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Digital CCTV A Security Professional s Guide 1st Edition

Emily M. Harwood

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CCTV
Networking and Digital Technology
Second Edition
CCTV
Networking and Digital Technology
Second Edition

Vlado Damjanovski

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON •

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO •
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK
Copyright © 2005, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
APPLICATION SUBMITTED

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 0-7506-7800-3
For information on all Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann publications
visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com

Printed in the United States of America

05 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents
Preface XIII
Introduction XVII
1. SI units of measurement 21
The basic units 21
Derived units 22
Metric prefixes 24
2. Light and television 27
A little bit of history 27
Light basics and the human eye 28
Light units 34
Measuring object illumination in CCTV 37
Light onto an imaging device 42
Colors in television 46
Color temperatures and light sources 48
Eye persistence 53
3. Optics in CCTV 57
Refraction 57
Lenses as optical elements 58
Geometrical construction of images 63
Aspherical lenses 66
CTF and MTF 68
F and T numbers 70
Depth of field 72
Neutral density (ND) filters 75
Manual, auto, and motorized iris lenses 77
Video- and DC-driven auto iris lenses 79
Auto Iris lens electronics 81
Image and lens formats in CCTV 82
Angles of view and how to determine them 85
Fixed focal length lenses 89
Zoom lenses 91
C- and CS-mount and back-focus 96
Back-focus adjustment 98
Optical accessories in CCTV 103
4. General characteristics of television systems 107
A little bit of history 107
The very basics of television 108

V
VI Contents CCTV

The video signal and its spectrum 116

Color video signal 119
Resolution 122
Instruments commonly used in TV 124
Oscilloscope 124
Spectrum analyzer 126
Vectorscope 127
Television systems around the world 128
HDTV 129
5. CCTV cameras 137
General information about cameras 137
Tube cameras 138
CCD cameras 142
Sensitivity and resolution of the CCD chips 145
Types of charge transfer in CCDs 149
Pulses used in CCD for transferring charges 155
CCD chip as a sampler 156
Correlated double sampling (CDS) 159
Camera specifications and their meanings 160
Sensitivity 161
Minimum illumination 162
Camera resolution 164
Signal/noise ratio (S/N) 168
Dynamic range of a CCD chip 170
Color CCD cameras 172
White balance 175
CMOS technology 176
Special low-light intensified cameras 176
Camera power supplies and copper conductors 181
V-phase adjustment 185
Camera checklist 186
6. CCTV monitors 189
General about monitors 189
Monitor sizes 193
Monitor adjustments 194
Impedance switch 198
Viewing conditions 199
Gamma 202
LCD monitors 203
Projectors and projection monitors 205
Plasma display monitors 207
CCTV Contents VII

Field emission technology displays 208

7. Video processing equipment 211
Analog switching equipment 211
Video sequential switchers 211
Synchronization 212
Video matrix switchers (VMSs) 215
Switching and processing equipment 219
Quad compressors 219
Multiplexers (MUX) 221
Recording time delays 223
Simplex and duplex multiplexers 226
Video motion detectors (VMDs) 226
Framestores 229
Video printers 230
8. Analog video recorders 233
A little bit of history and the basic concept 233
The early VCR concepts 234
The video home system (VHS) concept 235
Super VHS, Y/C, and comb filtering 238
Consumer VCRs for CCTV purposes 242
Time-lapse VCRs (TL VCRs) 244
9. Digital video 251
Why digital video? 252
Digital video recorders (DVRs) 253
The various standards 254
ITU-601: Merging the NTSC and PAL 258
The resolution of ITU-601 digitized video 261
The need for compression 268
Types of compressions 271
DCT as a basis 273
The variety of compression standards in CCTV 275
JPEG 277
M-JPEG 279
M-JPEG 279
Wavelet 280
Motion JPEG 2000 282
MPEG-1 282
MPEG-2 284
MPEG-4 287
MPEG-7 289
MPEG-21 289
H.320 290
H.261 290
VIII Contents CCTV

H.263 291
H.264 291
About pixels and resolution 293
Dots per inch (DPI) 297
Psychophysiology of viewing details 298
Recognizing faces and license plates in CCTV 301
Operating systems and hard disks 303
Hard disk drives 307
The different file systems 314
FAT (File Allocation Table) 315
FAT 32 (File Allocation Table 32) 315
NTFS (New Technology File System) 316
Ext2 317
Ext3 317
ReiserFS 317
HFS and HFS+ 318
XFS 318
UFS 318
ATA, SCSI, RAID, and SATA 319
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) 323
10. Transmission media 327
Coaxial cables 328
The concept 328
Noise and electromagnetic interference 329
Characteristic impedance 329
BNC connectors 333
Coaxial cables and proper BNC termination 334
Installation techniques 337
Time domain reflectometer (TDR) 340
Twisted pair video transmission 340
Microwave links 342
RF wireless (open air) video transmission 344
Infrared wireless (open air) video transmission 345
Transmission of images over telephone lines 346
PSTN 348
ISDN 349
Cellular network 350
Fiber optics 351
Why fiber? 351
The concept 352
Types of optical fibers 354
Numerical aperture 356
Light levels in fiber optics 357
CCTV Contents IX

Light sources in fiber optics transmission 358

Light detectors in fiber optics 361
Frequencies in fiber optics transmission 362
Passive components 364
Fusion splicing 364
Mechanical splicing 364
Fiber optics multiplexers 365
Fiber optics cables 366
Installation techniques 370
Fiber optic link analysis 372
OTDR 374
11. Networking in CCTV 377
The Information Technology era 377
Computers and networks 378
LAN and WAN 380
Ethernet 383
The main Ethernet categories 384
10 Mb/s Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) 384
Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3U) 384
Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3Z) 384
Gigabit Ethernet over Copper (IEEE 802.3AB) 385
10 Gigabit Ethernet 385
Wireless Ethernet (IEEE 802.11) 385
Data speed and types of network cabling 386
Ethernet over coax and UTP cables 389
Patch and crossover cables 394
Fiber optics network cabling 396
Network concepts and components 399
Networking software 402
The Internet protocols 402
The OSI seven-layer model of networking 404
1. The Physical layer 406
2. The Data Link layer 406
3. The Network layer 407
4. The Transport layer 407
5. The Session layer 408
6. The Presentation layer 409
7. The Application layer 409
IP addresses 410
IPv4 addressing notation 411
IP address classes 412
Class A, B, and C 412
Private addresses 412
X Contents CCTV

IP address Class C 413

IP loopback address 413
Zero addresses 413
IP address Class D and Multicast 413
IP address Class E and limited broadcast 414
IP network partitioning 414
Virtual private networking (VPN) 415
Subnetting 415
IPv6 Address Types 416
Reserved addresses in IPv6 416
Domain Name Systems (DNS) 416
DHCP 417
DNS and DHCP 418
Networking hardware 419
Hubs, bridges, and switches 419
Routers for logical segmentation 419
Network ports 422
A network analogy example 423
Wireless LAN 425
What is 802.11? 425
802.11 (legacy) 426
802.11b 426
802.11a 426
802.11g 427
802.11n 428
Certification and security 428
What about Bluetooth? 429
Putting a network system together 431
The IP check commands 435
12. Auxiliary equipment in CCTV 437
Pan and tilt heads 437
Pan and tilt domes 439
Preset positioning P/T heads 440
PTZ site drivers 441
Camera housings 444
Lighting in CCTV 447
Infrared lights 448
Ground loop correctors 450
Lightning protection 451
In-line video amplifiers/equalizers 452
Video distribution amplifiers (VDAs) 453
13. CCTV system design 457
Understanding the customer’s requirements 457
CCTV Contents XI

Site inspections 461

Designing and quoting a CCTV system 462
Installation considerations 464
Drawings 466
Commissioning 468
Training and manuals 469
Handing over 469
Preventative maintenance 470
14. Video testing 473
The CCTV Labs test chart 473
Before you start testing 474
Use high-quality lens 474
Use high-quality monitor 474
Setup procedure 475
What you can test 479
Resolution 479
Other important measurements 480
Getting the best possible picture 483
Measurement of the digital image compression quality 484
The CCTV Labs test pattern generator TPG-8 485
How you could use the TPG-8 486
TPG-8 buttons description 487
Connections 488
The TPG-8 Navigator software 488
Instruments used with the TPG-8 489
Test patterns and how to create them 490
Specifications 491
Appendix A: 495
Common terms used in CCTV 495
Appendix B: 531
Bibliography and acknowledgments 531
Appendix C: 535
All the CCTV links in the world 535
Appendix D: Book co-sponsors 557
About the author 569
Index 570
Preface

Closed Circuit Television, commonly known as CCTV, is an interesting area of television technology.
It is usually used in surveillance systems, but a lot of components and concepts can be implemented
in an industrial production monitoring system, or, equally, in a hospital or university environment. So,
even though the majority of readers would be looking at this book as a great help in understanding and
designing surveillance systems, my intention was not to limit the topics to this area only.

This book you are holding in your hands is a new and enhanced version of the previous edition of
CCTV, which was published in 1999. During the past five years, so much has happened in the closed
circuit television industry that there was a need for a new and updated edition. I was pleased to see
the previous book being so highly valued by many readers, as well as constantly rated with five stars
on many web sites, including the popular Amazon.com. This has made me even more committed to
making this new edition even better and more informative. I certainly could not change the contents
of the previous edition since the basics of CCTV are still the same, but I did “fine tune” certain sec-
tions, added some new illustrations, but most importantly I enhanced the contents with new chapters
on Digital and Networking in CCTV.

I have tried to cover the theory and practice of all components and fundamentals of CCTV. This is a
very wide area and involves various disciplines and technologies from electronics, telecommunications,
optics, fiber optics, digital image processing, programming, and, as of the last few years, networking,
IP communications, and digital image processing. So, my intention was to have a new book which still
encompasses the basic concepts of CCTV but also includes, explains, and demystifies digital CCTV,
video compressions, and networking.

Analog television is a complex technology, especially for people who have never had the opportunity
to study it, but understanding digital is even harder without understanding analog CCTV. So, if you
are not familiar with the analog CCTV, do not think even for a moment that you can bypass it and go
straight to digital and networking. Everything makes so much more sense in the digital once you know
the analog CCTV.

As with the previous edition I had to read and learn new things myself, and then I tried to put every-
thing into the same style and perspective as the previous chapters. Understandably, I did not want to
reinvent the wheel, but I made efforts to simplify and explain the most important aspects of these new
technologies. I would not have felt comfortable writing about these new subjects if I did not have some
practical experience (though modest, at least so far), so that I tried to see it from a CCTV practical
perspective. Should you be interested in more in-depth knowledge of networking and digital there are
numerous books I would recommend (some are listed in the Bibliography section), but this book will
give you a good summary and basics about the relevant CCTV aspects.

As with the previous edition, I have deliberately simplified explanations of concepts and principles,
made many illustrations, tables, and graphs for better understanding, and tried to explain them in a
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