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CEE 4633: Wastewater Engineering and

Environmental Sanitation

Dr. AHSAN, Amimul

Room: L4, CEE Dept.

• Credit: 3(3+0)
• Contact hours: 3 x 1 hour Figure: Cycle of water and wastewater
lectures/week
Lecture 7-10/CE WW 1/30 Lecture 7-10/CE WW 2/30

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Types of Water Pollution

• Water pollution Sewage
– Any physical or chemical change in water that • The release of wastewater from drains or sewers
adversely affects the health of humans and other – Includes human wastes, soaps, and detergents
organisms
• Causes 2 serious environmental problems:
– Varies in magnitude by location
– Enrichment
• Major water pollution issue globally • Fertilization of a body of water by high levels of plant
– Lack of disease-free water and algal nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
• Eight Categories/Types – Increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
– Sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment • Amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to
pollution, inorganic plant and algal nutrients, decompose biological wastes
organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, • As BOD increases Dissolve Oxygen (DO) decreases
radioactive substances, and thermal pollution
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BOD & DO sag curve due to
discharge of sewage
Sewage- Eutrophication
• Oligotrophic
– Unenriched, clear water that supports small
populations of aquatic organisms

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Sewage- Eutrophication Impact of Pollution on the Ecosystem

• Eutrophic-
– Slow-flowing stream, lake or estuary enriched by inorganic • The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is a good indicator of
plant and algal nutrients such as phosphorus water quality and of the kinds of life it will support.
– Often due to fertilizer or sewage runoff • Discharge of organic materials, such as sewage or paper pulp,
to water increase oxygen consumption by decomposers and
dissolved oxygen (DO) level decreases.
• Oxygen is removed from water by respiration and chemical
processes that consume oxygen.
• Because oxygen is so important in water, DO levels are often
measured to compare water quality in different places.
• Consequently, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), is the
amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by aquatic
microorganisms.

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Impact on ecosystem:
Municipal sewage plant discharge creates
5 zones in a river and Oxygen Sag
An oxygen content:

- above 6 ppm, will support game fish and other desirable

forms of aquatic life.
- below 2 ppm, water will support mainly worms, bacteria, fungi,
and other detritus feeders and decomposers.

Oxygen is added to water by diffusion from the air, especially

when turbulence and mixing rates are high, and by
photosynthesis of green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
Turbulent, rapidly flowing water is constantly aerated, so it
often recovers quickly from oxygen-depleting processes.
Just as percent or per cent means out of a hundred, so parts per million
or ppm means out of a million (one part per 1,000,000 parts). The oxygen decline downstream due to pollution is called the
mg/L=ppm = g/m3
oxygen sag.
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Oxygen Sag:

Downstream from a point source, such as a municipal sewage

plant discharge, a characteristic decline and restoration of
water quality can be detected either by measuring DO content Farther downstream, the water may become so oxygen
or by observing the types of flora and fauna that live in depleted that only the most resistant microorganisms and
successive sections of the river. The oxygen decline
invertebrates can survive. Eventually, most of the nutrients
downstream is called the oxygen sag.
are used up, decomposer populations are smaller, and the
Upstream from the pollution source, oxygen levels support water becomes oxygenated once again. Depending on the
normal populations of clean-water organisms. volumes and flow rates of the effluent plume and the river
Immediately below the source of pollution, oxygen levels begin
to fall as decomposers metabolize waste materials. Rough fish, receiving it, normal communities may not appear for
such as carp, bullheads, and gar, are able to survive in this several miles downstream.
oxygen-poor environment, where they eat both decomposer
organisms and the waste itself.

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Disease-causing Agents
• Monitored by testing for presence of E. coli
in the water via a fecal coliform test
– Indicates the presence of pathogenic organisms

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Water Quality Today

Thermal Pollution
• Two Types of Water Pollution
• Occurs when heated
water produced during • -Point Source Pollution
industrial processes is – water pollution that can be traced to a specific
released into waterways origin
• Organisms affected – Discharge via pipes, sewage, and ditches
– Temperature affects • -Non-point Source Pollution
reproductive cycles, – Pollutants that enter bodies of water over large
digestion rates, and areas rather than being concentrated at a single
respiration rates point of entry
– Warm water holds less – Diffuse, but its cumulative effect is very large
DO than cold water
– Ex: runoff from agricultural fields or parking lots
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Municipal Water Pollution

Water Pollution from Agriculture
• Agriculture is leading source of water
pollution
– Animal wastes and plants residues have high
BOD
– Chemical pesticides can leach into groundwater
• Almost all streams and rivers are polluted
with agricultural pesticides

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Groundwater Pollution
Industrial Wastes in Water
• Different industries generate different
pollutants
– Food processing plants- high BOD
– Paper mills- High BOD and toxic compounds
• Many industries recover toxins before they
go into the waste stream

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Screening

Comminutor

Preliminary Treatment
Grit Removal

Oil Trap

Pre-aeration

Primary Treatment Chemical, Sedimentation and Floatation

Secondary Treatment Biological and physical process

Amm-N, P Removal
Tertiary/ Advance Disinfection
Treatment Reuse Option
Effluent
Figure: Treatment process steps (influent to effluent) of typical wastewater Figure: Sketch of steps involved in treating wastewater and sludge
treatment plant
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Municipal Sewage Treatment

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-different steps include in the sewage treatment process

• Primary treatment Municipal Sewage Treatment
– Removing suspended and floating particles by mechanical
processes • Sewage Sludge
• Secondary treatment – Solids remaining after primary and secondary
– Treating wastewater biologically to decompose suspended sewage treatment has been completed
organic material; reduces BOD
• Tertiary treatment
– Advanced wastewater treatment methods that
are sometimes employed after primary and
secondary treatments
– Reduce phosphorus and nitrogen

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Individual Septic System

Municipal Sewage Treatment
(Septic Tank)

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The Need for advanced wastewater

treatment
Definition
• ‘Additional treatment needed to remove suspended
and dissolved substances remaining after
conventional secondary treatment.’
-Metcalf & Eddy

• Substances: - 1) organic matter; 2) suspended solids;

3) inorganic ions
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