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Linear Algebra Pure Applied 1st Edition Edgar G.
Goodaire Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Edgar G. Goodaire
ISBN(s): 9789814508377, 9814508373
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 78.65 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
LINEARALGEBRA
Pure & Applied
July 25, 2013 17:28 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in icmp12-master

This page intentionally left blank

 LINEARALGEBRA
Pure &Applied

Edgar G. Goodaire
Memorial University, Canada

11- World Scientific

NEW JERSEY • LONDON ·SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG ·TAIPEI • CHENNAI
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Goodaire, Edgar G.
Linear algebra :pure & applied I by Edgar G Goodaire (Memorial University, Canada).
pages em
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-981-4508-36-0 (hardcover: alk. paper)-- ISBN 978-981-4508-37-7 (softcover: alk. paper)
1. Algebras, Linear--Textbooks. I. Title.
QA184.2.G67 2014
512' .5--dc23
2013022750

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copyright@ 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof. may Mt be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrit!Val system now known
or to be invented, without wrinen permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.

Printed in SingapOIC by World Scientific Printers.

Contents

Preface ix

To My Students xiii

Suggested Lecture Schedule XV

1 Euclidean n·Space 1
1.1 Vectors and Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Length and Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3 lines, Planes and the Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.4 Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1. 5 linear Dependence and Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

2 Matrices and linear Equations 93

2.1 The Algebra of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.2 Application: Generating Codes with Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.3 Inverse and Transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.4 Systems of linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
2.5 Application: Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
2.6 Homogeneous Systems; linear Independence . . . . . . . . . . . 177
2.7 Elementary Matrices and LU Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.8 LDU Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
2.9 More on the Inverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

3 Determinants, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors 23 7

3.1 The Determinant of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
3.2 Properties of Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

v
vi Contents

3.3 Application: Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

3.4 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
3.5 Similarity and Diagonalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
3.6 Application: Linear Recurrence Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
3.7 Application: Markov Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

4 Vector Spaces 331

4.1 The Theory of Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
4.2 Subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
4.3 Basis and Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
4.4 Finite Dimensional Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
4.5 One-sided Inverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

5 linear Transformations 401

5.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
5.2 Matrix Multiplication Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
5.3 Application: Computer Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
5.4 The Matrices of a Linear Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
5.5 Changing Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

6 Orthogonality 461
6.1 Projection Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
6.2 Application: Data Fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
6.3 The Gram-Schmidt Algorithm and QR Factorization . . . . . . . 486
6.4 Orthogonal Subspaces and Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
6.5 The Pseudoinverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5

7 The Specttal Theorem 541

7.1 Complex Vectors and Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
7.2 Unitary Diagonalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
7.3 Real Symmetric Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
7.4 Application: Quadratic Forms, Conic Sections . . . . . . . . . . . 576
7.5 The Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Contents vii

Appendix A: Complex Numbers 593

Appendix B: Show and Prove 607

Appendix C: Things I Must Remember 615

Answers to True/False and BB Exercises 621

Glossary 693

Index 711
July 25, 2013 17:28 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9.75in x 6.5in icmp12-master

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Methodology 1: Fundamental concepts and principles

Learning Objective 1: Ethical considerations and implications
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Learning Objective 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 8: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 16: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 21: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Critical analysis and evaluation
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 36: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 5: Best practices and recommendations
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 49: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
Practice Problem 50: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 51: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 57: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Part 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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