v itamins

Have you everwonderedhow we stayhealthy? The

properanswer lies in
our balanced diet our balanced diet contains all the vital nutrients
including vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates.
The body needs vitamins to stay healthy and a varied diet usually gives you
all the vitamins you need. Vitamins do not provide energy (calories)
directly, but they do help regulate energy-producing processes. With the
exception of vitamin D and K, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the
human body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins have to come
from food because they are not manufactured or formed by the body. So
let’s find out the uses and the importance of vitamins in our daily life.
A
To find out the importance of vitamins in daily life.
To find out how much vitamins are needed for human in one day.
To find out the sources of vitamins.
To find out the structure of vitamins.
To find out the diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins.

itamins:
Classification of v
Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and animals and
known as Essential nutrients for human beings. The name vitamin is
obtained from "vital amines" as it was originally thought that these
substances were all amines. Human body uses these substances to
stay healthy and support its many functions.
Vitamins are generally regarded as organic compounds required in
the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions
for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the
organism.
 Types of vitamins
There are two types of vitamins: Water-soluble and Fat-soluble.

Water-soluble vitamins
Water-solublevitaminscannotbestoredinthebody,soyouneed
to get them from food every day. They can be destroyed by overcooking.
These are easily absorbed by the body. Human body doesn't store large
amounts of water-soluble vitamins. B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are
water-solublevitaminsthatarenotstoredinthebodyandmustbereplaced
each day. These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food
storage and preparation. They are eliminated in urine so, body need a
continuous supply of them in diets.

Properstorageandpreparationoffoodcanminimizevitaminloss.
Toreducevitaminloss,refrigeratefreshproduce,keepmilkandgrainsaway
from strong light, and use the cooking water from vegetables to prepare
soups. An excess of water soluble vitamins should not result in any side
effects as they will disperse in the body fluids and voided in the urine.
Nine of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the B-complex
group: Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin, Vitamin B6,
Folate,VitaminB12,Biotin,PantothenicacidandVitaminC.Thesevitamins
are widely distributed in foods.

Fat-soluble vitamins
The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K - since they are
soluble in fat and are absorbed by the body from the intestinal tract. The
humanbodyhastousebileacidstoabsorbfat-solublevitamins.Oncethese
vitamins are absorbed, the body stores them in body fat. When you need
them,yourbodytakesthemoutofstoragetobeused.Eatingfatsoroilsthat
are not digested can cause shortages of fat-soluble vitamins.

Fatsolublevitaminsshouldnotbeconsumedinexcessastheyarestoredin
thebodyandanexcesscanresultinsideeffects.AnexcessofvitaminAmay
result in irritability, weight loss, dry itchy skin in children and nausea,
headache, diarrhea in adults.
Characteristics of the vitamins are:
Most of the vitamins have been artificially synthesized.
Some of vitamins are soluble in water and others are fat-soluble.
Some vitamins are synthesized in the body. Some members of vitamin B
complex are synthesized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract.
Vitamins are partly destroyed and are partly excreted.
Vitamins can be stored in the body to some extent, for example the fat-
soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and subcutaneous tissue.
Vitamins can perform their work in very small quantities. Hence, the total
daily requirement is usually very small.

A ction in human body

Nutrient Action Daily need
VITAMIN A Vitamin A helps cell 10,000 IU/day (plant-
reproduction. It also stimulates derived) for adult
immunity and is needed for males.
formation of some hormones. 8,000 for adult females
Vitamin A helps vision and - 12,000 if lactating.
promotes bone growth, tooth 4,000 for children ages

development, and helps maintain 1-3

healthy skin, hair, and mucous 5,000 for children ages
membranes. It has been shown 4-6
to be an effective preventive 7,000 for children ages
against measles. 7-10

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
and retinol are all versions of
Vitamin A.
Vitamin B1/thiamine is important
1.2 mg for adult males
VITAMIN B1 in the production of energy. It and 1.1 mg for women -
helps the body cells convert 1.5 mg if lactating.
(THIAMINE) carbohydrates into energy. It is
Children need .6 to .9
also essential for the functioning
mg of B1/thiamine per
of the heart, muscles, and
day.
nervous system.
 Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is 1.3 mg for adult males
VITAMIN B2 important for body growth, and 1.1 mg for women -
(RIBOFLAVIN) reproduction and red cell 1.5 mg if
production. It also helps in pregnant/lactating.
releasing energy from Children need .6 to .9
carbohydrates mg of B2/riboflavin per
day.
1.3 to 1.7 mg for adults
B6 plays a role in the creation of
VITAMIN B6 - 2 mg for women who
antibodies in the immune are pregnant or
(PRYIDOXINE) system. It helps maintain normal lactating.
nerve function and acts in the
formation of red blood cells. It is Children need between
also required for the chemical .6 to 1.3 mg.
reactions of proteins. The higher
the protein intake, the more
need there is for vitamin B6

Like the other B vitamins, 2.4 mcg for adults and

VITAMIN B 12 vitamin B12 is important for 2.6 - 2.8 mcg for
metabolism. It helps in the women who are
formation of red blood cells and pregnant or lactating.
Children need .9 - 2.4
in the maintenance of the central
mcg per day.
nervous system.

Vitamin C is one of the most 60 mg for adults - 70

VITAMIN C important of all vitamins. It plays mg for women who are
a significant role as an pregnant and 95 for
antioxidant, thereby protecting those lactating.
Children need between
45 and 50 mg
body tissue from the damage of
oxidation.

Vitamin D is known as the 5 mg for most adults.

VITAMIN D "sunshine vitamin" since it is Between 50 - 70 yrs 10
manufactured by the body after mg, and after 70 15 mg.
being exposed to sun.Vitamin D Children need about 5
mg/day.
is vital to the human body as it
promotes absorption of calcium
and magnesium, which are
essential for the normal
development of healthy teeth
and bones. It also helps maintain
adequate levels of calcium and
phosphorus in the blood.
 Like vitamin C, vitamin E plays a 30 IU for most adults.
VITAMIN E significant role as an antioxidant, Children need between
thereby protecting body tissue 6-11 mg/day. (1 IU is
from the damage of oxidation. It equal to approximately
is important in the formation of .75 mg)
red blood cells and the use of
vitamin K. Many women also use
it to help minimize the
appearance of wrinkles.
Vitamin K is fat soluble and plays 70-80 micrograms/day
VITAMIN K for adult males, 60-65
a critical role in blood clotting. It
regulates blood calcium levels micrograms per day for
and activates at least 3 proteins adult females.
Children need about half
involved in bone health. the amount, depending
on age.

Natural Sources
Nutrient Fruit source Vegetable Nut source
source
Vitamin A Most fruits contain Sweet potato Pistachios
vitamin A, but the Kale Chestnuts
following fruits have Carrots Pumpkin Seeds
a significant amount: Spinach Pecans
Tomatoes Avocado Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Cantaloupes Broccoli Sunflower Seeds
Watermelon Peaches Peas Almonds
Kiwi Oranges Asparagus Filberts/Hazelnuts
Blackberries Squash - summer
Green Pepper
Watermelon

Vitamin B1 Peas No nuts contain a

Avocado significant amount of
vitamin B1.
No nuts contain a
Vitamin B2 Kiwi Avocado
significant amount of
vitamin B2.
Vitamin B6 Bananas Avocad o No nuts contain a
Watermelon Peas significant amount of
Potatoes vitamin B6.
Carrots
None
Vitamin B 12 None No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B6.
No nuts contain a
Vitamin C Kiwi Artichoke
significant amount of
Strawberry Asparagus
vitamin B6.
Orange Avocado Broccoli
Bl ackberri es Carrots
Cantaloupe Cauliflower Corn
Watermelon Cucumber Green
Tomatoes Pepper
Lime Kale
Peach Lima Beans
Bananas Mushrooms
Apples Onions
Lem on Peas
Grap es Potatoes
Spinach
Squash - summer
Squash - winter
Sweet potato
Mushrooms

Vitamin D None No nuts contain a

significant amount of
vitamin B6.
Almonds
Vitamin E Blackberries None
Sunflower Seeds
Bananas
Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Apples
Peanuts
Kiwi
Brazil Nuts

Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Vitamin K None Vitamin K is found
Cashews
in significant
Chestnuts
quantities in dark
Filberts/Hazelnuts
green leafy
vegetables such as
spinach, broccoli,
and kale.
Structure
Vitamin A
Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a photoreceptor
pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain epithelial tissues. Normally, the
liver stores 90% of the body's Vitamin A.

Retinol (Vitamin A)

Vitamin (B1) Thiamin

Thiamin or Thiamine(vitamin B1) is widely available in the diet. Thiamin is
involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose, and alcohol metabolism.

Thiamin (vitamin B1)

Vitamin (B2) Riboflavin

2
Riboflavin (vitamin B)isinvolved in carbohydrate metabolism as an essential
coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions.

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Vitamin (B6) pyridoxine

VitaminB 6includesagroupof closely related compounds: pyridoxine,
pyridoxal, and pyridoxine. Vitamin B6 is important in the biosynthesis of
hemoglobin and nucleic acid, as well as in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid
metabolism.

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

VitaminB 12
Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic vitamin B12 activity.
These compounds are involved in nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer, and
myelin synthesis and repair. They are necessary for the formation of normal red
blood cells.

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

VitaminC
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen, carnitine, hormone, and amino
acid formation. It is essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from
burns. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant, supports immune function, and
facilitates the absorption of iron.
 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Vitamin D
Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol).
Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation)
and obtained in the diet chiefly in fish liver oils and egg yolks

Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D)

Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities. These compounds
act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty
acids in cellular membranes.

Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 (phyllo Quinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat enhances its
absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental vitamin K.

Vitamin K (phyllo Quinone)

D eficiency disease
VitaminA

Deficiency Disease :Night-blindness and Keratomalacia, Keratinisation of the

nasalandrespiratorypassage epithelium.

Deficiency Symptoms :Defective Teeth and Gums, Allergies, Dry Hair,

RetardedGrowth, Susceptibility to Infections, Night Blindness, Eye Irritations,
Sinus Trouble, Dry Skin, Loss of Smell.

Deficiency Occurs in:

People who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods, and beta-
carotene-containing vegetables can develop a vitamin A deficiency.
Extremely low birth weight babies.

Vitamin B1
Deficiency Disease : Beriberi

:Deficiency Symptoms
Symptoms include fatigue, depression, decreased
mental functioning, muscle cramps, nausea, heart enlargement, and eventually
beriberi. Alcoholics are at increased risk of a deficiency.

Deficiency Occurs in:

Most commonly found in alcoholics
People with Malabsorption conditions
Those eating a very poor diet
Also common in children with congenital heart disease
People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Individuals undergoing regular kidney dialysis

Vitamin B2
Deficiency Disease : Ariboflavinosis, Painful tongue and fissures to the
corners of the mouth, chapped lips.
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms includered,swollen, cracked mouth and tongue; fatigue;
depression; anemia; and greasy, scaly skin. The formation of cataracts may be a
result of this vitamin deficiency.

Deficiency Occurs in:

Alcoholics
People with cataracts or sickle cell anemia
People with chronic fatigue syndrome

Vitamin B6
Deficiency Disease :Anemia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include Weakness,Mental Confusion, Irritability, Nervousness,
Inability to sleep, Hyperactivity, Anemia, Skin lesions, Tongue Discoloration, and
Kidney Stones.
Deficiency Occurs in:
Alcoholics
Patients with kidney failure
Women using oral contraceptives
People with chronic fatigue syndrome

Vitamin B12
Deficiency Disease:
MegaloblasticorPernicious Anemia

Deficiency Symptoms:

Symptoms includenausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth, diarrhea, abnormal

Alcoholics
gait,Vegetarians
loss of sensation
who in hands
also avoidand feet,
dairy andconfusion,
eggs memory loss, and
People
Older with
people malabsorption
with urinary conditions
incontinence
depression.
People Harmful anemia may resultand
be adisorders hearing
of this loss
deficiency.
People with
with tinnitus anddisorders
psychiatric related
Deficiency Occurs in:
Vitamin C
Deficiency Disease :Scurvy

Deficiency Symptoms:
Prolongedhealing of wounds, Easy bruising, Frequent infections, Prolonged
colds, Scurvy: weak muscles, fatigue, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, depression,
bleeding beneath the skin, Swollen or painful joints, Nosebleeds, Anemia: tired,
paleness

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. Smokers
2. Women with Preeclampsia, who have lower blood levels
3. People with kidney failure

Vitamin D
Deficiency Disease :Rickets and Osteomalacia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptomsincludebone pain and tenderness and Muscle Weakness. In
children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose calcium and become soft and
curved. Without proper intake, there is an increased risk of Osteoporosis,
Arthritis, and Cancer.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. More common in strict vegetarians
2. Dark-skinned people
3. Alcoholics
4. People with liver or kidney disease
5. People with hyperparathyroidism
6. Also common in men with advanced prostate cancer
Vitamin E
Deficiency Disease:
Deficiencyisveryrare;mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms includeinInfants irritability, Fluid Retention and Anemia. Adult
symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance and Anemia. There may be
increased risk of Heart Disease, Cancer, and Premature Aging with marginal
deficiencies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with a genetic defect in a vitamin E transfer protein called

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
2. Women with Preeclampsia
3. Very old people with type 2 diabetes

Vitamin K
Deficiency Disease:
Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging, Cholestatic Constipation,
Patients may show signs of bruising easily and have nosebleeds.

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and bruising. This
deficiency is rare in adults and normally limited to those with liver or food
absorption disorders. However, it may occur in premature babies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with certain Mal absorption diseases

2. Hospitalized patients who had poor food intake and were receiving
antibiotics
3. Sometimes develop in breast-fed infants.
Pictures of deficiency diseases

Night blindness(vitamin A) Beriberi(vitamin B1)

Anemia (vitamin B6) Pernicious Anemia (vitamin B12)

Scurvy(vitamin C) Rickets(Vitamin D)
How to overcome these deficiencies
Food
Thebest method available to overcome these deficiency is by proper diet
which includes proper amounts of vegetables, fruits and some amount of
meat.
Medicine
Toavoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can use B complex. Vitamin B
complex is a group of 12 related water-soluble substances. The eight
water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin
(B3), pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9),
and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

Additional information
Vitamin Facts
1. A lot of the vitamins in fruits and vegetables are lost between the farm and
your plate. The longer the foods are stored before you eat them, the more
nutrients are lost. Heat, light, and exposure to air all reduce the amount of
vitamins, especially Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid.
2. About 25% of US households do not have balanced meals to meet the
requirements that the body needs in digesting enough nutrients to sustain the
body's health and fuel factors.
3. Research has shown that almost all varieties of disease can be produced by
the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients.
Vitamins are vital for your skin. The most important factor of nutritional
deficiencies is the intense processing and refining of foods like cereals and
sugar.
4. The human body uses food to manufacture all its building blocks as well as
to provide fuel. To do this, it performs several thousand different chemical
reactions. Each reaction is controlled by "enzymes" and "coenzymes".

Some of the coenzymes contain vitamins which the body cannot make by itself
and which must be obtained from outside the body.
Conclusion
Vitamins are in every aspect essential
to our life. First of all, vitamin is that component of a
balanced diet which the human body generally cannot
manufacture on its own. So you must consume vitamin
directly in the form of food or through supplements as
tonic or pills. The whole process of assimilation of
vitamins depends on ingestion of food. Once you have it
as a part of your meal, say for tomatoes, lemon, spinach
and other stuffs, it is more helpful.

To maintain a healthy life, we must

use regular proper balanced diet. The diet must contain
vegetables, fruits, meat … The body's metabolism is also
dependent on vitamins as on carbohydrates, fats, minerals
and other basic components of a complete diet. Always
remember that vitamins are not food but should be a part
of your food.
 Introduction H
toormones
Hormones are compounds that are also known as signaling molecules. They
are produced by the glands in multi-cellular organisms. Hormones are
transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs in order to
regulate the physiology and behavior in living beings. A hormone is actually
a chemical messenger which is directly secreted into the blood stream. Blood
carries these hormones to various organs and tissues to exert their function.
Functioning of Hormones?
Hormones act on different aspects of body functions and processes such as:
Development and growth of the body. Metabolism of food items which have
been taken. Sexual functions and reproductive growth of an individual.
Cognitive functions and alters mood. Maintenance of body temperature and
thirst. Secretion of hormones is controlled by the endocrine system of the
body. The endocrine system is ductless hence the hormones are directly
secreted into the blood rather than ducts. The major endocrine glands in the
body include pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, thyroid, pancreas, testes,
and ovaries. These organs actually secrete very small amount of it but even
this small amount is sufficient to bring about a significant visible change in
the human body.
Hormonal imbalance causes diseases, it can result in a case of excess or
deficiency of any hormone. Hence a proper balance is to be maintained for a
healthy body.
Hormonal disorders are a result of hormonal imbalance. These disorders are
diagnosed in laboratories and by clinical appearance and features. Body fluids
such as blood, urine, and saliva are tested to check for any hormonal
abnormalities. In case a person is suffering from a hormonal deficiency,
a synthetic hormone therapy can be used to restore the balance. Whereas for
cases in which there is an excess production of hormones, medication is
prescribed to curb the effect and sustain normal functioning.
For example- A person suffering due to an underactive thyroid gland can be
treated by providing synthetic thyroxine which can be taken in the form of a
pill. On the other hand, a person suffering from an overactive thyroid can
take in drugs like propranolol to counter the effect.
Hormones: A special chemical messengers of the body that are produced by
the endocrine glands. These special messengers control most of the body
fruignhct ifornosm primary needs like hunger to complex system and function like
reproduction and emotions.
Important activities of hormones include:
Growthanddevelopment of promotingcelland tissue.
Food metabolism.
Initiating and maintaining sexual development and reproduction.
Maintaining body temperature.
Controlling thirst and hunger.
Regulating mood and cognitive functioning.
Hormones secreted by endocrine glands are the ductless glands of the endocrine
system. Primary hormone-producing glands are- Hypothalamus: It is responsible
for maintaining body temperature, controls thirst, sleep, hunger, emotions, moods
and allow the release of hormones. Parathyroid: This gland helps in controlling
the amount of calcium present in the body. Thymus: It helps in functioning of
the adaptive immune system, produces T- cells and maturity of the thymus.
Pancreas: This gland forms the insulin that helps in maintaining the blood sugar
levels. Thyroid: It produces hormones that belong to calorie burning and heart
rate. Adrenal: This gland produces the hormones that control the sex drive,
cortisol and stress hormone. Pituitary: It is also termed as the “master control
gland,”. This is because of the pituitary gland helps in controlling other glands
and develops the hormones that trigger growth and development. Pineal: Pineal
is also known as the thalamus, it develops serotonin derivatives of melatonin,
which can affect sleep. Ovaries: In women, the ovaries secrete estrogen,
progesterone, testosterone, and other female sex hormones. Testes: In men, the
testes develop the male sex hormone, testosterone, and produces sperm. All these
glands work together to produce and manage the hormones of the body. Types of
Hormones The body has different types of hormones, some have a major role to
play in the well-being and health of a human body. Hence it is important to
understand the roles so as to protect and manage the health. Estrogen-This is the
main sex hormone present in women which cause puberty, prepares the uterus
and body for pregnancy and even regulates the menstrual cycle. Estrogen level
changes during menopause because of which women experience many
uncomfortable symptoms. Progesterone – This hormone is replicated to estrogen
but is not taken as the main sex hormone. It helps in maintaining menstrual cycle
and also assist in pregnancy like estrogen does. Cortisol – It has been named as
the “stress hormone” by the way it helps the body in responding to stress.
Melatonin – The levels of this hormone change throughout the day and helps in
controlling the natural cycle of sleeping hours.
Testosterone – This is the main sex hormone present in men which cause
puberty, muscle mass growth, and strength, increases bone density and
handles facial hair growth.

What is Negative-Feedback Mechanism for Regulation of

Hormone secretion?
Regulation of secretion of somehormonesfrom endocrine
glands is controlled via “Negative-Feedback” Mechanism,
(Long-Loop, Short-Loop negative Feedback):
Hormone released from one gland regulates the release of
another hormone from a second gland, which then controls
hormone production from the endocrine gland;
Plasma level of the hormone itself or of a substance produced
by the target tissue in response to the hormone may inhibit
further release ofthe hormone;
Example: Negative-Feedback control of Thyroid hormones;
What are some of the factors controlling hormone
secretion?
Hormone secretion is influenced by variety of factors:

Stimulatory and Inhibitory agents, such as: Hypothalamic

Peptides or Neurotransmitters;
Other hormones: Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH),
are released in a pulsatile fashion;
Some hormones
Trophic Hormone exhibit
(ACTH), Circadian
Cortisol; Rhythm:
Prolactin,Adreno-Cortico-
TSH, GH and
PTH have peak secretion at different

times during the day or night;

Stress can increase hormone synthesis and release (e.g., ACTH,
GH and Prolactin);
Hormones synthesized by target cells may regulate release by
Negative Feed Back control;
Changes in metabolic products caused by hormone action may
exert feedback control;
Other hormones or drugs may modulate normal endocrine
responses;
1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction to vitamins

4. Types of vitamins

5. Characteristic of vitamins

6. Their Structure

7. conclusion

8. Introduction of Hormones

9. Important activities of hormones

10. Factors controlling hormones secretion

11. Index and bibliography

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