Criminology Reviewer (100 Items)

Introduction to Criminology (1–15) A) Guesswork

B) Scientific observation and research
1. The scientific study of crime, criminals, C) Court testimony
and the criminal justice system is called: D) Police reports
A) Penology
B) Criminology 8. A crime punishable by imprisonment of 6
C) Victimology years and 1 day to reclusion perpetua in the
D) Sociology Philippines is classified as:
A) Felony
2. Who is known as the “Father of Classical B) Misdemeanor
Criminology”? C) Grave felony
A) Cesare Beccaria D) Light felony
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Emile Durkheim 9. Criminology is considered an applied
D) Jeremy Bentham science because:
A) It is based purely on philosophy
3. The positivist school of criminology B) It applies scientific principles to crime
emphasizes: problems
A) Free will C) It only studies historical crimes
B) Biological and social factors D) It excludes modern methods
C) Deterrence
D) Legal reforms 10. A person who studies criminal behavior
scientifically is called a:
4. Penology primarily deals with: A) Criminologist
A) Police functions B) Lawyer
B) Punishment and rehabilitation of C) Police officer
offenders D) Sociologist
C) Victim services
D) Criminal investigation 11. The concept that “punishment should fit
the crime” is associated with:
5. The Latin phrase nullum crimen sine lege A) Positivist theory
means: B) Classical theory
A) No penalty without law C) Labeling theory
B) No crime without law D) Control theory
C) Ignorance of the law excuses no one
D) Justice delayed is justice denied 12. Which institution in the Philippines
accredits criminology education programs?
6. The branch of criminology focusing on A) CHED
victims of crime is: B) PRC
A) Victimology C) BJMP
B) Penology D) PNP
C) Sociology
D) Forensics 13. The professional practice of criminology
in the Philippines is regulated by:
7. The primary method of criminological A) RA 6506
study is: B) RA 9344
C) RA 9165 C) Labeling theory
D) RA 6425 D) Rational choice theory

14. The goal of criminology is mainly to: 21. The routine activity theory focuses on:
A) Eliminate crime completely A) Motivation of offenders only
B) Understand, prevent, and control crime B) Victim-offender interaction
C) Punish criminals harshly C) Convergence of motivated offender,
D) Create new laws suitable target, absence of guardian
D) Genetics and crime
15. Which of the following is not part of the
scope of criminology? 22. “An eye for an eye” corresponds to
A) Crime causation which theory?
B) Punishment A) Retribution
C) Victimology B) Deterrence
D) Astronomy C) Rehabilitation
D) Restorative justice
Theories of Crime Causation (16–30)
23. Labeling theory emphasizes that:
16. Cesare Lombroso’s theory is known as: A) Society’s reaction contributes to
A) Classical school continued deviance
B) Born criminal theory B) Crime is caused by poverty
C) Strain theory C) Criminals are born not made
D) Control theory D) Punishment deters crime

17. Edwin Sutherland introduced which 24. Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian philosophy
theory? stressed:
A) Strain theory A) Rehabilitation
B) Differential association theory B) Greatest happiness principle
C) Labeling theory C) Social disorganization
D) Deterrence theory D) Genetic determinism

18. Robert Merton’s strain theory suggests 25. The Chicago School’s Social
that crime occurs when: Disorganization Theory links crime with:
A) Biological factors dominate behavior A) Strong community ties
B) Social goals and means are mismatched B) Breakdown of social institutions
C) There is too much free will C) Excessive policing
D) Police control is weak D) Economic prosperity

19. Which theory emphasizes learning crime 26. Rational choice theory suggests
from peers? criminals:
A) Control theory A) Are biologically compelled
B) Differential association theory B) Do not think before acting
C) Routine activity theory C) Weigh costs and benefits before
D) Biological determinism offending
D) Cannot be deterred
20. The idea that weak bonds to society
encourage deviance is part of: 27. A theory linking body type to criminality
A) Strain theory is called:
B) Social control theory A) Atavism
B) Somatotyping 34. PTSD among victims is most common
C) Control theory in:
D) Strain theory A) Property crimes
B) Violent crimes
28. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory attributes C) White-collar crimes
crime to: D) Cybercrimes
A) Id, ego, and superego imbalance
B) Poor intelligence 35. Hans von Hentig is associated with:
C) Social disorganization A) Criminology’s classical school
D) Strain B) Victimology typologies
C) Social control theory
29. The Broken Windows theory suggests: D) Restorative justice
A) Minor disorders lead to serious crimes
B) Criminals are born 36. Which term refers to repeated
C) Poverty is the sole cause of crime victimization of the same person?
D) Harsh punishment reduces crime A) Secondary victimization
B) Revictimization
30. The theory that crime is functional for C) Victim precipitation
society (creates boundaries and order) is D) Collective victimization
linked to:
A) Marx 37. Stockholm Syndrome refers to:
B) Durkheim A) Offender remorse
C) Beccaria B) Hostages developing sympathy for
D) Sutherland captors
C) Police empathy with suspects
Human Behavior & Victimology (31– D) Victims resisting trauma
45)
38. Secondary victimization occurs when:
31. Victimology is the study of: A) Victims are repeatedly victimized
A) Criminal psychology B) Victims are traumatized by institutions
B) Victims of crime (police/courts)
C) Witnesses in trials C) Victims provoke crime
D) Police behavior D) Victims suffer collective harm

32. The idea that victims may provoke or 39. The UN Declaration of Basic Principles
contribute to crimes is: of Justice for Victims was adopted in:
A) Victim precipitation A) 1975
B) Social control B) 1985
C) Strain theory C) 1990
D) Rational choice D) 2000

33. Which personality disorder is most 40. Which is not a form of victim
linked to criminal behavior? assistance?
A) Antisocial personality disorder A) Counseling
B) Bipolar disorder B) Restitution
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder C) Victim blaming
D) Schizophrenia D) Legal aid
41. Which factor increases victimization 48. A criminologist must avoid conflict of
risk? interest, which means:
A) High social status A) Always taking sides
B) Routine exposure to risky places B) Engaging in activities that compromise
C) Strong guardianship impartiality
D) Low crime areas C) Supporting family members only
D) Strictly avoiding case involvement
42. A crime victim testifying in court is
performing a: 49. Professional ethics require
A) Restorative function criminologists to:
B) Procedural function A) Uphold honesty, objectivity, and fairness
C) Therapeutic modality B) Always prioritize punishment
D) Retributive act C) Ignore rehabilitation goals
D) Support only government positions
43. Fear of crime is highest among:
A) Young males 50. Bribery and corruption among law
B) Elderly women enforcers violate:
C) Children A) Ethical standards
D) Professionals B) Police power
C) Legal mandates only
44. A victim compensated by the D) Restorative justice
government is an example of:
A) Restitution 51. The primary duty of criminologists to
B) State compensation program society is:
C) Victim precipitation A) Political campaigning
D) Alternative dispute resolution B) Crime prevention and control
C) Maximizing arrest statistics
45. Victimless crimes usually refer to: D) Supporting one’s family
A) Murder
B) Drug use or prostitution 52. A criminologist caught falsifying
C) Rape evidence violates:
D) Robbery A) Professional integrity
B) Due process
Professional Conduct & Ethical C) Victim rights
Standards (46–60) D) Technical guidelines

46. The Criminology Code of Ethics 53. Which law created the Professional
emphasizes: Regulation Commission (PRC)?
A) Political loyalty A) RA 6506
B) Professional integrity and service B) PD 223
C) Obedience to superiors only C) RA 9165
D) Maximizing financial benefits D) RA 9344

47. The term “confidentiality” means: 54. The principle of accountability means:
A) Sharing sensitive data with friends A) Escaping liability
B) Protecting client information from B) Taking responsibility for actions and
unauthorized disclosure decisions
C) Publishing private records C) Blaming subordinates
D) Allowing open access to files D) Ignoring mistakes
55. Professional misconduct refers to: 62. The minimum age of criminal
A) Failure to wear uniform responsibility in the Philippines under RA
B) Unethical or illegal actions violating 9344 is:
codes of conduct A) 9
C) Following SOPs strictly B) 12
D) Submitting reports promptly C) 15
D) 18
56. Nepotism in hiring violates:
A) Transparency and fairness 63. A “child at risk” refers to:
B) Rehabilitation goals A) Minors exposed to conditions leading to
C) Court orders delinquency
D) Due process rights B) Offenders above 18
C) Juveniles already convicted
57. Continuing professional development D) Minors with no guardianship
(CPD) is required to:
A) Maintain professional competence 64. Diversion programs in juvenile justice
B) Increase salaries aim to:
C) Satisfy personal interests only A) Punish children severely
D) Extend retirement age B) Decongest jails and provide rehabilitation
C) Increase conviction rates
58. Ethical dilemmas occur when: D) Ensure harsher penalties
A) Laws conflict with personal morals
B) Courts always decide cases 65. Juvenile courts are designed to:
C) Police ignore laws A) Be adversarial
D) Criminals confess voluntarily B) Emphasize rehabilitation and best interest
of the child
59. A criminologist’s oath of profession C) Prioritize retribution
includes: D) Handle only adult offenders
A) Protecting and upholding justice
B) Serving one’s relatives only 66. Status offenses are:
C) Ignoring victim needs A) Crimes committed by police officers
D) Supporting any political candidate B) Acts illegal only for minors (e.g.,
truancy, curfew violation)
60. Which is not a professional value for C) Heinous crimes
criminologists? D) Felonies punishable by death
A) Integrity
B) Objectivity 67. Restorative justice in juvenile cases
C) Self-interest above public good focuses on:
D) Accountability A) Community healing, reconciliation, and
accountability
Juvenile Delinquency & Juvenile B) Harsh sentencing
Justice (61–75) C) Imprisonment in adult prisons
D) Retribution
61. Juvenile delinquency refers to:
A) Adult crimes 68. Which UN instrument provides
B) Law violations committed by minors guidelines on juvenile justice?
C) Civil cases only A) Universal Declaration of Human Rights
D) Victimless crimes B) Beijing Rules (1985)
C) Geneva Convention 75. Which is not a diversion program for
D) Palermo Protocol juveniles?
A) Community service
69. RA 10630 amended which law? B) Mediation
A) RA 9165 C) Restitution
B) RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare D) Death penalty
Act)
C) RA 6506 Dispute Resolution & Crisis/Incident
D) RA 6425 Management (76–90)
70. A juvenile offender who is 17 years old 76. Mediation involves:
and committed a heinous crime: A) A neutral third party helping disputants
A) Always exempt from liability reach agreement
B) Subject to intervention programs B) A judge imposing a sentence
C) Subject to appropriate proceedings but C) Lawyers arguing in court
entitled to diversion only if below 15 D) Police making arrests
D) Treated exactly as an adult offender
77. Arbitration differs from mediation
71. The Juvenile Justice and Welfare because:
Council (JJWC) is under which department? A) Arbitrator’s decision is binding
A) DOJ B) Arbitrators only listen
B) DSWD C) It has no legal effect
C) CHED D) It always favors the government
D) DOH
78. Negotiation is best defined as:
72. A facility designed for rehabilitation of A) Court settlement
children in conflict with the law is called: B) Direct discussion between parties to
A) Regular prison resolve conflict
B) Bahay Pag-asa C) Police-led settlement
C) Detention center D) Ignoring disputes
D) Custodial jail
79. Crisis management begins with:
73. Juvenile delinquency prevention A) Evacuation and securing safety
includes: B) Press briefing
A) Community-based programs, education, C) Writing a report
and family support D) Identifying suspects
B) Mass incarceration
C) Police brutality 80. The most important principle in crisis
D) Ignoring children at risk negotiation is:
A) Aggression
74. The “best interest of the child” principle B) Active listening and communication
means: C) Use of threats
A) Ensuring punishment fits the crime D) Quick surrender
B) Decisions must prioritize child’s welfare
and development 81. Which is not a stage of crisis?
C) Children should always be imprisoned A) Pre-crisis
D) Parents are always blamed B) Acute crisis
C) Chronic resolution
D) Post-crisis
82. The main role of a first responder in a 89. Hostage negotiators primarily aim to:
hostage incident is: A) Use force
A) Rescue immediately B) Save lives
B) Secure perimeter, contain situation, call C) Punish offenders
negotiators D) Protect property first
C) Conduct full-scale assault
D) Wait passively 90. Which type of dispute resolution uses
“win-win” solutions?
83. Which method resolves disputes without A) Arbitration
litigation? B) Litigation
A) ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) C) Mediation
B) Criminal trial D) Deterrence
C) Jury trial
D) Police arrest Criminological Research 1 & 2 (91–
100)
84. In incident command systems, the first
priority is: 91. Criminological research primarily aims
A) Property protection to:
B) Human life and safety A) Increase conviction rates
C) Evidence preservation only B) Generate knowledge for crime prevention
D) Arrests and control
C) Support political programs
85. The term “de-escalation” means: D) Reduce police workload
A) Reducing tension in conflicts
B) Increasing police force 92. A research hypothesis is:
C) Ignoring offenders A) Proven fact
D) Speeding up cases B) Testable statement predicting relationship
between variables
86. Which is not a principle of crisis C) Police report
management? D) Ethical code
A) Preparedness
B) Communication 93. Independent variables are:
C) Escalation of violence A) Factors influenced by other variables
D) Recovery B) Factors that influence dependent
variables
87. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing C) Always constant
(CISD) is used for: D) Not measurable
A) Police officers and victims after
traumatic events 94. A dependent variable is also known as:
B) Convicted prisoners A) Predictor variable
C) Juvenile offenders only B) Outcome variable
D) Court officials only C) Independent factor
D) Control group
88. Conflict resolution often requires:
A) Cooperation and compromise 95. Qualitative research focuses on:
B) Violence A) Numerical data
C) One-sided control B) Statistical analysis
D) Legal sanctions only C) Descriptions, meanings, and experiences
D) Experimental manipulation
96. Quantitative research uses: C) Always large
A) Surveys and statistical tools D) Random only
B) Participant observation only
C) Pure descriptions 99. Ethical research requires:
D) Case studies only A) Informed consent, confidentiality,
honesty
97. The part of research that reviews past B) Coercion of participants
studies is: C) Fabrication of results
A) Methodology D) Ignoring human rights
B) Literature review
C) Data analysis 100. The final step in research is:
D) Findings A) Data collection
B) Literature review
98. A sample must be: C) Report writing and dissemination of
A) Biased findings
B) Representative of the population D) Hypothesis formulation
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEWER
Answer Key & Explanations
Introduction to Criminology (1–15)
1. B – Criminology is the study of crime, criminals, and society’s response.
2. A – Criminal law deals with crimes and penalties.
3. B – Edwin Sutherland is the “Father of Modern Criminology.”
4. C – Penology studies punishment and prison management.
5. B – RA 6506 created the Board of Criminology.
6. C – The scientific method ensures objectivity in criminology research.
7. A – Criminal justice system includes police, courts, and corrections.
8. D – Cesare Lombroso = biological positivism, “born criminal.”
9. A – Consensus theory sees law as reflecting society’s agreement.
10. B – Deviance = behavior that violates norms but not always criminal.
11. C – Victimology = study of victims.
12. D – Classical school emphasizes free will and rational choice.
13. A – Positivist school stresses determinism (biological, social, etc.).
14. C – Sociology studies group behavior and institutions.
15. B – Ethics guide moral conduct in criminology.

Theories of Crime Causation (16–30)

16. B – Deterrence theory: punishment discourages crime.
17. C – Routine activity theory: motivated offender, suitable target, lack of guardian.
18. A – Social disorganization links crime to community breakdown.
19. D – Strain theory (Merton) = frustration when goals ≠ means.
20. B – Labeling theory: being labeled “criminal” can reinforce deviance.
21. C – Differential association: crime is learned through peers.
22. A – Rational choice theory: offenders weigh costs vs. benefits.
23. D – Psychoanalytic theory: unconscious conflicts.
24. B – Biochemical theory: diet, hormones, etc. can influence crime.
25. A – Broken windows theory: disorder leads to more crime.
26. C – Subcultural theories = crime results from group norms.
27. B – Control theory: weak bonds = crime likely.
28. A – Marxist theory = inequality fuels crime.
29. C – Biosocial theory = biology × environment.
30. D – Routine activity theory has 3 elements, not 4.

Human Behavior & Victimology (31–45)

31. B – Human behavior influenced by biology, psychology, society.
32. C – Personality: consistent traits/characteristics.
33. A – Freud’s structure = id, ego, superego.
34. B – Behaviorism: learning shapes behavior.
35. D – PTSD: trauma-related disorder.
36. A – Primary victimization = direct victim.
37. C – Secondary victimization = from institutions/system.
38. B – Tertiary victimization = indirect victims (family/community).
39. A – Victim precipitation: victim contributes to event.
40. D – Victim-blaming is unethical, shifts blame to victim.
41. B – RA 8505 = rape victim assistance.
 42. A – Crisis intervention = short-term emotional support.
43. C – Restorative justice = healing for victims & offenders.
44. B – Battered woman syndrome: psychological effect of abuse.
45. D – Victimology = study of victims & victimization.

Professional Conduct & Ethical Standards (46–60)

46. B – Core of ethics: integrity & service.
47. B – Confidentiality = protect sensitive data.
48. B – Conflict of interest = impartiality compromised.
49. A – Criminologists must be honest, objective, fair.
50. A – Corruption violates ethics.
51. B – Duty = crime prevention & public safety.
52. A – Falsifying evidence = loss of integrity.
53. B – PD 223 created PRC.
54. B – Accountability = accepting responsibility.
55. B – Misconduct = unethical/illegal behavior.
56. A – Nepotism = unfair hiring, violates fairness.
57. A – CPD maintains competence.
58. A – Ethical dilemma = conflict of morals & laws.
59. A – Oath = uphold justice.
60. C – Self-interest ≠ professional value.

Juvenile Delinquency & Juvenile Justice (61–75)

61. B – Juvenile delinquency = minors breaking law.
62. C – RA 9344 sets MACR at 15.
63. A – Child at risk = vulnerable to offending.
64. B – Diversion = rehab, decongestion.
65. B – Juvenile courts = rehabilitation focus.
66. B – Status offenses = illegal only for minors.
67. A – Restorative justice = healing & reconciliation.
68. B – Beijing Rules (1985).
69. B – RA 10630 amended RA 9344.
70. C – Above 15 but below 18 with discernment may be liable.
71. B – JJWC under DSWD.
72. B – Bahay Pag-asa = rehab facility.
73. A – Prevention = community support.
74. B – Best interest = child welfare prioritized.
75. D – Death penalty ≠ diversion.

Dispute Resolution & Crisis/Incident Management (76–90)

76. A – Mediation = neutral party facilitates.
77. A – Arbitration = binding decision.
78. B – Negotiation = direct talk between parties.
79. A – Crisis management starts with safety.
80. B – Negotiation needs active listening.
81. C – “Chronic resolution” not a stage.
82. B – First responder secures perimeter & calls negotiators.
83. A – ADR resolves disputes out of court.
84. B – First priority = life & safety.
 85. A – De-escalation = reduce tension.
86. C – Escalation ≠ principle.
87. A – CISD = post-trauma support.
88. A – Resolution = cooperation/compromise.
89. B – Negotiators’ goal = save lives.
90. C – Mediation = “win-win” approach.

Criminological Research 1 & 2 (91–100)

91. B – Goal = generate crime prevention knowledge.
92. B – Hypothesis = testable statement.
93. B – Independent variable influences dependent.
94. B – Dependent variable = outcome.
95. C – Qualitative = meaning, experiences.
96. A – Quantitative = surveys, statistics.
97. B – Literature review = past studies.
98. B – Sample must represent population.
99. A – Ethics = informed consent, confidentiality.
100. C – Final step = report & dissemination.