PRE-CALCULUS
SEMESTER 1: QUARTER 1 REVIEWER Definition and Equation of a Circle
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO CONIC DEFINITION: Let C be a given point.
SECTION AND CIRCLE
The set of all points (P) having the
Terms: same distance from (C) is called a
circle.
Conic Section – curve formed by the
intersection of a plane and a double The point (C) is called the center of
cone the circle
- Developed by MENAECHMUS, The common distance is called Radius
EUCLID and ARICHMEDES
- 375 – 325 BCE
Circle – cone is cut by the plane
horizontally
Ellipse – cone is cut by the plane
diagonally through its side
Parabola – cone is cut by a plane
diagonally from its side through its
base
Hyperbola – when two cones are cut
by a plane and forms two unbounded
curves RADIUS – used to refer to a segment
from Center to a Point on the circle
Non – degenerate conics – do not pass
through the vertex of the cone - Figure 1.8 has C (h, k) and r>0
- P (x, y) If PC = r
Coordinates should then satisfy the
following
Degenerate conics – point, one line
and two lines
DERIVATION OF STANDARD EQUATION
If C = (0,0)
The line from the FOCUS (F) to a point
has the same length as the line from
TO FIND CENTER AND RADIUS the point to the directrix.
Sample: x^2 + y^2 +8y = 9
Use Completing the square
Center = (0, -4), r = 5
MODULE 2 – Definition and Standard
equation of a parabola
Axis of Symmetry – line that runs
Parabola – When the plane intersects through the focus perpendicular to the
only one cone to form an unbounded directrix
curve
Latus Rectum – chord of the parabola
GEOMETRIC DEFINITION: that is parallel to the directrix and
passes through the focus
Let F be a point in the plane and l be a
line not containing F. STANDARD EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
A parabola is the set of all points Distance formula – defined as the 2
equidistant from F and l. points (x , y) and (x2, y2), the distance
d between these points is given by the
The point F is called the focus of the
formula
parabola and the line l is called the
directrix of the parabola.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=KYgmOTLbuqE&t=1633s
(1) Vertex: origin V (0,0) – lowest or
highest point
(2) Directrix: y = c, or y = -c
(3) Focus: F (0, c) or F (0, -c)
(4) Axis of symmetry: x = 0
PARABOLA WITH HORIZONTAL AXIS
(1) vertex: origin V (0,0)
(2) directrix: the line x = c or x = −c
(3) focus: F (c, 0) or F (−c, 0)
(4) axis of symmetry: y = 0 (the x-
axis)
Center of the ellipse – midpoint of the
line segment connecting the two foci
Major axis – line segment connecting
two opposite ends of the ellipse which
contains the center and foci
Minor Axis – line segment connecting
two opposite ends of the ellipse which
contain the center but perpendicular
to the main axis
Vertices – points which lie on the major
Axis
MODULE 3: Definition and Standard
equation of an Ellipse
Ellipse – oval curve that looks like an
elongated circle
GEOMETRIC DEFINITION:
An ellipse is the set of all points (x, y)
in the plane
The sum of whose distances d from
two fixed points F1 and F2 is constant
If P (x, y)
The two fixed points are the foci of the
PF1 + PF2 = 2a
ellipse
Let F1 and F2 be two distinct points.
The set of all points P such that the
difference of its distances from point
F1 and from F2 equals a certain
constant is called a hyperbola.
The point F1 and F2 are the foci of the
hyperbola
Center - origin is the midpoint of the
foci
MODULE 4 : HYPERBOLA
MODULE 7
Sequence – function whose domain is
the set of positive integers
Series – sum of terms in a sequence
Term – numbers on the list of a
sequence
S = a1 + a2 + a3 + ⋯ +an.
MODULE 5 – IDENTIFYING CONIC
SECTION BY EQUATION
Example 1: Finding the terms of a
(1) CIRCLE: Both x2 and y2 appear
sequence and its associated series.
the same Ax2 + Ay2 + Cx + Dy +
E=0 a. {3n + 1}
Example: 18x2 + 18y2 − 24x +
b. {(−2)n + 1}
48y − 5 = 0
Degenerate case: a point, and c. {n(n+1)}
the empty set
Fibonacci Sequence - an = an−1 +
an−2
Arithmetic Sequence- adding common
difference
If the nth term of an arithmetic
sequence is an, and the common
difference is d, then,
an = a1 + (n − 1) d
Associated arithmetic series with n
terms:
Geometric Sequence – obtained by
multiplying the preceding term
an = a1rn−1
MODULE 8 – SIGMA NOTATION AND ITS
PROPERTIES
Series – can be written in summation
or sigma notation
Sigma notation – simple form of
shorthand used to write out a long
sum in a shorter manner
Leonhard Euler – summation sign
- “summam indicabimus signo” in
Insitutiones Calculi Differentialis
- Used by lagrange and Klugel
- Upper case of S in Greek – or
SUM
