marx argued that class conflict (bourgeoisie vs.
proletariat) drives social transformation.
• What is the core idea of Ogburn’s "Cultural Lag" theory?
a) Material culture changes faster than non-material culture
b) Non-material culture changes faster than material culture
c) Social change occurs evenly across all aspects of society
d) Technology has no role in cultural change
o Answer: a) Material culture changes faster than non-material culture
o Explanation: Ogburn suggested that technology (material culture)
advances faster than values, norms, and laws (non-material culture),
creating societal imbalance.
• Which type of social change is driven by deliberate intervention?
a) Evolutionary change
b) Revolutionary change
c) Cyclical change
d) Structural-functional change
o Answer: b) Revolutionary change
o Explanation: Revolutionary change occurs when society undergoes
rapid, fundamental shifts due to planned actions (e.g., political
revolutions).
• Who introduced the concept of "Pattern Variables" in social change?
a) Talcott Parsons
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Max Weber
d) Herbert Blumer
o Answer: a) Talcott Parsons
o Explanation: Parsons' Pattern Variables describe how societies shift
from traditional (ascriptive, particularistic) to modern (achievement-
based, universalistic) structures.
• Which of the following theories explains social change as a repetitive cycle?
a) Linear theory
b) Cyclical theory
c) Conflict theory
d) Evolutionary theory
o Answer: b) Cyclical theory
o Explanation: Cyclical theories (e.g., Spengler, Pareto, Toynbee) argue
that societies rise, develop, decline, and repeat the process.
• Which thinker is associated with the "Theory of Circulation of Elites"?
a) Pitirim Sorokin
b) Vilfredo Pareto
c) Ralf Dahrendorf
d) Arnold Toynbee
o Answer: b) Vilfredo Pareto
o Explanation: Pareto’s theory suggests that elites are constantly
replaced by new ruling classes, leading to social change.
• Which sociologist proposed the "Dialectical Model of Social Change"?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
 c) Talcott Parsons
d) Auguste Comte
o Answer: a) Karl Marx
o Explanation: Marx’s dialectical model states that contradictions
between social classes lead to conflict and transformation.
• Which of the following is an example of "Exogenous Social Change"?
a) A country developing a new education policy
b) A cultural movement emerging within a society
c) The introduction of new technology from a foreign country
d) A new law being passed within a government
o Answer: c) The introduction of new technology from a foreign country
o Explanation: Exogenous change comes from external factors like
globalization, colonization, or foreign technological innovations.
• Which theory suggests that modernization leads to uniformity among societies?
a) Dependency theory
b) Modernization theory
c) World-systems theory
d) Cultural lag theory
o Answer: b) Modernization theory
o Explanation: Modernization theorists (e.g., Rostow, Parsons) argue
that societies develop in a uniform process from traditional to
modern stages.
• Which of the following is an example of "Planned Social Change"?
a) Industrial Revolution
b) Global warming
c) Government policy reforms
d) Natural disasters
o Answer: c) Government policy reforms
o Explanation: Planned social change is deliberate and initiated by
institutions (e.g., legal reforms, economic policies).
• Pitirim Sorokin classified social change into which major types?
a) Revolutionary and evolutionary
b) Ideational and sensate
c) Material and non-material
d) Structural and functional
o Answer: b) Ideational and sensate
o Explanation: Sorokin argued that social change occurs in cultural
cycles between ideational (spiritual) and sensate (materialistic)
periods.
• Which sociologist introduced the concept of "Social Movement" in the study of
social change?
a) Herbert Blumer
b) Max Weber
c) Karl Marx
d) Talcott Parsons
o Answer: a) Herbert Blumer
o Explanation: Blumer categorized social movements as preliminary,
popular excitement, formalization, and institutionalization.
 • What is the core idea of the "World-Systems Theory" by Immanuel Wallerstein?
a) Societies develop independently
b) The world is divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery economies
c) Capitalism will inevitably lead to socialism
d) Cultural evolution occurs through fixed stages
o Answer: b) The world is divided into core, semi-periphery, and
periphery economies
o Explanation: Wallerstein’s theory explains global social change through
economic dependency between developed and developing nations.
• Which of the following is an example of "Structural Social Change"?
a) Change in fashion trends
b) Revolution that alters the political system
c) Evolution of language over time
d) Popularity of social media apps
o Answer: b) Revolution that alters the political system
o Explanation: Structural social change affects the fundamental
organization of society (e.g., governance, economic systems).
• Which term refers to social change driven by small, incremental adjustments
over time?
a) Revolutionary change
b) Evolutionary change
c) Structural conflict
d) Functional adaptation
o Answer: b) Evolutionary change
o Explanation: Evolutionary change suggests that societies progress
gradually rather than through sudden transformations.
• Which of the following best defines "Social Progress"?
a) Any form of social change
b) Positive improvements in society’s conditions
c) Economic expansion alone
d) Decay of traditional values
o Answer: b) Positive improvements in society’s conditions
o Explanation: Social progress refers to advancements in quality of life,
education, and economic conditions.
• Which type of social change occurs due to major natural disasters?
a) Cultural change
b) Structural change
c) Catastrophic change
d) Cyclical change
o Answer: c) Catastrophic change
o Explanation: Catastrophic change results from unforeseen events like
earthquakes, tsunamis, or pandemics.

20 Multiple-Choice Questions on Religion

• Who defined religion as "a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things"?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
 c) Emile Durkheim
d) Bronisław Malinowski
o Answer: c) Emile Durkheim
o Explanation: Durkheim, in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life,
defined religion as a system of beliefs and practices related to the sacred
and profane.
• According to Karl Marx, religion is:
a) A necessary part of social cohesion
b) The opium of the people
c) A rational response to uncertainty
d) A system of universal truths
o Answer: b) The opium of the people
o Explanation: Marx viewed religion as an ideological tool used to maintain
class oppression by offering false comfort to the working class.
• Which sociologist studied the link between religion and capitalism?
a) Émile Durkheim
b) Talcott Parsons
c) Max Weber
d) Herbert Spencer
o Answer: c) Max Weber
o Explanation: In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber
argued that Protestant values contributed to the rise of capitalism.
• Which concept explains the process of religious institutions losing social
influence?
a) Secularization
b) Rationalization
c) Sacralization
d) Mysticism
o Answer: a) Secularization
o Explanation: Secularization refers to the decline of religious influence in
public life and individual consciousness due to modernization.
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a church as a religious
organization?
a) It is bureaucratically organized
b) It accepts the mainstream social order
c) It is highly exclusive and secretive
d) It has a formal doctrine and hierarchy
o Answer: c) It is highly exclusive and secretive
o Explanation: Unlike sects and cults, churches integrate into society and
are open to the majority population.
• Who proposed the concept of "Totemism" as the earliest form of religion?
a) Karl Marx
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Edward Tylor
d) Mircea Eliade
o Answer: b) Emile Durkheim
o Explanation: Durkheim studied Australian Aboriginal societies and
argued that totemism was the simplest form of religious life.
• Which of the following is an example of civil religion?
a) Buddhism in Thailand
b) Christianity in Vatican City
c) Nationalism and patriotism in the United States
d) Islam in Saudi Arabia
o Answer: c) Nationalism and patriotism in the United States
o Explanation: Civil religion refers to secular beliefs and rituals that
function like religion (e.g., national anthems, presidential inaugurations).
• Which of the following terms refers to the belief in multiple gods?
a) Monotheism
b) Polytheism
c) Atheism
d) Animism
o Answer: b) Polytheism
o Explanation: Polytheism is the worship of multiple deities, as seen in
Hinduism, Ancient Greek, and Norse religions.
• The idea that religion serves as a "sacred canopy" protecting individuals from
chaos was proposed by:
a) Max Weber
b) Peter Berger
c) Clifford Geertz
d) Émile Durkheim
o Answer: b) Peter Berger
o Explanation: Berger argued that religion provides a worldview that helps
individuals find meaning and order in life.
• Which term describes religious movements that seek to restore traditional
values?
a) Liberation theology
b) Religious fundamentalism
c) New religious movements
d) Civil religion
o Answer: b) Religious fundamentalism
o Explanation: Fundamentalist movements advocate for strict adherence
to religious texts and oppose modern secular influences.
• Which of the following is a major characteristic of a sect?
a) It is well-integrated into society
b) It emerges as a breakaway group from a larger religion
c) It promotes state-supported religious policies
d) It has highly formalized rituals and structures
o Answer: b) It emerges as a breakaway group from a larger religion
o Explanation: Sects form when groups break away from mainstream
religions, often emphasizing stricter adherence to doctrines.
• Which of the following is an example of a "New Religious Movement" (NRM)?
a) Catholicism
b) Protestantism
c) Scientology
d) Islam
o Answer: c) Scientology
 o Explanation: NRMs, such as Scientology or the Hare Krishna movement,
are relatively recent religious developments with unique beliefs and
practices.
• According to Weber, which type of authority is closely linked to religious
leadership?
a) Traditional authority
b) Legal-rational authority
c) Charismatic authority
d) Bureaucratic authority
o Answer: c) Charismatic authority
o Explanation: Weber argued that religious leaders (e.g., prophets) often
derive power from personal charisma rather than formal structures.
• Which of the following is NOT an example of animism?
a) Belief in spirits residing in natural objects
b) Worship of multiple gods in Hinduism
c) Rituals performed to appease ancestral spirits
d) Indigenous shamanistic traditions
o Answer: b) Worship of multiple gods in Hinduism
o Explanation: Animism refers to beliefs that spirits inhabit objects and
nature, whereas Hinduism is largely polytheistic.
• What is the core idea of the Functionalist perspective on religion?
a) Religion is a tool of class oppression
b) Religion helps maintain social cohesion and stability
c) Religion causes social conflict and revolution
d) Religion is based on human irrationality
o Answer: b) Religion helps maintain social cohesion and stability
o Explanation: Functionalists like Durkheim argue that religion reinforces
collective consciousness and societal norms.
• Which concept explains the blending of religious traditions in multicultural
societies?
a) Secularization
b) Religious pluralism
c) Religious fundamentalism
d) Mysticism
o Answer: b) Religious pluralism
o Explanation: Religious pluralism refers to coexistence and interaction
among multiple religious traditions within a society.
• Which sociologist analyzed the link between Hinduism and caste system in
India?
a) Louis Dumont
b) Max Weber
c) B.R. Ambedkar
d) Clifford Geertz
o Answer: a) Louis Dumont
o Explanation: Dumont’s Homo Hierarchicus explores how Hinduism
reinforces caste hierarchy through religious ideology.
• Which of the following best defines syncretism?
a) The rejection of all religious beliefs
b) The merging of different religious traditions
 c) The strict adherence to fundamentalist doctrines
d) The creation of entirely new religions
o Answer: b) The merging of different religious traditions
o Explanation: Syncretism occurs when elements of different religions
blend into new spiritual practices (e.g., Vodou, Santería).
• Which religious movement emphasizes direct experience with the divine through
meditation or mystical experiences?
a) Rationalist theology
b) Liberation theology
c) Mysticism
d) Fundamentalism
o Answer: c) Mysticism
o Explanation: Mysticism emphasizes personal experiences with the
divine, often through meditation, prayer, or altered states of
consciousness.

• Who defined caste as “an organic division of society”?

a) G.S. Ghurye
b) Louis Dumont
c) M.N. Srinivas
d) Herbert Risley
o Answer: a) G.S. Ghurye
o Explanation: Ghurye, in Caste and Race in India, defined caste as an
integral part of Indian society with rigid hierarchical divisions.
• Which sociologist introduced the concept of ‘Sanskritization’?
a) Louis Dumont
b) M.N. Srinivas
c) G.S. Ghurye
d) Andre Béteille
o Answer: b) M.N. Srinivas
o Explanation: Sanskritization refers to the process by which lower castes
adopt upper-caste customs to improve their social status.
• The concept of ‘dominant caste’ was given by:
a) M.N. Srinivas
b) Louis Dumont
c) André Béteille
d) B.R. Ambedkar
o Answer: a) M.N. Srinivas
o Explanation: Dominant caste refers to a caste that wields economic,
political, and social power in a particular region.
• Who proposed that caste is a form of ‘hierarchy based on purity and pollution’?
a) B.R. Ambedkar
b) Louis Dumont
c) M.N. Srinivas
d) G.S. Ghurye
o Answer: b) Louis Dumont
o Explanation: Dumont, in Homo Hierarchicus, argued that caste is
structured by the opposition between purity and pollution.
• What is the key principle that differentiates caste from class?
a) Caste is based on achieved status, while class is ascribed
b) Caste is rigid and hereditary, while class is more fluid
c) Caste is a modern concept, while class is ancient
d) Class exists only in industrial societies
o Answer: b) Caste is rigid and hereditary, while class is more fluid
o Explanation: Caste is determined by birth and has strict social barriers,
whereas class allows for mobility based on economic status.
• Which sociologist analyzed caste from a Marxist perspective, seeing it as a form
of class exploitation?
a) Louis Dumont
b) B.R. Ambedkar
c) M.N. Srinivas
d) Gail Omvedt
o Answer: d) Gail Omvedt
o Explanation: Omvedt examined caste as a form of economic and social
oppression, linking it to class struggle in India.
• Which caste reform movement was led by Jyotirao Phule?
a) Self-Respect Movement
b) Dalit Panthers Movement
c) Satyashodhak Samaj
d) Harijan Movement
o Answer: c) Satyashodhak Samaj
o Explanation: Phule’s Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers Society) aimed
to uplift lower castes through education and social reform.
• Which Indian sociologist argued that caste is undergoing ‘de-ritualization’ in
modern times?
a) M.N. Srinivas
b) Andre Béteille
c) Yogendra Singh
d) Dipankar Gupta
o Answer: d) Dipankar Gupta
o Explanation: Gupta suggested that caste today functions more as a
social and economic category rather than a purely religious one.
• Which of the following best describes the relationship between caste and class in
India?
a) Caste and class are completely independent
b) Caste is disappearing due to class mobility
c) Caste influences class position, but class-based mobility exists
d) Class determines caste identity
o Answer: c) Caste influences class position, but class-based mobility
exists
o Explanation: Though economic growth allows class mobility, caste
identity still plays a crucial role in access to resources and opportunities.
• The "Jajmani system" is associated with:
a) Caste-based division of labor
b) Industrial capitalism
c) Dalit empowerment
d) Religious conversion
 o Answer: a) Caste-based division of labor
o Explanation: The Jajmani system was a traditional economic
arrangement where different castes performed hereditary occupations in
a village.
• Who proposed the idea of "Varna and Jati" as two separate aspects of the caste
system?
a) Louis Dumont
b) M.N. Srinivas
c) G.S. Ghurye
d) B.R. Ambedkar
o Answer: c) G.S. Ghurye
o Explanation: Ghurye distinguished between the broad theoretical
concept of varna and the localized, occupational divisions of jati.
• Which sociologist studied the relationship between caste and politics in India?
a) Rajni Kothari
b) Andre Béteille
c) Yogendra Singh
d) Dipankar Gupta
o Answer: a) Rajni Kothari
o Explanation: Kothari analyzed how caste groups mobilized for political
power, leading to "casteization of politics."
• Which constitutional article abolishes untouchability in India?
a) Article 14
b) Article 15
c) Article 17
d) Article 19
o Answer: c) Article 17
o Explanation: Article 17 of the Indian Constitution explicitly prohibits
untouchability in any form.
• Who was the key leader of the Dalit Panthers Movement?
a) Periyar
b) B.R. Ambedkar
c) Namdeo Dhasal
d) Mahatma Gandhi
o Answer: c) Namdeo Dhasal
o Explanation: The Dalit Panthers, founded in 1972, aimed to fight caste
oppression and economic exploitation.
• Which class theory argues that class struggle leads to revolutionary change?
a) Functionalist theory
b) Marxist theory
c) Weberian theory
d) Structural-functionalism
o Answer: b) Marxist theory
o Explanation: Karl Marx argued that the conflict between the bourgeoisie
(owners) and the proletariat (workers) leads to social change.
• Which sociologist introduced the idea of "status groups" in class analysis?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
 c) Pierre Bourdieu
d) W.E.B. Du Bois
o Answer: b) Max Weber
o Explanation: Weber distinguished between economic class and status
groups, which are based on social prestige.
• Who introduced the concept of ‘Cultural Capital’ in class analysis?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
c) Pierre Bourdieu
d) Antonio Gramsci
o Answer: c) Pierre Bourdieu
o Explanation: Bourdieu argued that education and cultural habits
contribute to class reproduction.
• In India, the Mandal Commission recommended reservations for which class?
a) Scheduled Tribes
b) Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
c) Upper castes
d) Religious minorities
o Answer: b) Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
o Explanation: The Mandal Commission (1980) recommended 27%
reservations for OBCs to address social and educational backwardness.
• Who coined the term ‘Twice Born Castes’ for Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and
Vaishyas?
a) Herbert Risley
b) Louis Dumont
c) G.S. Ghurye
d) B.R. Ambedkar
o Answer: b) Louis Dumont
o Explanation: Dumont used the term ‘twice-born’ (Dvija) to describe the
top three varnas, who underwent sacred thread ceremonies.

• Who is considered the founder of the "Conflict Theory" in sociology?

a) Max Weber
b) Karl Marx
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Herbert Spencer
o Answer: b) Karl Marx
o Explanation: Marx's conflict theory emphasizes class struggle as the
driving force of social change.
• Which of the following sociologists is associated with the concept of ‘Social
Action’?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Karl Marx
c) Max Weber
d) Talcott Parsons
o Answer: c) Max Weber
o Explanation: Weber defined social action as an action influenced by the
subjective meaning individuals attach to it.
• Who developed the "AGIL" model for analyzing social systems?
a) Robert Merton
b) Talcott Parsons
c) Max Weber
d) Anthony Giddens
o Answer: b) Talcott Parsons
o Explanation: The AGIL framework (Adaptation, Goal attainment,
Integration, Latency) explains social system stability.
• Which sociologist proposed the concept of ‘Anomie’?
a) Karl Marx
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Max Weber
d) Michel Foucault
o Answer: b) Emile Durkheim
o Explanation: Anomie refers to a state of normlessness caused by rapid
social change.
• Which theory argues that social structures exist because they serve a function for
society?
a) Conflict Theory
b) Symbolic Interactionism
c) Structural Functionalism
d) Postmodernism
o Answer: c) Structural Functionalism
o Explanation: This theory, developed by thinkers like Parsons and Merton,
sees institutions as serving necessary functions.
• Robert Merton introduced which concept to explain unintended consequences of
social structures?
a) Manifest functions
b) Latent functions
c) Dysfunction
d) Social fact
o Answer: b) Latent functions
o Explanation: Latent functions are the unintended, often hidden, effects
of social structures.
• Which of the following theories focuses on micro-level social interactions and
meanings?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict Theory
c) Symbolic Interactionism
d) Structuralism
o Answer: c) Symbolic Interactionism
o Explanation: This theory, developed by Mead and Blumer, studies
everyday interactions and symbols.
• Who is credited with developing the Dramaturgical Analysis in sociology?
a) Erving Goffman
b) George Herbert Mead
c) Alfred Schutz
d) Talcott Parsons
o Answer: a) Erving Goffman
 o Explanation: Goffman’s dramaturgical approach likens social interaction
to a theatrical performance.
• Which sociologist introduced the idea of ‘Habitus’ in understanding social
structures?
a) Pierre Bourdieu
b) Michel Foucault
c) Jürgen Habermas
d) Louis Althusser
o Answer: a) Pierre Bourdieu
o Explanation: Habitus refers to deeply ingrained habits and dispositions
shaped by social class.
• The Frankfurt School is associated with which sociological perspective?
a) Functionalism
b) Critical Theory
c) Postmodernism
d) Rational Choice Theory
o Answer: b) Critical Theory
o Explanation: The Frankfurt School criticized capitalist ideologies and
cultural domination.
• Who developed the concept of ‘Governmentality’ to explain modern power
structures?
a) Pierre Bourdieu
b) Michel Foucault
c) Max Weber
d) Karl Marx
o Answer: b) Michel Foucault
o Explanation: Governmentality describes the ways in which power
governs individual behavior through institutions.
• Which sociologist argued that power is not just concentrated in institutions but is
dispersed throughout society?
a) Michel Foucault
b) Karl Marx
c) Max Weber
d) Antonio Gramsci
o Answer: a) Michel Foucault
o Explanation: Foucault viewed power as decentralized, operating through
discourse and knowledge.
• Antonio Gramsci’s concept of ‘Hegemony’ refers to:
a) The direct control of society by the ruling class
b) The dominance of cultural ideas that maintain class rule
c) The use of force to maintain social order
d) The collapse of capitalist society
o Answer: b) The dominance of cultural ideas that maintain class rule
o Explanation: Hegemony explains how ruling classes maintain control
through ideology rather than coercion.
• Which of the following best describes Postmodernism in sociology?
a) A rejection of grand theories and meta-narratives
b) A focus on economic structures
 c) A revival of functionalism
d) A belief in historical materialism
o Answer: a) A rejection of grand theories and meta-narratives
o Explanation: Postmodernism challenges universal explanations,
focusing instead on diversity and fragmentation.
• Who argued that the ‘Risk Society’ is a defining feature of modernity?
a) Ulrich Beck
b) Anthony Giddens
c) Zygmunt Bauman
d) Manuel Castells
o Answer: a) Ulrich Beck
o Explanation: Beck described how modern society increasingly faces
global and technological risks.
• Which sociologist is associated with the concept of ‘Liquid Modernity’?
a) Ulrich Beck
b) Zygmunt Bauman
c) Jean Baudrillard
d) Niklas Luhmann
o Answer: b) Zygmunt Bauman
o Explanation: Bauman argued that modern society has shifted from solid,
stable structures to fluid, unpredictable relationships.
• Which theorist argued that media and simulations create a ‘hyperreality’ that
replaces actual reality?
a) Michel Foucault
b) Jean Baudrillard
c) Pierre Bourdieu
d) Jürgen Habermas
o Answer: b) Jean Baudrillard
o Explanation: Baudrillard’s hyperreality concept suggests that media
representations distort our sense of reality.
• Rational Choice Theory in sociology is based on the assumption that:
a) Individuals act based on cultural traditions
b) People make decisions based on calculated self-interest
c) Social structures determine all human actions
d) Power structures dominate social life
o Answer: b) People make decisions based on calculated self-interest
o Explanation: Rational Choice Theory suggests individuals act to
maximize benefits and minimize costs.
• Which sociologist introduced the concept of the ‘Lifeworld’ and ‘System’ to
analyze modern societies?
a) Niklas Luhmann
b) Jürgen Habermas
c) Anthony Giddens
d) Pierre Bourdieu
o Answer: b) Jürgen Habermas
o Explanation: Habermas distinguished between the Lifeworld (personal,
cultural experiences) and the System (economic and political structures).
• Which of the following is a critique of Functionalism?
a) It ignores the role of social conflict
 b) It focuses too much on individual agency
c) It rejects structural explanations
d) It overemphasizes economic determinism
o Answer: a) It ignores the role of social conflict
o Explanation: Critics argue that Functionalism sees society as
harmonious and neglects inequalities and struggles.

• Who is considered the founder of Symbolic Interactionism?

a) Emile Durkheim
b) Karl Marx
c) George Herbert Mead
d) Erving Goffman
o Answer: c) George Herbert Mead
o Explanation: Mead developed Symbolic Interactionism, focusing on how
meaning is created through social interactions.
• Which sociologist introduced the concept of "Looking-Glass Self"?
a) Charles Horton Cooley
b) Erving Goffman
c) Harold Garfinkel
d) Alfred Schutz
o Answer: a) Charles Horton Cooley
o Explanation: Cooley’s "Looking-Glass Self" suggests that individuals
develop self-concepts based on how they perceive others see them.
• According to Erving Goffman, which term describes the way individuals present
themselves in social interactions?
a) Impression Management
b) Social Construction
c) Dramaturgy
d) Frame Analysis
o Answer: a) Impression Management
o Explanation: Goffman argued that people manipulate their social roles to
control how they are perceived.
• Which sociological perspective does Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology
challenge?
a) Structural Functionalism
b) Conflict Theory
c) Rational Choice Theory
d) Postmodernism
o Answer: a) Structural Functionalism
o Explanation: Ethnomethodology critiques the assumption that social
order is pre-existing, focusing instead on everyday practices that produce
order.
• Alfred Schutz’s work on Phenomenology was influenced by which philosopher?
a) Edmund Husserl
b) Martin Heidegger
c) Jean-Paul Sartre
d) Michel Foucault
o Answer: a) Edmund Husserl
 o Explanation: Schutz applied Husserl’s ideas to sociology, analyzing how
individuals experience and interpret social reality.
• What is the central concern of Ethnomethodology?
a) Examining large-scale social structures
b) Understanding how individuals make sense of everyday interactions
c) Studying power dynamics in institutions
d) Analyzing economic inequalities
o Answer: b) Understanding how individuals make sense of everyday
interactions
o Explanation: Ethnomethodology focuses on the implicit rules people use
to create social order.
• Which of the following concepts is central to Symbolic Interactionism?
a) Power and exploitation
b) Social facts
c) Meaning and symbols
d) Historical materialism
o Answer: c) Meaning and symbols
o Explanation: Symbolic Interactionism emphasizes the role of symbols in
human communication and interaction.
• Which sociologist developed the concept of "Breaching Experiments" to study
everyday social norms?
a) Harold Garfinkel
b) Erving Goffman
c) Alfred Schutz
d) Talcott Parsons
o Answer: a) Harold Garfinkel
o Explanation: Garfinkel used breaching experiments to expose the taken-
for-granted rules of social interaction.
• Which of the following is a key criticism of Phenomenology in sociology?
a) It focuses too much on economic structures
b) It ignores large-scale social forces
c) It overemphasizes class struggle
d) It disregards the role of individual agency
o Answer: b) It ignores large-scale social forces
o Explanation: Phenomenology focuses on individual experiences, often
neglecting broader social structures.
• Goffman’s concept of "Front Stage" and "Back Stage" is part of which
theoretical framework?
a) Ethnomethodology
b) Phenomenology
c) Dramaturgical Analysis
d) Structural Functionalism
o Answer: c) Dramaturgical Analysis
o Explanation: Goffman’s dramaturgy compares social life to theater,
where people manage performances based on social context.
• Which term did Mead use to describe the internalized expectations of society?
a) Generalized Other
b) Significant Other
 c) Social Self
d) Impression Management
o Answer: a) Generalized Other
o Explanation: The "Generalized Other" refers to the collective attitudes
and expectations of society that influence individuals.
• Which of the following is NOT typically associated with Symbolic
Interactionism?
a) Subjective meanings
b) Social construction of reality
c) Macro-level analysis
d) The role of language in shaping identity
o Answer: c) Macro-level analysis
o Explanation: Symbolic Interactionism focuses on micro-level social
interactions rather than large-scale structures.
• What is the primary focus of Phenomenological Sociology?
a) The social construction of reality
b) Power struggles in society
c) The influence of economic systems
d) The impact of state policies on individuals
o Answer: a) The social construction of reality
o Explanation: Phenomenology examines how individuals perceive and
give meaning to their social world.
• Which sociologist argued that reality is socially constructed through interaction?
a) Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann
b) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
c) Max Weber and Emile Durkheim
d) Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu
o Answer: a) Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann
o Explanation: Their book The Social Construction of Reality explains how
social knowledge and reality are built through interaction.
• In Ethnomethodology, "Indexicality" refers to:
a) The structured nature of society
b) The way meanings depend on context
c) The symbolic representation of power
d) The rigid structure of norms
o Answer: b) The way meanings depend on context
o Explanation: Indexicality suggests that language and meaning are
context-dependent rather than fixed.
• Which of the following best describes "Reflexivity" in Ethnomethodology?
a) The ability of individuals to interpret and modify social structures
b) The reproduction of economic inequalities
c) The influence of biology on human behavior
d) The deterministic nature of society
o Answer: a) The ability of individuals to interpret and modify social
structures
o Explanation: Reflexivity refers to how individuals actively construct and
make sense of social reality.
• Which sociological approach suggests that the meanings of social actions are
constantly negotiated?
 a) Symbolic Interactionism
b) Conflict Theory
c) Structural Functionalism
d) Rational Choice Theory
o Answer: a) Symbolic Interactionism
o Explanation: Symbolic Interactionism sees meaning as dynamic and
shaped through interaction.
• What does Erving Goffman mean by "Face-Work"?
a) The process of maintaining a social identity in interactions
b) The study of body language
c) The dominance of elites in society
d) The impact of capitalism on identity formation
o Answer: a) The process of maintaining a social identity in interactions
o Explanation: "Face-Work" refers to the strategies individuals use to
maintain a positive social image.
• Phenomenology suggests that individuals experience the world through:
a) Pre-determined social structures
b) Their personal consciousness and lived experiences
c) Economic class relations
d) Power struggles within institutions
o Answer: b) Their personal consciousness and lived experiences
o Explanation: Phenomenology emphasizes subjective experience as the
basis of social reality.
• Which of the following is NOT a core idea of Ethnomethodology?
a) The taken-for-granted nature of social life
b) The study of everyday social interactions
c) The objective existence of social facts
d) The examination of implicit social rules
o Answer: c) The objective existence of social facts
o Explanation: Ethnomethodology challenges the idea that social
structures exist independently of human actions.

• Which of the following best describes "Dramaturgical Analysis"?

a) A study of rituals in primitive societies
b) A perspective that examines social interaction as theatrical performance
c) A critique of functionalism in social theory
d) A study of biological determinism in human behavior
o Answer: b) A perspective that examines social interaction as
theatrical performance
o Explanation: Erving Goffman developed dramaturgical analysis,
comparing social interactions to performances where individuals play
roles.
• According to Alfred Schutz, which of the following is central to social reality?
a) Collective conscience
b) Lifeworld (Lebenswelt)
c) Dialectical materialism
d) Bureaucratic rationality
o Answer: b) Lifeworld (Lebenswelt)
 o Explanation: Schutz argued that individuals perceive the world based on
their personal experiences within a shared social context.
• Which sociological approach focuses on how people make sense of their everyday
interactions?
a) Conflict Theory
b) Ethnomethodology
c) Structural Functionalism
d) Systems Theory
o Answer: b) Ethnomethodology
o Explanation: Ethnomethodology, developed by Harold Garfinkel,
examines the methods people use to create social order in everyday life.
• Who introduced the concept of "Definition of the Situation"?
a) W.I. Thomas
b) George Herbert Mead
c) Alfred Schutz
d) Harold Garfinkel
o Answer: a) W.I. Thomas
o Explanation: Thomas stated that if people define situations as real, they
become real in their consequences (Thomas theorem).
• What is the central focus of Symbolic Interactionism?
a) The economic base of society
b) The symbolic and interpretative processes of social interaction
c) The biological basis of human behavior
d) The deterministic role of social structures
o Answer: b) The symbolic and interpretative processes of social
interaction
o Explanation: Symbolic Interactionism examines how individuals
construct meaning through symbols and interaction.
• Which sociologist coined the term "Symbolic Interactionism"?
a) Herbert Blumer
b) George Herbert Mead
c) Erving Goffman
d) Peter Berger
o Answer: a) Herbert Blumer
o Explanation: Blumer formalized Mead’s ideas into a distinct sociological
perspective called Symbolic Interactionism.
• What does Ethnomethodology emphasize in sociological research?
a) Large-scale structural changes
b) The study of everyday interactions and taken-for-granted norms
c) The role of capitalism in shaping behavior
d) The deterministic nature of institutions
o Answer: b) The study of everyday interactions and taken-for-granted
norms
o Explanation: Ethnomethodology focuses on the implicit social norms
people follow to maintain order.
• In Goffman’s dramaturgy, what does "Back Stage" represent?
a) The official roles people play in society
b) The informal and private aspects of behavior
 c) The public performance of identity
d) The societal expectations placed on individuals
o Answer: b) The informal and private aspects of behavior
o Explanation: "Back Stage" is where individuals drop their formal roles
and express their true selves.
• Which of the following concepts is used in Ethnomethodology to reveal hidden
social rules?
a) Breaching Experiments
b) False Consciousness
c) Organic Solidarity
d) Social Capital
o Answer: a) Breaching Experiments
o Explanation: Harold Garfinkel used breaching experiments to highlight
the hidden norms governing social life.
• Which concept in Phenomenology refers to the shared system of knowledge and
expectations people use to interpret reality?
a) Social Facts
b) Intersubjectivity
c) Base and Superstructure
d) Cultural Capital
o Answer: b) Intersubjectivity
o Explanation: Intersubjectivity refers to the shared meanings and
understandings that allow people to interact smoothly.
• According to Mead, what is the "Me" in the development of the self?
a) The spontaneous and impulsive part of the self
b) The internalized expectations of society
c) The biological basis of personality
d) The unconscious desires of an individual
o Answer: b) The internalized expectations of society
o Explanation: Mead’s "Me" represents socialized behavior, while the "I"
represents spontaneous individuality.
• Which of the following best represents "Reflexivity" in Ethnomethodology?
a) The process of questioning one's own taken-for-granted assumptions
b) The rigid structures of social institutions
c) The inherent biases in economic systems
d) The direct control of elites over society
o Answer: a) The process of questioning one's own taken-for-granted
assumptions
o Explanation: Reflexivity involves individuals critically analyzing how they
construct social reality.
• Who is the main thinker associated with the "Stock of Knowledge" concept in
Phenomenology?
a) Alfred Schutz
b) Max Weber
c) Pierre Bourdieu
d) Michel Foucault
o Answer: a) Alfred Schutz
o Explanation: Schutz’s "Stock of Knowledge" refers to the pre-existing
knowledge individuals use to interpret the world.
• Which concept in Symbolic Interactionism refers to the process of mentally
assuming another person’s role to understand their viewpoint?
a) Role-Taking
b) Impression Management
c) Socialization
d) Institutionalization
o Answer: a) Role-Taking
o Explanation: Role-taking allows individuals to anticipate others'
reactions and adjust their behavior accordingly.
• What does Garfinkel mean by "Indexicality"?
a) The way meanings depend on context
b) The rigid structures of institutions
c) The cultural norms of elites
d) The political economy of capitalism
o Answer: a) The way meanings depend on context
o Explanation: Indexicality suggests that language and meaning are highly
dependent on social context.
• In Ethnomethodology, what term describes the strategies people use to restore
social order when it is disrupted?
a) Repair Mechanisms
b) Social Sanctions
c) Cultural Scripts
d) Class Consciousness
o Answer: a) Repair Mechanisms
o Explanation: Repair mechanisms help individuals restore a sense of
normalcy in interactions.
• Which of the following best describes "Face-Work" in Goffman’s theory?
a) The strategies individuals use to maintain a positive public image
b) The physiological study of human expressions
c) The division of labor in society
d) The capitalist mode of production
o Answer: a) The strategies individuals use to maintain a positive public
image
o Explanation: Face-work involves managing one’s social identity in
interactions.
• What does "Phenomenological Reduction" aim to achieve in research?
a) Eliminating biases to focus on pure consciousness
b) Identifying economic inequalities
c) Analyzing the role of political institutions
d) Studying historical materialism
o Answer: a) Eliminating biases to focus on pure consciousness
o Explanation: Phenomenological reduction removes assumptions to
examine experiences in their purest form.
• Which theorist argued that individuals construct reality through
"Typifications"?
a) Alfred Schutz
b) Karl Mannheim
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Talcott Parsons
 o Answer: a) Alfred Schutz
o Explanation: Schutz’s concept of "Typifications" refers to the mental
categories people use to classify experiences.

• Which research approach primarily emphasizes the subjective experiences and

meanings individuals attach to their social world?
a) Positivism
b) Interpretivism
c) Realism
d) Empiricism
o Answer: b) Interpretivism
o Explanation: Interpretivism focuses on understanding the meanings
individuals give to social phenomena rather than seeking objective laws.
• Which of the following is the most appropriate research design for studying
causal relationships?
a) Ethnography
b) Experimental design
c) Cross-sectional study
d) Narrative analysis
o Answer: b) Experimental design
o Explanation: Experimental designs use controlled environments to test
cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
• What does "Triangulation" in research methodology refer to?
a) Using a single method to enhance reliability
b) Combining multiple theories to form a hypothesis
c) Using multiple methods or data sources to validate findings
d) Applying a statistical test for correlation
o Answer: c) Using multiple methods or data sources to validate
findings
o Explanation: Triangulation enhances research credibility by comparing
results from different approaches.
• Which of the following sampling techniques ensures that every member of a
population has an equal chance of being selected?
a) Snowball Sampling
b) Stratified Sampling
c) Simple Random Sampling
d) Purposive Sampling
o Answer: c) Simple Random Sampling
o Explanation: Simple random sampling ensures unbiased selection,
increasing the generalizability of findings.
• What is the primary purpose of "Operationalization" in research?
a) Formulating research objectives
b) Transforming abstract concepts into measurable variables
c) Conducting literature reviews
d) Selecting a theoretical framework
o Answer: b) Transforming abstract concepts into measurable variables
o Explanation: Operationalization defines variables in measurable terms to
facilitate empirical testing.
• In qualitative research, what is "Reflexivity"?
a) The ability of researchers to predict outcomes
b) The process of reflecting on one’s own influence on the research
c) A statistical method for checking validity
d) A strategy to increase sample size
o Answer: b) The process of reflecting on one’s own influence on the
research
o Explanation: Reflexivity involves researchers acknowledging their biases
and impact on the study.
• What is the main feature of "Longitudinal Studies"?
a) They collect data at a single point in time
b) They analyze historical documents
c) They study the same group of individuals over a period of time
d) They use only secondary data
o Answer: c) They study the same group of individuals over a period of
time
o Explanation: Longitudinal studies track changes in individuals or groups
over extended periods.
• Which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant association
between two categorical variables?
a) T-test
b) ANOVA
c) Chi-square test
d) Pearson correlation
o Answer: c) Chi-square test
o Explanation: The chi-square test assesses relationships between
categorical variables in contingency tables.
• What is "Ethnographic Research" best suited for?
a) Studying cause-and-effect relationships
b) Exploring in-depth cultural practices and social interactions
c) Measuring numerical trends in large populations
d) Comparing economic models
o Answer: b) Exploring in-depth cultural practices and social
interactions
o Explanation: Ethnography involves immersive fieldwork to understand
cultural and social dynamics.
• Which of the following best describes "Grounded Theory" methodology?
a) Testing an existing theory with empirical data
b) Developing a theory inductively from qualitative data
c) Using a predetermined hypothesis to conduct research
d) Focusing only on numerical data analysis
o Answer: b) Developing a theory inductively from qualitative data
o Explanation: Grounded theory builds theoretical concepts from
systematically analyzed qualitative data.
• In research, what does "Validity" measure?
a) The accuracy of the measurement in representing the concept
b) The consistency of the measurement across multiple tests
c) The number of participants in a study
d) The extent to which results can be generalized
 o Answer: a) The accuracy of the measurement in representing the
concept
o Explanation: Validity ensures that research instruments measure what
they intend to.
• Which of the following is a key characteristic of "Action Research"?
a) It is purely theoretical with no practical application
b) It seeks to solve practical problems through iterative processes
c) It relies exclusively on experimental methods
d) It is only applicable in medical research
o Answer: b) It seeks to solve practical problems through iterative
processes
o Explanation: Action research involves cycles of planning, action, and
reflection to improve practices.
• What is the primary objective of "Content Analysis"?
a) Analyzing numerical data trends
b) Examining patterns in textual, visual, or media content
c) Conducting experiments in controlled environments
d) Measuring economic behaviors
o Answer: b) Examining patterns in textual, visual, or media content
o Explanation: Content analysis systematically examines communication
and media for patterns and themes.
• Which of the following is NOT a qualitative research method?
a) Focus Group Discussion
b) Participant Observation
c) Regression Analysis
d) Narrative Inquiry
o Answer: c) Regression Analysis
o Explanation: Regression analysis is a statistical method used in
quantitative research.
• What does "Reliability" in research refer to?
a) The ability to generalize findings to a larger population
b) The consistency and repeatability of a measurement
c) The ethical considerations of research
d) The level of bias in sampling
o Answer: b) The consistency and repeatability of a measurement
o Explanation: Reliability ensures that repeated measurements produce
similar results.
• What is a key disadvantage of using "Snowball Sampling"?
a) It does not require ethical considerations
b) It may introduce sampling bias by relying on social networks
c) It provides the most representative sample
d) It does not allow for qualitative analysis
o Answer: b) It may introduce sampling bias by relying on social
networks
o Explanation: Snowball sampling depends on referrals, which may lead to
biased or non-representative samples.
• Which paradigm assumes that reality is socially constructed and influenced by
human interpretation?
a) Positivism
 b) Postmodernism
c) Realism
d) Empiricism
o Answer: b) Postmodernism
o Explanation: Postmodernist research argues that knowledge is
subjective and shaped by cultural and historical contexts.
• Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of "Phenomenological
Research"?
a) It focuses on statistical relationships
b) It seeks to understand individuals’ lived experiences
c) It involves large-scale survey data
d) It is purely experimental
o Answer: b) It seeks to understand individuals’ lived experiences
o Explanation: Phenomenology explores how people experience and
interpret their world.
• What is "Hawthorne Effect" in research?
a) The unintended consequences of qualitative research
b) The phenomenon where participants alter their behavior when they know they are
being observed
c) A statistical method for analyzing experiments
d) A method of avoiding researcher bias
o Answer: b) The phenomenon where participants alter their behavior
when they know they are being observed
o Explanation: The Hawthorne Effect can impact research validity as
subjects change behavior due to awareness of observation.

• Which type of validity assesses whether a test or measurement tool accurately

represents all aspects of the concept being studied?
a) Construct Validity
b) Criterion Validity
c) Content Validity
d) External Validity
o Answer: c) Content Validity
o Explanation: Content validity ensures that a measure covers all facets of
the concept it is intended to assess.
• In qualitative research, what is the primary goal of "Thematic Analysis"?
a) To test hypotheses using numerical data
b) To identify and interpret patterns in qualitative data
c) To conduct statistical comparisons
d) To establish cause-and-effect relationships
o Answer: b) To identify and interpret patterns in qualitative data
o Explanation: Thematic analysis systematically examines recurring
themes within qualitative data.
• Which research design is best suited for studying changes in attitudes over time
within a specific population?
a) Cross-sectional Study
b) Experimental Study
c) Longitudinal Study
d) Meta-analysis
 o Answer: c) Longitudinal Study
o Explanation: Longitudinal studies track the same subjects over time to
observe changes and trends.
• Which of the following is a characteristic of "Quasi-Experimental Research"?
a) Random assignment of participants
b) Lack of control over independent variables
c) Manipulation of variables without full experimental control
d) Exclusive reliance on qualitative data
o Answer: c) Manipulation of variables without full experimental control
o Explanation: Quasi-experimental research lacks randomization but still
involves manipulating variables to assess causal effects.
• What is the primary purpose of "Meta-Analysis" in research?
a) To analyze themes in qualitative studies
b) To test hypotheses through fieldwork
c) To statistically combine results from multiple studies
d) To develop new theories from observation
o Answer: c) To statistically combine results from multiple studies
o Explanation: Meta-analysis synthesizes data from multiple studies to
derive broader conclusions.
• Which of the following best describes "Purposive Sampling"?
a) Selecting participants randomly to ensure objectivity
b) Choosing participants based on specific criteria relevant to the study
c) Using probability sampling methods for generalizability
d) Selecting every nth person from a population list
o Answer: b) Choosing participants based on specific criteria relevant
to the study
o Explanation: Purposive sampling involves selecting participants who
best fit the research objectives.
• What is a major limitation of using "Survey Research" in sociology?
a) It cannot collect data from large populations
b) It does not allow for statistical analysis
c) It may suffer from social desirability bias and low response rates
d) It is only applicable to qualitative research
o Answer: c) It may suffer from social desirability bias and low response
rates
o Explanation: Survey research can be affected by participants giving
socially desirable answers rather than truthful ones.
• Which of the following is a key feature of "Action Research"?
a) It focuses solely on experimental validation
b) It emphasizes collaboration between researchers and participants
c) It avoids practical application
d) It strictly follows the positivist paradigm
o Answer: b) It emphasizes collaboration between researchers and
participants
o Explanation: Action research involves researchers and practitioners
working together to solve real-world problems.
• What is "Transferability" in qualitative research?
a) The ability to generalize findings across populations
b) The accuracy of statistical conclusions
 c) The extent to which findings apply to different contexts
d) The control of variables in an experiment
o Answer: c) The extent to which findings apply to different contexts
o Explanation: Transferability refers to whether qualitative research
findings are applicable to other similar situations.
• Which of the following is a key ethical concern in research involving human
participants?
a) Ensuring statistical significance
b) Protecting participants' confidentiality and informed consent
c) Achieving high response rates
d) Using only quantitative methods
o Answer: b) Protecting participants' confidentiality and informed
consent
o Explanation: Ethical research requires safeguarding participants' privacy
and obtaining informed consent before data collection.

• Which sociologist developed the concept of ‘Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft’ to

differentiate between rural and urban societies?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Max Weber
c) Ferdinand Tönnies
d) Karl Marx
o Answer: c) Ferdinand Tönnies
o Explanation: Tönnies distinguished between Gemeinschaft (community-
based rural life) and Gesellschaft (association-based urban life).
• Which term refers to the outward expansion of cities into surrounding rural
areas, leading to urbanization?
a) Ruralization
b) Urban Sprawl
c) Industrialization
d) Demographic Transition
o Answer: b) Urban Sprawl
o Explanation: Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled expansion of urban
areas into rural land.
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rural societies?
a) Strong kinship ties
b) Homogeneous population
c) High degree of occupational specialization
d) Informal social control
o Answer: c) High degree of occupational specialization
o Explanation: Rural societies typically have simple divisions of labor,
whereas occupational specialization is a feature of urban societies.
• Who among the following proposed the "Concentric Zone Model" of urban
growth?
a) Ernest Burgess
b) Robert Park
c) Homer Hoyt
d) Harris and Ullman
o Answer: a) Ernest Burgess
 o Explanation: Burgess’ model explains urban expansion through five
concentric zones, each with different characteristics.
• The "Green Revolution" had the greatest impact on which aspect of rural
sociology?
a) Caste mobility
b) Agricultural productivity
c) Rural-urban migration
d) Religious practices
o Answer: b) Agricultural productivity
o Explanation: The Green Revolution introduced high-yield crops and
modern farming techniques, boosting agricultural output.
• Which sociologist is known for the concept of "Urbanism as a Way of Life"?
a) Louis Wirth
b) Herbert Spencer
c) Robert Redfield
d) Auguste Comte
o Answer: a) Louis Wirth
o Explanation: Wirth argued that urban life is characterized by impersonal
relations, heterogeneity, and social segmentation.
• The concept of ‘Little Community’ in rural sociology was introduced by:
a) M.N. Srinivas
b) Robert Redfield
c) A.R. Desai
d) G.S. Ghurye
o Answer: b) Robert Redfield
o Explanation: Redfield defined ‘Little Community’ as a small, isolated,
homogeneous, and self-sufficient village.
• Which of the following is an effect of "Counter-urbanization"?
a) Growth of megacities
b) Movement from urban to rural areas
c) Expansion of slums
d) Rapid industrialization
o Answer: b) Movement from urban to rural areas
o Explanation: Counter-urbanization refers to migration from cities back to
rural areas, often due to overpopulation or lifestyle preferences.
• The term "Urban Primacy" refers to:
a) The dominance of one city over others in a country’s urban hierarchy
b) The earliest form of urban civilization
c) The transition from rural to urban living
d) The first stage of urban planning
o Answer: a) The dominance of one city over others in a country’s urban
hierarchy
o Explanation: Urban primacy occurs when a single city (e.g., Mexico City,
Bangkok) disproportionately dominates a nation’s economy and politics.
• Which sociologist emphasized the role of the "Jajmani System" in rural
economy?
a) M.N. Srinivas
b) William H. Wiser
 c) A.R. Desai
d) Oscar Lewis
o Answer: b) William H. Wiser
o Explanation: Wiser studied the Jajmani system, a traditional
interdependent labor system in Indian villages.
• The process by which rural areas become urbanized due to migration and
infrastructure development is called:
a) Urbanization
b) Gentrification
c) Rural-urban continuum
d) Metropolization
o Answer: a) Urbanization
o Explanation: Urbanization refers to rural areas transforming into urban
centers due to economic and demographic changes.
• What is the primary cause of "Rural-Urban Migration" in developing countries?
a) Higher education facilities
b) Industrial employment opportunities
c) Better climatic conditions
d) Religious influences
o Answer: b) Industrial employment opportunities
o Explanation: Economic opportunities, particularly in industries and
services, attract rural populations to urban areas.
• Which concept explains the gradual blending of rural and urban characteristics
in transitional areas?
a) Ruralization
b) Urban-rural fringe
c) Suburbanization
d) Ghettoization
o Answer: b) Urban-rural fringe
o Explanation: The urban-rural fringe is the transitional zone where urban
expansion meets rural land uses.
• Which of the following statements best describes "Urban Ecology"?
a) The study of plant and animal life in cities
b) The interaction between people and their urban environment
c) The impact of pollution on rural communities
d) The process of urban depopulation
o Answer: b) The interaction between people and their urban
environment
o Explanation: Urban ecology examines human behavior and organization
in cities in relation to their spatial environment.
• Which urban theorist is associated with the "Multiple Nuclei Model" of city
structure?
a) Ernest Burgess
b) Homer Hoyt
c) Harris and Ullman
d) Walter Christaller
o Answer: c) Harris and Ullman
o Explanation: The Multiple Nuclei Model argues that cities develop around
multiple centers rather than a single core.
• Which of the following is a major challenge of urbanization in developing
countries?
a) Lack of technological advancement
b) Rapid increase in slums and informal settlements
c) Overdependence on agriculture
d) Slow transportation development
o Answer: b) Rapid increase in slums and informal settlements
o Explanation: Urbanization often leads to inadequate housing, resulting in
slum proliferation.
• "Gentrification" refers to:
a) The rapid expansion of slums
b) The migration of rural populations to urban centers
c) The process of wealthier individuals moving into and revitalizing poor urban
neighborhoods
d) The creation of urban villages in metropolitan areas
o Answer: c) The process of wealthier individuals moving into and
revitalizing poor urban neighborhoods
o Explanation: Gentrification transforms lower-income areas into affluent
neighborhoods, often displacing original residents.
• What is the primary focus of "Rural Sociology"?
a) Examining economic development in urban areas
b) Understanding social structures, institutions, and transformations in rural
communities
c) Studying only agricultural production
d) Promoting urbanization
o Answer: b) Understanding social structures, institutions, and
transformations in rural communities
o Explanation: Rural sociology investigates the social and economic life of
rural populations, including their traditions and challenges.
• Which of the following is a key feature of "Smart Cities"?
a) Complete reliance on rural labor
b) Technological integration in urban planning
c) Increasing dependence on agriculture
d) Eliminating all informal settlements
o Answer: b) Technological integration in urban planning
o Explanation: Smart cities use digital infrastructure to enhance efficiency
in urban governance and living conditions.

• Who introduced the concept of ‘Dominant Caste’ in Indian villages?

a) G.S. Ghurye
b) M.N. Srinivas
c) Yogendra Singh
d) A.R. Desai
o Answer: b) M.N. Srinivas
o Explanation: Srinivas identified how certain castes dominated rural life
based on numerical strength, land ownership, and political influence.
• Which of the following best describes the "Jajmani System" in Indian villages?
a) A caste-based landholding system
b) A traditional interdependent economic system based on service and goods
 exchange
c) A modern capitalist production system
d) A colonial land revenue system
o Answer: b) A traditional interdependent economic system based on
service and goods exchange
o Explanation: The Jajmani system is a traditional village economy where
artisans and service castes provide goods/services to landowning castes.
• Which British policy significantly altered the agrarian structure of Indian
villages?
a) Mahalwari System
b) Ryotwari System
c) Permanent Settlement
d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
o Explanation: All three policies transformed rural land tenure, leading to
land concentration and exploitation.
• Which of the following describes "Sanskritization"?
a) The adoption of tribal customs by upper castes
b) The upward mobility of lower castes by imitating upper-caste practices
c) The westernization of Indian villages
d) The rigidification of caste hierarchy
o Answer: b) The upward mobility of lower castes by imitating upper-
caste practices
o Explanation: M.N. Srinivas introduced this concept to explain social
mobility in caste structures.
• Who coined the term "Westernization" in the Indian context?
a) B.R. Ambedkar
b) M.N. Srinivas
c) Louis Dumont
d) D.P. Mukerji
o Answer: b) M.N. Srinivas
o Explanation: Westernization refers to adopting Western lifestyles, values,
and practices in Indian society.
• Which sociologist developed the concept of ‘Little Tradition and Great
Tradition’ in Indian villages?
a) A.R. Desai
b) Robert Redfield
c) Milton Singer
d) G.S. Ghurye
o Answer: b) Robert Redfield
o Explanation: Redfield classified local (little) and elite (great) traditions in
cultural continuity.
• Which of the following is a key feature of Indian village society?
a) Lack of caste differentiation
b) Strong kinship networks and social cohesion
c) Absence of religious diversity
d) Homogeneous occupational structure
o Answer: b) Strong kinship networks and social cohesion
 o Explanation: Indian villages function through kinship-based social
networks ensuring social stability.
• What was the main aim of the ‘Community Development Programme’ (1952)?
a) Urbanization of villages
b) Social and economic development of rural India
c) Increasing industrial employment
d) Political centralization
o Answer: b) Social and economic development of rural India
o Explanation: This program aimed to improve agriculture, infrastructure,
and rural livelihoods.
• Which social change in Indian villages has resulted from the Green Revolution?
a) Decline of landlord dominance
b) Increase in rural unemployment
c) Strengthening of caste-based occupations
d) Migration from cities to villages
o Answer: a) Decline of landlord dominance
o Explanation: Mechanized agriculture weakened traditional feudal power
structures in villages.
• Which of the following is NOT an impact of industrialization on Indian villages?
a) Decline in caste-based occupations
b) Rural depopulation due to migration
c) Increase in feudal landholding systems
d) Urban influence on rural lifestyles
o Answer: c) Increase in feudal landholding systems
o Explanation: Industrialization reduced feudal structures, leading to
capitalist landholding systems.
• Which sociologist studied Indian villages using the ‘Participant Observation’
method?
a) M.N. Srinivas
b) G.S. Ghurye
c) Louis Dumont
d) Karl Marx
o Answer: a) M.N. Srinivas
o Explanation: Srinivas used participant observation in Rampura village to
understand social dynamics.
• What is the main feature of the "Joint Family System" in Indian villages?
a) Nuclear household structure
b) Shared property and collective living
c) Absence of kinship ties
d) Equal economic independence among family members
o Answer: b) Shared property and collective living
o Explanation: Joint families are characterized by multiple generations
living together with shared responsibilities.
• Which of the following factors has led to the decline of the traditional joint
family system in Indian villages?
a) Urbanization and industrialization
b) Strengthening of caste-based professions
c) Increased influence of feudal landlords
d) Higher birth rates
 o Answer: a) Urbanization and industrialization
o Explanation: Economic independence and migration to cities have
weakened joint families.
• Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘Tribe-Caste Continuum’?
a) The merging of caste and tribal identities due to cultural interaction
b) The rigid separation of caste and tribal groups
c) The westernization of caste practices
d) The abolishment of caste identity among tribal groups
o Answer: a) The merging of caste and tribal identities due to cultural
interaction
o Explanation: Tribal societies gradually integrate into the caste system
through social and economic changes.
• Which of the following has contributed most to rural-urban migration in India?
a) Religious conversion
b) Agricultural mechanization reducing employment
c) Strengthening of feudal land systems
d) Declining birth rates in villages
o Answer: b) Agricultural mechanization reducing employment
o Explanation: Mechanization reduces rural employment, pushing people
toward cities for jobs.
• What is the main function of the "Panchayati Raj System" in Indian villages?
a) Strengthening local governance and self-rule
b) Encouraging feudal landlord dominance
c) Promoting only industrial development
d) Strengthening the power of central government
o Answer: a) Strengthening local governance and self-rule
o Explanation: Panchayati Raj empowers village-level governance through
democratic decentralization.
• Who among the following has written extensively on the relationship between
caste and politics in India?
a) B.R. Ambedkar
b) Rajni Kothari
c) G.S. Ghurye
d) Yogendra Singh
o Answer: b) Rajni Kothari
o Explanation: Kothari analyzed how caste influences political behavior
and electoral outcomes.
• Which of the following traditions is commonly associated with ‘Gotra’ in Indian
society?
a) Regional identity
b) Endogamous marriage practice
c) Exogamous clan lineage
d) Religious conversion
o Answer: c) Exogamous clan lineage
o Explanation: Gotra represents an ancestral lineage, and marriage within
the same gotra is traditionally prohibited.
• Which of the following acts was introduced to abolish the "Zamindari System"
in India?
a) Land Ceiling Act
b) Zamindari Abolition Act
c) Tenancy Rights Act
d) Panchayati Raj Act
o Answer: b) Zamindari Abolition Act
o Explanation: This act aimed to redistribute land and remove exploitative
landlord systems.